Standard 4-2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how the settlement of
North America was influenced by the interactions of Native Americans, Europeans, and
Africans.
4-2.1 Summarize the cause-and-effect relationship of the Columbian Exchange.
1. The Columbian Exchange was the movement of plants, animals and diseases between
the Eastern (North and South America) and Western (Europe, Asia, Africa) Hemispheres.
a. Positive Effects
i. European’s introduced wheat, rice, coffee, horses, pigs, cows, and
chickens to the Americas
ii. Native Americans taught Europeans to grow corn, potatoes, peanuts,
tomatoes, squash
b. Negative Effects
i. Diseases (diphtheria, measles, smallpox, and malaria) carried by explorers
and settlers killed many Native Americans
ii. The loss of many Native Americans resulted in more of a demand for
African slaves
4-2.2 Compare the various European settlements in North America in terms of economic
activities, religious emphasis, government, and lifestyles.
2. European’s began to settle in North America
a. Spanish
i. Location: Today’s Florida and southwestern parts of North America
(called New Spain)
ii. Economy: hoped to find gold, but exported cash crops
iii. Religion: Roman Catholic
iv. Government: absolute monarchs (very little self-government)
v. Lifestyle: established missions, forts, and ranches (self-sufficient)
b. French
i. Location: along the Mississippi River and Quebec on the St. Lawrence
River
ii. Economy: fur trade with Native Americans, then sold fur to Europe for
profit
iii. Religion: Catholic
iv. Government: absolute monarchs (very little self-government)
v. Lifestyle: welcomed Native Americans and developed fur trade
c. Dutch
i. Founded New Netherlands, but were eventually forced to give up their
land to the English
d. English
i. Location: Atlantic Coast of North America
ii. Economy: cash crops for exporting
iii. Religion: Protestant
iv. Government: responsibility was shared but each leader was chosen by
the King
3. The English settle the area that will eventually become what we think of today as the
United States. The First English Settlements include:
a. Jamestown, Virginia (1607)
i. Motivated by economics
1. Hoped to find gold, but then began to plant cash crops (tobacco)
b. Pilgrims of Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620) and Puritans of Boston
Massachusetts (1628)
i. Motivated for religious reasons
4. 13 Original Colonies
a. Southern Colonies
i. Exported tobacco, rice and indigo
b. Middle Colonies
i. Exported foods to the Caribbean and other European countries
ii. Quakers moved to Pennsylvania and Delaware for religious reasons
1. William Penn gave Quakers and non-Quakers the opportunity to
practice their religious freely and farm land
c. New England Colonies
i. Thick, rocky soil and a cold climate
ii. Exported lumber and built ships
d. Lifestyle in the Colonies
i. Southern and Middle Colonies
1. Men and women worked on family farms with indentured
servants or slaves working alongside them
ii. Middle and New England Colonies
1. Men worked as artisans or store owners in cities and towns
iii. Women cooked, cleaned, and sewed
iv. Children learned to read and write
1. Apprenticeship- boys learned specific trades from their fathers
2. Completed chores
3. Played hopscotch, jump rope, tag, and swam
4-2.3 Explain the impact of the triangular trade, indentured servitude, and the enslaved and free
Africans on the developing culture and economy of North America.
5. Large farms and plantations in the English colonies needed a large labor force to plant
and harvest crops. Thus, slavery was introduced and established in North America.
a. English enslave Native Americans
i. Caused tension with neighboring tribes
ii. Able to escape because they knew the land well
iii. Diseases caused population to decline
b. Indentured servants- people from England who needed work and desired a
better life
i. Signed contract between landowners and indentured servants in which
they agreed to work for the landowners for a certain number of years in
exchange for food, clothing, shelter, and a passage to the New World
c. Slave labor from Africa
i. Triangular trade- trade routes between the North American colonies,
Europe, Africa, and West Indies
ii. Middle Passage- slave’s journey aboard the ship between Africa and the
American colonies
1. Inhumane conditions aboard the ships
a. Little or no food
b. Treated as cargo in a cramped space below the ship’s deck
c. Many did not survive
iii. Africans brought with them their own culture, skills, and languages
1. Knowledge of raising livestock and farming techniques greatly
benefitted the economy in the Southern colonies
4-2.4 Summarize the relationship among the Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans,
including the French and Indian War, the slave revolts, and the conduct of trade.
6. Relationship between Europeans and Native Americans
a. Initially, Native Americans helped English settlers
b. Native Americans formed relationship with French through fur trade
c. French and Indian War
i. Native Americans fought alongside the French against the British over the
Ohio River Valley
ii. British defeat the French and Native Americans
1. French lose control of land and power in North America
2. Native Americans lose traditional lands to British settlers
7. Relationship between colonists and slaves
a. Slave codes- used to monitor and regulate the behavior of slaves
i. Limited slave education and ability to sell goods
ii. Slaves not allowed to travel without permission
iii. Slave owners used violence and intimidation to maintain control
b. Slaves continued to resist through revolts, slowdowns, fake illnesses, breaking
tools, running away
c. Some slaves in the north were able to work additional jobs and purchase their
freedom
i. Free Africans worked as artisans or apprentices
8. Relationship between slaves and Native Americans
a. Runaway slaves in SC fled to Florida where they joined Native American tribes
b. Some Native American tribes adopted the practice of slavery