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eighted score by tool #7')0&/8+ '89+7439741 "2'79"41;+ :'1/9="97+'2 " -/1+*;'39'-+ #"&+( @>LI<-F=KN8I<KFFCJI8EB<;9PN<@>?K<;J:FI< =K<I :?<:B@E> D8IB<K@E> ;8K8 8E; =@IJK J@O FEJ@K< 8E;FI I<DFK< M<E;FI GI<J<EK8K@FEJ N<I<:FE;L:K<;FEK?<98J@JF=J<C<:K@FE:I@K<I@88ELD9<IF=8;M8EK8><J8E;;@J8;M8EK8><J F=@DGC<D<EK@E>8G8IK@:LC8IJF=KN8I<G8:B8><9<:8D<:C<8I.89C< JIOS, VOL. 32, NO. 1 (2008), PP. 33-50 45 ",!,% 0&/.#)( ,'1),% ),+/&#.3 Evaluation by areas #7')0&/8+ '89+7439741 "2'79"41;+ :'1/9="97+'2 %+3*47 :'1/,/)'9/438 $8'(/1/9=!+6:/7+2+398 +97/)8'3*!+5479/3:8/3+88!+6:/7+2+398 %+78'9/1/9= #+).3/)'1!+6:/7+2+398 "+):7/9=!+6:/7+2+398 +3+7'1!+6:/7+2+398'3*7/)/3- -/1+*;'39'-+ #"&+( @>LI<M8CL8K@FEF=JF=KN8I<KFFCJ9PI<HL@I<D<EK:8K<>FI@<J "6-;>(9,;663 B #9(*2&0:, B #"&,) B "4(9;"63=, (:;,965;963# <(30;@";9,(4 46 ";9,5.;/: @IJK :FDD<I:@8CCP F==K?<J?<C= , *8IK JFCLK@FE @E K?< C@=< J:@<E:< @E;LJKIP 1FIB=CFN 8LKFD8K@FE =LCCP :FE=@>LI89C< N@K?FLK :?8E><J KF JFLI:< :F;< FI ;8K898J< JKIL:KLI< FE=@>LI89C< JF=KN8I< JFCLK@FE K?8K :8E 9L@C; 8E LEC@D@K<; ELD9<I F= 9LJ@E<JJ GIF:<JJ 8E; KI8:B@E> NFIB=CFNJ .I8:BJ 8CC KPG<J F= <M<EKJ @E:CL;@E> EFE:FE=FID8E:< @JJL<J ;<=<:KJ 8L;@K I<JLCKJ =@E;@E>J 8E; 8:K@FE @K<DJ @E ><E<I8C M<I8>< @DGC<D<EK8K@FE K@D< N@K?@E DFEK?J GIF=<JJ@FE8C J<IM@:< ;8PJ FEJ@K< CFK F= :LJKFD<IJ @E D<;@:8C ;<M@:< 8E; G?8ID8:<LK@:8C @E;LJKIP -KIFE> 9LJ@E<JJ GIF:<JJ D8E8><D<EK <E>@E< =FI :FDGC<O NFIB=CFN D8E8><D<EK FDGLK<I98J<;KI8@E@E>. 9@C@KPKF8;;8ELEC@D@K<;ELD9<IF=E<N=FIDJ NFIB=CFNJ '@E@D8C :C@<EK ?8I;N8I< I<HL@I<D<EKJ <EKI8C I<GFJ@KFIP F= ;8K8 'F;@=@89C< N@K?FLK :?8E><J@EK?<:FI<GIF>I8D/EC@D@K<;ELD9<IF= E8D<; LJ<IJ *FJJ@9C< @EK<>I8K@FE N@K? 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