SCIENCE 10F: Year End Review SCIENCE 10F Teachers: A. Hiebert, L. O’Brien, S. Warkentine Once this review is done well in advance … It is also highly recommended to: a) Read through your notes, and make condensed notes of key concepts on cue cards. b) Practice ‘redoing’ the archetypal questions given as examples in class in the notes. c)
Go through your tests and make sure you can redo each of the questions correctly. d) Create your own practice exam, then write your own exam. You may wish to exchange practice exams with a peer for extra practice. e) REMEMBER: Come for help as soon as you have trouble. Getting help ‘last minute’ is often not as effective as getting help ‘well in advance’ of the final exam. Science 10F Final Exam Review Page 1 SCIENCE 10F: Chemistry Units
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Define the following: Matter, Atomic Number, Atomic Mass, Proton, Neutron, Electron, Atom, Pure element What is the difference between a philosopher, alchemist and modern chemist? Briefly explain the 5 atomic models discussed in class (see timeline assignment). Include a diagram for each model. Write out the symbols and names for the first 18 elements. You will be expected to know the names and symbols of the first 18 elements and (K, Ca, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, I, Ag, Sn, Au, W, Hg, Pb, U) for the test. Explain why the valence shell of an element is so important. State Dalton’s atomic theory of matter (look back in your notes). Describe how the Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr models of the atom differ. 8.
9.
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Calculate the # of protons, electrons, and neutrons for Aluminum. a. If an atom has 14 protons, 14 neutrons, and 14 electrons, what type of element is it? b. if an atom has 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 11 electrons, what type of element is it? Draw Bohr diagrams for the first 18 elements on the periodic table (Be prepared to do this properly on the test) Name the five main families of the periodic table. Science 10F Final Exam Review Page 2 SCIENCE 10F: Chemistry Units continued… 12.
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Provide two characteristics that are special to each of the five families Describe the differences between metals, non-­‐metals, & metalloids What is the definition of a physical change? a. Provide a list of three specific examples of physical change that occur in your home What is the definition of a chemical change? a. Provide a list of three specific examples of chemical change that occur in your home Identify the following as either a physical or chemical change a. Light was given off due to mixing of chemicals b. Whipping egg whites c. Change of color d. Magnetizing a compass needle e. Mixed chemicals becomes hot (exothermic) giving off heat. f. Melting/boiling water g. Dissolving sugar in water h. Dicing potatoes i. Sudden change of odor when two clear solutions were mixed. j. Milk turning sour k. Change in temperature or energy, l. Mixed chemicals becomes cold (endothermic) absorbing heat. Classification of real processes can sometimes be tricky. Explain why the process of brewing coffee is hard to classify as a physical or chemical change. Chemical bonding involves the interaction of the electrons in which shell? What are the two main types of chemical bonds? a. What types of elements combine in an ionic bond? b. What types of elements combine in a covalent bond? c. Which type of bond involves a give and take of electrons? d. Which type of bond involves a sharing of electrons? e. Which type of bond is held together by electrostatic attraction between anions and cations? f. Which type of bond is held together by single, double, or triple bonds? g. Salt crystals are formed by what type of bond? h. Molecules are formed by what type of bond? 15.
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Science 10F Final Exam Review Page 3 SCIENCE 10F: Chemistry Units continued… 20.
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What is an ion? a. What is an anion? b. What is a cation? When electrons are shared they are shared in ___________. (rows, pairs, octets) 22.
Provide a definition for the following… a. What is a single bond? b. What is a double bond? c. What is a triple bond? d. Can there ever be a quadruple bond? e. Provide an example of a specific molecule that illustrates each type of bond. 23.
How are ION Bohr diagrams different than Bohr diagrams? a. Draw the ION Bohr diagram for Mg2+ b. Draw the ION Bohr diagram for O2-­‐ 24.
What is meant by the ‘combining capacity’ of an ion? a. What is the combining capacity of the alkali metals? b. What is the combining capacity of the alkali earth metals? c. What is the combining capacity of the halogens? 25.
Draw the Bohr diagram for sodium and Fluorine, and then illustrate the give and take of electrons that would produce the Sodium Fluoride ionic compound. 26.
27.
28.
Draw the Bohr diagram for hydrogen and oxygen, and then illustrate the sharing of electrons that would produce the molecule called water. 29.
Draw the ION Bohr diagram to illustrate the combination of magnesium and fluoride ions that result in a neutral compound. Draw the MOLECULAR Bohr diagram to illustrate the necessary combination of carbon and oxygen atoms to form a CARBON DIOXIDE molecule. Define the following… a. What is a polymer? b. What is a monomer? 30.
Why are polymers important? Provide two different examples of important types of polymers. Science 10F Final Exam Review Page 4 SCIENCE 10F: 31.
Identify the following as either; IONIC or COVALENT compounds… a.
e.
b.
c.
f.
g. ETHENE d.
Science 10F Final Exam Review h. SODIUM CHLORIDE i. LITHIUM OXIDE
Page 5 SCIENCE 10F: Astronomy Unit
1.
Name four ancient civilizations that valued and developed their
understanding of the heavens?
2.
List 3 reasons why knowledge of celestial motion was important to our
early ancestors.
3.
What is the difference between an astronomer and an astrologer?
4.
Given the set of beliefs list below identify who proved that the belief
was false, when & how.
Who proved it
BELIEF
FALSE, when &
how…?
The Earth is flat
Celestial bodies move
in circular motion
The Earth is fixed and
unmoving at the
centre of the cosmos
The objects in the
heavens are perfect
6.
7.
What is RETROGRADE MOTION? Which celestial objects move in that
fashion?
Describe the main differences between Geocentric & Heliocentric models
of the universe. Which scientists were the main supporters of these
models? Which model do we believe to be true today?
Science 10F Final Exam Review Page 6 SCIENCE 10F: NORTHERN HEMISPHERE CONSTELLATIONS 8. Identify the following constellations: a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Hercules
Big Dipper
Little Dipper
Pegasus
Orion
Science 10F Final Exam Review f.
g.
h.
i.
Cassiopeia
Cepheus
Cygnus
Circle POLARIS the northern
star.
Page 7 SCIENCE 10F: TILT OF THE EARTH: DAYLIGHT & SEASONS
7. What is the angle of the tilt of the Earth?
8. How long does it take the Earth to orbit the sun once?
9. How long does it take the Earth to revolve around its axis once?
10. What are the two major things that affect daylight?
11. Draw a diagram to illustrate the angle of the sun’s rays in June (in
Winnipeg) and the angle of the sun’s rays in December (in Winnipeg).
12. Explain how the tilt of the Earth causes seasons.
13. Explain why when we have winter, people in Australia experience
summer.
14. What is the difference between a solstice & a equinox?
15. What is the name for the day with the longest daylight, and when does it
occur in the calendar?
16. What is the name for the day(s) with 12 hours of daylight, and when do
they occur in the calendar?
17. How to the orbital period & rotational period of planets like Neptune or
Mercury compare to those of Earth?
SUNRISE SUNSET & MOONRISE MOONSET
18. The angle of the an object in the heavens above the horizontal is called
its______________________.
19. The angle measure away from north on the horizontal plane is called the
______________________.
20. What is the definition of ZENITH?
21. What is the definition of MERIDIAN?
22. How many days does it take the moon to orbit the Earth till it returns to
the same place with respect to the sun?
23. What is the dark side of the moon? Does the sun ever shine on the dark
side of the moon?
24.
Identify the phases of the moon using the chart below:
Science 10F Final Exam Review Page 8 SCIENCE 10F: LIFE OF A STAR
25. What are the colours of HOT stars?
26. What are the colours of cooler stars?
27. Identify each of the stages {from A to G} of the life of a star that are
illustrated on the chart below:
28. What process causes the stars to
emit so much light and energy?
29. What is a neutron star?
30. What is a black hole?
PLANETS
31. Name the terrestrial planets. Why are they given this name?
32. Name the Gas giants. Why are they given this name?
33. Explain the difference between the inner and outer planets.
34. Define Moon.
35. Distinguish among the following: asteroids, comets, and meteors.
Science 10F Final Exam Review Page 9 SCIENCE 10F: GALAXIES
36. What is the name of the galaxy we are living in?
37. How many galaxies were believed to exist at the turn of the 20th century?
38. How many galaxies are believed to exist at the start of the 21st century?
39. Who discovered our nearest galaxy, the Andromeda galaxy?
40. What is a galaxy?
41. Describe the FOUR main ways galaxies can be classified. Draw a simple
diagram for each different galaxy type.
42. What is the difference between a universe and a multi-verse?
SPACE EXPLORATION
43. When did the space age begin? What was launched on that day?
44. When did Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin land on the moon?
45. Which three countries have launched manned space flights?
46. Which countries have plans to land their people on the moon in the near
future?
47. Who was the American president during the start of the space race?
48. What are the pros and cons of sending out SPACE PROBES
versus sending out ACTUAL ASTRONAUTS to explore
outer space?
49. Why is space exploration important?
50. Write five things you learned about space, as you did
your specific ASTRONOMY PROJECT.
DISTANCES IN SPACE
51. Define the following terms: astronomical units, light-year, and parsec.
THE ASTROLABE
52. How did ancient civilizations use an astrolabe to determine data
regarding the night sky?
Science 10F Final Exam Review Page 10 SCIENCE 10F: Reproduction Units
1. Define the following terms: allele (dominant & recessive), genotype, phenotype, DNA, gene, chromosome, sex linked trait, autosome. 2. Explain how to write a proper genotype for a person (which letters do you pick, what does an upper case letter/lower case letter mean?) 3. Using the letter ‘B’ write appropriate genotypes for the following autosomal traits: a. Homozygous recessive: b. Heterozygous: c. Homozygous dominant: d. Hybrid: e. Purebred dominant: f. Purebred recessive: 4. How many chromosomes does a human cell contain? How many chromosome pairs? How many autosomal pairs? How many sex chromosomes? 5. State the sex chromosomes for a male and a female. 6. Explain the difference between a chromosome, DNA and a gene. Include a diagram to help you explain. 7. How many recessive alleles are required to inherit an autosomal trait? Sex linked trait? 8. Provide three examples of sex linked traits. 9. Why do men display x-­‐linked traits more often than women? 10. Brown eyes are dominant, blue eyes are recessive. Use a punnett square to complete the following genetic crosses. Write the genotypic and phenotypic ratio for each cross. a.
b.
c.
d.
Hybrid x hybrid Heterozygous x homozygous recessive Homozygous dominant x homozygous recessive Purebred dominant x hybrid Science 10F Final Exam Review Page 11 SCIENCE 10F: Reproduction Units continued…
11.
How many recessive alleles does a male require to inherit a sex linked trait? Female? Use a punnett square to justify your answer. 12.
What is the probability of a couple having a boy or a girl? Justify your answer using a punnett square. 13. What type of symbol would you use to represent each of the following people in a pedigree? a. Carrier female: b. Heterozygous male: c. Homozygous dominant female: d. Homozygous recessive male: 14. Identify what each of the symbols to the right mean. à 15.
Given the pedigree problem that moves through the generations. Determine if the trait (nontasters) is a sex linked trait, or autosomal. Science 10F Final Exam Review Page 12 SCIENCE 10F: Reproduction Units continued…
16. Identify the order and name the stages for the MITOSIS diagram below: 17. Compare and contrast the main stages and functions of MITOSIS and MEIOSIS. a. Draw and describe BOTH the stages of Mitosis, and the stages of Meiosis, highlighting how are they different. b. Which type of cell division is used in the formation of sex cells (gametes)? c. Which type of cell division is used in asexual reproduction, growth and tissue repair? d. Which type of cell division results in haploid cells? Diploid cells? e. Which type of division results in two cells? Four cells? 18. State the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction. 19. Be able to define/explain/provide examples of ONLY 4 of the following types of asexual reproduction: a. binary fission, b. budding, c. spore formation, d. fragmentation, e. cuttings, f. grafting, g. layering, h. meristem cells, i. tuber Science 10F Final Exam Review Page 13 SCIENCE 10F: 20. List some of the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction. 21. Be able to describe the fundamental sequence (cycle of life) that allows organisms to reproduce sexually (See note: sexual reproduction and strategies for reproductive success) 22. Be able to explain the difference between external fertilization and internal fertilization. Be able to provide examples of each. 23. What two major things must happen in order for the cycle of life to be successful? (see notes: sexual reproduction and strategies for reproductive success) 24. Know the functions of the male and female reproductive anatomy (what does each part do?) 25. Be able to label the parts in the male reproductive anatomy, and describe the function of each part. 26. Be able to label the parts in the female reproductive anatomy, and describe the function of each part. 27. Be able to name some of the key differences between the male and female systems. 28. Know the function of the various hormones in the human body (FSH, LH, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone) Science 10F Final Exam Review Page 14 SCIENCE 10F: 29. Be able to explain the meaning of the primary and secondary sexual characteristics and identify which category each of the examples below fall into. 30. Be able to explain what the menstrual cycle is and be able to name the four hormones and their function in menstruation. 31. Know the functions of the placenta and umbilical cord in the development of a fetus. 32. List 4 MAJOR characteristics of fetal development in the… a. First trimester b. Second trimester c. Third trimester 33. Know the 3 BIRTH stages and key features of these stages. 34. Know some of the risk factors to the fetus throughout pregnancy (alcohol, drug, nicotine consumption by the mother) and describe the effect they can cause. Science 10F Final Exam Review Page 15 SCIENCE 10F: Electricity Unit
1. What was the first object that was observed to attract small objects when rubbed with fur? 2. Who proposed the two fluid model to describe why/how objects could have different types of charge? 3. Who proposed the one fluid model? 4. Who discovered the electron? When? 5. When electricity flows around a circuit what type of particle is actually moving? 6. a. What is the smallest particle with a positive charge? b. What is the smallest particle with a negative charge? 7. a. What happens when like charges come close to each other? b. What happens when unlike charges come close to each other? c. What happens when two neutral particles come close to each other? d. What happens when a charged object and a neutral object come close to each other? 8. a. Explain how a neutral hydrogen atom can become negatively charged. b. Explain how a neutral hydrogen atom can become positively charged. 9. What particle can be added to, or removed from objects to give it an electric charge? 10. a. What is the difference between a conductor & an insulator? b. Give three examples of conductors. c. Give three examples of insulators. 11. a. What would you need to rub an ebony rod with to create a negative charge on the rod? b. What would you need to rub a glass rod with to create a positive charge on the rod? 12. Draw a series of diagrams to illustrate charging by contact. 13. Draw a series of diagrams to illustrate charging by induction. 14. When talking about electricity what is a ‘circuit’? 15. Define the following terms: a. Voltage d. AC b. Current e. DC c. Resistance f. Short circuit Science 10F Final Exam Review Page 16 SCIENCE 10F: Electricity Unit continued… 16. What are two other terms that are used to describe “voltage”? 17. What is Ohm’s law? Show the formula, and describe what each of the letters mean, and the units with which each is measured. 18. Draw a picture, and describe the function of each of the following: a. Van de Graaf generator b. Electroscope c. Lyden Jar 19. Draw the electrical circuit symbols used for each of the following: a. Battery b. Resistor c. Lamp (light bulb) 20. Draw and label an example of the following: a. A parallel circuit b. A series circuit c. A complex circuit 21. Name four sources of electricity, and provide and example of each source. 22. Compare and contrast electron flow and conventional current within an electric circuit, given the diagram to the right. à 23. How is the majority of electrical power produced in Manitoba? Where is this electrical power produced? 24. What do the following words mean in the context of electricity? a. Generated b. Rectified c. Transformed 25. What are three electrical safety rules people should follow in their homes? 26. What is a circuit breaker, and why are they so important to the electrical safety of a home? 27. What happens to the current in the circuit when… a. Resistors are connected in series. b. Resistors are connected in parallel. Science 10F Final Exam Review Page 17 SCIENCE 10F: Electricity Unit continued…
Mathematical questions:
28. How much current would there be in a wire if 6 Coulombs of charge moved through it in 2 seconds? 29. How much power is used in a circuit with a current of 3A at 120V? 30. If an appliance draws 5A of current from a 120V circuit, what would the resistance of the circuit be? 31. An electric kettle uses 1500W to boil 1.5L of water. How much current would it draw when plugged into a 120V outlet? 32. A chandelier has NINE incandescent 40W light bulbs. All nine of the bulbs are connected in parallel to a 120V circuit. How much current will the chandelier draw? 33. A 1500W hair dryer is plugged into a circuit along with a 1200W electric kettle. If the circuit has a 15A circuit breaker, will the breaker trip? 34. A student has three 100W light bulbs in her room. If a student leaves the lights on while she’s gone at school from 8am to 4pm, every school day, how much money is she wasting in an average month? 35. A compact fluorescent light bulb (CFL) uses 23W to operate while a light emitting diode bulb (LED) uses only 11W to produce the same amount of light. If both bulbs are turned on for 8 hours a day, every day of the year, how much cheaper will the LED bulb be to operate? Science 10F Final Exam Review Page 18 SCIENCE 10F: CONGRATULATIONS YOU’VE FINISHED THE REVIEW. DO YOU THINK YOU’RE READY? When you think you’ve studied enough, I highly recommend you write a practice exam. A sample practice exam can be found at: {note there may be a few topics that are missed, and a few that are in the practice exam that will not be on our exam. That’s ok it is still well worth the effort and the learning to write this practice exam. } http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/dl/downloads/practice_exams/gr9_sci_fpe.pdf Once you’ve written that exam you can find the corrections at: http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/dl/downloads/practice_exams/gr9_sci_fpe_key
.pdf [p.s. If you write this practice exam and show your teacher your HAND WRITTEN responses, and marks, there may be bonus marks…. J] Science 10F Final Exam Review Page 19