1
PAST EXPERIENCES, CURRENT STATUS AND PLANS FOR THE
FRUIT FLY IPM FOR SMALLHOLDER VEGETABLE AND FRUIT
GROWERS IN VIETNAM
Nguyen Van Hoa (1), Le Quoc Dien (1), Ho Van Chien(2),
Nguyen Minh Chau(1) and Viyaysegaran S. (3)
(1)
: Southern Horticultural Research Institute (SOFRI), Vietnam
: Southern Plant Protection Center, Vietnam
(3)
: Griffith University, Australia
(2)
INTRODUCTION
Vietnam is one of many countries in South-East Asia that experiences serious
pre-harvest losses of fruit and vegetable to fruit flies. Waterhouse (1997) ranked
tropical fruit flies as the worst of all invertebrate pests of agriculture throughout
South-East Asia and the northern and southern Pacific oceans. The damage levels can
limit production with 100% loss of harvestable yield in some cases. During the last 10
years, we have worked on this matter; the works included investigation for Fruit fly
species, their host range and distribution; Establishment and maintenance of fruit fly
colonies of Bactrocera dorsalis, B. correcta, B. carambolae, B. tau at SOFRI.
Laboratory for protein bait assessments both in the laboratory and in the field, host
testing, post harvest treatment, etc; Development of different fruit fly measuring
strategies, of them, the protein bait shown best way for large scale application, which
helped to bring down their population and reduce the lost due to fruit fly up to
acceptable level. Brief information is being described in this paper.
CURRENT STATUS OF FRUIT FLY
1. Fruit fly species, host range and distribution
The fruit fly species and distribution across Vietnam were established by trapping
with the male lures, methyl eugenol and cue-lure in 26 provinces in South Vietnam.
Traps were cleared at 1 -2 week intervals and maintained for about 12 months in each
location. Details of the trapping locations are given in Appendices 1.
Along with male lure trapping, fruits and fruiting vegetables of major and minor
economic importance, as well as some fruits of medicinal value, were collected from
various locations across Vietnam and adult fruit flies were reared from them to establish
the infesting species. From the trapping and host reared data a list of fruit flies occurring
in Vietnam, their host ranges and distribution was established as described below.
1.1 Definition of fruit fly species
A total of 24 Bactrocera and 2 Dacus species of fruit flies have so far been
identified from Vietnam (Appendix 2). Approximately another 20 new Bactrocera
species have also been collected and these are being studied and described at Griffith
University. However, only 7 Bactrocera are pest species and the remaining are of no
economic importance. The nine pest species of major economic importance in Vietnam
are: Bactrocera (Bactrocera) carambolae, B. correcta, B. cucurbitae, B. dorsalis, , B.
tau, B. verbascifoliae and B. zonata.
2
1.2 Host records
Host records have been established for 26 species of fruits and 16 species of
vegetables of major economic importance and another 11 species of wild or medicinal
plants in Vietnam (Appendix 3). These host records form the first comprehensive list of
fruit fly hosts and provide the required data for Vietnam to begin to comply with ISPM
standards as set out under the WTO-SPS agreement governing international trade.
1.3 Geographic distributions.
The 7 fruit fly pest species recorded occur in all parts of the country. Some fly
species, however, are also more prevalent in one region. For example, B. carambolae and
B. correcta are more abundant in the Mekong Delta but occur less frequently in north
Vietnam.
2. Establishment and maintenance of fruit fly colonies
Laboratory colonies of four major pest species of fruit fly reared on an artificial
diets have been successfully established as follows: Bactrocera dorsalis, B. correcta, B.
carambolae, B. tau at SOFRI. Laboratory reared flies have been used extensively for
protein bait assessments both in the laboratory and in the field. At SOFRI, the laboratory
colonies have also been used for research on host status testing and the development of
postharvest treatments.
FRUIT FLY CONTROL MEASURES
1. Different control measures being implemented
- Using of systemic insecticides: This control measure had been applied previously, but
this lead to chemical residue, health and environmental problems, it is no more advice
for controlling of fruit fly and the farmers also recognize that since its less effective.
- Bagging of fruit at suitable stage: many fruits and fruiting vegetable are being
controlled by using this technique such as mango, guava, star fruit, star apple, bitter
gourd, etc.
- Trapping with Methyl Eugenol (allyl-3,4- dimethyoxybenzene): Vizubon D and Flykil
95 EC: This technique has been widely used by farmers, however, the effectiveness is
less, event sometime it harmed to their crops since the trap can kill male but more
females will accompany with male and cause more damage to their fruits. Now we
advice farmer do not use it alone but combine with protein bait in large scale.
- Protein bait (SOFRI Protein 10 DD) use: With the help of expert from Griffith
University, SOFRI has developed the protein bait from the beer waste, named SOFRI
Protein 10 DD. Now it has been widely used in the South of Vietnam, especially in the
large scale monoculture of fruit and fruiting vegetable crops.
- Cleaning of the falling fruits: This technique is a MUST in the fruit fly control
strategy, all the falling fruit should be collected and buried deep under soil. However, the
farmers still not keen to do this job on their orchards since labor consumption.
2. Protein bait production at Foster Tienging Brewery and its use
2.1. Protein bait production process and quality
3
Waste yeast obtained at the end of the beer brewing cycle is cooked at 95-98oC
(set point 97oC) for 2 days in the first tank to evaporate excess water and to remove the
alcohol. This process reduces the volume by about 50 %. The slurry is then transferred to
the second tank, the enzyme papain added at a rate of 2g/L and heated at 62-65oC (set
point 63oC) for another 2 days. This process further autolyzes the spent yeast and
provides a solution of amino acids. The mixture is allowed to cool to ambient and
potassium sorbate added at a rate of 2g/L as preservative. The processed protein is then
filtered with a 0.5mm sieve before being made available for use in the field.
Extensive shelf-life testing has been conducted in the Pacific Islands has
confirmed that the treated protein suffers no spoilage (gas build up or loss of attractancy)
for up to 4 years. Samples of SOFRI Protein 10DD kept at SOFRI and those brought
back to Griffith university have conformed that no spoilage of the protein has occurred
for samples stored at ambient temperatures (25 – 30oC) for 15 months now. To be
absolutely safe, it is recommended that stocks of SOFRI Protein should not be stored for
longer than 1 year in Vietnam.
Analysis of SOFRI Protein compared with two other commercial brands of
protein bait has yielded the following results:
Analysis report by Government Laboratories, Queensland Health, Brisbane (20 December 2002)
Protein (g/100g)
Sugars (g/100g)
SOFRI Protein
11.9
*ND
Nu Lure (acid hydrolysate)
17.6
ND
Mauri Pinnacle Insect Lure (yeast autolysate)
33.1
ND
* At a limit of detection of 1g/litre for fructose, glucose, sucrose
Analysis of SOFRI protein has also been conducted at Canto University
laboratories with the following results:
Analysis report on SOFRI Protein by Cantho University (7 May 2003)
Content of analysis
Sample 1
Sample 2
Total protein content (%)
9.5
9.75
N-NH3 (mg/100g)
58.6
80.35
Total solids (%)
51.1
55.5
pH
4.58
4.29
Specific gravity
1.01
0.978
Recently, the study for SOFRI Protein innovation has been made to increase the
total protein content to 13.9 % and reduce the relative humidity to 65.1 %, so that the
product can be kept more than one and half year under ambient conditions.
Analysis report on Innovated SOFRI Protein by Cantho University ( Ausguts, 2009)
Content of analysis
Total protein content (%)
Sample 1
Ref. Method
13.9
AOAC.999.03.2002
NH4 (%)
0.13
TCVN 3706-1990
RH (%)
65.1
DDVN I(PL-98)
Total solids (%)
34.49
DDVN I(PL-98)
+
4
Specific gravity
1.16
DDVN I(PL-97)
2.2 Attractancy testing
Extensive testing, both in the laboratory and in the field has been conducted on
various concentrations and formulations of SOFRI Protein. Tests in the laboratory
involve counting the number of protein hungry laboratory-reared adult flies attracted to
the test bait and to a water control placed on opposite sides of a 30cm cage. In the field,
attractancy was assessed by applying a small spot ( approx 20-50ml) of the test bait +
insecticide to foliage of host tress. A white ground sheet is placed under the treated
foliage and the number of flies attracted and killed.
The results of all these trials are too voluminous to presented in this report, but in
summary, these attractancy trails established that SOFRI Protein was not as attractive as
MAURI Pinnacle Insect Lure, but was still a good bait when used on its own in the field.
The optimum rate of use of SOFRI protein was determined as 100 – 150 mL per litre of
water.
3. Large-area field control trials
A large number of field trails were carried out by both SOFRI to determine the
optimum concentration of SOFRI protein and insecticide, as well as the level of control
that could be achieved in a range of crop types under different cultivation systems and
locations. The results of these field tests carried out by SOFRI on guava, bitter melon,
bitter gourd, dragon fruit, mango, longan, wax apple and Barbados cherry. There are
some data on large scale fruit fly control using SOFRI protein.
The effects of SOFRI Protein in controlling of Fruit Fly on Sapodilla from 2 August
to 15 October, 2006 (300 ha and control 10 ha)
Date
Percentage of fruit infected (%)
N1
N2
67
50
27/8/2006
58
30
03/9/2006
62
15
10/9/2006
60
10
17/9/2006
47
4
24/9/2006
The effects of SOFRI Protein in controlling of Fruit Fly on bitter gourd from 10
April to 14 June, 2006 (10 ha)
Level
% of infection per week
significant
Treatment
1
2
3
4
5
TB
0
0
9
6
22
T1 – Control
7,4
NS
T2 – Protein
0
0
1
2
8
2,2
NS
The effects of SOFRI Protein in controlling of Fruit Fly on Barbados cherry from 18
August to 18 sep, 2007. (150 ha and control 10 ha)
Treatment
% of infection per week
Before applie First spray
Second spray Third spray Fouth Applied
N1 – Protein 53,0
42,0
23,0
7,0
4,0
N2 – Control 49,0
53,0
36
57
72
SOFRI Protein large scale application (2008-2009)
5
Region
In the North
In the South
Crop tested
Area tested (ha)
-
Mango
10
-
Dragon Fruit
10
-
Star apple
10
-
Guava
05
-
Bitter gourd
10
-
Vegetable Legume
10
-
Peach
10
-
Guava
05
Effectiveness
Reduced percentage
of damage to 5-7%
at harvesting time
Reduced percentage
damage to 5-7%
harvesting time
In summary, the various trials showed that good control, to less than 5% damage
at harvest, was unpredictable and sometimes difficult to achieve when protein baits were
used in small plots or farms. Adult flies breeding freely in neighbouring untreated farms
or orchards still existed in high populations to inflict damage to the protein baited treated
farms. However, when protein bits were used over a wider area to cover a large number
of farms or better, the entire village or hamlet, excellent fly control was achieved.
Barbados cherry in Go Cong province (study case)
Barbados cherry (Malpighia glabra) is a major crop in Go Cong province, where
the fruit is processed, frozen and exported to Japan. However, the crop is heavily
infested by B. correcta and B. dorsalis, and up to 70% of the yield may be lost if no
protection is applied. Farmers currently resort to cover spraying of pesticides to control
fruit flies, leading to the usual undesirable health and environmental problems.
A large area control program was thus implemented using a combination of
SOFRI protein bait sprays that attract male and female fruit flies, and methyl eugenol
mats (Bactromats) to attract and kill male B. correcta. The trial was conducted over 50ha
of Barbado cherry with weekly sprays of SOFRI protein per hectare .
The control program was very effective with the average level of damage being
reduced from over 50% in untreated areas to less than 4% in the protein bait sprayed area.
However, when fruiting season was at its peak, breeding of flies in the areas surrounding
the 150ha trial plot resulted in huge numbers of flies migrating into the trial area and
resulting in fruit damage up to 49% in cover sprayed crops. When fruit fly breeding was
not excessive and population s were not excessively high, protein bait spray always gave
better control than cover sprays of insecticides.
Barbados cherry growers are extremely happy with the combination bait spray
and male trapping program and further work needs to be done on integrating fruit fly
control with the other crop management practices.
Without SOFRI Protein
After using SOFRI Protein
Average yield (tonnes) per 20
ha/year
(harvested immature)
25
Average market price per k1,500
(VND)
3,500VND
(harvested ripe)
6
Average income per hecta 30,000,000
(VND)
70.000,000
Thus the introduction of SOFRI protein bait sprays has resulted in a 2-fold
increase in income for farmers.
Determination of application time for some major fruit and fruiting vegetable crops.
For better use of SOFRI Protein, the time application is very important which can
decide the successfulness of the program, the following table shows the suitable time to
apply protein bait in some crops.
Application time for some major fruit and fruiting vegetable crops
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Crops
Dragon fruit
Mango
Star apple
Guava
Barbados cherry
Vegetable
legume
Bitter gourd
Infection period
20 days after pollination
60 days after pollination
90 days after pollination
60 days after pollination
After fruit setting
After fruit setting
Infected/tested fruit
2/100
3/100
1/100
4/100
10/200
8/100
After fruit setting
10/100
Fruit fly infection months on some important crops
Determination of the infection duration during the year play very important role in the
control strategy, the percentage of infection in the following table shown that the fruit fly
were more during the period of march to June in many crops.
Infecting peak of fruit fly on some crops
Percentage of infection (%)
Crops
2008
2009
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
DF
30
0
0
3
0
6
0
0
0
13
26
30
Ma
20
3
-
-
-
7
10
23
33
46
-
-
SA
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
9
26
36
-
-
Gu
100 73
93
100
40
40
93
BC
26
46
80
70
33
33
20
33
33
93
73
40
BG
83
34
-
-
-
-
-
-
20
-
-
20
80
33
Note: DF: Dragon Fruit; Ma: Mango; SA: Star apple; Gu: Guava; BC: Barbados cherry and
BG: Bitter gourd
4. Training of trainers, PPPD staff and farmers
4.1 Training Workshop No. 1: Morphology, Taxonomy and Management of Fruit
Flies, 3-7 June 2002, SOFRI, Long Dinh, Vietnam
7
This workshop was conducted in SOFRI from 3 – 7 June 2002, by Professor
R.A.I. Drew, Dr. S. Vijaysegaran and Ms Meredith Romig. The purpose of the workshop
was to train a core group of Vietnamese trainers who would then conduct further training
for other Vietnamese staff, especially Plant Protection Sub-Department staff. The third
and final round of training under the current project will be conducted by the above group
of trainers for Vietnamese farmers.
A comprehensive training manual covering morphology, taxonomy and
management of fruit flies for Vietnam was prepared by Professor R.A.I. Drew, Dr. S.
Vijaysegaran and Ms. Meredith Romig and distributed to all workshop participants.
A total of 27 participants attended the training workshop, which taught the
morphology, taxonomy and management of fruit flies in Vietnam. The participants
comprised staff from The Entomology Division – National Institute of Plant Protection
(6), Southern Fruits Research Institute (4), Department of Plant Protection – Institute of
Agricultural Sciences of South Vietnam (1), Plant Protection Department – Agriculture
Faculty, Can Tho University (1), Agriculture Faculty – An Giang University (2),
Agriculture Faculty – Cuu Long University (1), South Eastern Fruit Research Centre (1),
Fruit Research and Development Centre (1), South Plant Protection Department
Quarantine Centre (2), Sub-Plant Protection Department (4), Southern Plant Protection
Centre (1), Bayer Crop Sciences Vietnam (2) and National Plant Protection Centre,
Bhutan (1).
One of the major outcomes of the workshop was the design of a 1-page leaflet in
the Vietnamese language by workshop participants for local farmers on fruit fly
identification, biology and management. This leaflet has now been reproduced by NIPP
and SOFRI and widely distributed to Vietnamese farmers.
4.2 Staff (PPPD and sub-PPPD) and farmer training
Following the training workshop conducted for SOFRI staff by Griffith
University staff, a total of 50 PPPD . A one-day long training program was subsequently
conducted for 33 batches of farmers with 26 farmers in each batch. This program has
resulted in 495 farmers across Vietnam having been trained in fruit fly field biology and
the protein bait technique 50000litters by SOFRI). This exercise was accompanied by the
distribution of over 5000 illustrated brochures in the Vietnamese language on the
biology and management of fruit flies, incorporating the new bait spray technology.
The training conducted above is introductory and a more country-wide type
training program has to be implemented to ensure the sustainability and long term
success of the new protein bait introduced by the project.
During the year 2008 -2009, there were 87 training courses have been conducted
in various part of the country with 2541 farmers participated. Detail about training couse
is list in the appendix 4.
5. Future plans for IPM programme
8
5.1.
Production of Protein bait
At the present, we can product maximum 50.000 litters of protein bait per year,
however this amount is not sufficient to use in the area of fruit and fruiting vegetable
crops.
We plan to increase the protein bait volume upto 75.000 litters per year, so 2
tanks of 1.000 litters need to be invested for this purpose (increase 25.000 litters).
5.2.
Study to improve the protein bait product.
- For longer last on field conditions, the study need to be conducted to improve
the solid status of the protein when apply on fruit and vegetable leaves.
- In our study, the Tyrosine amino acid seems to be very attractive to fruit fly and
stimulate the activities of both male and female flies. So the protein contain more
tyrosine need to be study to improve protein bait product.
5.3.
IPM programme on Fruit and Vegetable in the South, Vietnam
-
The IPM with the use of different control measures must be used in the South of
Viet Nam (at least 10 provinces: Longan, Tiengiang, Bentre, Vinhlong, Dongthap,
Cantho, Haugiang, Soctrang, Travinh and Hochiminh city).
Commune A
Commune B
Commune C
Protein bait
Protein bait
Protein bait
and Oil
and Oil
and oil
1 km
Protein bait and
Protein bait and
Protein bait and
conventional
culture
conventional
culture
conventional
culture
Figure: Model for IPM programme using Protein bait and other cultural practices
-
5.4.
Each province will chose 4-5 important crops to apply the IPM strategy, each crop
will carry out 3 replications in different districts/commune.
Combine different techniques for IPM strategy: protein bait, mineral oil, cleaning
of the orchard, methyl eugenol trap, bagging, etc.
Establishment of the spraying group for large scale application in each commune.
Training for use of Protein baits
9
- TOT: Training for at least 3 staff from each province (30 participant
from 10 provinces)
- Farmers training:
Plant Protection Deparment
Sub Plant Protection
Department
Determination of fruit fly
progeny in each province
Role of the
exporter/businessmen
Flowering time predict
SOFRI, SPPC
Training
Large scale
application
Cleaning of the
orchards
Associations
Group 1 Group 2
5.5.
Expenditure estimation
(Provide latter)
Group 3
10
Appendix 1. Trapping in locations conducted by SOFRI (1 CUE and 1 ME trap per location) (2001-2004)
TRAP
NUMBER
LOCATION
FRUIT/VEGETATION TYPE
DISTRICT
VILLAGE
VS 01
VS 02
PROVINCE
Vinh long
Can tho
Long ho
Chau thanh
Phuoc hau
Tan phu
VS 03
VS 04
VS 05
Dong thap
Ben tre
Binh duong
Lap vo
Chau thanh
Thuan an
VS 06
Dong nai
Long khanh
VS 07
Binh thuan
Ham thuan bac
VS 09
VS 10
VS 11
VS 12
Dac lac
Khanh hoa
Binh dinh
Quang ngai
Ku mi nga
Dien khanh
Tay son
Nghia Chanh
VS 13
Phu yen
Tuy hoa
VS 14
VS 15
VS 16
VS 17
Ninh thuan
Kum tum
Binh phuoc
Tay ninh
Thap Cham
Kum tum
Dong Xoai
Hoa Thanh
VS 18
VS 19
Kien giang
Tien giang
Rach Gia
Cai be
DATE
START
Rice, Longan, Mango, Vegetable
05/12/2001
Papaya, Guava, Custard apple, Hog plum, Cherry, Wa 05/12/2001
apple, Tac, Mango, Pineapple, Mallay, Gooseber
Vegetables
Tan khanh trung Mango, Water Apple, Manderin, Papaya, Vegetables
07/12/2001
Tien thuy
Mangosteen, Mandarin, Longan, Mango, Rambutan
11/12/2001
An thanh
Mangosteen, Water apple, Lansat, Star apple, Banan 01/01/2002
Sapota, Jack fruit
Nhan nghia
Rambutan, Durian, Banana, Pomelo, Jackfruit, Coff 15/12/2001
Black pepper, Avocado, Papaya
Village 1
Dragon fruit, Sapota, Guavs, Carambola, Sourso 03/12/2001
Tamata
Quang phu
Coffee, Durian, Longan, Forest
09/12/2001
Suoi tan
Mango, Sapota, Jujube, Vegetables
08/12/2001
Binh thanh
Mango, Longan, Sapota, Guava, Jackfruit, Vegetables 15/12/2001
Thon 1
Guava, Papaya, Mango, Vegetables, Chilli, Ficus, S 1/10/2003
fruit, Star Apple, Cucurbit, Winter melon
Hoa kien
Guava, Banana, Pineapple, Papaya, Mango, Vegetabl 05/01/2003
Chilli, Ficus, Dragon fruit, Star fruit, Star App
Cucurbit, Winter melon
Thap Cham
Gape, guava, corm, vegetables
25/6/2003
Vegetables, Guava, Sapota, Mango
1/7/2003
Longan, Mango, Cashew, laffra
20/8/2003
Long
Kha Guava, Longan, Anona,Vegetables
1/9/2003
Trung
Vegetables, Guava
1/9/2003
Hoa khanh
Water apple, Lansat, Banana, Sapota, Jack fruit, longa 1/2002
guava, pomelo, kingmadrin, laffra
END
05/12/2002
05/12/2002
07/12/2002
11/12/2002
01/01/2003
15/12/2002
03/12/2002
09/12/2002
08/12/2002
15/12/2002
30/4/2003
05/01/2004
25/6/2004
1/10/2003
20/8/2004
6/9/2004
9/9/2004
1/2004
11
Star fruit,Sapota,pomelo, kingmadrin,Water apple
dragron fruit, longan, guava
Chau Thanh
Vinh kim
Cho Gao
Long Binh Dien Babardos cherry, mango
Long Hoa
Go Cong
MALE LURE TRAPPING ( Extension 2006-2007)
New Trapping locations in SouthernVietnam are planned in 5 provinces. At present, only two trapping sites have been set up in 1 province, time table will be determine as table
following:
TRAP
NUMBER
PROVINCE
SO21
Kien Giang (5pairs trap)
SO22
LOCATION
DISTRICT
STARTING DAT
Phu Quoc Island
Xiem, Citrus, guava, banana, cucumber...
Thua thien Hue ( 10 pairs trap) Hue
Hue
Guava, banana, mago, cucubis, Castor oil plant, Coccinia, citrus August2006
SO23
Ca mau
U minh
U minh ha
Ban, tram, banana, mango, tao, cucubis
Nov, 2006
SO24
Tra vinh (1pairs)
Cang Long
Tan long
Mango, cucubis, banana,guava
August2006
SO25
An Giang (1 pairs)
Tri ton
Tri ton
Guava, Wax apple, banana, mago
Oct,2006
SO26
Binh Phuoc (1 pair)
-
Nam cat tien tropic Mango, guava, banana….and wild plant
rainy forest)
(1 pairs)
Phu Quoc
FRUIT/VEGETATION TYPE
VILLAGE
8 July2006
Marc,2007
12
Fruit fly trapping in new locations conducted by NIPP and SOFRI (2008- 2009)
Region
Mekong
Delta – South
Vietnam
Location
Fruit Vegetation Type
Institution
Province
District
Village
Kien Giang
Phu Quoc
Phu Quoc Island
Xiem, citrus, guava,
banana, cucumber
SOFRI
Thua Thien Huw
Hue
Hue
Guava, banana, mango,
cucubits, castor oil plant,
coccinia, citrus
SOFRI
Ca Mau
U Minh
U Minh Ha
Ban, tram, banana,
mango, tao, cucubits
SOFRI
Tra Vinh
Cang Long
Tan Long
Mango, cucubits, banana,
guava
SOFRI
An Giang
Tri Ton
Tri Ton
Guava, wax apple,
banana, mango
SOFRI
Nam Cat Tien
(tropical rain forest)
Mango, guava, banana,
wild plants
SOFRI
Binh Phuoc
North West
Region –
North
Vietnam
(NWR)
Son La
Moc Chau
Co Do
Peach, plum, persimmon,
apricot, longan, vegetable
NIPP
Red River
Delta
(RRD)
Ha Noi
Tu Liem
Lien Mac
Citrus, papaya, longan,
litchi, banana,
persimmon, fruiting
vegetables
NIPP
Ha Duong
Thanh Ha
Lien Mac
Guava, litchi, longan,
papaya, fruiting
vegetables
NIPP
Thai Nguyen
Song Cong
Vinh Son
Persimmon, longan,
guava, pomelo,
carambola, litchi, sugarapple, fruiting vegetables
NIPP
Thai Nguyen
Song Cong
Song Cong
Persimmon, longan,
guava, pomelo,
carambola, litchi, sugarapple, fruiting vegetables
NIPP
Tuyen Quang
Ham Yen
Tan Thinh
Pomelo, orange, litchi,
guava, sugar-apple,
fruiting vegetables
NIPP
Tuyen Quang
Ham Yen
Tan Yen
Pomelo, orange, litchi,
guava, sugar-apple,
fruiting vegetables
NIPP
Ha Giang
Bac Quang
Viet Quang
Longan, litchi, guava,
persimmon, sugar-apple,
papaya, carambola,
fruiting vegetables
NIPP
Ha Giang
Bac Quang
Tan Thinh
Longan, litchi, guava,
persimmon, sugar-apple,
papaya, carambola,
fruiting vegetables
NIPP
North East
Region –
North
Vietnam
(NER)
13
Appendix 2. List of fruit fly species found Vietnam
No.
Fruit fly species
Distribution (Provinces)
Scientific name
B. apicalis
B. calophyllii
B. carambolae
Common name
1
2
3
4
5
B. cibodasae
B. correcta
dorsalis complex
Guava Fruit Fly
South
Southern Vietnam
6
B. cucurbitae
Melon Fly
All provinces
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
B. dorsalis
B. fuscitibia
B. gombokensis
B. hochii
B. holtmani
B. incisa
B. isolata
B. kanchanaburi
B. lateritaenia
B. malaysiensis
B. melastomatos
B. raiensis
B. rubigina
Oriental fruit fly
dorsalis complex
dorslais complex
dorsalis complex
dorsalis cpmplex
dorsalis complex
-
All provinces
South
South
Southern Vietnam
North
Nothern Vietnam
Southern Vietnam
South
South
Southern Vietnam
Southern Vietnam
South
Southern Vietnam
20
B. tau
Species
compl Southern Vietnam
(Asian species)
21
22
23
24
B. thailandica
B. usitata
B. verbascifoliae
B. zonata
dorsalis complex
dorsalis complex
Peach Fruit Fly
Southern Vietnam
South
Southern Vietnam
Southern Vietnam
25
Dacus longicornis
-
, Southern Vietnam
26
Dacus tenebrosus
-
South
Southern Vietnam
Southern Vietnam
Carambola Fruit Fly southern Vietnam
Pest status
Non -pest
Minor
Serious pest but appe
minor in Vietnam
Non –pest
major pest of Jujub
Guava, Carambola, Ro
apple, Sapodilla
Major pest of Bitt
melon, Luffa, Pumpk
Cucumber, Green gou
Tomato, Gourd
Serious pest
Non-pest
Non –pest
Non –pest
Non –pest
Non -pest
Non-pest
Non-pest
Non –pest
Non –pest
Non-pest
Non –pest
major pest of Bitt
melon, Pumpkin, Luf
Tomato
Non –pest
Non-pest
Minor
Serious pest but minor
Vietnam
Rain forest
non-pest
Non -pest
14
Appendix 3. List of fruit fly hosts in South Vietnam
Scientific name
Fruits
Achras sapota
Anacardium occidentale
Annona reticulata
Annona squamosa
Averrhoa carambola
Carica papaya
Citrus grandis
Citrus reticulata
Citrus sinensis
Clausena lansium
Dimocarpus longan
Diospiros kaki
Hylocereus undulatus
Malpighia glabra
Mangifera indica
Musa paradisiaca
Prunus armeniaca
Prunus domestica
Psidium guajava
Pyrus communis
Syzygium jambos
Syzygium semarangense
Ziziphus jujuba
Ziziphus mauritiana
Vegetables
Benincasa hispida
Capsicum annuum
Cucumis melo
Family name
Common name
Fly species reared
Sapotaceae
Anacardiaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Oxalidaceae
Acanthaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Sapindaceae
Ebenaceae
Cactaceae
Malpighiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Musaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Myrtaceae
Rosaceae
Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnaceae
Sapota
Cashew
Custard apple (Bình baùt)
Sugar apple
Carambola
Papaya
Pommelo
Mandarine
Orange
Wampee
Longan
Persimmon
Dragon fruit
Barbados cherry (Sơ ri)
Mango
Banana (Chuoái)
Apricot
Plum
Guava
Pear
Rose apple
Wax Apple (Maän)
Jujube
Indian jujube (Taùo)
B. correcta; B. dorsalis; B. correcta
B. dorsalis
B. dorsalis
B. dorsalis
B. dorsalis; B. correcta
B. dorsalis
B. dorsalis
B. dorsalis; B. pyrifoliae
B. dorsalis
B. dorsalis; B. correcta; B. latifrons
B. dorsalis
B. dorsalis
B. dorsalis
B. dorsalis; B. correcta
B. dorsalis; B. pyrifoliae; B. correcta
B. dorsalis
B. dorsalis
B. dorsalis
B. dorsalis; B. correcta; B. cucurbitae
B. dorsalis
B. dorsalis; B. tau
B. correcta; B. dorsalis
B. correcta; B. dorsalis
B. dorsalis; B. correcta
Cucurbitaceae
Solanaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Green gourd
Chilli
Melon (Döa gang)
B. cucurbitae; B. correcta
B. latifrons
B. cucurbitae
15
Cucumis sativus
Cucurbita maxima
Cucurbita pepo
Lagenaria siceraria
Luffa acutangula
Luffa aegyptiaca
Lycopersicon esculentum
Momordica charantia
Momordica cochinchinensis
Solanum melongena
Trichosanthes cucumerina
Vigna sesquipedalis
Vigna unguiculata
Wild plants
Artabotrys hexapetalus
Calophyllum inophyllum
Coccinia sp.
Ficus carica
Gymnopetalum cochinchinensis
Millettia sp.
Morinda citrifolia
Muntigia calabura
Samanea saman
Sonnerati casseolaris
Terminalia bellirica
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Solanaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Solanaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Leguminoseae
Leguminoseae
Cucumber
Pumpkin
Squash (Bí ñoû)
Gourd
Bitter melon
Luffa
Tomato
Bitter gourd (Khoå qua)
Bitter cucumber (Gaác)
Eggplant
Snake gourd (Bình baùt daây)
Yard-long bean (Ñaäu ñuõa)
String beans
B. cucurbitae
B. cucurbitae; B. tau
B. dorsalis; B. pyrifoliae*
B. cucurbitae
B. cucurbitae; B. tau
B. cucurbitae; B. tau; B. dorsalis; B. correcta
B. cucurbitae, B. tau
B. cucurbitae; B. tau
B. cucurbitae; B. tau; B. hochii*
B. latifrons
B. correcta ; B. cucurbitae ; B. tau
B. cucurbitae; B. tau
B. cucurbitae
Annonaceae
Clustaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Moraceae
Cucurbitaceae
Leguminoseae
Rubiaceae
Flacourtiaceae
Fabaceae
Sonneratiaceae
Combretaceae
Ylang-ylang vine (Mong rong)
Muø u
Binhbat
Fig
Caây cöùt quïa
Than mat
Noni (Nhaøu)
Jamaica cherry (Tröùng caù)
Rain tree (Me taây)
Mangrove apple (Baàn)
Terminalia
B. cucurbitae
B. carambolae
B. correcta; B. cucurbitae
B. dorsalis
B. dorsalis ; B. correcta ; B. cucurbitae
B. cucurbitae
B. dorsalis
B. dorsalis
B. spp
B. spp
B. dorsalis; B. carambolae; B. correcta
* Requires verification through further field sampling and identification
16
Appendix 4. Staff and farmer training conducted by SOFRI
Table 1. Staff training for PPPD and sub-PPPD
No. Location
Date of training
Total n PPPD location
(province,
of
district, village)
trainer
1
SOFRI
3-5 September 2007
25
20 PPPD: Ca mau, Bac lieu, Soc trang, Ki
giang, Can tho, An giang, Tra vinh, Vi
long, Dong thap, Ben tre, Tien giang, Lo
an, Ho chi Minh city, Tay ninh, Ba ria- Vu
tau, Binh duong, Dong nai, Binh phuoc
Staffs of SOFRI
Sub – quarantine region IX
2
Khanh hoa province 11-13 September 2007 66
33 PPPD: Binh thuan, Lam dong, Ni
thuan, Dac lac, Khanh hoa, Phu yen, gia l
Kom tum, Binh dinh, Quang ngai, Qua
nam, Da nang
32 Extention Dept
3
SOFRI
4
SOFRI
Total
3-5 September 2007
25
25PPD:25 PROVINCES
1-2 Dec 2007
50
166
50 PPD
Table 2. Training for farmers
Location (province, distri Date of traini No. farmers/cours No. courses
village)
1
3/12-21/12
50
2
SOFRI
(Tien giang farmers)
2
Dong thap province
//
25
3
3
Vinh long province
//
25
3
4
Can tho province
//
25
3
5
Ben tre province
//
25
3
6
Dong nai province
//
25
3
7
Binh duong province
//
25
3
8
Binh thuan province
//
25
2
9
Khanh hoa province
//
25
3
10
Binh dinh province
//
25
2
Totals
Location
(provin Date of training No. farmers/course No. courses
district, village)
1/1-1/12/2007 50
6
1
SOFRI
(Tien giang farmers)
2
Dong thap province
//
25
2
3
Vinh long province
//
25
4
4
Can tho province
//
25
1
5
Ben tre province
//
25
10
6
Dong nai province
//
25
6
7
Binh duong province
//
25
8
Binh thuan province
//
25
9
Khanh hoa province
//
25
10
Binh dinh province
//
25
Totals
Location
(provin Date of traini No. farmers/course
district, village)
5//2006
25
1
SOFRI
(Tien giang farmers)
Total
n
farmers train
100
75
75
75
75
75
75
50
75
50
Total
n
farmers traine
300
100
100
25
250
150
1
1
1
2
25
25
25
50
No. courses
Tatal
n
farmars train
100
4
17
Training of farmers in South Vietnam (2006-2007)
No
Location
Province
District
Village
Hue central
I
II
Hue
(10 classes)
Quang ngai
(5 classes)
Aluoi
Phu son
Phu bai
Phu Vang
Phu loc
Huong giang
Huong thuy
Huong chu
Son tay
Dai loc
Tra bong
Duc pho
No. course
Total no.
Date of
No.
farmers train
training farmers/cou
se
25
1
25
15/6/2007
16/6
25
1
25
17/6
25
1
25
18/6
25
1
25
19/6
25
1
25
20/6
25
1
25
21/6
25
1
25
22/6
25
1
25
18/6
25
1
25
19/6
25
1
25
20/6
25
1
25
26/6
25
1
25
27/6
25
1
25
28/6
25
1
25
29/6
25
1
25
Quang Nam (
classes)
Hiep duc
Tra mi
Phuoc son
Thanh my
Que son
22/6
23/6
24/6
24/6
25/6
25
25
25
25
25
1
1
1
1
1
25
25
25
25
25
V
Kontum
(5 classes)
Ngọc hoi
Dak cong
Tra bong
Ngoc crinh
Dak ha
VI
An Giang (2
classes)
1/7/2007
1/7/2007
2/7/2007
4/7/2007
9/7/2007
10/7/2007
12/7/2007
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Phu quoc
Ha tien
15/7/2007
18/7/2007
25
25
1
1
25
25
U Minh
Tran Van Thoi
1/7/2007
25
25
2
1
25
25
16/10/2007
17/10/2007
25
25
1
1
25
25
III
Kien giang
(2 classes)
VIII
IX
XI
Total
Ca mau (2
classes)
(12/12/2007
Bac lieu
(2 classes)
33
Cai nuoc
Vinh loi
495 farmer
18
Farmers training during 2008 -2009
Province
Tien Giang
Number of courses
10
Total no. farmers trained
400
Dong Thap
2
100
Vinh Long
4
100
Can Tho
1
25
Ben Tre
10
250
Dong Nai
6
150
Binh Duong
1
25
Khanh Hoa
1
25
Bing Dinh
2
50
Hue
10
250
Quang Ngai
5
125
Quang Nam
5
125
Kontum
5
125
An Giang
2
50
Kien Giang
2
50
Ca Mau
2
50
Bac Lieu
2
50
Son La
7
210
Ha Nam
1
62
Hai Duong
8
289
Thua Thien Hue
1
30
TOTAL
87
2541