Quality and Gravity in International Trade
Lisandra Flach and Florian Unger
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?AAMSLR DMP BGCPCLR JCTCJQ MD VCB CCARQ
6?@JC (GVCB AMQRQ ?LB ?EEPCE?RC RP?BC MUQ
":E:C9:CI K6G>67A:
AC AC AC N:H
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CD
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N:H
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N:H
N:H
N:H
N:H
CD
CD
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CD
CD
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N:H
N:H
CD
AC AC !DCHI6CI
'C9JHIGN M:9 ::8IH
'BEDGI:G M:9 ::8IH
#MEDGI:G M:9 ::8IH
'C9JHIGN>BEDGI:G M:9 ::8IH
'C9JHIGN:MEDGI:G M:9 ::8IH
'BEDGI:G:MEDGI:G M:9 ::8IH
,7H:GK6I>DCH
.HFJ6G:9
N:H
CD
CD
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N:H
N:H
N:H
CD
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+DI:H H><C>86CI 6I H><C>86CI 6I H><C>86CI 6I 0=: :GGDGH 8AJHI:G:9 7N >BEDGI:G:MEDGI:G E6>G
%3! *./. ) /$! .$-! *" !3+*-/!-. 0.%)# -('!1!' / 6M GLTCQRGE?RC NPMNM
QGRGML PCE?PBGLE RFC CCAR MD OS?JGRW RFPMSEF VCB AMQRQ ML RFC QF?PC MD CVNMPRCPQ UC SQC $P?XGJG?L PKJCTCJ B?R? RM AMLQRPSAR ?L ?EEPCE?RC KC?QSPC MD RFC QF?PC MD CVNMPRCPQ
5GLAC UC SQC B?R? MLJW DMP $P?XGJG?L PKQ RFC BGKCLQGML ) GQ VCB GL RFC CQRGK?RGMLQ QSAF
RF?R GL COS?RGML GQ CQRGK?RCB MLJW @W - ?LB * 9C CQRGK?RC RFC QRMAF?QRGA DMPK MD
COS?RGML ?Q DMJJMUQ
" JL )12 JL )12 JL ,$%%&0 UFCPC GQ RFC QF?PC MD $P?XGJG?L CVNMPRCPQ GL GLBSQRPW * GL BCQRGL?RGML AMSLRPW - BCLCB
?Q RFC LSK@CP MD CVNMPRCPQ GL GLBSQRPW * CVNMPRGLE RM BCQRGL?RGML AMSLRPW - BGTGBCB @W RFC
RMR?J LSK@CP MD PKQ MP RMR?J LSK@CP MD CVNMPRCPQ GL GLBSQRPW * )12 GQ RFC BGQR?LAC
@CRUCCL $P?XGJ ?LB BCQRGL?RGML AMSLRPW - +L DSPRFCP PCEPCQQGMLQ UC ?JQM GLAJSBC GKNMPRCP
VCB CCARQ 2PMNMQGRGML QSEECQRQ RF?R RFC QF?PC MD CVNMPRCPQ PC?ARQ QRPMLECP RM VCB AMQRQ GL QCARMPQ
UGRF JMUCP QAMNC DMP BGCPCLRG?RGML *CLAC UC CVNCAR RF?R GL QCARMPQ UGRF FGEF BCEPCC MD
BGCPCLRG?RGML FGEF ,$%%&0 RFC CCAR MD BGQR?LAC ML RP?BC GQ PCBSACB GC 6FC PQR CKNGPGA?J PCQSJRQ DMP COS?RGML ?PC PCNMPRCB GL 6?@JC 6FC PCQSJRQ PCTC?J RF?R
RFC QF?PC MD CVNMPRCPQ BCAPC?QC GL BGQR?LAC @SR RFGQ CCAR GQ QK?JJCP GL QCARMPQ UGRF ? FGEFCP
BCEPCC MD BGCPCLRG?RGML QFMUL @W RFC GLRCP?ARGML RCPK 6FC PCQSJRQ ?PC PM@SQR RM RFC SQC MD
BCQRGL?RGML AMSLRPW - ?LB GLBSQRPW * VCB CCARQ
6?@JC (GVCB AMQRQ ?LB RFC QF?PC MD CVNMPRCPQ GL C?AF BCQRGL?RGML AMSLRPW
":E:C9:CI K6G>67A:
AC AC AC AC !DCHI6CI
N:H
N:H
N:H
'C9JHIGN M:9 ::8IH
N:H
N:H
N:H
":HI>C6I>DC 8DJCIGN M:9 ::8IH
CD
N:H
CD
,7H:GK6I>DCH
.HFJ6G:9
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N:H
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6M GLTCQRGE?RC NPMNMQGRGML PCE?PBGLE T?PG?@JC RP?BC AMQRQ UC CT?JS?RC RFC CCAR MD AF?LECQ
GL R?PGQ ML CVNMPRQ MTCP RGKC DMP GLBSQRPGCQ UGRF BGCPCLR BCEPCCQ MD BGCPCLRG?RGML 9C
CVNJMGR RFC RGKC T?PG?RGML DMP GBCLRGA?RGML NSPNMQCQ QSAF RF?R UC A?L ?AAMSLR DMP @GJ?RCP?J
GKNMPRCPCVNMPRCP VCB CCARQ
(GL?JJW UC GLTCQRGE?RC NPMNMQGRGML PCE?PBGLE RFC CCAR MD T?PG?@JC RP?BC AMQRQ ML ?EEPCE?RC
RP?BC MUQ #AAMPBGLE RM MSP EP?TGRW COS?RGML QFMUL GL QS@QCARGML RFC CCAR MD T?PG?@JC
RP?BC AMQRQ ML Q?JCQ BCNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC 2?PCRM QF?NC N?PCKCRCP *CLAC GR QFMSJB
LMR T?PW UGRF OS?JGRW BGCPCLACQ ?APMQQ GLBSQRPGCQ * 6M GBCLRGDW RFC CCAR MD T?PG?@JC RP?BC
AMQRQ UC CQRGK?RC ? RGKCT?PWGLE QRMAF?QRGA DMPK MD RFC EP?TGRW COS?RGML ?Q DMJJMUQ
JL " JL JL JL ,$%%&0 UFCPC ?PC @GJ?RCP?J RP?BC MUQ GL GLBSQRPW * GL WC?P 2 #AAMPBGLE RM NPMNMQGRGML ?LB
MSP EP?TGRW COS?RGML UC CVNCAR RFC CCAR MD ML RM @C QMJCJW A?NRSPCB @W ?Q RFC
CCAR MD T?PG?@JC RP?BC AMQRQ ML CVNMPRQ BCNCLBQ MLJW ML RFC 2?PCRM QF?NC N?P?KCRCP 6FC
?BT?LR?EC MD SQGLE RGKC T?PG?RGML RM GLTCQRGE?RC T?PG?@JC RP?BC AMQRQ GQ RF?R UC A?L ?AAMSLR
DMP GKNMPRCPCVNMPRCPGLBSQRPW VCB CCARQ 6FC PCQSJRQ ?PC PCNMPRCB GL 6?@JC SQGLE /(0 R?PGQ 9C QFMU RF?R FGEFCP R?PGQ ?PC
?QQMAG?RCB UGRF JMUCP RP?BC MUQ @SR RFGQ CCAR BMCQ LMR T?PW UGRF TCPRGA?J BGD
DCPCLRG?RGML ?APMQQ GLBSQRPGCQ ?Q QSEECQRCB @W RFC RFCMPW ?LB PCNMPRCB GL AMJSKLQ ?LB
6?@JC 8?PG?@JC RP?BC AMQRQ ?LB ?EEPCE?RC RP?BC MUQ
":E:C9:CI K6G>67A:
AC AC AC AC AC !DCHI6CI
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N:H
N:H
'BEDGI:G#MEDGI:G'C9JHIGN M:9 ::8IH
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N:H
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4:6G M:9 ::8IH
CD
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N:H
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$CA?SQC RFC KC?QSPC ,$%%&0 GQ ?T?GJ?@JC DMP ? J?PECP LSK@CP MD GLBSQRPGCQ UC SQC GR ?Q
RFC NPCDCPPCB KC?QSPC MD TCPRGA?J BGCPCLRG?RGML *MUCTCP GL RFC RFCMPCRGA?J KMBCJ OS?JGRW
BGCPCLRG?RGML PCCARQ RFC P?RGM MD PK GLTCQRKCLR RM PK Q?JCQ QCC COS?RGML *CLAC GL
MPBCP RM ECR AJMQCP RM RFC RFCMPCRGA?J KCAF?LGQK UC AMLBSAR RFC ?L?JWQGQ UGRF RFC KC?QSPC MD
4& GLRCLQGRW SQCB GL -SEJCP ?LB 8CPFMMECL UFGAF PCCARQ 4& GLTCQRKCLRQ MTCP
PCTCLSCQ 6FC PCQSJRQ PCNMPRCB GL 6?@JC AMJSKLQ RM AMLPK RFC @?QCJGLC PCQSJRQ
RFC LCE?RGTC CCAR MD BGQR?LAC ML RP?BC GQ QK?JJCP GL GLBSQRPGCQ UGRF FGEFCP 4& GLRCLQGRW
4& GLRCLQGRW BMCQ LMR LCACQQ?PGJW KC?L TCPRGA?J BGCPCLRG?RGML *CLAC UC DMJJMU -SEJCP
?LB 8CPFMMECL ?LB ?JQM ?AAMSLR DMP FMPGXMLR?J BGCPCLRG?RGML GL RFC PCEPCQQGMLQ 1SP
RFCMPW QSEECQRQ RF?R RFC CCAR MD RFC BCEPCC MD BGCPCLRG?RGML ML RFC RP?BC CJ?QRGAGRW QFMSJB
UMPI GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML DMP FMPGXMLR?J BGCPCLRG?RGML #Q GL %F?LCW RFC GK
N?AR MD RP?BC AMQRQ ML RFC CVRCLQGTC K?PEGL GQ J?PECP DMP NPMBSARQ UGRF FGEFCP BCEPCC MD
FMPGXMLR?J BGCPCLRG?RGML JMUCP CJ?QRGAGRW MD QS@QRGRSRGML 6M GLTCQRGE?RC FMPGXMLR?J BGD
DCPCLRG?RGML UC SQC RFC )/ )MJJMN /ML?F?L GLBCV QCC -SEJCP ?LB 8CPFMMECL 6FC
PCQSJRQ PCNMPRCB GL 6?@JC AMLPK RFC CVNCARCB BGPCARGML @W QFMUGLE ? LCE?RGTC CCAR MD
RFC GLRCP?ARGML RCPK DMP FMPGXMLR?J BGCPCLRG?RGML ML RP?BC #JJ PCQSJRQ PCK?GL QGELGA?LR RM
T?PGMSQ CKNGPGA?J QNCAGA?RGMLQ
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":E:C9:CI K6G>67A:
AC AC AC ." 'CI:CH>IN
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AC %* 'C9:M
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'C9JHIGN:MEDGI:G M:9 ::8IH
'BEDGI:G:MEDGI:G M:9 ::8IH
,7H:GK6I>DCH
.HFJ6G:9
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9C AMLBSAR RFC Q?KC CVCPAGQC SQGLE RFC QF?PC MD PKQ ?Q RFC BCNCLBCLR T?PG?@JC #JQM
GL RFGQ A?QC UC M@QCPTC RF?R RFC CCAR MD BGQR?LAC ML RP?BC GQ QK?JJCP GL GLBSQRPGCQ UGRF FGEFCP
4& GLRCLQGRW ?LB RFGQ CCAR UMPIQ GL RFC MNNMQGRC BGPCARGML DMP FMPGXMLR?J BGCPCLRG?RGML
QFMUL @W RFC GLRCP?ARGML UGRF RFC )MJJMN /ML?F?L GLBCV 6FC PCQSJRQ ?PC PCNMPRCB GL
6?@JC ?LB NPMTGBC QSNNMPR RM MSP RFCMPCRGA?J KCAF?LGQK
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MD XCPM RP?BC 6M R?AIJC RFGQ GQQSC UC GLTCQRGE?RC RFC PM@SQRLCQQ MD RFC K?GL PCQSJRQ SQGLE ?
NMGQQML NQCSBM K?VGKSK JGICJGFMMB 22/. CQRGK?RGML $CA?SQC RFC B?R? ?R RFC @GJ?RCP?J
AMSLRPW ?LB GLBSQRPW JCTCJ GKNJW K?LW XCPM T?JSCQ UC AMLBSAR RFC ?L?JWQGQ SQGLE ? KMPC
?EEPCE?RCB GLBSQRPW AJ?QQGA?RGML
6?@JC 5F?PC MD CVNMPRCPQ 4& GLRCLQGRW ?LB FMPGXMLR?J BGCPCLRG?RGML
":E:C9:CI K6G>67A:
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AC %* 'C9:M
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CD
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N:H
N:H
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(MP RFC ?L?JWQGQ SQGLE RFC GLBSQRPW $) RFC CQRGK?RGML GQ AMLBSARCB ?R RFC BGEGR GLBSQRPW
JCTCJ +L RFC A?QC MD RFC Q?KNJC SQGLE 4& GLRCLQGRW UC K?W SQC B?R? ?R RFC BGEGR GLBSQRPW
JCTCJ ?Q RFC B?R? GQ ?T?GJ?@JC DMP ? QK?JJCP LSK@CP MD GLBSQRPGCQ ?LB AMLQR?GLQ ? QK?JJCP
LSK@CP MD XCPMQ 6FC PCQSJRQ PCNMPRCB GL 6?@JC PCTC?J RF?R RFC AMC
AGCLRQ PCK?GL PM@SQR
#AAMSRGLE DMP XCPMQ GL RP?BC RFC AMC
AGCLR MD GLRCPCQR GQ CTCL J?PECP GL K?ELGRSBC GL ?JJ
CQRGK?RGML QRP?RCEGCQ
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RGML AMQRQ GQ PCBSACB @CA?SQC MD GLRCP?ARCB GKNMPRCPGLBSQRPW ?LB CVNMPRCPGLBSQRPW VCB
CCARQ KMPCMTCP RFC PCQSJRQ ?PC PM@SQR RM RFC GLAJSQGML MD @GJ?RCP?J AMSLRPW VCB CCARQ ?LB
GLBSQRPW VCB CCARQ *MUCTCP GLBSQRPW AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ QNCAGA RM ? AMSLRPW N?GP AMSJB QG
KSJR?LCMSQJW GLSCLAC RFC GLRCP?ARGML CCAR UGRF BGQR?LAC 1LC U?W RM ?AAMSLR DMP T?PG?@JC
RP?BC AMQRQ RF?R ?PC QNCAGA RM ?L GKNMPRCP CVNMPRCP ?LB GLBSQRPW EPMSN GQ RM GLTCQRGE?RC RFC
QCLQGRGTGRW MD RFC PCQSJRQ RM RFC GLAJSQGML MD R?PGQ SQCB ?Q ? NPMVW DMP T?PG?@JC RP?BC AMQRQ
6FC PCQSJRQ PCNMPRCB GL 6?@JC PCNPMBSAC RFC PCQSJRQ QFMUL GL 6?@JC @SR ?BBGLE R?PGQ ?Q
? AMLRPMJ T?PG?@JC 6FC PCQSJRQ PCTC?J RF?R MSP AMC
AGCLR MD GLRCPCQR PCK?GLQ QGELGA?LR ?LB
QR?@JC RM RFC GLAJSQGML MD R?PGQ ?Q ? NPMVW DMP RP?LQNMPR?RGML AMQRQ %MJSKL PCNMPRQ RFC
0=: 8D:8>:CIH 6G: CDI 9>G:8IAN 8DBE6G67A: 6H I=: :HI>B6I>DCH 6G: 8DC9J8I:9 >C 6 9>:G:CI A:K:A D;
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'C9JHIGN /'0! 9><>I M:9 ::8IH
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CD
N:H
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N:H
N:H
N:H
#MEDGI:G M:9 ::8IH
N:H
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PCQSJRQ DMP RFC KC?QSPC MD OS?JGRW J?BBCPQ ?LB AMJSKL PCNMPRQ RFC PCQSJRQ DMP RFC 4&
GLRCLQGRW GLAJSBGLE GKNMPRCPCVNMPRCP VCB CCARQ ?LB GLBSQRPW VCB CCARQ 0MRC RF?R GL
@MRF A?QCQ RFC Q?KNJC GQ KSAF QK?JJCP @CA?SQC MD KGQQGLE GLDMPK?RGML ML R?PGQ *MUCTCP GD
?LWRFGLE RFC PCQSJRQ DMP RFC GLRCP?ARGML CCAR UGRF BGQR?LAC ECRQ J?PECP GL K?ELGRSBC UFCL
UC AMLRPMJ DMP R?PGQ
#LMRFCP GKNMPR?LR AMLACPL GQ RF?R RFC PCQSJRQ AMSJB A?NRSPC ? AMPPCJ?RGML @CRUCCL RFC BCEPCC
MD BGCPCLRG?RGML MD RFC EMMB ?LB RFC PCJ?RGTC UCGEFR MD RFC NPMBSAR NPMBSARQ RF?R ?PC FC?TGCP
UGRF PCQNCAR RM RFCGP T?JSC ?PC JGICJW RM RP?TCJ QFMPRCP BGQR?LACQ *CLAC UC CVNJMGR GLDMPK?RGML
ML RFC SLGR AMBCQ MD NPMBSARQ ?LB AMKNSRC RFC JME ?TCP?EC CVNMPR T?JSC NCP OSGJMEP?K @W
GLBSQRPW JL +( 4$,3& 6M ?AFGCTC AMLQGQRCLAW ?APMQQ NPMBSARQ UC MLJW SQC GLDMPK?RGML
DMP RFC SLGR AMBCQ KC?QSPCB GL UCGEFRQ KCRPGA RMLQ UFGAF ?AAMSLR DMP PMSEFJW MD RFC
Q?KNJC ?LB GLRCP?AR JL +( 4$,3& UGRF BGQR?LAC +D GR GQ RFC A?QC RF?R RFC BGQR?LAC CJ?QRGAGRW
GQ BPGTCL @W PCJ?RGTCJW JGEFRCP NPMBSARQ GL RCPKQ MD T?JSC NCP OSGJMEP?K @CGLE ?@JC RM PC?AF
JMLECP BCQRGL?RGMLQ UC CVNCAR RFC GLRCP?ARGML RCPK RM @C NMQGRGTC ?LB UC ?JQM CVNCAR RFC
GLRCP?ARGML RCPK RM ?CAR MSP AMC
AGCLR MD GLRCPCQR *MUCTCP ?Q PCNMPRCB GL AMJSKLQ RM
MSP AMC
AGCLR MD GLRCPCQR PCK?GLQ QGELGA?LR ?LB UGRF QGKGJ?P K?ELGRSBCQ UFCL ?BBGLE
JL +( 4$,3& JL %)12 ?Q ? AMLRPMJ T?PG?@JC /MPCMTCP GD UC BM LMR ?AAMSLR DMP ?LB
+DI: I=6I I=: B6<C>IJ9:H 6G: CDI 9>G:8IAN 8DBE6G67A: ID I=: G:HJAIH G:EDGI:9 >C 067A: H>C8: I=:
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VCB CCARQ RFC GLRCP?ARGML RCPK UGRF T?JSC NCP UCGEFR GQ CTCL LCE?RGTC RFMSEF JC?TGLE MSP
AMC
AGCLR MD GLRCPCQR DMP TCPRGA?J BGCPCLRG?RGML NMQGRGTC ?LB QGELGA?LR
6?@JC (GVCB AMQRQ ?LB ?EEPCE?RC RP?BC MUQ AMLRPMJJGLE DMP R?PGQ
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AC AC AC .:HJAIH >C8AJ9>C< AC ." 'CI:CH>IN
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AC !DCHI6CI
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'C9JHIGN:MEDGI:G M:9 ::8IH
'BEDGI:G:MEDGI:G M:9 ::8IH
,7H:GK6I>DCH
.HFJ6G:9
N:H
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6FC NPCACBGLE ?L?JWQGQ F?Q QFMUL RF?R TCPRGA?J BGCPCLRG?RGML PCBSACQ RFC BGQR?LAC CCAR ML
RP?BC MUQ ?LB RFC QF?PC MD CVNMPRCPQ +L RFGQ QCARGML UC ?L?JWXC RFC OS?LRGR?RGTC CCARQ MD
JMUCP RP?BC @?PPGCPQ ?APMQQ GLBSQRPGCQ ?LB AMKN?PC GR RM ? @CLAFK?PI A?QC UGRFMSR TCPRGA?J
BGCPCLRG?RGML 6M BM QM UC LCCB GLBSQRPW CQRGK?RCQ DMP RFC DMJJMUGLE N?P?KCRCPQ MD MSP
KMBCJ RFC 2?PCRM QF?NC N?P?KCRCP RFC CJ?QRGAGRW MD QS@QRGRSRGML ?LB RFC RCAFLMJMEW
P?RGM 9C DMJJMU ? RFPCCQRCN NPMACBSPC RM M@R?GL RFC N?P?KCRCP T?JSCQ DMP C?AF GLBSQRPW
(GPQR UC SQC RFC CQRGK?RCQ DMP RFC 2?PCRM QF?NC N?P?KCRCP DPMK %PMXCR ?LB -MCLGE 68=>:K: H>B>A6G B6<C>IJ9:H ;DG I=: H6BEA: D; EGD9J8IH B:6HJG:9 >C L:><=IH B:IG>8 IDCH
0=: B6<C>IJ9:H D; I=: >CI:G68I>DC I:GB H=DJA9 7: >CI:GEG:I:9 L>I= 86JI>DC 6H AC G:EG:H:CIH
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