Cells, Tissues,
Organs, Diseases,
Diagnosis, and
Drugs
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The term cell, meaning small room, was used to describe the
structures first observed in 1665 by Robert Hooke as he
examined cork using microscope. He noted that small cells
were part of a larger web of woven tissue
The study of cells that comprise the human body became
known ………….. And the study of tissue became known as
……………….
Four basic types
 Epithelial
 Covers and protects body structures, lines organs
 Connective
 Supports and binds body structures
 Muscle (root: my/o)
 Contracts to produce movement
 Nervous (root: neur/o)
 Makes up brain, spinal cord and nerves
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4 Basic Tissue Types
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Organs and
Organ Systems
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Organs
 Comprised of tissues
 Grouped into systems
Systems
 Have specific function
 Work together, not
independently
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Body cells combine to form tissues and combinations of
tissues compose the organs necessary for body functions.
Organs act together as part of the body systems. For
example, the kidneys are ……….that function to filter
blood as part of the urinary system. (urin/o means and ary means………..
The Greek combining form for kidney is nephro/o and
Latin is…………..
The medical specialty concerned with the study and
treatment of the urinary tract is called…………
The physician who particularly specializes in the study
and treatment of the kidneys is known as a …………..
Examination of body cells and tissues is part of the
medical specialty concerned with the study of disease
known as……………
The physician who is a specialist in the study of disease
is called a ………..
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Plas/o is a combining form meaning ……….., and
dys- is a prefix meaning bad, difficult, or…… . Dysplasia is the
term used to describe abnormal cell and tissue development,
and neoplasia, referring to a condition of ……………formation,
is the term used to describe the formation of cells and tissue
into tumor.
 The suffix for tumor is……… . A cancerous tumor is called
…………The specialty concerned with the study of tumors and
cancers is…………
 The largest organ of the body, the skin, is part of the
integumentary system. Integument is Latin for skin and
dermat/o is Greek meaning………….The specialty field
involved with the study and treatment of skin diseases is called
……………. The specialist is a…………..
 The muscoskeletal system provides support and gives shape to
the body……………..is the combining form for bone and arthr/o
is the combining form meaning…………, the hinge between
bones
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The cardiovascular system consists of the ………….and ………
that transport blood throughout the body. Blood provides
transport for oxygen nutrients and wastes the study of blood
is called………..
Pneum/o meaning………is the key combining form of the
respiratory system which is responsibel for gaseous exchange.
Rhin/o is the Greek combining form for meaning
…………and the Latin is………..
The nervous system is a complicated network of nerves and
fibres that control all functions of the body……….is the
combining form for nerve
The ductless glands of the endocrine system affect the
function of organs by secreting hormones. Endo means…..and
crin/o means……………
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Combining forms related to key structures of the tubular
digestive tract are or/o meaning…….., gastr/o
meaning……, enter/o meaning………intestine and co/o
or colon/o meaning….intestine. Hepat/o is combining
form for………., the organ secreting bile
The male and female reproductive systems produce sex
cells and maintain the organs necessary for the
production of human offspring. The physician who
specializes in the treatment of the male and female
urinary systems as well as the males reproductive
system is called a uro……………….. Treatment of the
female reproductive system involves two medical
specialties obstetrics and …………… (study of women)
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Disease Categories
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Infectious
 Infectious diseases--caused by microorganisms and
other parasites that live at the expense of another
organism. Any disease-causing organism is described
as a pathogen.
Degenerative diseases--resulting from wear and tear, aging,
or trauma (injury) that can result in a le- sion (wound) and
perhaps necrosis (death) of tissue. Common examples
include arthritis, cardio-vascular problems
Neoplasia
 Abnormal, uncontrolled growth of tissue
Immune disorders
 Failures of immune system
 Allergies
 Autoimmune disorders
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Disease Categories (con’t)
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Metabolic disorders
 Caused by lack of enzymes
 Hereditary disorders, malnutrition
Hormonal disorders
 Underproduction or overproduction of hormones
 Diabetes mellitus
Mental and emotional disorders
 Affects the mind
 Individuals unable to adapt to environment
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Diagnosis
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Determination of nature and cause of illness
Starts with patient history
 Chief
compliant
 Present illness
 Past medical history
 Family, social history
 Physical examination follows: Objective
 Review of Symptoms: Subjective
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Physical Examination
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Inspection
 Visual examination
Palpation
 Touching body surface with hands, fingers
Percussion
 Tapping body and listening to sounds made
Auscultation
 Using a stethoscope to listen to body sounds
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Vital Signs
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Temperature
Pulse rate
 Measured
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Respiration
 Measured
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in beats per minute
in breaths per minute
Blood pressure
 Systolic
recorded when heart contracting
 Diastolic recorded when heart relaxing
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Examination Tools
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Ophthalmoscope
 For
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Otoscope
 For
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examining ears
Hammer
 For
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examining eyes
testing reflexes
Sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff)
 For
testing blood pressure
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A. Ophthalmoscope;
B. Otoscope
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Examination Procedures
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Endoscope
 Examines
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body cavities
Biopsy
 Removal
of tissue for
microscopic examination
 Specimens obtained by:
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Needle withdrawal
Small punch
Endoscopy
Surgical removal
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Treatment
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Determined if appropriate by diagnosis
May consist as any combination of:
 Counseling
 Drugs
 Surgery
 Radiation
 Physical therapy
 Occupational therapy
 Psychiatric treatment
Followed up done with Prognosis (prediction of
outcome of disease)
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Surgery
 One
method of treating disease
 Usually done by cutting incision into skin
 Anesthesia dulls pain
 Incision sealed after surgery with sutures
Drugs
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Substance that alters body function
Derived from:
 Natural plants
 Animals
 Mineral sources
 Synthetic material
 Genetic engineering
Obtained OTC or by prescription
FDA regulates
JFDA
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Adverse Drug Effects
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Sometimes drugs may have effects not intended
 Side effects ( usually minor)
 Anaphylaxis=severe allergic reaction
May not be used even if normally beneficial
 Contraindications=reasons not to use based on
specific info about individual
 Synergy or antagonism where drugs reacting with /
against each other
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Drug Names
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Generic
 Simple version of chemical name for drug
 Not capitalized
Trade name
 Registered trademark of manufacturer
 Same drug by different companies have different
trade names
 Begins with capital letter
Brand Name?
Scientific Name?
Generic Drug?
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Drug/Treatment Information
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Journal articles
Pharmacology Books
Therapeutics Books
Treatment Guidelines
Professional Websites
Drug information Hand Books
Computer Software (handheld and Desktop)
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