INOMUN 2017
15.03 – 17.03
RESEARCH REPORT
COMMITTEE : UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S
EMERGENCY FUND
ISSUE : ENSURING ACCESS TO EDUCATION FOR ALL CHILDREN IN
THE WORLD AND PREVENTING AN INCREASE IN MIGRANT CHILD
LABOR DUE TO THE CURRENT REFUGEE CRISIS
CHAIRS : DIDIER MAZINGUE AND ANGELE VANDAMME
KEY TERMS
Migrant : One who will exercise, already exercising or had exercised in gainful employment
in a State in which they are not born. Or:someone who was born in one country but lives in
another for more than one year, regardless of the reasons
Refugee : One who flees, especially to another country, seeking refuge from war, political
oppression, religious persecution, or a natural disaster.
Equality : The right of different groups of people to have a similar social position and
receive the same treatment. ( Civil rights include freedom, equality in law and in
employment and the right to vote )
Children Prostitution : designates the use of children for sexual activities in exchange for
remuneration or another form of retribution (gifts, food, clothes, etc). This activity is
included under the umbrella term of sexual exploitation. These children work on the
streets or in establishments such as brothels, clubs, massage parlours, bars, hotels, or
restaurants.
Child trafficking : Numerous children are kidnapped each year across the world and are
integrated into prostitution networks against their will.
Access to Education : “In education, the term access typically refers to the ways in which
educational institutions and policies ensure—or at least strive to ensure—that students
have equal and equitable opportunities to take full advantage of their education.”
Unaccompanied foreign minors : children who have been separated from both parents
and other relatives and are not being cared for by an adult who, by law or custom, is
responsible for doing so.
Capitalism : an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of
production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by
private individuals or corporations,especially as contrasted to cooperatively or stateowned means of wealth.
Lack of Education due to social and health legislation : The absence of social and health
policies do not allow children to be supervised within the country which leads to illiteracy
among children.
ILO (International labour Organization) : The only tripartite U.N. agency, since 1919 the ILO
brings together governments, employers and workers representatives of 187 member
States, to set labour standards, develop policies and devise programmes promoting
decent work for all women and men.
MAJOR COUNTRIES INVOLVED
Brazil : Brazil is a developing country with high contrasts in its population. Whereas
children from the upper classes benefit from access to education, others in favelas can
not dispose of such privileges. This is why the literacy rate is only 83%. In other words,
poverty leads to alow literacy rate.
Germany : Welcomed a million a refugees. Standing for Europe, negotiated with Turkey the
closing of its frontiers so as not to let refugees cross it.
India : With its huge population, India is one of the worst country in terms of access to
education.
North Korea : Access to education is primordial for this country. Indeed, schools are used
as a propaganda tools for the government in order to develop the cult of personality of the
dictator.
Pakistan : A country where most of the children do adult work. This is linked to the poverty
of the country that doesn’t allow the children to go to school. In fact, if you ask a child in
such countries, they would answer that they prefer to go to work instead of going to school
in order to earn enough money to survive.
Sub-Saharan African countries: In this area, the lack of teachers is critical. As a
consequence, children are now using their own phones to educate themselves. This is
called Auto-Education.
Syria : The war makes this country a major country of emigration, resulting in a refugee
crisis.
Turkey : First country crossed by the refugees to join Europe. Most Syrian refugees live
there
Lebanon : A major host of Syrian refugees too because the first destination at the
beginning of their flight, where the problem of child labour is very significant
UK : The ultimate destination dreamed of by all the refugees.
TIMELINE OF EVENTS
1919 : tripartite U.N. agency International Labour Organisation (ILO) brings together
governments, employers and workers representatives of 187 member States , to set labour
standards, develop policies and devise programmes promoting decent work for all women
and men
1971 : H al-A becomes president
20 November 1989 : Convention on the Rights of the Child
1990 : World Declaration on Education for All
2000 : The United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative (UNGEI) is an initiative launched by
the United Nations in 2000 at the World Education forum in Dakar. It aims to reduce the
gender gap in schooling for girls and to give girls equal access to all levels of education
2000 : B al-A becomes president
may 2011 : start of Syrian Civil War thus refugee crisis
October 9, 2012 : (Now well-known) Pakistani Education and Women’s rights advocate
Malala Yousafzai was shot by Talibans on her way back from school. She survived and
moved to Birmingham where she reeducated and extended her campaign worldwide.
October 11, 2012 : 11 000 people flee Syria in a 24h period, due to escalating violence
January 22, 2013 : launching of UNICEF’s #childrenofsyria campaign in social media, in
order to raise awareness for the kids refugee.
March 6, 2013 : Number of Syrian refugees reaches 1 million according to UNHCR
December 2013 : UN launches the largest appeal of $6.5 Billion for humanitarian aid,
especially because of the latest outbreak of polio in the refugee camps
September 2, 2013 : the number of Syrian refugees reach 2 Million, half of whom are
children
2014 : 1 out of 5 people in Lebanon are Syrian refugees
July 2014 : Antonio Guterres from UNHCR declares that with 6000 people fleeing per day, it
is the largest refugee outflow since the Rwandan Genocide.
October 10, 2014 : 17 years old Malala Yousafzai is granted the Nobel Peace Prize for her
struggle against the oppression of children and young people and for the right of all
children to education.
December 2014 : UN launches the largest appeal of $6.5 Billion for humanitarian aid,
March 2015 : Lebanese schools are overwhelmed by the number of Syrian children as 40%
of them are under 11 years old.
2015 : ILO and UNICEF inform that 1500 children are working in the streets in Lebanon, the
majority Syrian
May 21, 2015 : ISIS controls 50% of Syrian territory
June 18, 2015 : the number of displaced people in the world has reached its historical
record, as 59.5 million people (1/122 humans) are either internally displaced, refugees or
asylum seekers.
July 12, 2015 : Malala Yousafzai opened a girl school for refugees in the Lebanese Bekaa
valley, where most of the Syrian refugees in Lebanon live.
September 2, 2015 : the little Aylan Kudri, 3 years old Syrian refugee, was found dead on a
Bodrum (Turkey) beach. His shocking photo went viral and spread awareness of the
terrible risks these children face.
January 5, 2016 : according to the International Migrant Organisation, this past year has
been the deadliest year for migrant people with about 3700 immigrants and refugees who
died crossing the Medi
February 5, 2016 : Syrians start to flee Aleppo
September 2016 : Many aid organisations decide to suspend their cooperation with the UN
for Syria
September 2016 : A ceasefire in Syria is signed
October 2016 : Half of the world’s refugees live in only 10 countries : Turkey, Lebanon,
Jordan, Iran, Pakistan, Chad, Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
After Syria, the second most important home country was Afghanistan, with 2 million
refugees, which is much less than the 6 millions Afghan refugees of 1990, during the
Afghan Civil war. The third one is Somalia, in East Africa, with 1 million Somali refugees in
2015.
But why these countries and not others ? Why do these populations have to flee their
countries? The main reason, as you may know, is war. We will thus quickly study the
history of Syrian civil war, where did it come from, how it happened and happens. First of
all, Syria’s past has not been simple at all.
Syria became independent in 1946, after 400 years of Ottoman rule and a short
French mandate. 1947 sees the birth of the Arab Socialist Baath Party. In February 1966,
after an internal coup against the civilian Baath leadership, Hafez al-Assad becomes
defence minister. Four years later, in November 1970 he overthrows the president and is
elected president for a seven-year term in a plebiscite in march 1971. During the 1980s,
uprisings start influenced by Islamic Revolution in Iran. Hafez al-Assad dies in June 2000.
He is succeeded by his second son Bashar. The conflicts with the US start in 2003,
concerning mainly their suspected chemical weapon and their aid for fugitive Iraqis,
which will increase after the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister in Beirut.
The civil war starts really in March 2011, as a result of many anti-regime protest all
around the country. It’s during June 2011 that Syrian people started to flee. During the first
wave, more than 10,000 people flee to Turkey. Then a series of large blasts take place all
around the country for the whole summer. Fore the following years, the relationship with
the US deteriorates. As rebels seize main cities, the army bombs without mercy civilian
territories.
Thus the conflict in Syria displaced millions of people, many of whom sought refuge
in camps in Jordan, Turkey and Lebanon Meanwhile, Free Syrian Army tries to put down
Assad’s government and on the other side, Islamic State gains ground. Things get worst
when Russia intervenes in September 2015 for their first airstrike, targeting the Islamic
State. Lately, the government, the Syrian Army is getting more cities back, like Homs and
Palmyra from the Islamic State, and in December 2016, has retaken Aleppo from the
rebels. By now, UNICEF said 400 children were killed in 2015. A separate report by a
number of aid groups, including Oxfam, said U.N. figures showed at least 50,000 people
had been killed since April 2014.
The job of the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund is to provide
an education for every child and ensure their safety at all times, especially in periods of
war, conflict and natural catastrophes. Right now, UNICEF is very important for all these
millions of refugees who have nowhere to go, and of course all their homologues whose
rights as children are not respected : child soldiers, labourers and victims of abuse and
prostitution.
INTRODUCTION
The number of refugees in the world today is equivalent to the French population
(about 60 million), and half of them are children. In 2015, about 4 872 585 refugees in the
world were Syrian, Syria being therefore the home country of the largest number of
refugees in the world. Also, 31 million children lived outside their country of birth, one
third of them as refugees whereas for adults, the proportion was less than one in twenty.
Overall, 1 child in 200 is a refugee. Half of them are from Syria or Afghanistan. These
children, among millions of others who are not even refugees are deprived of education,
health care and protection, and for now, some 2.8 million Syrian children in Syria or
neighboring countries are not attending school because dozens of schools (and hospitals)
were attacked in 2015, according to aid groups. They can be forced into child labour and
become victims of prostitution and forced conscription. However these afflictions are part
of a bigger issue that affects all children from the LEDCs, which we will discuss later on. It
is the role of UNICEF to make sure that the rights of every child are respecteda, and we live
in a time in which they are not, that’s why we need to create new laws and promote every
child’s protection and safety, no matter what their nationality, religion or ethnicity.
The current refugee and migrant crisis and its effect on children, their safety and their status.
In 2015, 11 million child refugees sought asylum. A total of
1.2 million people sought asylum in the EU in 2015, 30% of
whom – almost 368,000 – were minors. The number of
children arriving in Europe last year was two-and-half
times that recorded a year earlier, and almost five times as
many as in 2012. However the 10 countries hosting the
largest numbers of refugees are all in Asia and Africa, with
Turkey hosting by far the largest number of refugees
therefore the largest number of child refugees, under
UNHCR’s mandate. The Syrian war having forced 12
millions people to flee recently, we are thus observing the biggest refugee crisis since
World War II.
A little girl tells her story to UNHCR : “One day at school, I heard the war, the guns that
sounded like ‘tow tow tow’. The soldiers came and fought the pupils and I hid there for
three days. My parents came and collected me and we went home for two days. It was so
nice and quiet and we didn’t think it would get noisy again. When it did, there was no time
to think about clothes.”
Nine-year-old Nyaboth and her twin sister fled their home in South Sudan after
witnessing mass killings. Although the pair found safety in a refugee camp, in Ethiopia,
she can never forget the simple treasures she left behind.
These children, whose life is turned upside down, have to leave everything they know
behind them overnight, sometimes even their family as we know a quarter of all minor
refugees who arrived in EU in 2015 had travelled without their parents or guardians,
becoming thus “geographically orphaned”. These unaccompanied foreign minors
represent a challenge for authorities in their adopted countries. Britain debates whether to
take in 3000 unaccompanied minors, because it will imply a small army of case workers,
foster families and psychiatrists, but also fast-track bureaucracy...
In France and in many European countries, any minor in danger, French or foreign
must be protected, sheltered by a foster home or family and educated (specific to France),
all that thanks to the International Children’s Rights Convention. When their case is
hopefully approved and they can finally settle somewhere safer than their hometown,
insomnia, homesickness, separation anxiety and culture shock unsettle all but the
boldest souls, according to interviews conducted with child refugees by the Guardian
during this year. And though they may have left the bombs and militias behind, there are
new threats : many are intimidated by local hostilities, while others wrestle with cultural
challenges:new school subjects, strange cuisine and language. However if you turn out to
be over 18 (sometimes young adults try to pass as minors in order to be able to stay and
be protected too), you need to get asylum to stay in the country. The wait is oppressive…
and psychiatric help – and even physical health care – are hard to find for those yet to be
approved for asylum, and in France still, you cannot work, but in Germany you can. To be
refused asylum in France means returning home, if conditions permit it.
Ideally, all people fleeing war or persecution should be granted the status of refugee,
but it is actually hard to get : only 35% of the 60 000 asylum seekers in France in 2014 got
it, and 45 % In Germany. To be granted this status, you must
correspond to the criteria chosen by the UN Convention of 1951 in
Geneva : you have to prove that you were personally persecuted
where you lived, it does not suffice to be coming from a war-torn
area. In France, and other European countries this status gives you
the right to stay on the territory for ten years and work. If they want,
they could ask for naturalization. This official refugee status is a
problem for all the non-official refugees usually from Eastern Africa
or Europe who are just considered economic migrants because of
the status of their country, when they had left because of
persecution or violence. Countries like South Sudan for example.
Also internally displaced populations within national boundaries are often not recognised
because they are not technically speaking migrants thus not refugees. They are a part of
the “black figure” problem in terms of providing accurate statistics and number.
Humanly speaking, it is very harmful for a child be a refugee. Psychologically and
emotionally, they can’t develop “normally” like the others kids, especially the richer ones.
They have no time for games, a lack of education… no childhood. They lose all of their
points of reference, and have to discover too early the harsh reality of life, which is much
more difficult without your parents’ emotional and/or financial support and love. Moreover
it’s also very physically and mentally harmful as the children are confronted with
violence, malnutrition, accident and disease everyday. At a young age and even later,
children are vulnerable and influenceable, because they are feeble and driven by the
hope of a better life far from bombs and destruction. They are thus usually easily
swindled and are easy prey (as they often lack legal identities) and victims of forced
recruitment, child trafficking, hazardous labour and sexual exploitation.. Refugee and
internally displaced persons (IDP) camps, with their crowded conditions and poverty,
increase everyone's vulnerability to disease, violence, abuse and of course, exploitation.
When child traffickers kidnap children they can therefore make them do whatever they
want for a few dollars, a passport or shelter. Moreover, even if girls and boys are equally
represented among registered refugees, children’s risk of specific protection violations –
such as recruitment by armed forces and armed groups, or sexual and gender-based
violence – may differ between them.
The plague of Child labour and trafficking is part of a much bigger issue. Today, an
estimated 160 million children worldwide are engaged in child labour, work that harms
children or keeps them from attending school.
Around the world, growing gaps between rich and poor in recent decades have forced
millions of young children out of school and into work. Fortunately, since 2000, the global
number of child labourers has decreased by one third since 2000, from 246 million to 168
million children. More than half of them, 85 million, are in hazardous work (down from 171
million in 2000). The numbers decreased of 40% for girls, and of 25% for boys. The
International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that 215 million children between the
ages of 5 and 17 currently work under conditions that are considered illegal, hazardous, or
extremely exploitative. Underage children work at all sorts of jobs around the world,
usually because them and their families are extremely poor. Large numbers of children
work in commercial agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, mining, and domestic service.
Some children work in illicit activities like the drug trade, or other traumatic activities
such as serving as soldiers or prostitutes.
They are classified as child labourers when they are either too young to work or are
involved in hazardous activities that may compromise their physical, mental, social or
educational development.
The highest prevalence of child labour is in sub-Saharan
Africa, where 21.4% of the 59 million of minors work, though
Asia and the Pacific has the largest numbers because of its
enormous population, but a smaller percentage of children
working (almost 78 million or 9.3% of child population). In the
Least Developed Countries, nearly one in four children (ages 5
to 14) are engaged in labour that is considered harmful to
their health and development. And 68% of child labourers are
working unpaid for their families, involved in household tasks
which are not considered as labour by the parents. Here, they often do the laundry,
cooking, washing up or run errands, build things, carry heavy charges…
And in addition to being denied education, children who work are frequently victims
of mistreatment, physical violence and psychological abuse. The more they are young, the
more they are vulnerable and often becoming easy targets of sexual abuse by employers
and co-workers. Sometimes children, especially girls, will be forced into prostitution at
work, or even be kidnapped and sent away. In the Philippines, it is very common for poor
village children going to Manila for working into service to be abused and sequestered by
their
employers,
not allowed to see
their parents. They
thus have to flee
and risk extreme
poverty
being
obliged to beg for
their living.
Migrant and refugee children, usually have to work in order to survive when they are in
transit in a country. In Turkey, for example, the country with the biggest number of
registered Syrian refugees (2,764,500). As the parents are poorly paid, the children have to
work too, usually in factories with terrible working conditions and a very low salary, often
below the minimum wage. There, legally, the minimal working age is 15, but the refugee
workers are sometimes as young as 7. It is terrible for their health, their upbringing, and it
does not even brings them money. Some factory managers explain clearly that they prefer
child workers because they are less rebellious and do not claim their rights, as they do not
know them, they do what is asked of them. Sometimes, even if they realise that they are
being exploited (mostly adults) they do the work anyway because they still make money
out of their job. Sometimes refugee children and adults even work for famous brands like
Marks & Spencer’s, Zara, Mango or ASOS, as well as Turkish children sometimes younger
than ten. As this the Independent article about a BBC documentary explains :
“The BBC said the refugees often earned little more than a pound an hour, well below the
Turkish minimum wage, and were employed through a middleman who paid them in cash
on the street. One of the refugees alleged to the documentary makers that they were
poorly treated at the factory, saying: “If anything happens to a Syrian, they will throw him
away like a piece of cloth.” The BBC said the youngest worker was a 15-year-old boy who
was working more than 12 hours a day ironing clothes before they were shipped to be sold
in UK shops.“
Furthermore, as we said earlier, many minors have their childhood taken away by
being conscripted by force. Today, the increase in child recruitment is actually a trend of
particular concern. For a long time, in war-torn countries, children have often been forced
to become soldiers. They are taught how to fight and use weapons, their childhood is
taken away and they usually die very young, as they are considered the less important
soldiers.
Right now, in many countries like Iraq or Syria, ISIS soldiers kidnap children and
brainwash them in order to turn them into Islamic soldiers devoted to their cause.
According to The Independent, in Iraq and Syria, many ISIS child soldiers are recruited
"Children report being actively encouraged to join the war by parties to the conflict
offering gifts and 'salaries' of up to $400 a month." These child fighters are known as the
"Caliphate Cubs". During an offensive in South Iraqi city of Mosul, in October, 500 of them
died fighting and among them more than 300 child soldiers from the ‘lion cubs of the
caliphate." Since 2014, warring sides have recruited younger children, some as young as
seven. More than half of children recruited in cases UNICEF verified in 2015 were under 15.
Some of those children have been filmed executing prisoners in propaganda videos by the
Islamic State group. In 2015, more than 800 under 18 soldiers were recruited by ISIS, and it
continues to do so, between January and March 2016, recruited 400 children, which is
three times the number of adults recruited during the same time. When they are not
kidnapped, they are influenced by the income, because the territories surrounding ISIS
territory are very poor. They are brainwashed, as ISIS wants soldiers, but mainly adherents
to the cause, as they mostly help the adults with cooking and cleaning… or are used as
suicide bombs.
ACCESS TO EDUCATION FOR EVERY CHILDREN
Access to education remains a right for every single human on Earth. Yet, approximately
72 million children do not attend school and 759 million adults are illiterate and do not
have sufficient knowledge to improve their lives or their children's lives.
The main factor in the lack of education is poverty. Indeed, if many children do not have
access to education it is because of inequalities and marginalization that persist in
Society.
Children in both developing and developed countries do not have access to basic
education because of inequalities based on gender, health, cultural identity (ethnic origin,
language, region..) These children then find themselves on the margins of the educational
system and do not benefit from learning essential to their intellectual and social
development.
Other factors related to poverty, such as unemployment, illness and illiteracy among
parents, increase the risk of a child not attending school or dropping out of school. Many
children from disadvantaged backgrounds are forced to drop out of school to work and
support their families, or because of health problems related to malnutrition.
Universal primary education is a major challenge and a major problem for many
States. Many developing countries do not have sufficient financial resources to set up
schools, supply school materials, recruit and train teachers. Funds provided by the
international community are generally insufficient to enable these countries to establish
an education system for all children. The lack of financial resources also affects the
quality of education. Teachers do not benefit from essential pedagogical training, and
insufficient schools have overcrowded classes.This overstaffing forces schools to create
classes where several levels of education overlap, and which do not allow each child to
benefit from education tailored to his or her needs and capacities. Therefore, in these
countries, dropout and school failure rates are still very high.
As a Key Study we can take the example of Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa is
the most affected region with more than 32 million children not attending primary school.
Central and East Asia, as well as the Pacific, are also heavily affected by this problem with
more than 27 million out-of-school children. These regions also have to address the
problems of educational poverty (children with less than four years of schooling) and
extreme educational poverty (children with less than two years of schooling). It is mainly
sub-Saharan Africa, where more than half of children are enrolled for less than 4 years. In
some countries, such as Somalia and Burkina Faso, more than 50 per cent of children are
enrolled for less than two years. Non-schooling and educational poverty have negative
effects on populations and countries. Children drop out of school without being able to
acquire the basic concepts, which considerably hinders their social development and the
economic development of countries.
Today, it is girls who have the least access
to education. They account for more than 54% of
the out-of-school population in the world.
This problem is mainly found in the Arab States,
Central Asia and South and West Asia, and is
mainly due to traditional and cultural preference
for boys. Girls are destined to work in the family
home, while boys will have the right to education.
In sub-Saharan Africa, more than 12 million girls
are at risk of never attending school. In Yemen,
more than 80% of girls will never have the chance
to go to school. More alarmingly, some countries such as Afghanistan and Somalia are
making every effort to narrow the education gap between girls and boys.
While many developing countries may be pleased to have dramatically reduced
educational inequality between girls and boys, much will still be needed to achieve
universal primary education. Yet, another phenomenon is the cause of children literacy :
children prostitution.
Child prostitution “designates the use of children for sexual activities in exchange
for remuneration or another form of retribution (gifts, food, clothes, etc). This activity is
included under the umbrella term of sexual exploitation. These children work on the
streets or in establishments such as brothels, clubs, massage parlours, bars, hotels, or
restaurants.”
They are working on the streets or institution created for it such as clubs, bars ..
Both boys and girls are used in this network. In Pakistan, 95% of truckers engage in sexual
activities with young boys. This is justified by the fact that the truckers live more than 21
days away from home and see child prostitution as the main distraction they can have
during their free time.
The question that remains in all minds : why children instead of adults ? Basically, it is
easier to abuse a child than an adult.
Certainly, a child is less able to defend himself/herself from sexual exploiters that see the
children as "a docile animal". Moreover, some men are persuaded that having sexual
relationships with young virgin girls prevents them from contracting AIDS/HIV, as well as
curing this illness. In Asia, most men believe that having sexual relations with a virgin
will increase their virility and bring longevity plus success in business. These beliefs are
justified by certain cultures where myths circulate of the benefits of having sexual
relations with children. However, this is a never ending cycle.
Child Prostitution is a lucrative activity, bringing more money than local salaries.
Poverty makes the children accept any kind of work to survive but this money is used for
survival purposes. They can’t buy books or pens, and they spend their time being abuse
and can’t go to school. Each years, because of war or diseases such as AIDS epidemic,
numerous children become orphans and by consequence more vulnerable. Sexual
exploiters are aware of that and prostitution becomes a way to survive. The effect on the
children is irreversible, child prostitution leads to negative effects on their wellbeing and
their mental health later on in life. In addition to their never being table to go to school.
Access to education is still an issue that concerns everyone. The main factors that make
children unable to go to school are poverty, being an orphan, cultural beliefs and the lack
of an education system. Indeed, in many countries such as South Africa, children are
teaching themselves thanks to their phones because the serious lack of teachers and
being able to have one is rare. As a consequence, access to education remains a source of
inequality when we know that not every child can go at school.
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http://africacartoons.com/wp-content/uploads/Disperities-in-Access-to-Education-.jpg
http://cdn.citylab.com/media/img/citylab/legacy/2011/10/31/Inequality_thumb.jpg
http://www.bestadsontv.com/files/thumbnails/2009/Apr/21230_3.png