Analele ştiinţifice ale Universităţii “Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi
Tomul LIV, fasc. 2, s.II a. Biologie vegetală, 2008
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLANKTONIC ALGOFLORE FROM
DOROBANTI, ARONEANU, CIRIC I, II AND III LAKES (IASI COUNTY)
M. A. PORUMB* , M. COSTICĂ**
Abstract:After the setting of Ciric river by building some barrages, the lakes Dorobanti, Aroneanu, Ciric
I, II and III were formed, their total surface being of about 123 ha. When the lakes were formed, processes
of colmating and accumulating used waters started, these waters were coming from the side localities and
from the Ciric recreation area. Water quality from these aquatic mediums was evaluated on these
conditions, knowing the diversity of phytoplankton algae, the phytoplankton evolution and the specific
structure of algoflore. Researches concerning phytoplankton of the Ciric river area (May, 2006) show the
diatoms dominance (BACILLARIOPHYTA) at Dorobanti – mijloc and Parau Ciric – Pod stations, of the
CHLOROPHYTA group at Ciric II, Ciric I and Aroneanu stations and the big heaviness of the
CYANOPHYTA group at Dorobanti – Dig station (in this moment, this station is attested by the algologic
indicators as being very polluted). During the first cold period of the year 2007, biodiversity is reduced
(because of the pollution), and the genus analysis shows the dominance of the green algae
(CHLOROPHYTA) at the first 4 lakes: at Dorobanti station the biggest numerical heaviness is presented
by Monoraphidium tortile (W.et G.S.West) Kom.-Leg. – 21.18% of the total algae; at Aroneanu station
Monoraphidium contortum (Thur.) Kom.-Leg - 25.81% and Monoraphidium tortile (W.et G.S.West)
Kom.-Leg. – 18.54% are dominant; at Ciric I, Monoraphidium contortum (Thur.) Kom.-Leg – 48.88%, at
Ciric II, Monoraphidium contortum (Thur.) Kom.-Leg – 55.66%, and at the last lake, Ciric III, the biggest
numerical heaviness was observed by Diatoma elongatum (Lyngb.) Agardh. (Bacillariophyta) – 47.70%
of the total planktonic algae determined at that station. Numerical densities of phytoplankton from the 5
studied lakes varied between the values of 1,105 – 3,830 exemplars algae/ml in March, 2007, and 15,603
– 73,759 exemplars algae/ml in November, the same year. These values show an important pollution
degree of the investigated ecosystems. As it follows, researches are necessary for a period of several years
in order to point out the implied processes and phenomena complexity and evolution in those aquatic
ecosystems that are affected by anthropic pollution.
Key words: Ciric lacustrine complex, phytoplankton, algal taxons, water quality.
Introduction
Ciric recreation complex is made of a series of artificial barrage lakes, in falls, that
are alimented by Parau Ciric and by rains, and it has a recreation function: Dorobanti (70.00
ha), Aroneanu (23.00 ha), Ciric I, II, III – with a total surface of 30.00 ha and 2.70 m in
maximum depth. Ciric Complex, which is situated on Valea Ciricului between Dealul Ciric
in the East and Dealul Sorogari in the West, is at 3.5 km up the confluence with Bahlui
River. From a physical-geographical point of view, it is placed at the contact between two
big subunits of Podisul Moldovenesc (the Moldavian Plateau): Campia Moldovei
(Moldavian Plain) and Podisul Central Moldovenesc (Central Moldavian Plateau). This
lacustrine Complex is 1.5 km long and its ‘tail’ is near Aroneanu village.
*
**
The Station of Biological Researches “Petre Jitariu” Piatra Neamţ, Romania
Faculty of Biology, “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iasi, Romania
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The trophic level of the Ciric lakes surface water is of 3rd category in quality
(according to STAS 4706/88), with a more accentuated degradation degree during the hot
period of the year when high temperatures determine a massive development of green-blue
algae and of euglenophycea, and finally, a more accentuated pollution that has also
implications in the underground waters in the area. The main causes of the water quality
depreciation come from the diffused pollution and from direct evacuations of used waters
that come from the economic agents in the area, the tourist activity and private proprieties,
these facts being amplified by the lack of canalization in the area.
Phytoplankton indicates the water quality of an aquatic ecosystem by its qualitative
and quantitative composition. Season conditions interfere with existent pollution, the result
being a phytoplankton that reflects the whole existent conditions.
Material and methods
Phytoplankton samples were collected each semester, within 2006 – 2007, from the
stations: Parau Ciric (1); Dorobanti (2); Aroneanu (3); Ciric I (4); Ciric II (5) and Ciric III
(6). Quantitative results of the samples that were studied at microscope by the above
mentioned proceedings, are appreciated by calculi, and a formula that includes the surface
of the microscope lamella, the volume of the drop under lamella (0.03 ml – a drop that
comes from a graded and calibrated dropping glass of 1 ml), the ocular field diameter, the
number of analyzed microscopic fields and the quantity of sedimented sample – or/and
centrifuged.
Algal biomass – is determined by the establishment of cellular volumes (in microns)
of the counted algae – and the conversion of these volumes in grams/m3, starting from
Dussart raport, 1966 (Limnologie. L’etude des Eaux Continentales, Gauthier – Villars,
Paris): 1,000,000 microns3 = 0,000001 grams.
For the algal biomass calculus, the lists of cellular volumes from the literature are
used for each genus, lists that are completed with original lists.
Microscope observations were made using the phase contrast – a technique by which
fine details can be identified, these details being difficult to see by common proceedings.
In the documentary research regarding the results of planktonic algae there were
mainly used the series of Polish determinators – Flora Slodkowodna Polski, of authors:
SIEMINSKA [13], STARMACH [14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. There were also consulted the works
of HINDAK [3,4,5], KOMAREK and AGNOSTIDIS [7], JOHN and collab.[6], that were
completed by other determinators and with the latest revisions of some genera and races of
different systematic groups of algae. There were also used some works from the ecological
literature of specialty [2, 8, 10, 11, 12]. Work methods were applied in a critical manner,
according to the necessities of the theme.
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Results and discussions
Researches regarding phytoplankton of the Ciric river area that were made in 20062007 show significant differences between the studied aquatic ecosystems, from an
algological point of view.
Qualitative data show the following qualitative structure of planktonic algal
communities in the 6 stations of assay:
CYANOPHYTA- Anabaena flos-aque Breb. ex Born et Flah (4), Anabaena solitaria Kleb.
(2,4), Anabaena spiroides Kleb (2,4,5), Anabaena sp. (4), Aphanizomenon flos- aque Ralfs
ex Born et Flah (4), Anabaena sp. (4), Gloeocapsa punctata Nag. (4,5), Gloeocapsa turgida
(Kutz.) Hollerb. (2,4,6), Gomontiella marthae Claus (2), Merismopedia tenuissima Lemm.
(3,4,5), Microcystis incerta (Lemm.)Lemm. (2,5), Microcystis pulverea(Wood) Mig. In
Lemm. (5), Oscillatoria limnetica Lemm. (2), Oscillatoria planctonica Wolosz. (3),
Oscillatoria granulata Gordner (1), Pseudanabaena sp. (2), Romeria leopoliensis (Rocib.)
Koczw. (4), Romeria gracilis Koczw. (2), Spirulina laxissima G.S. West (2,4,5), Spirulina
meneghiniana Zanard. (4), Spirulina raphidioides Geitl (2,5), Spirulina sp. (4,5),
Synechococcus elongatus (Nag.) Nag. (2,4);
CHRYSOPHYTA- Chrysococcus sp. (2,3), Hymenomonas roseola Stein (2), Mallomonas
sp. (4,5), Ochromonas sp. (2,4,5,6);
XANTHOPHYTA- Tribonema monochloron Pascher et Geitler (1,2)
BACILLARIOPHYTA- Achnanthes minutissima Kutz. (1, 2, 3, 5, 6), Achnanthes sp. (1, 2,
6), Amphora ovalis Kutz. (1, 2, 5, 6), Caloneis sp. (2), Coconeis pediculus Ehr. (2, 3, 4),
Coconeis placentula Ehr. (2), Cyclotella compta (Ehr.) Kutz. (2,5), Cyclotella
meneghiniana Kutz. (5), Cyclotella sp. (2.), Cymbella amphicephala Naeg. (1), Cymbella
ventricosa Kutz. (5), Diatoma anceps (Ehr.) Kirchn. (5), Diatoma elongatum
(Lyngb.)Agardh (6), Diatoma elongatum var. actinastroides Krieger (6), Diatoma
elongatum var. tenue (Agardh) Van Heurck. (3,6), Gomphonema constrictum Ehr. (6),
Gomphonema olivaceum (Hornem.)Breb. (1,2,3,4,6), Melosira granulata (Ehr.) Ralfs (2),
Navicula cryptocephala Kutz. (1,2,6), Navicula placentula (Ehr.) Grun. (1), Navicula
radiosa Kutz. (1,2), Navicula rhynchocephala Kutz. (2), Navicula viridula Kutz. (1,2),
Navicula sp. (1,2,5), Nitzschia acicularis W.Smith (1,4,5), Nitzschia capitellata Hust. (4),
Nitzschia closterium (Ehr) W.Sm. (5), Nitzschia circumsuta (Bailey) Grunov (1), Nitzschia
linearis (Ag.) W.Sm. (1,2), Nitzschia palea (Kutz.) W. Smith (1,2,3,4,5), Nitzschia
sigmoidea (Ehr.) W.Smith (1), Nitzschia tryblionella Hantz. (Kutz.) Grun. (1), Nitzschia sp.
(3,4,5,6), Rhoicosphaenia curvata (Kutz.)Grun. (2,4,5,6), Rhizosolenia longiseta Zach. (1),
Rhizosolenia eriensis H.L.Smith (5), Rhopalodia gibba (Ehr.) O.Muller (4), Surirella
angustata Kutz. (1), Surirella ovata Kutz. (1), Surirella sp.(6), Synedra acus Kutz. (3),
Synedra nana Meist.(4), Synedra tenera W.Sm. (2), Synedra ulna (Nitz.) Ehr. (3,5),
Synedra vaucheriae Kutz. (3), Synedra sp. (3,5);
PYRROPHYTA- Chroomonas acuta Utermohl (2), Chroomonas nordstedtii Hansa. (1,2),
Peridinium cinctum Ehr. (5);
CHLOROPHYTA- Chlorella vulgaris Beijer. (1,2,3,4,5), Chlorogonium tetragamum
Bohlin(4), Chlamydomonas sp. (3,5), Cladophora sp. (4), Closteriopsis acicularis
(G.M.Smith) Belcher et Swale (2), Closterium acutum Breb. (1), Coelastrum sphaericum
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Naeg. (2,5), Coelastrum sp. (2), Crucigenia rectangularis (Nag.) Gay (1), Crucigenia
tetrapedia (Kirchn.) W.et G.S.West (1,2,5), Dictyosphaerium pulchellum Word (5),
Didymocystis fina Komarek (5), Golenkinia radiata Chodat (5), Hyaloraphidium contortum
Pasch. et Korsch. (4), Keratococcus bicaudatus (A.Br.) Boye.-Pet. (5), Kirchneriella
aperta Teiling (2), Kirchneriella contorta (Schm.) Bohl (2, 3, 4), Kirchneriella irregularis
(Smith) Korsch. (6), Kirchneriella obesa (W.West) Schm. (1,4), Kirchneriella subcapitata
Korsh. (1, 2), Koliella longiseta (Wisl.)Hind. (3, 4), Koliella planctonica Hind. (2, 3, 4, 5,
6), Koliella spiculiformis (Wisch.)Hind. (1, 3, 4, 5, 6), Koliella sp.(3,4), Lagerheimia
genevensis (Chodat) Chodat (2, 3), Monoraphidium arcuatum (Korsch.) Hind. (2, 3, 4, 5),
Monoraphidium contortum (Thur.) Kom.-Leg. (2, 3, 4, 5, 6), Monoraphidium griffithii
(Berkeley) Kom.-Leg. (3, 5, 6), Monoraphidium komarkovae Nygaard (4, 5),
Monoraphidium minutum (Nag.) Kom.-Leg. (2, 3, 4, 5, 6), Monoraphidium pusillum
(Printz) Kom.-Leg.(2), Monoraphidium tortile (W.et G.S.West) Kom.-Leg. (2, 3, 4, 5, 6),
Monoraphidium sp. (2, 5), Nephrochlamys agardhianum Nag.(2), Nephrochlamys sp. (3),
Oocystis lacustris Chodat (1, 2, 5), Oocystis marsonii Lemm. (2), Oocystis sp. (2),
Pediastrum tetras (Ehr.) Ralfs (1), Scenedesmus acutus Meyen (5), Scenedesmus
acuminatus (Langerh.) Chodat. (2,3), Scenedesmus bicaudatus Deduss. (4, 5), Scenedesmus
dispar Brebis. (2, 4, 5), Scenedesmus ecornis (Ehr.ex Ralfs) Chodat (5), Scenedesmus
linearis Kom. (1, 2, 5, 6), Scenedesmus opoliensis Rich. (2, 5), Scenedesmus quadricauda
(Turp.) Brebis. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6), Scenedesmus sp. (3, 5), Schroederia nitzschioides (G.S.West)
Korsch. (3, 4, 5), Schroederia spiralis (Printz) Kors. (1, 5), Schroederia sp. (1), Siderocelis
ornata (Fott) Fott (2), Staurastrum sp. (4), Stichococcus bacillaris Nag. (1, 2), Tetraedron
caudatum (Corda) Hansg. (1), Tetraedron minimum (A. Braun) Hansg. (3), Tetraedron
trigonum (Naeg.)Hansg. (1, 2, 4), Tetrastrum glabrum (Roll.) Ahlst.et Tiff. (3), Ulothrix sp.
(4);
EUGLENOPHYTA- Euglena acus Ehr (4, 5), Euglena clavata Skuja (2, 3), Euglena
gasterosteus Skuja (2, 3), Euglena limnophila (2, 3), Euglena matvienkoi Popova (3),
Euglena polymorpha Dang. (4), Euglena proxima Dang. (2, 3), Euglena spathirhyncha
Skuja (3), Euglena texta (Duj.) Hubn. (2, 3), Euglena tripteris (Duj.) Klebs. (3), Euglena
sp. (2, 3, 4), Lepocinclis acuta Prescott (3), Lepocinclis ovum (Ehr.) Lemm. (2, 3),
Lepocinclis sp. (2, 5), Peranema sp. (4), Phacus pleuronectes (Ehr.) Duj. (4), Phacus
pyrum (Ehr.) Stein (4), Phacus sp. (2), Trachelomonas verrucosa Stokes (2, 3),
Trachelomonas volvocina Ehr. (2,5), Trachelomonas sp. (3);
The diversity degree of planktonic algoflore is, generally, determined by the water
quality existent conditions.
Quantitative data (Table I) show the diatoms dominance (BACILLARIOPHYTA) in
Dorobanti – mijloc and Parau Ciric – Pod stations, of the CHLOROPHYTA group in Ciric
II, Ciric I and Aroneanu stations and the big heaviness of the CYANOPHYTA group in
Dorobanti – Dig station (in this moment, this station is attested by the algologic indicators
as being very polluted).
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Table I. The phytoplankton of the Ciric lacustrine complex (nr. exempl../ml)
Nr
Station/Phylum
Parau
Dorobant-
Dorobant-
Aroneanu-
Ciric-
mijloc
dig
dig
255 674
709
Ciric I
Ciric
II
Pod
1
Cyanophyta
2
Chrysophyta
3
Bacillariophyta
51 773
4
Chlorophyta
355
5
Euglenophyta
Total algae
709
2 482
142
8 510
3 901
5 319
1 064
6 028
3 546
638
4 610
5106
355
52 837
8 510
260 639
12 056
10 993
5 886
During the samples assay in May, general season conditions and the moment
atmospheric situation of the barrages area have determined the dispersal in the
phytoplankton mass of some elements from the algal periphyton. In July, 2006 (Table II)
some important differences are found in the total number of algae and the distribution of
planktonic algae groups, according to the assay station.
Table II. The phytoplankton of the Ciric lacustrine complex - July 2006
(nr.exempl../ml)
Nr
Station/Phylum
Parau
Dorobant-
Dorobant-
Aroneanu-
Ciric I-
Ciric
Ciric-
mijloc
dig
dig
dig
Ii-dig
Pod
1
Cyanophyta
319
71
532
3 191
6 028
7 092
2
Chrysophyta
142
284
319
709
709
709
3
Xanthophyta
425
284
4
Bacillariophyta
425
248
446
1 064
3 546
6 383
5
Pyrrophyta
71
71
709
6
Chlorophyta
2411
3050
355
7 801
3 901
7
Euglenophyta
Total algae
3 793
71
922
8 156
4 610
2 482
4 008
2 269
14 184
22 694
20 567
Massive algal development is stated in the following stations: Aroneanu – dig, Ciric
I – dig and Ciric II – dig, this fact proving the presence of big charges of biogenous
substances at these stations, the existence of a very big pollution, respectively. In stations:
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Aroneanu – dig; Ciric I – dig; Ciric II – dig is also stated an important development of bluegreen algae (CYANOPHYTA), which indicates the presence in these stations of an excess
of nutrients of organic and inorganic nature, which help these algae to develop and they are
represented here by some genera that proliferate in very intense pollution conditions.
EUGLENOPHYTA group is a very important indicator of water quality due to its
mixotroph nutrition manner. These algae very much develop in water if it is polluted with
toxic substances, especially organic ones, in big quantities. So, important numerical
development of euglenoides at station 4 - Aroneanu – dig, but also at Ciric I – dig; Ciric II
– dig show the fact that important pollution sources are overflowed and collected here. In
the studied lakes, in phytoplankton, in the first cold period of the year 2007 (Table III), 53
taxons were identified that belong to 6 phylums; they are distributed as it follows: 19
taxons in Dorobanti lake; 23 in Aroneanu lake, 14 in Ciric I lake, 21 in Ciric II lake and 15
in Ciric III lake.
Table III The phytoplankton of the Ciric lacustrine complex - March 2006
(nr.exempl../ml)
Nr.
Station/Phylum
Dorobant
1
Cyanophyta
106
2
Chrysophyta
3
Bacillariophyta
468
4
Pyrrophyta
42
5
Chlorophyta
489
6
Euglenophyta
Total algae
Aroneanu
Ciric I
Ciric II
299
170
Ciric III
106
42
319
85
2 149
3 404
4 808
425
3 830
5 275
2 765
255
2 340
42
64
1 105
2 638
This determined number of taxons reflects a reduced biodiversity that is mainly
owed to pollution. Analysis of dominant genera from the 1st of March, 2007 shows the
following: at Dorobanti station Monoraphidium tortile (W.et G.S.West) Kom.-Leg
(CHLOROPHYTA) is dominant, it represents 21.18% of the total algae; at Aroneanu
station Monoraphidium contortum (Thur.) Kom.-Leg - 25.81% and Monoraphidium tortile
(W.et G.S.West) Kom.-Leg – 18.54% are dominant; at Ciric I, Monoraphidium contortum
(Thur.) Kom.-Leg represented 48.88%, at Ciric II Monoraphidium contortum (Thur.)
Kom.-Leg was registered with values of 55.66%, and at the last lake, Ciric III, Diatoma
elongatum (Lyngb.)Agardh (BACILLARIOPHYTA) was dominant with 47.70% of the
total algae determined at that station. Except for Diatoma elongatum (Lyngb.) Agardh.
algae, which is β-oligosaprobe, the other 2 dominant genera mentioned above are βmesosaprobe, and this fact situates the water quality in that saprobity degree. Algological
analysis results show a significant pollution degree in the 5 studied hollows, at Ciric II and
Ciric I lakes, especially.
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- In the 5 studied lakes in November, 2007 (Table IV), 51 taxons were identified in
phytoplankton.
Table IV The phytoplankton of the Ciric lacustrine complex – November 2007
(nr.exempl./ml)
Nr.
Station/Phylum
Dorobant
Aroneanu
1
Cyanophyta
26 596
2 218
2
Chrysophyta
3
Bacillariophyta
6 383
4
Chlorophyta
40 425
5
Euglenophyta
355
Total algae
73 759
Ciric I
Ciric II
Ciric III
18 440
25 532
50 709
2 482
355
2 482
1 064
9 929
709
10 993
21 986
12 411
11 347
15 603
51 064
73 404
30 496
This number of taxons reflects a quite reduced algal biodiversity, which is mainly
owed to pollution.
Conclusions
Although Dorobanti Lake presents the biggest algal numerical diversity, the
dominance of green algae (CHLOROPHYTA) in detriment of CYANOPHYTA group
shows, comparatively, the fact that it is not the most polluted lake of the studied
ecosystems. Ciric II Lake is more polluted compared to Dorobanti Lake as, in the
conditions of a total algal density of close values, the high number of green-blue algae
(CYANOPHYTA) of Ciric II lake shows an important organic charge of water and a
significant pollution, respectively. Lakes Ciric I, II and III have also an accentuated
pollution level which is demonstrated not by the high numerical algal densities only, but
especially by the presence of some algae of the CYANOPHYTA group with a big cellular
volume and a high biomass/individual (e.g.: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Ralfs ex. Born et
Flah;
Numerical densities of phytoplankton in the 5 studied lakes have oscillated between
the values of 1,105 – 3,830 exemplars algae/ml in March, 2007, and 15,603 – 73,759
exemplars algae/ml in November, the same year. These values show an important pollution
degree of the investigated ecosystems. In comparison, in this sense, we mention that 5 lakes
from the course of Bistrita river have phytoplankton values of 383 – 9,382 exemplars
algae/ml [10], Cuiejdel lake had 1,060 – 10,116 exemplars algae/ml within 2000 – 2004
[11], and 9 aquatic ecosystems of reduced productivity in the Danube Delta had values
between 684 – 2,271 exemplars algae/ml [9] limits;
Although results concerning the pollution spectrum in the area are significant, there
are necessary some researches for a period of various years in order to highlight the
complexity and evolution of implied processes and phenomena in the respective
120
ecosystems and in order to elaborate and apply these ecosystems reconstruction that are
affected by the anthropic pollution so badly;
The water quality of the 5 lakes which is shown by the dominant indicative genus of
algae is of β-mesosaprobe type;
The measures that will be taken in order to improve water quality will refer to the
reduction of pollution sources and to the improvement of canalization, water treatment and
general salubrization conditions.
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Acknowledgements
The researches were supported from the funds distributed within the CEEX project no. 634: “The
terrestrial and aquatic peri-urban ecosystems from Ciric river basin, from the north of Iaşi municipality”, financed
by the Ministry of Education and Research of Romania.
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