Vol.3, No.2 (2010), 299-304
ISSN: 0974-1496
CODEN: RJCABP
http://www.rasayanjournal.com
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON SELECTED CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF SOIL OF “ZIKRI” AREA OF JAMKHED
TAHASIL OF AHEMEDNAGAR (MAHARASHTRA)
V. D. Sarwade*1, Y.T. Bodkhe1, D. K. Pawar1, P.D. Lokhende2, K. R. Gawai2
and Santosh Misal2
1
Jamkhed Mahavidyalaya Jamkhed, Tah. Jamkhed ,Ahemednagar , Maharashtra, India
2
Department of Chemistry Pune University, Pune, India
*E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
A survey of chemical properties of soil of farmers of ‘Zikri’ an allied area of Jamkhed was carried in 2007-2008 &
2008-2009. Various parameters like pH, conductivity, salinity, organic carbon, available nitrogen, available
phosphorous, available potassium, % of CaCO3, Na content, Boron concentration was analyzed.
The level of C, N, P, levels were found less than ICAR in many samples analyzed. Sodium level found within
permissible limit, while the boron level found little more than permissible limit still it is not exerting toxicity
because the crops cultivated are
Salt tolerant & little boron tolerant. On the basis of pH five soils samples found tending alkali in 2007-2008 & single
sample found alkaline. Similarly the conductivity also found little more than ICAR values which suggest affecting
poor seed germination.
Keywords: Zikri village , Chemical Properties,Soil.
INTRODUCUCTION
Repeated cropping and no application or limited application of fertilizers leads to reduce the macro and
micronutrients from soil leading less crop yield. Analysis of soil helps to know which mineral elements
are scare or satisfactory levels. To know the cause of less crop yield of farmers of Zikri 30 soil Samples in
07-08 & 35 Samples in 08-09 were analyzed for various parameters like pH, Conductivity, Salinity,
macronutrient Status of ‘C’ N, P, K, Na, CaCo3, & micronutrient level of Boron in it.
Topography of Zikri
Zikri is small village of population 937 located 10 km near Jamkhed. Exact location is
N-18 o, 13’, 672’’, E-75o, 18’, 013’’The cropping pattern is two-belt method. The area under study comes
under semiarid draught prone part of Maharashtra. .Mostly crops taken are Kharip Jawar, Bajara, Soya
bean, Groundnut, Toor, black gram, green gram etc. Two-belt method is general cropping method. Crops
Taken in Rabi Season are Rabi Jawar, Saffola, linseed, Groundnut etc. Earlier survey of farmers in 20062007 regarding crop yields made to think about soil analysis of the farmers. The marked area in the map
was under study.
EXPERIMENTAL
Organic carbon was determined by W. & Black method1. Available nitrogen determined by Kjeldhald
alkaline KMnO4 digestion method. Phosphorous was determined by Olsen colorimetric method2 using
digital colorimeter of Elico Cl- 157. The Na & K content determined by Flame Photometer3 Of Elico
Company Eq-664A.Boron determination carried by hot water extraction Method4 using curcumine-oxalic
acid solution by plastic wares. pH, Electrical Conductivity was measured by pH meter Elico Li120,Conductometer5 & Tracer(a probe)of Lamote company, Taiwan.
PROPERTIES OF SOIL OF “ZIKRI” AREA
V. D. Sarwade et al.
Vol.3, No.2 (2010), 299-304
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Several reports regarding soil analysis for improving soil fertility are found. Among those 6, 7, 8,9,10 are of
interest. In present studies out of 30 Soil samples analyzed 4 were found tending alkali while other were
neutral in2007-2008 and 1sample found alkaline out of 35 samples analyzed in 2008-2009. Maximum pH
found in 2007-2008 was 8.8 while, 9.3 in 2008-2009(Fig.1).On the basis of electrical conductivity
expressed in milli mhoos/cm 3 samples found poor seed germinating effect exceeding values more than 1
milli mhoos/cm in 2007-2008 . Similarly, three samples found tending poor seed germination in 20082009(Fig.2). Twelve samples found saline in 2007-2008 & seven in 2008-2009. Maximum salinity
recorded was 0.073216% in both of years. The salinity data obtained by multiplying by 0.064 to EC in
milli mhoos/cm(Fig.3) Only one sample found medium level of available nitrogen in 2007-2008 & six
samples in 2008-2009. Remaining sample were containing low level of available nitrogen by ICAR out
of 65 samples analyzed.250 to 500 Kg/ha supposed medium level and below 250 Kg/ha considered low
level for grading(Fig.4)
Only seven samples found medium level of phosphorous in 2007-2008 while remaining were below level
of ICAR. Similarly 10 samples found medium level of phosphorous, 2 samples found high level and rest
of other found below low level of ICAR(Fig.5) The criteria used for grading was less than 10 ppm per
hector considered low level, 10 to 25 ppm considered medium level & more than 25 ppm considered as
high level. Available potassium found enough or more than enough in maximum soil analyzed .Only 10
samples shown low level of potassiumFig.(6) By the macro nutrient data of analyzed soils it seems that
low level of nitrogen and phosphorous might be major cause of less crop yield. 13 samples out of 30
samples shown low level of carbon & other were moderate to enough in 2007-2008 indicating that nearly
43% soil had less carbon, obviously indicating low levels of available nitrogen and phosphorous in soil.
16 samples found moderate level one high level, 8 very high level & 10 low level carbon in 2008-2009
indicating 28 % low level of carbon in soil(Fig.7) For determination of % of CaCO3 in soil rapid titration
method was employed. Eight soil samples found medium calcareous in 2007-2008 out of 30 samples
tested & seven samples found medium calcareous in 2008 -2009 while remaining were non calcareous
when 4 to 10 % of CaCO3 found in soil classified as medium calcareous, when less than 4% non
calcareous & greater than 10% soils were considered highly calcareous(Fig.8).Boron concentration more
than 1 ppm in this area supposed high. Most of the values observed more than 1ppm(Fig.9)
Though the values found little more than permissible value, the crops cultivated are boron tolerant and
salt tolerant therefore it has no toxic effect observed. Alkali soils are of two types. One is saline alkali
soils & other non-saline alkali soils. In case of non-saline alkali soils, the pH generally observed more
than 8.5 & EC less than 4 milli mhoos/cm. In case of non-saline alkali soils, the water-soluble salts are
appreciably less when high concentration of sodium is present in soil. It leads to dispersion of organic
matter11. Saline soils can be reclaimed by draining out the salts by making lits with little slope with
trench12. Vermiwash, tillage, green manures, mulch, earthworms, vermin compost improves the sodic or
alkali soils13. Leaching of salts is important for maintaining the salt affected soils, despite of it addition of
gypsum and vermiwash can improve the soil properties for healthy crop growth14.
CONCLUSION
In present studies out of 30 Soil samples analyzed 4 were tending alkali while other were neutral in 20072008 and 1sample was alkaline out of 35 samples analyzed in 2008-2009. Maximum pH found in 20072008 was 8.8 while, 9.3 in 2008-2009.The level of C, N, P, were found less than ICAR in many samples
analyzed. Less content in C, N, P, in level might be responsible of less crop yield. Potassium level was
quite satisfactory.
PROPERTIES OF SOIL OF “ZIKRI” AREA
300
V. D. Sarwade et al.
Vol.3, No.2 (2010), 299-304
Com par itive pH of s oil found in07-08 &08-09
10
9
8
pHRange
7
pH of soil found in
07-08
6
5
pH of soil found in
08-09
4
3
2
1
0
1
4
7
10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34
No. of s am ple s
Fig.-1
Comparitive conductance of soil in 07-08 &08-09
Conductanceinm
illi m
hoos
2.5
2
1.5
2008-2009 milli mhoo/cm
2007-2008 milli mhoo/cm
1
0.5
0
1
4
7
10 13 16 19 22 25 28
31 34 37
No. of s am ple s in m illi m hoo/cm
Fig.-2
Com paritive % Salinity in 07-08 & 08 -09
0.16
0.14
%Salinity
0.12
0.1
2008-2009 % Salinity
0.08
2007-2008 % Salinity
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
1
4
7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37
No. of s am ple s
Fig.-3
PROPERTIES OF SOIL OF “ZIKRI” AREA
301
V. D. Sarwade et al.
Vol.3, No.2 (2010), 299-304
Comparitive nitrogen containt of 07-08 &08-09
500
Nitrogen containt in Kg/h
450
400
350
nitrogen containt of 07-08
inKg/h
300
250
Nitrogen containt of 08-09 in
Kg/h
200
150
100
50
0
1
3
5
7
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35
No. of samples
Fig.-4
comparitive phosphorous found in soil 07-08 &08-09
30
Phosphorous in kg/h
25
20
phosphorus containt of soil
foud in 07-08
15
phosphorous found in soil
in08-09
10
5
0
1
3
5
7
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35
No of s am ple s
Fig.-5
Comparitive per hector K in 07-08 &08-09
450
Kg/hector available K
400
350
300
250
Per hector available K in 0708
200
Per hectoravailable Kin 08-09
150
100
50
0
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
No of samples
Fig.-6
PROPERTIES OF SOIL OF “ZIKRI” AREA
302
V. D. Sarwade et al.
Vol.3, No.2 (2010), 299-304
Comparitive C% in 07-08 &08-09
3
2.5
%of carbon
2
2008-2009 %C
1.5
2007-2008 %C
1
0.5
0
1
3
5
7
9
11 13 15 17
19 21 23 25 27
29 31 33 35
No. of samples
Fig.-7
Comparitiv e CaCO3 % in 07-08 & 08-09
14
12
%CaCO3
10
8
2008-2009 %CaCO3
2007-2008 %CaCO3
6
4
2
0
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
No. of samples
Fig.-8
Comparitive boron concentration in 07-08 &08-09
2
Boron in mg/kg
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
Boron in mg/Kg in 07-08
1
0.8
boron in mg/Kg in 08-09
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
No. of s am ple s
Fig.-9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are thankful to U.G.C. for financial assistance. We are also thankful to Principal Jamkhed
Mahavidyalaya Jamkhed, for continuous encouragement. We are thankful to our colleagues Prof. Darade,
PROPERTIES OF SOIL OF “ZIKRI” AREA
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V. D. Sarwade et al.
Vol.3, No.2 (2010), 299-304
Prof Kelkar, Prof. Kamble, & Prof Salve. For providing moral support to overcome the barriers coming
across the work.
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(Received: 25 April 2010
Accepted: 27 February 2010
RJC-549)
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