Halil Inalcrk
The Ottoman Empire:
Conquest, Orga nLzation and Economy
Collected Studies
VARIORUM REPRINTS
London
1978
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The Ottoman Empire.
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l. Turkey
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History
Collected works
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Ottoman Empire,
I. Title
949.6',009
DR440
ISBN 0-86078.032-5
fublished in Grat Britain
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CONTENTS
l-u
Preface
CoNQUEST AND ORGANTZATTON
Ottoman Methods of Conquest
,/'
Studia Islomica
II
II.
t04-t29
Paris 1954
The Problem of the Relationship Between
Byzantine and Ottoman
Taxation
237
-24?
XI. Internationalen ByzantinistenKongresses 1958. Munich 1960
Akten
des
III
(1361)
Archivum Ottomanicam III. The Hague 1971
ry
Land Problems in Turkish
The Conquest of Edirne
The Muslim lilorld
,,/V
1
,/
History
45. Hartford
185-210
221-228
1955
The Turkish Impact on the Development
of Modern Europe
5l -58
The Ottoman State and its Place in World History,
Karpat. E. J. BriU, Leiden 1974
ed. Kemal H.
VI
The Policy of Mehmed II Toward the
Greek Population of Istanbul and the
Byzantine Buildings of the
Dtmbnton
Oaks Papers 23124.
C I 969 I I 970
lilashington D.
City
231-249
/-vn
\/llI
Suleiman the Lawgiver and ottoman
Archiyum Ottomanicum
I.
Law
105-l3g
The Hague 1969
Ottoman Policy and Administration in
after the Conquest
C,u"prus
A.r,1:176t.
...
ix
S_23
tr{atbaas. Ankara Ig69
Documents
Lepanto in the ottoman
lgs-192
II lfedftenattect nella seconda meth del ,500
allo luce di Lepanto. Firenze Ig74
ECO\O\r)
X
The Ottoman Economic Mind and
Aspecrs of the Ottoman
Economy
207
_2lg
Studies in the Economic Historv of the
.,lliddle Easr. ed. M. A. Cook.
Oxford L'nir.*ersitl' hess, London 1970
,- K
Bursa and the commerce
of the
Levant
l3l-147
Jounul of Economic and Social Historv of the
Orienr
.7XIl
"
IIIl2.
Leiden 1960
Capital Formation in the ottoman
Empire
Journal of Economic History XIX.
New York University hess, New york I969
TVe
g'l
-l4o
OTTOMAN DECLINE AND REFORM
XIII
The Ottoman Decline and Its Effects
Upon the
Reaya
338-354
Aspects of the Balkans, Continuiry and Change.
Conrributions to the International Balkan
&nference held at UCLA, October 23-28 1969,
ed. Henrik Birnbaum & Speros Vryonis Jr.,
Mouton, The Hague 1972
XIV
The Socio-Political Effects of the Diffusion
of Fire-Arms in the Middle East
195-211
lilar, Technology and Society in the Middle East,
ed. V. J. Porry and M. E. Yapp.
Oxford University hess, London 1975
'>'- XV
/
The Nature of Traditional Society;
Turkey
42-63
Politicat tlfod.ernization in Japan and Turkey
(Studtes in Political Development 3 ), ed.
Robert E. l|ard and Dank,vart .4. Rostoyv.
hinceton University Press, hinceton, N.J. 1961
XVI
Application of the Tanzimat and its
Social
Effects
3-33
The Peter de Ridder Press, Lisse 1976.
(= Archivum Ottomanicum V. (1973), pp.97-128)
r-
Index
This volume contains a total
of 362 pages
19
:
-:__
PREFACE
Whether one is dealing with Byzantine and Balkan history in the
late Middle Ages, or with the fundamental changes in the Islamic
world in modern times, or with the resurgence of the Mediterranean
as the center of world history in the sixteenth century, or even
with such crucial developments as the rise of nation-states and of
capitalism in Europe, one is inevitably confronted with that
colossus called the Ottoman Empire. In one way or another for
six centuries down to the first world war, the Ottoman Empire
remained a major problem for Europe, symbolizing the challenge
of Islam first in the face of crusade and then of coloniaiism. ir was
commonly envisaged in the West as the Antichrist, a threat to
every value of Western culture, an anachronism that stood in the
way of the "normal course" of history and had to be eliminated.
These images were embedded in the western mind and became
part of its cultural tradition. They also became, understandably,
an integral part of the set of unquestioned assumptions that
determined the outlook of European historians, despite the
insights given by a few dissident historians, such as Nicola Jorga,
Paul Wittek and Fernand Braudel. It is indeed difficult to explain
how some distinguished historians in the fields of European or
Byzantine history can have been so simplistic in their interpretations when it came to the Ottomans.
However, thanks to the rediscovery and opening to study of the
ottoman archives, an unusually rich source for the political, socioeconomic and demographic history of the whole Middle East and
the Balkans in modern times, studies on the ottoman Empire, that
"zone of formidable uncertainty" as Braudel put it, have made
tremendous progress in past decades. one can now say that we are
beginning to discern more clearly the real place of the Ottoman
ll
Empire in world history, and to understand the whole historical
process in this central region. Born out of Islam's reaction to
an expanding Europe in the Eastern Mediterranean during the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. the Ottoman Empire, despite
the borrowing of many western techniques. represents the
strongest and most successful resistance to Europe by any nonwestern culture; this challenge, in turn, seems to have contributed
significantly to the moulding of u'hat we consider modern Europe.
Thus. the story of the Ottomans also becomes of interest to those
concerned u'itir the most sigrrificant iristorical process of modern
times in one of its crucial stages: that is tlie development of the
technological supremacy of Western Europe over the other
cultures of the world.
The papers selected here are designed to present in one volume
the resuits of research in the Ottoman archives on such questions
as hbu' the Ottomans made and organized their conquests to build
up one of the longest living empires in world history; what were
the characteristics of its socio-economic structure: and how. as a
result of the militar-v and ecorronric inrpact of its unyielding rival.
Christian Europe. this basicalll' medieval Islamic structure began
to disintegrate.
The papers collected here \\/ere published betu'een 1954 and
1974. The transliteration of names of Arabic. Persian and Slavic
origin is not consistent. We have tried to remed)' this b_v crossreferencing in the index. and to correct some errors or misprints
of importance.
s. iNercx
Linittersiry
Mav I978
of
Chicago