Families of Elements Project
Abbey P.
Physical Science
Period: 7
Hydrogen
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1 Valence Electron
Type of Ion: +1 cation
Atomic #: 1
Symbol: “H”
FACTS
most abundant element in the universe
present in nearly all living things
occurs in the stars & powers the universe
huge amounts of energy combines with hydrogen to form helium
Alkali Metals- Group 1
● Valence Electron: 1
● Ion Formed: +1 cation
● Very reactive and can cause burns
Showcase Element: Group 1
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Sodium
Has 1 Valence Electron
Atomic Number: 11
Symbol: Na
FACTS
found in table salt
essential for human nutrition
ignites in water
found in the sun and many other stars
Alkaline Earth Metal- Group 2
● Valence electrons: 3
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Ion Formed: +3 cations
● Much less reactive than Alkaline metals
Showcase Element: Group 2
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Calcium
Has 2 valence electrons
Atomic Number: 20
Symbol: Ca
FACTS
found in shells of sea animals, and in bones and teeth
5th most abundant element in the Earths crust
essential for animal and plant nutrition
calcium is used for making cement
Transition Metals: Groups 3 -12
● Valence Electrons: Can’t predict the number usually 1 or 2
● Ion Formed: + 1 or 2 cation
● Much less reactive than groups 1 & 2
Showcase Element: Group 3 -12
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Copper
Usually 1 or 2 valence electrons
Atomic Number: 29
Symbol: Cu
FACTS
used in electrical wiring or plumbing (ductile)
soft and malleable
oldest metal object found in the middle east
the U.S. penny was originally made of copper
Boron: Group 13
● Valence Electrons: 3
● Ion Formed: +3 cations
● All but Boron will chemically react at a moderate temperature
Showcase Element: Group 13
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Aluminum
Has 3 valence electrons
Atomic Number: 13
Symbol: Al
FACTS
most common metal in the Earth’s outer layer
found in cans, foil, and siding
lightweight
easy to mold, fold, and recycle
Carbon Family: Group 14
● Valence electrons: 4
● Ion formed: + 1 or 2 cations
● Carbon is the most common element on Earth
Showcase Element: Group 14
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Silicon
Has 4 valence electrons
Atomic Number: 14
Symbol: Si
FACTS
second most abundant element in the Earth’s outer layer
25% of Earth’s crust is Silicon
metalloid
main ingredient in low-tech creations
Nitrogen Family: Group 15
● Valence electrons: 5
● Ion formed: -3 anion
● Divided into metals, non metals, and semimetals
Showcase Element: Group 15
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Phosphorus
Has 5 valence electrons
Atomic Number: 15
Symbol: P
FACTS
solid which can exist as a yellow or red form
basic part of organs and bones
sixth most common element in the human body
eighteenth most common element in seawater
Oxygen Family: Group 16
● Valence electrons: 6
● Ion formed: gain 2 electrons to
form an -2 anion
● Oxygen is basic for almost all
life forms
Showcase Element: Group 16
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Sulfur
Has 6 valence electrons
Atomic Number: 16
Symbol: S
FACTS
yellow solid
used to make matches and rubber tires
serve as either an oxidant or as a reducing agent
found near the edges of hot springs/volcanoes
Halogen Family: Group 17
● Valence electrons: 7
● Ion formed: gain an electron to form -1 anion
● Reacts readily with alkali metals to form white solids as salts
Showcase Element: Group 17
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Fluorine
Has 7 valence electrons
Atomic Number: 9
Symbol: F
FACTS
compounds used in toothpastes
preparation of some plastics
thirteenth most abundant element in the Earth’s crust
rare in the universe at only 400 parts per billion
Noble Gas: Group 18
● Valence electrons: 8
● Ion Formed: Do not lose or gain electrons to form ions
● All elements in this family are gases
Showcase Element: Group 18
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Helium
Has 8 valence electrons
Atomic Number: 2
Symbol: He
FACTS
lightest noble gas
second most abundant element in the universe
does not burn
used in balloons and blimps
Lanthanides
● Valence electrons: Can’t predict the number usually 1 or 2
● Ion formed: +1 or 2 cation
● used in the production of steel and glass
Showcase Element: Lanthanides
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Europium
Has 1 - 2 valence electrons
Atomic Number: 63
Symbol: Eu
FACTS
mildly toxic
soft, silvery-white metal that instantly oxidizes in air
most reactive of the rare Earth metals
can form stable compounds in the divalent state
Actinides
● Valence electrons: Can’t predict the number usually 1 or 2
● Ion Formed: + 1 or 2 cation
● All of the actinides are radioactive they give off high energy particles
Showcase Element: Actinides
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Uranium
Has 4 - 6 valence electrons
Atomic Number: 92
Symbol: U
FACTS
slightly paramagnetic
radium is usually found with uranium
named after the planet Uranus
exists in aqueous solutions