ABUL K.M. SAIFULLAH
NGOs Capacity in Development
Management
Experience from Bangladesh
ACADEMIC DISSERTATION
To be presented, with the permission of
the Faculty of Economics and Administration of the University of Tampere,
for public discussion in the Paavo Koli Auditorium of the University
Kanslerinrinne 1, Tampere, on December 19th, 2001, at 12 o’clock.
A c t a U n i v e r s i t a t i s T a m p e r e n s i s 848
U n i v e r s i t y o f Ta m p e r e
Ta m p e r e 2 0 0 1
ABUL K.M. SAIFULLAH
NGOs Capacity in Development
Management
Experience from Bangladesh
A c t a U n i v e r s i t a t i s T a m p e r e n s i s 848
Ta m p e r e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s
Ta m p e r e 2 0 0 1
ACADEMIC DISSERTATION
University of Tampere,
Department of Administrative Science
Finland
Distribution
University of Tampere
Sales Office
P.O. Box 617
33014 University of Tampere
Finland
Tel. +358 3 215 6055
Fax +358 3 215 7685
[email protected]
http://granum.uta.fi
Cover design by
Juha Siro
Printed dissertation
Acta Universitatis Tamperensis 848
ISBN 951-44-5257-7
ISSN 1455-1616
Tampereen yliopistopaino Oy Juvenes Print
Tampere 2001
Electronic dissertation
Acta Electronica Universitatis Tamperensis 150
ISBN 951-44-5258-5
ISSN 1456-954X
http://acta.uta.fi
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and to the Centre for International Mobility (CIMO) for six months in later part of my
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8
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Contents
Chapter 1
The research context and methods
5
7
9
13-38
1.1. Introduction
1.1.1 NGOs: The panacea for all ills
1.1.2 NGOs: the alternative development sector
1.1.3 Proliferation of NGOs the gloomy picture
1.1.4 The NGO intervention and the social Consequences
1.1.5 The NGO success: a Pandora box
1.1.6 NGOs: are they learning
1.2 Purpose of the study
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.3.1 Specific objectives of the study
1.4 Research Methods: a qualitative study
1.4. 1 Case Studies
1.4. 2 Exploratory Study
1.5 Collection of Data and information
1.5. 1 Interviewing
1..5. 2 Focus Group Discussion
1.5. 3 Survey
1.6 The triangulation
13
14
15
17
19
21
23
24
25
26
26
27
28
30
30
31
33
33
1.7 Selection of cases
1.8 Theory of Action
1.9 Data Analysis
1.10 Limitations of the Study
1.11 Structure of the study
34
34
35
37
38
Chapter 2
39-95
Development Management and capacity: theoretical background of the study
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Development: a brief overview
2.1.2 Development Administration & Development Management
2.1.3 Approaches of Development Management
2.1.4 Development Management & NGO approaches
2.2.1 Organizational Capacity
2.2.2 Capacity and organization
2.2.3 Determinant of Organizational Capacity
2.2.4 NGOs and Development Capacities
2.3.1 Organizational Missions
2.3.2 Organizational Mission: how it should be
2.3.3 Organizational Mission guides the organization
2.3.4 Importance of a Mission Statement in NGOs
2.4.1
Learning Organizations: the concept
2.4.2 Single Loop Learning
2.4.3 Double Loop Learning
2.4.4 Conflicting perceptions of learning Organization
39
40
42
46
51
52
55
56
57
58
60
61
62
66
69
70
71
9
2.4.5 Why Learning is important for NGOs
2.5.1 Social Capital
2.5.2 The Importance of Social Capital in NGOs
2.5.3 Elements of Social Capital
2.5.4 Categories of Social Capital
2.6.1 Strategic Management
2.6.2 Element and ideas of Strategic Management
2.6.3 Potential Benefits of Strategic Management
2.6.4 NGOs and Strategic response to Development
2.7.1 Voluntarism
2.7.2 The Premise for voluntarism
2.7.3 Benefits of Voluntarism
2.7.4 Voluntarism and the NGOs
2.8.1 Towards a Framework for the NGOs Capacity
Chapter 3
Bangladesh, poverty and the NGOs
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Bangladesh: a snapshot
3.1.2 Governance in Bangaldesh
3.1.3 Poverty in Bangladesh
3.2.1 Poverty: concepts and definition
3.2.2 Poverty: the reality in Bangaldesh
3.3.1 Poverty Alleviation Programs in Bangladesh
3.3.2 The Government Programs
3.3.3 The NGOs programs
3.4.1 Growth and Development of the NGOs in Bangladesh
3.4.2 The popular theories of NGO growth
3.4.3 The growth of NGOs: the less talked issue
3.4.4 The other factors that pave the way for the NGOs
3.5.1 Stages of NGOs Growth and its relevance to Bangladesh
3.5.2 NGO intervention: the practicality in Bangladesh
3.5.3 NGOs and the weak State in Bangladesh
3.5.4 NGOs in Bangladesh: The New Empire
3.6.1. Number of NGOs working in Bangladesh
3.6.2 NGO activities in Bangladesh: the changing dimensions
3.7.1 NGO: origin, definition and typology
Chapter 4
Profiles of the NGOs under study
4.1 Introduction
Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC)
72
74
75
77
78
80
82
83
83
87
89
90
91
92
97-128
97
97
98
99
99
104
107
108
109
111
112
114
116
117
119
121
122
122
123
124
129-160
129
4.1.1 The Birth of BRAC
4.1.2 BRAC-the Mission
4.1.3 The Management of BRAC
4.1.4 The BRAC Approach
4.1.5 BRAC Programs
4.1.6 BRAC and Institutional Sustainability
129
129
132
133
135
144
4.2.1.The Birth of SUS
4.2.2 The Mission of SUS
4.2.3 The Management of SUS
4.2.4 Geographical Coverage
145
145
146
146
Sabalamby Unnayan Samity (SUS)
10
4.2.5 SUS approach to Development
4.2.6 Formation of groups
4.2.7 SUS Programs
4.3.1 Common characteristics of the study NGOs
4.3.2 The Institution building approach
4.3.3 Formation of Groups
4.3.4 Credit Programs
4.3.5 Forced savings and Insurance
4.3.6 Graduation of the clients
4.3.7 NGOs: the alternative job market
149
150
151
154
154
155
157
158
159
159
Chapter 5
161-218
Theoretical analysis of the empirical key findings
5.1 Introduction
161
5.1.1 Organizational Mission and NGOs
162
5.1.2 Credit as a Panacea for all ills
165
5.1.3 The obedient clients:
the secret of choosing women as clienteles
166
5.1.4 Empowerment: what the clients think?
171
5.1.5 The Clients and Human Rights and Legal Education
172
5.1.6 NGO Credit Program and the poor
172
5.1.7 Are NGOs New Kabuliwala?
177
5.2.1 NGOs and their learning Spree
180
5.2.2 The Poorest are excluded
184
5.3.1 Group Approach towards building Social Capital
190
5.3.2 Group approach and Credit Operation
193
5.3.3 Reasons for membership discontinuation
196
5.3.4 The Clients view on Group activities
202
5.3.5 Relative deprivation of the clients
204
5.4.1 NGOs & Strategic thinking of Development Management
205
5.4.2 NGO scaling up and poverty alleviation agenda
206
5.4.3 The clients: who cares?
5.5.1 Voluntarism and the NGO sector in Bangladesh
5.5.2 NGOs as Marketing Company
5.6.1 The last but not the least
Chapter 6
Concluding Observation
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 NGOs mission: right or wrong
6.1.2 What NGOs are learning?
6.1.3 Social capital building through NGOs
6.1.4 NGOs strategic behavior
6.1.5 Where is voluntarism?
6.2.1 Whose self reliance?
6.3.1 The missing Link
References
List of Tables
List of Figures
Abbreviations
Appendixes
207
208
216
216
219-226
219
219
221
222
222
223
224
224
227
240
241
242
245
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2
Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) has established joint venture Company to with
IBM and Microsoft in (Information Technology (IT) sector.
3
Sabalamby Unnayan Samity (SUS) and some other NGOs in Bangladesh have been exporting
handicraft products to fair trade shops to EU countries. Fair trade is introduced to ensure the fair price
to the producers. But NGOs as intermediary have been eating the price at the expense of the poor
artisans. For more about Fair Trade.
23
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The NGOs as a sector has not been studied much from an objective point of view. The
sector covers the work of isolated missionaries to the sophisticated programs of
mainstream development NGOs and activities identified in the journal include the
supply of fungus-eating ladybirds in Niger to propping up the welfare state in
Hungary. Consequently, the management challenges and governance issues faced by
such Third Sector organizations are enormous and ill-understood (Hailley, 1999). This
24
study is an attempt in this regard to get an idea about the NGO contribution in
development management in Bangladesh.
Thus, there is cynicism about the success of the NGO sector claims of achievement. It
is can exacerbate to denounce the claims of NGO sector instantly, but it may be said
that the commonly held assumptions about the fruits of development reached to the
poor through NGOs should not be accepted without critical scrutiny (Lopez & Petras,
1994). A study is important when NGOs are in a dilemma as to ‘what should be their
way’. Therefore this study would be the way out for NGOs towards an effective
intervention in the development sector in Bangladesh.
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Bangladesh is well known in the world for its development efforts through NGOs.
Due to the pervasive poverty and aid conditionalities by the donor communities,
NGOs have become the part and parcel of the development process (Aminuzzaman,
1993). 7KHUHIRUH WKH PDLQ REMHFWLYH RI WKH VWXG\ LV WR FRQFHSWXDOL]H WKH GHYHORSPHQW
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6
VO is the basic unit of credit and development activities of NGOs in Bangladesh, for some NGOs it may be called village
center.
7
Union is the lowest unit of the tiers of local governments in Bangladesh.
34
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This study is divided into six chapters. This first chapter provides an overview of the
research setting and research description has provided. In chapter two a theoretical
framework for studying NGOs capacity in development management has developed
in the context of development needs of a poor country like Bangaldesh. Chapter three
includes a short introduction to Bangladesh, its poverty situation and the growth and
development of the NGO sector in the context of persistent poverty in Bangladesh.
Chapter four presented the profiles of the two studies NGOs. In chapter five, the
empirical key findings were discussed on the basis of the proposed framework of
NGOs capacity. The last chapter presents the concluding observation of the researcher
with some policy recommendation on the development management in Bangladesh.
38
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BRAC, the largest NGO in Bangladesh, changed its strategy to empower the poor women through
credit. Earlier one essential component of BRAC program was social mobilization of the poor towards
institutionalization (for detail see, Hashemi, 1997).
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Dr. Salahuddin Ahmed, Deputy Executive Director of BRAC and Quazi Sahul Ahmed, Program
Manager of SUS, have given the same view on the issue (personal interview with both the NGO
executives).
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used synonymously.
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been closed down by government ordinance after several charges of corruption and other charges
against its chief executive and his coterie.
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For detail discussion about the Poverty and self-sustainability approaches, see Schreiner, 1999.
In the NGO sector in Bangladesh credit delivery has become the common weapon against poverty and
the powerlessness of the rural women. Its like a double-edged sword, one edge alleviates poverty and
the other will empower the women.
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to our financial donors?
To achieve our vision, how must
we look to our customers/clients?
TO satisfy our customers/clients, financial donors,
and mission, what business processes must
we excel at?
TO achieve our vision, how must our people learn,
communicate, and work together?
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3.1 Introduction
The study was based in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is one of the least developed
countries in the world with high population density. Therefore poverty is persistent
there. In this chapter the extent of poverty in Bangladesh had been presented in brief.
The alleviation of poverty is the concern of this country for quite a long time. The
emergence of Nongovernmental organizations is one of responses towards fighting
poverty in this country. So, efforts had been made her to present the growth and
development of NGOs in Bangladesh including a little discussion about the definition
and typologies of NGOs.
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1
By promoting treason and very little fighting Robert Clive of East India Company won the Battle of
Palassy, which marked the beginning of the British rule in 1757 and continued till 1947 when the subcontinent was partitioned into India and Pakistan.
2
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Source: Haq, 1997; Human Development Report, 2000, web pages on
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For details see, http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/bg.html
Of the 330 members 300 members are directly elected. The elected members elect 30 women members
(reserved) in the first session of the Parliament.
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3.1.3 Poverty in Bangladesh
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Source: Mujeri, 1997 (compiled from original)
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Source: BBS, 1995
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Bangladesh is the representative of the least developed countries of the world (see Box:
1.1). Thus all the plans and programs have essentially been given priority to poverty
alleviation. The poverty alleviation programs in Bangladesh are as old as 35 years. In
the 1960s, growth oriented development strategies were taken to increase employment
and productivity through higher economic growth. It was thought that the trickle-down
effect would raise living conditions of the society irrespective of class. In such case
distribution of wealth and poverty alleviation was the issue of concern. The main
concept of growth oriented development strategy was that economic growth could be
achieved through the modernization of industry and agriculture. As Bangladesh has
been predominantly an agricultural society, the state started supporting and
implementing ‘Green Revolution’ technology. The vehicle of implementing Green
Revolution was the most institutionalized program called ”Integrated Rural
Development Program (IRDP)”. It was a two-tier cooperative movement to promote
agriculture. After independence IRDP was transformed into Bangladesh Rural
Development Board (BRDB) for advancing rural development programs. This model
of Development was also called Comilla Model, as it was the brainchild of Bangladesh
6
About 50-60 farmers were formed Krishak Samabay Samity (KSS) at village level and all the KSSs in
a respective thana had to form a federation of cooperatives at the thana level called Thana Central
Cooperative Association (TCCA).
107
Academy for Rural Development (BARD) at Comilla, a central district of Bangladesh.
After the initiation of Green Revolution, new and improved varieties of crops and the
use of chemical fertilizer had significantly increased production. The policy initiators
were desiring to make Bangladesh self sufficient in food production. However, Green
Revolution technology was a mixed experience for Bangladesh as studies suggested
that the Comilla-type cooperatives were critical in initiating the transition to a more
productive method of production and, improving agricultural yields, and increasing
infrastructural growth (Abdullah, Hossain, and Nations, 1974).
On the other hand, Steve Jones in his paper showed that the experience of Comilla
model cooperatives was an over optimism. He did not find it as a new way to achieve
agricultural growth and social equity (Jones, 1979). Thus it can be said that, though the
program was initiated to support the farmers with modern inputs in agriculture, the
rural elite and large landowners dominates the cooperatives (Khan, 1971), which
diminish the very idea of Green Revolution.
In the 1970s, a targeted wage employment approach was introduced to accommodate
the very poor who were usually bypassed by the earlier approaches. This approach was
incorporated among others Rural Works Programs (RWP), Food for Work Programs
(FWP) and Vulnerable Group Development (VGD).
The main objectives of FWP are (i) to make the performance of the agriculture sector
better through construction and maintenance of physical infrastructure for production
and marketing, (ii) to decrease destruction of physical infrastructure and ruination of
human life from natural calamities such as floods and cyclones by creating protective
structures, and (iii) to generate productive seasonal employment for the very poor.
Again the purpose of RWP was to build rural infrastructure such as roads, rural
markets, and food storage facilities. VGD program aimed at improving both income
and employment of destitute women who were not able to have the privilege of
programs such as FWP. These programs stood for GOB’s direct anti poverty programs
(For essential features of FWP and VGD programs see, Annex 1).
In fact, for a country like Bangladesh to enhance income and alleviate poverty there
four main ways: 1) Meeting basic human rights, 2) Economic growth and developing
such an infrastructure that in turn will create market, 3) Social infrastructure and
Human Resource Development, and 4) Establishing the right of the poorer section of
the population on productive resources (such as land, capital and natural resources)
(Asaduzzaman, 1997). In Bangladesh usually more emphasis is given to providing
capital for the poor by both the government and NGO sector.
3.3.2 Government Programs
In developing countries a government has to take different welfare programs to
mitigate the sufferings of the common men. And like many developing countries the
government of Bangladesh also has taken some programs for the poverty-ridden people
of the country. The government programs of poverty alleviation could be classified in
two broad categories: (a) Programs for Enhancing Earning Capacity, and (b) Programs
for Transferring Income either directly or indirectly (Khan & Amin, 1997).
108
a) Programs for Enhancing Earning Capacity
The aim of this program is to develop the human resources of the country through
education and also providing skill training for the people. This program also has two
components namely (I) General Human Resource Development which includes the
provision of health and educational facilities, and (II) Special programs such as the
development training and credit programs through the BRDB and the Bangladesh
Small and Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC).
Beside the public education and health services the government likes to promote
people’s participation for income generation activities through the BRDB programs.
As the formal credit delivery system failed the government had developed the special
target oriented credit program through BRDB and BSCIC. On the other hand, the
innovative scheme, the Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation (PKSF), opened up the door
to reach the government credit to the poorest section of the population. Since its
inception in 1990, PKSF has so far distributed credit about Tk. 1891.44 million (up to
June, 1997) to 148 partner organizations (PO) most of whom are local NGOs or
Grassroots Development Organizations (GDOs) (PKSF, 1998). The Ministry of Youth
and Sports under its Youths division sponsored program Thana Resources
Development and Employment Program (TRDEP) provided credit to the poor taking
family as a unit.
b) Programs for Transferring Income
The aim of this program is to create employment opportunity to the poorest section of
the population during off-season. When there is a lean season or there is a lack of
employment opportunities for the poor people or any disaster the government provides
job or foodstuff to them through different programs such as Food for Work Programs
(FWP), Vulnerable Group Development (VGD) programs etc. The essential features
and details of FWP and VGD program could be seen in Annex 1.
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Toughts are those people who exploit the poor’s vulnerability due to connections to politically
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Source: Dhaka Courier, 21 February 1997, p. 9
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The four big players are Grameen Bank, BRAC, Proshika and ASA are standing according to the
amount of loan disbursement. For details see- ASA, 1997
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5
Pusti (nutritious) training aims at providing nutritious food for the kids of the clients. One member in
a group receive training from BRAC and she then help others to prepare ‘pusti’ for their kids. The
member purchase pusti ingredients from BRAC make it at home and sells to other members.
6
Its like a community health post. A member has been trained for providing some essential drugs to
the clients in need before going to the doctor. BRAC provides medecine and the trained member keeps
the medecine at home and sells to the other members of the group.
169
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7
For details see, the excerpts from the report Human Rights in Bangladesh 1997, published in the
Daily Star on 24th August, 1998.
8
The literary meaning of Fatwa is the verdict based on Shriah, the Islamic code of conduct and ethics.
Some times the little learning so-called religious leaders misleads the people by giving distorted
explanation of Shariah.
9
See The New Nation, 6 February 2001.
10
Madrasa, the Islamic schools for higher education.
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It implies such a credit program where the credit receivers are well supported by training, technical
assistance and marketing services
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Those who own only less than .10 acres of land.
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Top 20 defaulters have Tk. 898 crore ($ 18,708,333.33) overdue loans to (NCBs) ”Nationalized
Commercial Banks” (The Daily Star, May 17, 1997).
16
A common depreciation system, which involves applying the depreciation rate against the
undepreciated balance. For example something that cost $1,000 could be depreciated at 25% each
year. This results in: Year 1 = $250 deduction; Year 2 = $168 deduction etc..
17
Kabuliwala means the people of Kabul, Afghanistan. During the colonial regime the kabuliwalas
sold fruits and some other stuffs, came here to lend money to the poor Bangladeshis. They charged
such high interest rates that people still remember and refer them when finding similar incidents.
They were also famous for using coercive measures to recover money they lent to people. The date
of repayment was never re-scheduled by them. On the date they usually came to the clients house
and never left the place without getting the money back.
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The client has taken credit from a local NGO in Jamalpur. He narrated the story happened to his
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Deputy Commissioner is the chief administrative officer of the district. In Bangladesh there are 64
districts. Jamalpur is one of them.
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Case 5.3
In Dikshail village of Ishwardi thana in Pabna, while talking to BRAC group
members, some women are standing behind us. They have been trying to call our
attention. After a small break, I talked to them. They thought I am from BARC
head office, and had come to complain to me that they are denied BRAC
membership. I have seen their sad face when I told that I am not from BRAC.
I asked the president of the samity about their non-membership. She said,
‘brothers of BRAC asked me not include any who can’t pay installments in time.
They have no other income to pay installments if their business fails. Knowing all
that I can’t spoil the goodwill of our samity’.
She added that ‘my personal opinion is that credit is not for all. Who has nothing
to support the activity started by investing credit money, will be in danger’.
The same complains also found in Jamalpur. About this issue, the common answer
from the PO 5 of both the areas was that there are lots of poor people. All like to
join BRAC. But we can’t take all in the samity. We have certain rules. It is also
true that we cannot take risk, because its related to the future of the samity and
our job as well.
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22
The daily Jugantor (Bangla Daily published from Dhaka) reported that two women have been
arrested in charge of selling Fencidil. They came of poor family. They told the reporter that They use
NGO credit as a capital for this business. However, they declined to name the NGO. For details, see
The Daily Jugantor, 24 July 2000.
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The Deputy Executive Director of BRAC.
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The clients usually called the field staff as Shaheb. It should be mentioned here that earlier the
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30
This study is based on Ringlemann (1913) where the group performance has been studied and
showed that group performance is less than aggregate performance of the individual capacity of the
participant members. Ringlemann found that the group productivity is only the 70% of the aggregate
capacity of the participant group members (cited in Brown, 1997).
31
The term has been used in the OECD publication mentioning NGOs are accused of promoting
‘hunger pornography’ to enhance fund raising. See, OECD, 1988; p. 33.
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32
The Government of Bangladesh has recently (in November, 1998) accepted six proposal of
establishing Private Commercial Banks of which BRAC Bank is one.
33
See, The Memorandum of the Society of Rules and regulation of Bangladesh Rural Advancement
Committee under ”The Societies Registration Act of 1860”, Article 3 (i).
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Shab-e Barat, the night prior to the 15th of the Shaban (8th month of the Lunar Calendar) is a Holy
night for the Muslim community. In many part of the world, the Muslim community belief is that it is
the night for good hope. They pray for their prosperity and donate money to the poor in the name of
Allah.
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35
Dialogue on Voluntarism, at Community Development Library, Dhaka, Bangladesh on 5 December
1999.
214
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36
Dialogue on Voluntarism, at Community Development Library (CDL), Dhaka, Bangladesh on 5
December 1999.
37
Tablig Jamat is the second biggest gathering of the Muslims after Meccah during Hajj time. The
grand rally of Tablig Jamat organized once a year during Mid January in Tongi near Dhaka. More than
two million Muslims attend this grand rally of the devotees who call the fellow Muslims towards right
path of Allah. Every single activity to organize such a big gathering has been done voluntarily.
38
Interview with Dr. Salahuddin Ahmed on 20 August 2000.
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These two terms have been used by Mrak B Ginsburg of the School of Education, University of
Pitsburgh, in his paper NGOs: What’s in an acronym? See Ginsburgh (1998).
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The NGOs are preoccupied with the idea their staff are more committed due to
organizational traits. How the commitment comes to the NGO staffs. When job is like
a ‘golden deer’, commitment is a far cry. Let alone voluntary spirit, the NGO staff
does not think him/her other than an employee as others do in different sectors. Thus
the qualities of associated in the predominant discourse with today’s NGOs are quite
similar to the ones raised in the springtime of the state classes (Elsenhans, 1997: 38).
Some policy makers of the NGOs may think that they are giving voluntary services to
the poor as they could have higher income from other sector but they are working fro
the poor.
In some cases, it is found that NGOs are hiring employees who lost heir age for a
government job. He who lost his required age for government services may not dare
to take any risk. He must be an obedient employee, as he has no option. This is may
be the source of commitment. His commitment in this sense is to keep his job alive,
rather than serving the poor.
In Bangladesh, NGOs hardly encourage voluntary services. They might think, its just
waste of time or may be they are scared of leakage of organizational secrecy. In such
situation, NGOs can hardly claim themselves as voluntary sector.
223
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241
/LVWRI$EEUHYLDWLRQV
ADAB Association of Development Agencies in Bangladesh
ADP Annual Development Programs
AEP Aquaculture Extension Project
AGN Advocacy Groups and Network
AMI Anjuman Mufidul Islam
ASA Association for Social Advancement
ASK Ain o Salish Kendra
ASPA The American Society for Public Administration
ATI Acute Respiratory Infections
BALLAST Bangladesh Legal Aid Service Trust
BARD Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development
BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
BEOC Basic Education for Older Children
BIDS Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies
BINP Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Program
%13 %DQJODGHVK 1DWLRQDOLVW 3DUW\
BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee
BRDB Bangladesh Rural Development Board
BSCIC Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation
BWHC Bangladesh Women’s Health Coalition
CAG Comparative Administration Group
CARE Center for American Relief Everywhere
CCDB Christian Commission for Development in Bangladesh
CDF Credit and Development Forum
CDL Community Development Library
CDM Center for Development Management
CHS Comprehensive Health Services
CIDA Canadian International Development Agency
CPD Centre for Policy Dialogue
EHC Essential Health Care
EPI Extended Program on Immunization
ESP Education Support Program
FFYP Fourth Five Year Plan
FIVDB Friends in Village Development in Bangladesh
FM Field Motivators
FWP Food for Work Programs
GDO Grassroots Development Organization
GK Gonosasthya Kendra
GOB Government of Bangladesh
GSS Gono Sahayjja Sangtha
GUP Gono Unnayan Prochesta
HDI Human Development Index
242
HES Household Economic Survey
HRLE Human Right and Legal Education
IDE International Development Enterprise
IDP Integrated Development Program
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
IGVGD Income Generation for Vulnerable Group Development
IMF International Monetary Fund
INGO International Non-governmental Organization
IRDP Integrated Rural Development Program
ITDG Intermediate Technology Development Group
.(3 .LVKRUHH (PSRZHUPHQW 3URMHFW
KSS Krishak Samabay Samity
MDU Material Development Unit
MELA Micro Enterprise Lending and Assistance
MFIs Micro Finance Institutes
MIDAS Micro Industries Development Assistance Society
MLAA Madaripur Legal Aid Association
NFPE Non-Formal Primary Education
NGNESP NGO Gardening and Nutrition Education Surveillance Project
NGOAB NGO Affairs Bureau
NIPHP National Integrated Health and Population Program
NLM NGO Leadership and Management
ORAP The Organization of Rural Associations for Progress
OTEP Oral Therapy Extension Program
PDA Popular Development Agency
PKSF Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation
PO Program Organizer (in BRAC)
PO Partner Organization (in PKSF)
PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal
PSC Public Service Contractor
PVDO Private Voluntary Development Organization
RCP Rural Credit Project
RCTP Rural Credit and Training Program
RDP Rural Development Program
RDRS Rangpur-Dinajpur Rural Service
RED Research and Evaluation Division
REFLECT Regenerated Frerian Literacy through Empowering Community Techniques
REP Rural Enterprise Project
RHDC Reproductive Health and Disease Control
RIT Reproductive Tract Infection
RWA Relief and Welfare Agency
RWP Rural Works Programs
SAP South Asia Partnership
SDC Swiss Development Corporation
SDCP Social Development and Credit Program
SIT School of International Training
243
SNSP Saptagram Nari Swanirvar Parishad
STI Sexually Transmitted Illness
SUS Sabalamby Unnayan Samity
TARC Training and Resource Center
TCCA Thana Central Cooperative Association
TdH Terre des Homes
TEAP Training, Evaluation & Monitoring, Agricultural Model Farm and Publication &
Advocacy
TIO Technical Innovation Organization
TRDEP Thana Resources Development and Employment Program
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNROD United Nations Relief Operation in Dhaka
UP Union Parishad
USAID United States Agency for International Development
VGD Vulnerable Group Development
WHDP Women’s Health and Development Program
WHO World Health Organization
VHSS Voluntary Health Service Society
WTO World Trade Organization
244
Annex. 1
Features of the FWP and VGD Programs in Bangladesh
Program
Feature
Food For Work
Program 1
Program 2
Vulnerable Group
Development
Sources of Funds
USAID, GOB
WFP, other
donors
Commodity
Distributed
Target Group
Wheat
Wheat
WFP, Canada,
European Union,
Australia, Germany,
Belgium,
Bangladesh
Wheat
Regional Focus
Season
Unskilled
laborers
National
January -May
Activities
Roads (80%)
Unskilled
laborers
National
Predominantly
December-April
Embankments
and Canals
(40%), roads
(30%), forestry
(8%), fisheries
(7%), other
(15%)
Leakage
(percentage)
Year started
Administered by
30-35
30-35
Integrated Poultry
program, pilot credit
scheme, selfemployment through
cottage industries,
functional literacy,
health, nutrition, and
agricultural training
14
1975
CARE
1975
WFP, GOB
1975
WFP
Destitute Women
Destitute Areas
Year-round
Source: Ahmed and others, 1995
245
Annex. 2
Varieties of NGO affiliation in Bangladesh
Non-profit
Companies
NGOs registered with Ministry of Social
Welfare
NGOs registered with NGO
Affairs Bureau
NGOs affiliated with ADAB
Family Planning NGOs registered with Directorate of
Family Planning
NGOs
registered
with
Directorate
of Women’s
Affairs
TRUSTS registered
with Courts
NGOs registered with
Directorate of Youth
Source: Holloway, 1998, p. 210
246
Annex. 3
Codes of conduct of Members of BRAC Micro credit Programs
BRAC’s 17 promises for the credit group
1. We will not engage in malpractice or injustice.
2. We will work hard and bring prosperity for our family.
3. We will send our children to school.
4. We will adopt family planning and keep our family size
small.
5. We will try to be clean and keep our house tidy.
6. We will always drink pure water.
7. We will not keep our food uncovered and will wash our
hands before we take our meal.
8. We will construct our latrines and will not leave our stool
where it doesn’t belong.
9. We will cultivate vegetables and trees in and around our
house.
10.
We will try to help each other under all circumstances.
11.
We will fight against polygamy and injustices to o9ur
wives and all women.
12.
We will be loyal to the organization and abide by the
rules and regulations.
13.
We will not sign anything without having a good
understanding of what it means (we will look carefully
before we act).
14.
We will attend weekly meetings regularly and on time.
15.
We will always abide by the decisions of the weekly
group meetings.
16.
We will regularly deposit our weekly savings.
17.If we receive loan we will repay it.
247
Annex. 4
Features of Credit Program of BRAC
Features
Membership criteria
Group features
<Maximum landing holding of .5 acre of land.
<At least one household member must work for
wages (since 1992 one member allowed per
household).
<30-40 members from village organizations.
<Village organizations are divided into solidarity
groups of 5-7 members.
<Separate groups for men and women.
<Each women group has a counterpart men group.
<Weekly meetings of solidarity groups.
Savings mobilization
<Tk. 2 per week.
<4 percent of each loan (nonrefundable) goes to
group fund.
<1 percent of each loan used for group insurance.
Credit delivery
mechanism
<No collateral but group liability.
<50 week installment of loan.
<Interest at the end of loan cycle.
<20 percent interest for production loans.
<Maximum loan Tk. 1000.
<Training duration 3-6 months.
<Review of code of conduct at village organization
meetings.
<Substantial skill-based training.
Social development
6RXUFH .KDQGNHU S 248
Annex. 5
The List of BRAC’s Commercial Enterprises:
1. BRAC Transport
2. BRAC Textiles
3. BRAC Steel Mills
4. BRAC Printers
5. ARONG Marketing Outlet
6. BRAC Publications
7. BRAC BD-Mail Network
8. BRAC Dairy ( ARONG Milk)
9. Delta-BRAC Housing Finance Company Ltd.
10.
BRAC Housing Ltd.
11. BRAC Bank
12. BRAC Computers
13. BRAC Seed and Feed Marketing Project
14. BRAC-Renata Agro-Services Limited
15. BRAC University
16. BRAC Institute of Information Technology.
17. BRAC Cold Storage Ltd.
18. Hotel BRAC INN
BRAC-CONCORD Lands Limited.
6RXUFH %5$& /LEUDU\ 1HZVSDSHUV DQG RWKHU SULQWHG 'RFXPHQWV
249
Annex. 6
The names, addresses and occupations of the Members of the First Governing Body of
Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC).
Name
F H Abed
Address
Occupation
1.
3, Circuit House Road
Accountant
Dhaka-2
2. V I Chowdhury
Road No.113, GTC 333
Lawyer
Gulshan, Dhaka
3. S R Hussain
Dawood Petroleum Ltd.
General Manager,
Sadarghat, Chittagong
Dawood Petroleum Ltd.
4. Akbar Kabir
298, Dhanmondi
Regional Representative
Road No. 26, Dhaka-5
Bangladesh Shipping Corp.
5. Begum Sufia Kamal
658/A, Dhanmondi
Poetess & Social Worker
Road No. 32, Dhaka-5
6. Qazi Fazlur Rahman
B E House
Manager,
Elephant Road,
Burma Eastern, Dhaka
Paribagh, Dhaka-5
7. Prof.Abdur Razzak
Old Bunglow
Professor and Head of the
No. 3
Department of Political
University of Dhaka
Science, University of Dhaka
Source: Article 6, Memorandum of The Society and Rules and Regulation of Bangladesh
Rural Advancement Committee under The Societies Regulation Act of 1860, p.4
N.B. From these seven persons only Mr. Fazle Hassain Abed and is still working with
BRAC as it Executive Director. In 2001 former secretary Mr. Abdul Mueed Chowdhury
replaced Mr. Abed as Executive Director.
250
Annex. 7
Course outline of BRAC HRLE Program
1. Muslim Law
a. Law, family, Muslim marriage and its conditionalities.
b. Dowry
c. Notice of Divorce by husband and conjugal life.
d. Divorce by Wife
e. Polygamy
f. Guardianship and Guarantor of Children
2. Hindu Family Law
a. Hindu marriage and conditionalities
b. Separation & Widow marriage
c. Immaturity, guardianship, taking care of life, Adaptation
3. Constitutional Law
a. Constitution, Basic needs, Basic rights & Human Rights
b. Inhuman Penalty/ Detention
4. Criminal Law
a. Policy of Criminal Law, Policy of Arresting and citizen role
b. Rights of Arrested person, Bail, Witness/ verification, proof.
5. Muslim Inheritance Law
a. Distribution of Property among main Quranic inheritors
b. Distribution of Property among main Inheritors
c. Distribution of Property among main Quranic and other Inheritors
d. Orphan & Grand children’s rights
e. Rights of foetus (to be born child) & the source of property is nor considerable
f. Distribution of property of dead person without children
6. Hindu Inheritance Law
a. Hindu Inheritances, the right to flame the fathers/forefathers dead body, and
distribution of property among the those who can flame the fathers/forefathers
dead body
b. Wife’s wealth, women property, and widow’s property
c. Distribution of property among the inheritor in succession.
7. Land Law
a. Land, land ownership, watchfulness in protecting ownership and change of
ownership
b. Witness to prove the ownership of land and necessities of changing ownership
c. Rental and Khas land
d. Share cropping
e. Household.
251
Annex. 8
NGOs as Community Equity Organization
Level 1
Community Equity
Organizations
(CEO)
a)
Level 2
Community
Equity Trust
Organizations
(CETO)
Level 3
a) CETO External
Focus
b) CETO Internal
Member Focus
c) CETO Hybrid
Focus
Level 4
a)Endowment
Resourced CETO
External Focus
b) Operations
Resourced CETO
External Focus
c) Hybrid
Resourced CETO
External Focus
b) Community
Equity
Workplace
Organization
c) Community
Equity Cultural
Organizations
d) Community
Equity
Religious/Spiritu
al Organizations
e) Community
Equity Political
Organizations
f) Community
Equity
Recreational
Organizations
g) Community
Equity Special
Interest
Organizations
Profit Equity
Organization
Social Equity
Organizations
Source: Neath, 2000
252
Annex. 9
Background of Ishwardi Thana:
Ishwardi, the third largest thana of Pabna zila in respect of population, came into
existence on the 16th December, 1949. Nothing is definitely known about the origin of the
thana name. It is learnt that in the past Isa Khan, the Mughal general with his soldiers
arrived at the place where the present thana headquarters is located. At that time there
was scarcity of drinking water and Isa Khan drug a big lake (meaning dighi in Bangla)
for his soldiers. This lake or dighi was popularly known as Isa dighi. In course of time
the area in and around the dighi became known as Ishwardi due to phonetic corruption.
Ishwardi Thana Census At A Glance
1991
1981
Growth Rate (%)
Items
Decadal
Annual
21.25
24.49
15.21
1.95
2.21
1.43
1. Area
In sq. km.
In sq. mile
2. Households
Rural
Urban
3. Household Size (Dwelling Unit)
Thana
Rural
Urban
4. Population
Male
Female
Rural
Male
Female
Urban
Male
Female
5. Density
Per sq. km.
Per sq. mile
246.90
95.33
246.90
95.33
39,112
26,166
12,946
32,256
21,019
11,237
6.1
5.9
6.2
6.2
6.3
6.0
236,825
122,873
113,952
204,845
106,197
98,648
15.61
15.70
15.51
1.46
1.47
1.45
155,036
80,434
74,602
132,722
68,007
64,715
16.81
18.27
15.28
1.57
1.69
1.43
81,789
42,439
39,350
72,123
38,190
33,933
13.40
11.13
15.96
1.27
1.06
1.49
959
2,484
830
2,149
15.54
15.54
1.46
1.46
(-)
(-)
1.61
6.35
3.33
(-)
(-)
0.16
0.65
0.33
253
6. Sex Ratio (M/F)
Thana
Rural
Urban
7. Literacy (7 Years & Over)
Thana
Male
Female
108
108
108
108
107
113
0.00
2.86
(-) 4.42
0.00
0.28
(-) 0.45
35.5
39.1
31.6
26.5
32.0
20.4
33.96
22.19
54.90
2.97
2.02
4.47
8. School Attendance (5 to 24 Years)
Thana
46,721
Male
24,283
Female
22,438
21,728
12,438
9,290
115.03
95.23
141.53
7.96
6.92
9.22
35.21
(-)1.90
(-)0.19
9. Urban Population (%)
34.54
10. Geographic Unit
Union
7
7
Mauza
128
128
Village
113
116
Municipality
1
1
Ward
3
3
Mahalla
22
19
Note: Mauza includes depopulated and Paurashava mauza also.
Source: Bangladesh Population Census 1991, (published in 1995), BBS, Dhaka.
254
Background of Jamalpur thana:
Jamalpur Sadar, the largest thana of Jamalpur zila in respect of both area and population,
came in existence in 1934. Nothing is definitely known about the origin of the thana
name. There is a hearsay that during the time of Emperor Akbar, Hazrat Shah Jamal
(R.A.) along with two hundred followers came from Yamen and camped at Singhajanee
mauza on the south bank of the Brahmaputra river. In course of time, settlements grew up
around the place which known as Jamalpur after the name of Hazrat Shah Jamal
Jamalpur Sadar Thana Census At A Glance
1991
Items
1981
Growth Rate (%)
Decadal
Annual
21.25
24.49
15.21
1.95
2.21
1.43
1. Area
In sq. km.
In sq. mile
2. Households
Rural
Urban
489.56
189.02
489.56
189.02
39,112
26,166
12,946
32,256
21,237
11,237
3. Household Size (Dwelling Unit)
Thana
6.1
Rural
5.9
Urban
6.2
4. Population
236,825
Male
122,873
Female
113,952
Rural
155,036
Male
80,434
Female
74,602
Urban
Male
Female
5. Density
Per sq. km.
Per sq. mile
6. Sex Ratio (M/F)
Thana
Rural
81,789
42,439
39,350
6.2
6.3
6.0
204,845
106,197
98,648
132,722
68,007
64,715
(-) 1.6
(-) 6.35
3.33
15.61
15.70
15.51
16.81
18.27
15.28
(-) 0.16
(-) 0.65
0.33
1.46
1.47
1.45
1.57
1.69
1.43
72,123
38,190
33,933
13.40
11.13
15.96
1.27
1.06
1.49
959
2,484
830
2,149
15.54
15.54
1.46
1.46
108
108
108
105
0.00
2.86
0.00
0.28
255
Urban
108
7. Literacy (7 Years & Over)
Thana
35.5
Male
39.1
Female
31.6
8. School Attendance (5 to 24 Years)
Thana
46,721
Male
24,283
Female
22,438
9. Urban Population (%)
34.54
113
(-) 4.42
(-) 0.45
26.5
32.0
20.4
33.96
22.19
54.90
2.97
2.02
4.47
21,728
12,438
9,290
115.03
95.23
141.53
7.96
6.92
9.22
35.21
35.21
(-) 0.19
10. Geographic Unit
Union
7
7
Mauza
128
128
Village
113
116
Municipality
1
1
Ward
3
3
Mahalla
22
19
Note: Mauza includes depopulated and Paurashava mauza also.
Source: Bangladesh Population Census 1991, (published in 1995), BBS, Dhaka.
256
Annex. 10
Questionnaire for NGO Field Staffs
(The answers will be used for academic purposes only)
(Please Read the question carefully and put a tick (') mark in the appropriate box ❏)
1.
Could you please tell what are your specific responsibility in this organization?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Please tell your feeling about working with this organization?
Excellent ❑ Good ❏
Bad ❏
Indifferent ❏ No Comment ❏
Please write the arguments in favor of your
comment…………………….………………. ……………………………………
2. To whom you are directly responsible for reporting? How frequently you contact
him/her?
…………………………………………………………………………………….
3. How many centers/villages/schools you have to visit per day?
……………………….………
Do you think that, the workload is too much on you?
Yes ❏
No ❏
Please specify your answer
……………………………………………………………….……………………………
………………………………………………………………
4. Do you think that getting a job is very difficult now in Bangladesh? How did you get
this job?
…………………………………………………………………………………….…….
..
5. Could you please tell why did you join in this organization?
……………………..…..…………
6. Could you please tell us what is the most unique feature you find in this organization?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7. In your opinion what are the most urgent needs of the poor at the grassroots level?
………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
.
8. Did you find any problem in working with the clients of this organization?
Yes ❏
No
❏
If yes, Could you mention some of the problems?
……………………………………………………………………….………………….
If yes, would you please give any suggestion to overcome these problems,
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9. To you, what are the causes of drop out of clients from the group?
a) …………………………………………………………………
b) ………………………………………………………………….
c) ………………………………………………………………….
d) ………………………………………………………………….
Can you suggest remedies for these?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10.
a) Do you think that getting a job is very difficult in Bangladesh?
Yes ❏ No ❏
257
Please specify your answer
………………………………………………………………
b) How did you get the job in this Organization?
…………………………………………………
11. If you didn’t join in this organization, what would be your profession?
❏ Other job
❏ Business
❏ Going Abroad
❏ Higher Education
❏ Other ………………………………..
12. Could you please rate the following attributes that needed most to be successful in
this types of organizations as you are working (please circle one of your choice in each
row):
Rating
Features
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
Social Commitment
5
4
3
2
1
Professionalism
Strong supervision
Fear of losing job
Motivation by the superior
Willingness to serve the disadvantaged
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
Personal Information:
Name:
Position:
Working Organization:
How long you are working with this Organization:
How long you are working in this type of organization:
Academic Achievements (including higher degrees/diploma):
Year
Position
Institution
Degree
vii)
Training (including local and foreign, duration etc.):
Name of the Training
Types of Training
Place and Duration
Thank you for giving me your invaluable time
258
Annex. 11
Questionnaire for Beneficiaries
(Please put tick mark Ρ in the right box you as you think)
1.
As a citizen of a poorest country, what do think as the main reason of poverty?
❑ Lack of education ❑ Lack of job
❑ Lack of money
❑ Lack of Food
❑ Lack of Awareness
❑ Problems of Resource Distribution
❑ Unresponsive Government ❑ Loss of Trust on Allah
❑ Others ……………………………………………………………………….
2.
Do you know about NGO activities in your area?
Yes
❑
No
❑
If yes, how many NGOs are working in your area?
4.
3.
Please put the number in the Box
If possible Name some of them:
a)
b)
d)
e)
Are you a member of any NGO working in your area?
Name the NGO ………………………………..
c)
f)
Yes ❑
No ❑
What are the benefits you are getting from that NGO?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
……………………………………………
…………………………………………….
……………………………………………..
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
5.
What is the most important lesson you have learnt from that NGO? ……………………
……………………………………….………………………………………………………..
Do you think that it would have been unknown to you if NGOs had not come to teach you ?
No
Yes
❑
❑
6.
Can you tell why did you formed Groups? ………………………………………….
7.
How do you feel about group based program of distributing credit?
Bad ❑
No Comment ❑
Good ❑ Satisfactory ❑
Please specify your answer
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8.
What problem you face if some of your group members failed to pay her installments?
a)
b)
c)
d)
259
9.
What is your financial condition after joining with this NGO?
Improved
Decreased
Same ❑
❑
❑
No comment
❑
Do you think that others should join with this NGO?
Yes
No
❑
❑
If yes/no why (please specify your answer) ……………………………………...……
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. How do you feel about NGO people?
Very helpful ❑
Polite and careful to our problems ❑
Like Government Officials ❑
Like Business people ❑
Others (please specify) ………………………………………………………………..
10.
12. In your opinion, what sector is playing the vital role for development in Bangladesh?
Business/ Industries
❑ Government
❑
❑ NGOs
❑ Local Bodies (Union Parishad, Pourashava)
❑ Banks
❑ Political Parties
❑ Religious Organizations.
13. In your opinion what is the main reason for the growth of NGOs in Bangladesh?
❑
we are very poor
❑
Government has failed to respond people’s needs and aspirations
❑
Donors wants that NGOs should work in Bangladesh
❑
NGOs are the reflection of the needs and aspirations of the people.
Personal Information:
i)
ii)
Name:
Fathers/Husbands Name:
iii)
Age:
iv)
Religion:
vii) Occupation:
v)
Village:
ix)
vi)
Thana/Upazila:
xi) Family Size:
Years
v) Sex:
Female
xii) Family Income:
Tk.
xiii) Annual Income:
Tk.
M/F
Union:
Male
Total
Tk.
xiv) Land Occupation:
xv) Loan taken last (amount):
Tk.
xvi)
Loans taken:
acres
times
Thank you for your cooperation
260
Annex. 12
Questionnaire for NGO Officials
(The answers will be used for academic purposes only)
(Please read the questions carefully before and put tick mark in the right box you deem correct)
1.
Would you please tell about your specific duty/responsibility in your position?
………….………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
2.
Are you a chief of a section/ division/ department? Yes ❏
No ❏
If yes, would please tell how many people you usually supervise?
3.
To whom you are responsible for? How frequently you contact him/her?
…………………………………………………………………………………..……..
4. Would you please tell about the Planning exercise in your organization?
………………..…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………...……………….
Do you have any role in this process? ………………………………………...……
……………………………………………………………………………….……………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..……..
5.
What is the most unique feature you find in the planning process of your
organization?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………….……..
6. Did you find any problem in this process?
Yes ❏
No
❏
If yes, what are the problems in your opinion? …………………………….………..
………………………………………………………………………………….……….
………………………………………………………………………………….…….
If yes, would you please give any suggestion to overcome these
problems……………..…………………………………………………………………
……………………….…………………………………………………………………
7. Who are responsible for making decision in your organization?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Do you have any scope to contribute for making a decision? Yes ❏ No ❏
Do you face any problem with the clients at the grassroots level? Yes ❏
No ❏
If yes, what are the problems……………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
9.
What are the problems you face in Group based credit system?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. What do you do with the default Loans?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
11.
Could you please tell why did you join in this organization?
……………………….……
8.
261
What special feature (of this organization) attracted you most?
……………...………..…………………………………………………………………
…………..………………………………………………………………………………
9. If not in an NGO what would be your profession?
………………………………………….….
10. Could you please rate the following features that needed most to be successful in
organizations you are working (please circle one of your choice in each row):
Rating
Features
Commitment
5
4
Professionalism
Strong supervision
Fear of losing job
Motivation by the superior
Willingness to serve the disadvantaged
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
Personal Information:
i)
Name:
ii)
Position:
iii)
Working Organization:
iv)
How long you are working with this Organization:
v)
Academic Achievements (including higher degrees/diploma):
Degree
Year
Position Institution
vi)
Training (including local and foreign, Duration etc.):
Name of the Training
Types of Training
Place and Duration
Thank you for giving me your invaluable time
262
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