HBSC Briefing Paper 21
Sexual health of 15 year olds in Scotland 2: circumstances of first intercourse
Candace Currie, Mareike Franz, Juliet McEachran, Ross Whitehead, Winfried van der Sluijs, & the HBSC Scotland Team*
May 2015
Sexual health is defined as a state of physical, emotional and social well-being regarding an individual’s
sexual behaviour.1 Adolescence is a key period in the development of personal relationships and sexual
behaviour, and sexual initiation is a key aspect of sexual health among young people. This twenty-first
HBSC Briefing Paper (BP) examines circumstances of first sexual intercourse among 15-year olds** who
have ever had sex, using data from the HBSC Surveys in Scotland in 2010 and 2014. Age of initiation, age
of first sexual partner, alcohol or drug use before first sex and regret regarding the timing of first sexual
intercourse are explored. It follows BP202 which presents findings on other aspects of sexual health
using the same survey data, presenting on prevalence of having sexual intercourse by age 15 and the
associated social and individual factors.
Summary of key findings
•
Age at sexual initiation has not changed among boys or girls between 2010 and 2014
•
Boys tend to be younger than girls at first sexual intercourse
•
Among girls, first sexual intercourse is most commonly with an older partner whereas for boys
the partner is most likely to be the same age
•
A minority of 15-year olds report using alcohol or drugs before first sexual intercourse, although
this is more common among boys
•
Girls were more likely than boys to report that they wanted to have been older at first sexual
intercourse
Sexual health of young people
In 2010, Scotland had one of the highest rates of early sexual onset among 15-year olds (boys: 26.9%,
girls: 35.4%), especially in girls, compared with 36 other countries in Europe and Canada.3 However, HBSC
BP20 indicates that for girls there has been a significant decrease in the percentage of 15-year old girls (to
27.4%) reporting that they have had sex, while rates for boys are little changed (24.4%).2
It has been reported that having sex for the first time at an early age is often associated with unsafe sex,
arising in part from lack of knowledge, lack of access to contraception, lack of skills and self-efficacy to
negotiate contraception, having sex while drunk or having taken drugs, or lack of self-efficacy to resist
pressure.4,5,6
* Dorothy Currie, Jo Inchley and Fergus Neville
** Age range from 14-16 years with mean age around 15.5 years
Age of sexual initiation
32.4% 33.7%
33.8% 25.7%
33.8% 40.6%
2010
2014
13 years old
or younger
14 years old
15 or 16
years old
n=96 n=107
n=99 n=82
n=99 n=129
Age at first sexual intercourse (boys)
Figure 1: Age of sexual initiation (amongst those who report having had sex) in 2010 and 2014 (boys)
•
Among boys who report that they have had sex, in 2010 approximately equal proportions report that
their age at first sex was: 13 years and younger/14 years/ 15 or 16 years. However in 2014 there is a
significant shift towards an older age at first sex.
21.0% 15.6%
38.2% 38.3%
40.8% 46.1%
2010
2014
13 years old
or younger
14 years old
15 or 16
years old
n=87 n=58
n=159 n=141
n=170 n=171
Age at first sexual intercourse (girls)
Figure 2: Age of sexual initiation (amongst those who report having had sex) in 2010 and 2014 (girls)
•
For girls, the picture is different from boys, with more than 40% reporting first sex at 15 or 16 years,
compared to 21% or less at 13 or younger. The slight shift towards an older age at first sex in 2014 is
not statistically significant.
•
Overall, boys are more likely than girls to have earlier sexual initiation, with respectively 30% vs 15 %
being under 14 years old (2010 and 2014 combined).
Age of partner at first sexual intercourse (2014 data only)
4.9% 3.8%
52.0% 33.9%
43.1% 62.3%
Boys
Girls
younger
partner
same age
partner
older
partner
n=15 n=14
n=164 n=123
n=136 n=225
Age of partner at first sexual intercourse
Figure 3: Age of partner at first sexual intercourse (among those who report having had sex) (2014)
•
Among girls, first sexual intercourse is most commonly with an older partner compared to same age
(62.3% vs 33.9%), whereas for boys the partner is more likely to be the same age (52.0%) than with an
older partner (43.1%) (Figure 3).
Alcohol or drug use before first sexual intercourse (2014 data)
Boys
Girls
14.3%
n=51
26.3%
n=82
No
Yes
73.7%
n=230
85.7%
n=305
Figure 4: Percentage of boys and girls reporting alcohol or drug use before first sex (2014)
•
Boys are more likely than girls to have used alcohol or drugs at first sex (26.3% vs 14.3%, respectively).
Perception of timing of first sexual intercourse timing (2014 data only)
28.3% 5.4%
57.0% 57.7%
14.6% 36.9%
Boys
Girls
wanted it to
happen earlier
it happened at
the right time
would rather
have waited
n=73 n=16
n=146 n=174
n=38 n=111
Perception of timing of first sexual intercourse
Figure 5: Perception of timing of first sexual intercourse in boys and girls (2014)
•
Of those boys and girls who responded regarding timing of first sexual intercourse, it was found
that boys were more likely than girls to have wanted their first sexual intercourse to have happened
earlier, 28.3% vs 5.4%, respectively. More than a third of girls would have rather had their first sex
later, whereas only 14.6% of boys reported this. Note that numbers are small in this analysis.
Background
Early sexual behaviour can have consequences for young people’s health and well-being, especially if it
begins before they are mature enough to cope, and at a stage in adolescent brain development when
decision making may be particularly affected by emotions and social situations.7 Early onset of sexual
activity is not only associated with increased risk of STIs and unintended pregnancies,8 but also other
adverse health indicators such as poor mental health9 and lower academic performance.10
Policy context in Scotland
The Scottish Government’s Sexual Health and Blood Borne Virus (SHBBV) Framework aims to improve
sexual health outcomes in young people in Scotland, with a focus on reducing the inequality gap. The
Framework aims to take an integrated approach looking wider than just the risk behaviour and focusing
on the shared influences that affects young people. This is delivered through life-long education,
increasing access to integrated services, improving joint working between services, reducing stigma and
increasing positive messaging on sexual health and wellbeing. The Framework recognises the influence
of alcohol and drugs which can affect an individual’s judgement and make them vulnerable to engaging
in risk-taking behaviours. Therefore the Framework supports strong multi-agency partnership working
between Local Authorities, Health Boards and Third Sector agencies aiming to ensure young people have
all the information and support they need to keep themselves safe and able to make informed choices.
The Framework supports a policy of delaying sex until you are ready, be safe when you are.
HBSC data
The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Study (HBSC) in Scotland is the only source of nationally
representative self-reported data on the sexual behaviour of young people aged 15 years. Previous
briefing papers and reports have presented trends from 1998 – 20103,11 and international comparisons
between Scotland and other countries in Europe and Canada in 2002, 2006 and 2010.3,12,13
Methods
This briefing paper presents 2010 and 2014 national survey data from the Health Behaviour in SchoolAged Children (HBSC): WHO Collaborative Cross-national Study in Scotland. HBSC is a unique crossnational research study of the health and health behaviours of adolescents across Europe and North
America. The HBSC study collects data from 15-year-olds (S4 pupils in Scotland) on reported sexual
intercourse and circumstances of first sex. A nationally-representative sample of 2,566 pupils from S4
took part in the survey in 2010; in 2014, 2,983 pupils from S4 took part in the survey.
NOTE: Survey questions referred to in this Briefing Paper are described in full on the HBSC National
Study website.14
Discussion of key findings
Earlier UK reports found that the median age for first sexual intercourse in the United Kingdom dropped
during the early 1990s and then remained stable at around 16 years for both men and women.4 This is
consistent with findings from the current study where there has been no decline in age of first sexual
intercourse between 2010 to 2014 among 15 year old boys and girls in Scotland. In fact, there appears to
be an increase in age at first intercourse among girls, with 36% being older than 14 in 200611 increasing
to 46% in 2014. The HBSC Study also reports that across 20 countries in Europe, there has been no linear
trend over time in most countries for sexual intercourse at the age of 13 or younger between 2002 and
2010.15
In 2010 and 2014, boys report having their first sexual intercourse at a younger age than girls and 2014
data show that boys are more likely than girls to have taken alcohol or drugs before their first sex.
About one third of girls report that they wanted to have their first sex when older. This finding backs an
approach in education and sexual health services that supports and empowers adolescents, especially
girls, to being able to make reflective decisions based on their own will.
The evidence around substance use shows that a minority of young people used alcohol or drugs prior
to first sex and that it was more common among boys. While relatively infrequent it is nevertheless
important for preventive approaches to reinforce the messages around safe practices and the wider
circumstances of early sex among adolescents. Programmes are more likely to be successful if they take
into account that adolescents estimate and evaluate risk differently from adults and health professionals;
and may value the attitudes of their peers more than any perceived health risks .4
Note on authors
Mareike Franz was an ERASMUS funded visiting post-graduate student from the University of Bielefeld
to the University of St Andrews. Mareike conducted data analysis and contributed to the drafting of this
Briefing Paper. She was jointly supervised by Candace Currie, Principal Investigator for HBSC Scotland
and Juliet McEachran.
Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to Gareth Brown, Felicity Sung at the Scottish Government and Ruth Johnston (Scottish
Government and NHS Health Scotland) for their discussion and input on the policy context.
We thank all local authorities, schools and pupils who took part in the 2010 Scottish HBSC survey. We
acknowledge all members of the HBSC International Research Network who prepared the HBSC protocol,
the international databank, and the support of the WHO Regional Office for Europe. The 2010 HBSC
Survey in Scotland was funded by NHS Health Scotland.
We would like to thank NHS Health Scotland for funding the HBSC National Study in Scotland.
Thanks to Felicity Wild for the design work and Jill Calder for the illustrations.
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