Chapter 9
The Flowering of
Medieval Civilization
I. Cultural Developments
• A. The Rise of Universities
– 1. Monastic and Cathedral
Schools
• Cathedral or bishop’s school
• Chancellor
• “Masters”
– 2. Universities
• Universitas
– 3. Italian Universities
• University of Bologna
– 4. The University of Paris
• Baccalaureate
– Trivium
– Quadrivium
• Advanced degrees
– Medicine
– Law
– Theology
• Oxford, Cambridge, Prague
• Latin Quarter/ Sorbonne
– 5. University Life
• Town-gown controversies
Map 9.1 Great Monastic Centers
of Learning
Map 9.2
Medieval
Universities
• B. Scholasticism
• Applied dialectic to Christian
dogma
– 1. Abelard
• Sic et Non
• Heloise
– 2. Reception of Aristotle
– 3. Thomas Aquinas
• Summa Theologica
• C. Spiritual Approaches to
Knowledge
– 1. Worship of Mary
– 2. Cistercians and St. Bernard
• Bernard of Clairvaux
• “White monks”
• D. Romanesque
Architecture
– 1. The Romanesque Style
• Stone roof
• Barrel and groin vaults
• Small windows
– 2. Romanesque
Decoration
• Stone sculptures
• Antirealism
– 3. Other Characteristics of
Romanesque Style
• Monastic reform
– Revival of church ceremony
• Gregorian chant
• Polyphonic music
• E. The Gothic Style
– 1. Gothic
Architecture
• Abbot Suger’s
church at SaintDenis
• Pointed arch
• Ribbed vaulting
• Flying buttress
• Large windows
– 2. The Gothic Spirit
• Strong sense of
order
• Mystical
illumination
• Cathedrals
– Chartres, Salisbury,
Paris
• F. Court Culture
– 1. Chivalry
•
•
•
•
Why?
Courtesy
Etiquette
Religious devotion
– 2. Courtly Love
• Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Growing status of
noblewomen
– 3. Vernacular Literature
• Troubadour lyric poetry
• Courtly romance
• Chrétien de Troyes
– King Arthur
Map 9.3
Medieval
England, France,
and Germany
II. The States of Europe
• A. England
– 1. Angevin Kingship
• Civil War
– Matilda and Geoffrey
of Anjou
– Stephen of Blois
• Henry of Anjou
– 2. Henry II
• Marries Eleanor of
Aquitaine
– 3. Itinerant Justices
•
•
•
•
“Justices in eyre”
Sworn inquest
Writ
Jury
– Grand jury
– Petty jury
• A. England
– 4. Common Law
• precedents
– 5. Thomas Becket
• Benefit of clergy
• Canterbury
– 6. Richard I
• Third Crusade
– 7. John I
• War with Philip II
• Dispute with Innocent
III
– Interdict
– 8. Magna Carta
• Runnymede
• “Great Charter”
Map 9.3
Medieval
England, France,
and Germany
• B. France
– 1. Louis VII
• Eleanor of Aquitaine
– 2. Philip II Augustus
• Normandy
– 3. Strengthening the
Administration
• Bailli
• Chambre de Comptes
– 4. St. Louis
• Louis IX, St. Louis
– 5. Legal Reforms
• Extension of royal justice
• Parlement of Paris
Map 9.3
Medieval
England, France,
and Germany
• C. The Iberian
Kingdoms
• Reconquista
• Granada
• Portugal,
Aragon, Castile
Map 9.3
Medieval
England, France,
and Germany
• D. Germany: The Holy Roman Empire
• Elective kingship
– 1. Frederick I Barbarossa
• Goals:
– Consolidate demesne lands, establish full
control in Germany
– 2. Italy and the Lombard League
• Loses Battle of Legnano
– 3. Frederick II Hohenstaufen
• The “first modern ruler”
– 4. Fragmentation of Germany
• Teutonic Knights
• Bohemia
• “Perpetual Compact” of Swiss cantons
– 5. Attempt to Control Italy
• Sicily
– 6. After 1250
• Political fragmentation
III. The Church
• A. The Growth of Heresy
– 1. Appeal of Heresies
– 2. Albigensians or Cathari
• Albi, Languedoc
• Dualistic sect
• B. The Suppression of
Heresy
– 1. Crusade against
Albigensians
• Innocent III
– 2. Beginnings of Inquisition
• Gregory IX
• C. The Franciscan Friars
– 1. St. Dominic and the Mendicants
• Dominicans
– 2. Francis of Assisi
– 3. Franciscan Order
• Order of Friars Minor
• D. Papal Government
– 1. Innocent III
• Eradicate heresy
• Papal supremacy
• Clarification of Christian belief
– 2. Fourth Lateran Council
•
•
•
•
Defined sacraments
Yearly confession and communion
Defined transubstantiation
Attacked Church corruption