Canadian Mineralogist
Yol. 26, pp. 431465 (1988)
HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION AT OCEANIC RIDGES
PETER A. RONA
NationalOceanicand AtmosphericAdministration,Atlantic Oceanographic
and MeteorologicalLaboratory,
4301RickenbackerCauseway,
Miami, Florida 33149,U.S.A.
ABSTRAcT
SOMMAIRE
A compilation of over 1@mineral occurencesat oceanic
ridges and rifts comprising the global seafloor spreading
center systemhas been made in terms of host-rock lithology (volcanic- or sediment-hosted) and of stage (early,
advanced)and rate (slow-, intermediate- to fast-spreading)
of opening of an oceanbasin. At this early phaseof exploration when lessthan I percent of the - 55,000 km global
length of spreadingcentershasbeensystematicallyexplored,
examples of almost all major varieties of volcanic- and
sediment-hosted hydrothermal deposits associated with
basalticrocks in the geologicrecord have been found at
presentspreading centers.Review of this global data base
indicatesthat a rangeof hydrothermal mineral-depositsizes
from small to large (>l x 106 tonnes) occurs at all
seafloor spreadingrates. Basedon availabledata, however,
larger deposits(but fewer per unit length of spreadingaxis)
form at slow- rather than at intermediate-to fast-spreading
centers. Larger deposits are more common in sedimenthostedthan in volcanic-hostedsettingsregardlessof spreading rate. A spectrum of hydrothermal deposit varieties
(stratiform, stockwork and disseminatedsulfides;various
forms of sulfate, carbonate, silicate, oxide and hydroxide
deposits)occursin almost all of the tectonic settings.Highintensity, ore-forming, subseafloor, hydrothermal convection systemsthat conserveheat and mass,and concentrate
hydrothermal precipitates, are extremely localized by
anomalousphysical and chemical conditions relative to
nearly ubiquitous low-intensity hydrothermal activity at,
and lLanking, seafloor spreadingaxesat all spreadingrates.
Two distinct shapes of volcanic-hosted hydrothermal
depositsat seafloorspreadingcentersand in the geologic
record may be explained by differences in fluid dynamic
behaviorcontrolled by temperature-salinityproperties.of
solutions. Massivesulfide depositstiat are mound-shaped
in profile are constructed by hydrothermal solutions that
dischargeas buoyant plumes; examplesare the TAG massivesulfide mound forming on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and
the Archean Noranda-area deposits. Massive sulfide
depositsthat are saucer-or bowl-shapedin profile are
formed by pondedsolutionsdenserthan surroundingseawater; examplesare the Atlantis II Deep deposits of the
Red Sea,and the CretaceousTroodos depositsof Cyprus.
Review of an existing data set on 508 massive sulfide
depositsin the geologicrecord indicatc that fewer volcanicand sediment-hostedmassivesulfide depositsare associated
with basaltic rocks than with rhyolitic rocks (<26i7o versus
5690,respectivel$. This observation suggeststhat seafloor
spreadingcentershave beensignificant as tectonic settings
for massive sulfide formation through geologic time,
although subsidiaryto continental rifts and volcanic island
arcs.
Plus de 100exemplesde mindralisationle long d'une crOte
ou d'un rift oc€aniquefaisant partie du r&eau global d'axes
de s€paration de la cro0te oc6aniqueont 6t6 6tudi6s selon
les points de vue suivants: lithologie de l'encaissanl (volcanique ou s€dimentaire),stadede min6ralisation (pr6coce
ou avanc6), et taux de formation d'un bassin oc6anique
(s6paration des plaques, lente, intermddiaire ou rapide).
L'exploration syst6matiquede cessystbmes,bien que trbs
prdliminaire, €tant donn6 qu'elle a portd sur moins de l9o
des quelques 55,000 km de longueur des axes de separation du globe, r6vEletoutefois desexemplesde presquetoutes les vari€t6s connuesde gisementshydrothermaux dans
un encaissantvolcanique ou s€dimentaire associdsd des
basaltes.A la lumidre desdonndesi l'6chelledu globe, la
dimension desgisementspeut varier de petite e importante
(> I x 106tonnes),quel que soit le taux de s€paration.
Toutefois, la probabilit6 de formation desgisementsimportants est accrue si le taux de sdparation est lent, quoique
ceux-ci seront plus espac6sle long de I'axe que lors d'un
taux de sdparation interm€diaire ou rapide. Quel que soit
le taux de sdparation des plaques, les gros gisementssont
plus commuus dans un encaissantsddimentaire que dans
un milieu uniquement volcanique. On trouve une grande
vari6t€de grsementshydrothermaux(stratiforme, en (<stockworkn, sulfures diss€min6s;plusieurs types de ddpOtsde
sulfates,carbonates,silicates,oxydeset hydroxydes)dans
tous les milieux tectoniques. Quel que soit le taux de s6paration, les systimc d convectionhydrothermalesub-crustale
vigoureusequi conserventd la fois chaleur et masse,et qui
concentrentlc pr€cipit6shydrothermaux,sont extromement
circonscrits d causedesconditions physiqueset chimiques
anomales, en comparaison de I'activit6 hydrothermale de
faible intensite, trbs r6panduele long de tout axe, ainsi que
sur les flancs d'une crOte.Deux formes de gisement dans
un encarssantyglsaniqu€,aussibien le long d'un axe de
s6paration que sur terre, dans des roches plus anciennes,
pourraient r6sulter desdiff6rencesen comportement dynamique desfluides, r€giespar leurs propridtes (temp6rature,
salinite). Les gisementsde sulfuresmassifsi profil en forme
de montrcule, par exempleceux du champ de TAG sur la
cr6tem6dio-atlantiqueet du camp minier de Noranda (Qu6bec), d'ige arch6en, resultent d'une d6chargehydrothermale en forme de panachede faible densit6. Les gisements
en forme de soucoupe ou de bol, par exemple ceux de
l'abysse de Atlantis II dans la mer Rouge et ceux de Troodos (Chypre), d'6ge crdtac6,rdsultent d'une accumulation
locale de saumuresplus densesque l'eau de mer ambiante.
Les donn6esrecueilliessur 508gisementsanciensmontrent
davantagede glsementsde sulfures massifsdansun encaissant volcaniqueou s€dimentaireassoci6si desrochesrhyolitiques (5690)que basaltiques( <Xtlo). Quoiquelesmilieux
de s6paratrondesplaques ocdaniquesaient 6te importants
comme centres de min6ralisation au cours des temps, ils
I'ont 616d un degrdmoindre oue les milisrl( de rifts conti-
Keywords: hydrothermal, mineral deposits, seafloor
spreadingcenters,oceanicridges, massivesulfides.
43r
Trm cANADIAN MINERALocIST
432
nentaux et les arcs insulaires.
Mots-clds: activite hydrothermale, gisement,axesde s6paoceaniques' cretes oc6aniques' sulil*"Jjff
#:ttes
(Traduit par la R€daction)
DTsTnInurIONOFHYDROTHERMAL
MrNsRArtzerIoN AT Ssanl-oon SpnsaDtNc
Ix'rnor:ucrroN
Hydrothermal mineralization at seafloor spreading centersis one of the most activelyre$earchedsubjects in the Earth sciences.The seafloor sites of
mineralization are natural laboratories to study oreforming processeswith implications for geochemical massbalancesand cycles,thermal budgets,and
adaptation of vent organisms.Certain of the seafloor
depositsare resourcesfor the future. Investigations
at seaare synergeticwith studiesof depositsin the
geologic record that were formed under similar conditions on the seafloor and subsequentlywere
uplifted onto land. Severalreviewshave beenpublished on recent mineralization at seafloor spreading centers(e.g.,Cronan 1980,Bonatti 1981,Rona
1984,Morrison & Thompson 1986,B?icker& Lange
1987, Gross & Mcleod 1987),and its relation to
ancientdeposits(e.9. Franklin et al. 1981,Mitchell
& Garson 1981,Sawkins1984,Scott 1985,1987).
This paper addressesaspectsof the di$tribution of
hydrothermal mineralization at seafloor spreading
centersin terms of depositvarieties, observationson
related hydrothermal processes,and evidencefor the
in
occurenceof thesedepositvarietiesand processes
ancient "analogs".
CENTERS
State of knowledge
Sincethe initial discoveryof hydrothermal mineralization at a seafloor spreading center in the Red
Seain the mid-1960s(Miller et ol. 1966,H,wfi et al.
1967,Degens& Ross 1969),the major varietiesof
mafic volcanic-and sediment-hostedhydrothermal
mineral depositsknown in the geologicrecord have
been found at seafloor spreadingcenters.Known
occurences of hydrothermal mineralization at
seafloorspreadingcantersare compiledin Table l,
organizedin terms of host-rock lithology (volcanicand sediment-hosted),rate of seafloor spreading
(slow-spreadinghalf-rate s2 cry/y: intermediate-to
fast-spreadinghalf-rate >2 ci/y), and stage of
openingofan oceanbasin(earlyand advanced).All
of the combinationsof theseparametershave been
found exceptsediment-hostedhydrothermal deposits
at a slow-spreadingcenterat an early stageof opening (Table l).
The occurrencesof hydrothermal mineralization
at seafloorspreadingcenters(divergentplatebound-
"%z
,7Su
t;
*r-oo
7t
7g-84
.€?
..o"
""tPo.t'l
900
1200
1600
1600
120e
8oo
400
0o
400
Frc. l. World map showing lithospheric plate boundariesand locations of hydrothermal mineral occurrencesat seafloor
spreading centers (divergent plate boundaries). Numbers refer to locations in Tables 1 and 2. Opltiolite belts are
also shown (Coleman 1972).
HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION AT OCEANIC RIDCES
aries) listed in Table I are shown on a plate tectonic
map of the v,orld @ig. 1). The distribution of mineralization is an artifact of incomplete knowledge at
this early phaseof exploration. Lessthan one percent of seafloor spreadingcentershasbeensystematically investigated,and thus the actual distribution
of deposits along spreading centersis unknown.
Recognition of such depositsis biasedin favor of
those that form prominent topographic features
exposedon the seafloor, such as massivesulfide
mounds at zones of focused high-temperatuie
hydrothermal discharge.Relict stratiform deposits
lacking appreciablerelief, and all forms of deposits
beneaththe seafloor tend to remain unresolvedby
presentexploration methods (Rona 1983).
The structural setting of a hydrothermal deposit
at a spreadingcenteris given with referenceto structural elements common to all spreading centers
(Table l). Theseelementscomprise (Fie. 2): i) an
axial zone of volcanic extrusion of the order of I km
wide, and marginal zonesof active extensioneach
about l0 km wide perpendicularto the spreading
axis; and ii) linear spreading segmentsof the order
of l0 km long which are offset by transform-fault
sectionsof fracture zones, deviations from axial
linearity (DEYALS), and overlapping spreading
centersat distancesup to tens of km parallel to the
spreadingaxis (Rona 1984,Macdonaldet al. 1987).
Knowledgeof the size,shapeand compositionof
hydrothermal mineral depositsat seafloor spreading centers(Tables l, 2) is limited by inadequate
measurementand sampling techniques.The only
seafloor hydrothermal deposits that have been
assessedin a manner approaching the rigor of
' mineral prospectson land are the stratiform metalliferous sediments(including massivesulfides) of the
Atlantis II Deepof the Red Sea(Mustafa el al. 1984;
Fig. l, Table l, location l). Information on other
mineral deposits at seafloor spreading centers is
incomplete in two dimensions,and almost unknown
in the third. Pattern drilling and excavationmethods,
both in unconsolidatedand consolidatedmaterials
at oceanicdepths, require further development;The
compositionspresented(Table 2) are basedon surficial samplesrecoveredby dredgingand coring from
surfaceships,by manipulator arms from submersibles and, in severalcases,by shallow drilling (locations 27, 56, 57,72). The compositionsof mid-ocean
ridge basalt, and averagePacific and Atlantic pelagic
clay are given at the end of Table 2 for comparison
with the enriched elemental concentrations in the
mineral deposits.
Size of deposits
Most of the hydrothermalmineral occurencesare
so small that they may be characterizedas mineralizedshowings(Table 1; Fig. l). Excdptionsare: i) an
433
actively accumulating, volcanic-hosted, stratiform
metalliferous sedimentdeposit with a dry bulk saltfree weight of at least 94 x 106tonnes, hosted in
a basin about 10 km in diameter in basaltic rocks
of the Atlantis II Deep at the slow-spreadingaxis of
the centralRed Sea(Table 1, location l; Mustafa el
al. 1984);ii) an elliptical mound, up to 250 m wide
and 50 m high, composedprimarily of massivesulfides with an estimatedweight of 5 x 106tonnes,
actively accumulatingat a fault zonein basalticrocks
at the base of the east wall of the rift valley in the
TAG Hydrothermal Field near latitude 26oN at the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge crest(ocation 23; Rona 1985a,b,
Rlonaetal. 1986,Thompsonetal. 1988);iii) an active
zone of massivesulfide accumulation about 2fi) m
wide and 40 m high (the Snake Pit Hydrothermal
Field), on a basalticridge along the slow-spreading
axis of the Mid-Atlantic fudge near latitude 23oN
(location 27; ODP Leg 106 Scientific Party 1986,
Thompson et al. 1988);iv) active and inactive massive sulfide depositsforming mounds up to 200 m
in diameter and l0 m thick with an aggregateweight
of > 1.5 x 106tonnes,associatedwith fault zones
in the wall of the rift valley of the southern 9-kmlong segmentof the intermediate-spreadingExplorer
Ridge (location 42; Scott et al. 1984,1985, Tunnicliffe et ol. l98O; v) massivesulfideshostedin terrigenoussedimentfqqmingsevenactivemoundsup
to 400 m in diameter-and60 m high, eachestimated
to contain at least I x 106tonnes of massivesulfide in Middle Valley of the Endeavor segmentof
northern Juan de Fuca
the intermediate-spreading
Ridge (location 97; Davis et al. 1987);vi) massive
sulfides in discreteoutcrops around faulted margins
of axial basalticdomesand possiblyextendinginto
terrigenous sedimentary strata of the Escanaba
Trough on the slow-spreadingsouthernGorda Ridge
(location 96; Morton et al. 1987);vii) inactivemassive sulfide chimneysand mounds coalescedinto a
fragmentedbody up to 1 km long at a marginal fault
zone in basaltic rocks of the rift valley of the
intermediate-spreadrngGalapagosSpreadingCenter
near longitude 86oW (location 71; Malahoff
1982a,b); and viii) a massivesulfide body about
800 m long and 200 m wide occupyingpart of the
flank and summit of a basalticvolcano located 6 km
eastof the fast-spreadingaxis of the East Pacific Rise
@PR) near l3oN (ocation 64; Hdkinianet al.1983).
Sediment-hosteddeposits
More than 9990of the - 55,000km global length
of the axial zone of seafloor spreadingcentersis
sediment-starved(devoid of sedimentcover)' and the
balanceis sediment-filled.The degreeof sediment
fill is relatedto proximity to sedimentsources.For
example,for the 970 km length ofthe axial zoneof
the Gorda - Juan de Fuca - Explorer RidgeSystem
434
TSLE
THE CANADIAN MINERALOCIST
1.
HYDNONEMAL
LOCATION
NUMBER
(Fr6. 1)
I
MNEML
@CUMNCES
AT SESLOOR
SMSNO
DEflH
tM)
LMANONl
CENTEFS (FIG. 1).
SESLOOR
SFREADNG
HM-FATE
tcfir)
sTRucTUnE
MNEruOG\A
TYF€ OF DEPOSTT
l/olcANlGtoSiED_Di&5lIt9
EAFTY STAOEOF OPilINO OF N OCEN BASIN
SLOW-SPRroNG
lff
RATE< 2 Ct A/)
MrIAIFEFOTjS SED, ffi
SULFIDE.SULFA]E. OffiOROXDEND CAFtsONAre
FAOES. BULXDRYSALT.
FNEEWT. OF ]HE I.'PFEB
10 M OF THEATLANIISX
OEPOSTE ES]HAreD A1
94 X lf TONNES(ACIE).
FMCTUREZONENEAF
rcO sEA. MOAO
23"22',N,36o07'W(BONAn Fr e. 1985).
UNAreD SASALTICTOPOenFHo HroHs aoNo mcTUFEZONEAWAY FFOMNE
m
zoNE oF volcNrc
SIFUAloN.
MASSIVESTJFDEs AND
I{EIALIFEnOUS SED. (ruCl.
ry, HEM,MAO/SID.
souD soLunoNs.
AFSRN, DNAKLDEPNESSON(BONAM
ET AL. 1972, TABLES2. 3).
AXIAL ZONEOF VOLCANIq
EXTNUSONOF INOPEM
OCEAIC SPAEADNGCENTEN.
A) F+FICH ENCnUSTAION
(reucT).
ooFlH, NoM (SMEC).
B) Mn-FICHENCNUSTANON
(reucT).
FYFOLUSTE,Bil,
TOD. SIFONT. BAR.
HOD. OPAL. gF,
NOMEM EDOEOF E-W
]N€NDNG UNEAFSEOMEM
OF FFT VA$Y.
A) Mn-ECH ENCRUSTAION
IREUCT).
BIFN, TOD.
B) F+RCH ENCnUSTATION
(REUCT).
SMEC.
SUMMTCMER OF A VOLCANICSENOUM 2@ M
HGH N ro AXNL ZONEOF
VOLCANDEmUSON OF A
SFFEMNO ilg IN A EACK.
AFC BASIN.
A) re[OW MATEHALAT TOP
OF MOMD 5-6 M HOH N
15-25 M WDE (ACm).
AMOM gUCA, FO
IfYDFOXOE.
B) DAM.COLOREDMA]ERAL
AT BASEOF SME MOUND.
h
BACK-ARCBASIN.SEMOUNIS,
VOLCANICIT}LND MFONS.
FeMn ENCFUSTATIONS.
ItrDFOGENEOUS
AND IfDRO(ACTryEAND REUCI).
ruffiAL
8-MnCl. Bls, TOo.
FEDSEAAILAMIS N DEEPNEAR2I'24'N.
w
38'03'Ei OftER OEEPS
SruR
*ORONENMAL DEPOSTTS
NCU.'DE
DIS@WRY. CW. SUAKN, STJDN. ERBA.
nms,
sMoAm. ALBATBOSS,VmrU,
NEFEUS.VEMA. KEBFT. OYPSUM.OCESO.
(F@TNOG REFS.).
OMMS ANDCHANCOT
2
3
4
6
6
-2.@
OUF OF AOENAT 12o34'N,47o39'E
(UUOHTONF &. 1971rCANNFI &. 19n).
oKNAWAIROUoHAr 27034.4'N,127008.0'E,
ru BACK-ARCBASN OF NE AYUM ARC
(UVEOA1987r(MURA FI e. 1988).
MAMNA ]ROUOHN MgT MARM RDOE.
VAROUSLOCAIONS FROM120-280N
ILONSDAE & HAMNS 1986: HEINil [.
1987.TABLES3, 11).
7
MAF]ANATFOUOHffisT OF PAOANISUNO
NEAF18013'N,144041'E 1HORBE
S [.
1988i CMO n a. 1987i xAgnER tr [.
1987:LON9DM & HAW(NS1987).
8
MAFINA T@JOH, OSDPSm 466 AT 17060.7'N,
145010.8'E{NAUND & H&NAN 1984.
ffiLY
1,540
3,9@
MASSIVESUFIOESAT TWO
FISSURESYSGMS SD COL.
vEtfr AmAs (AcTm).
UF6E STFUCIUruS NEM
SUMMTSOF ELONOAE VOLcNoEs 200-1.@ M HtoH
ruONED ALONOftE SPFEADNG
AXS N NE AXII ZONEOF
VOLCANICETMUSIONOF A
ilCK-AFC BA5N.
3.@3,700
2.2
ENCFUSTAION.
SP. GAL. CP, BAR. CHIMNEYMru.
SUCA AS
OPAL-A, F6 ND Mn
oxYmBoxDEs.
LOCAI BATWMETHCHIOHON
THE EASTSIDEOF A BACKARC BASN -20 tr FFOM
ilS N CNUST
SFNEADING
1.8-2.5 X loaY OLD.
DSSEM SIJFIDESAT 134-169 M
BELOWSESLOOR AS WgCLE
FIUNOS AND OMN-BOUNDARY
ZONESIN ITEREO BASALT
tFEUCrl.
EUHEOMLry. CP.
DGENTE. Fo MFOXOE,
calcm, wAmre,
CHLORTE,OPAL.
STAOEOF OPEI'||NOOF N OCAN BA6IN
INIEFMEDIATE- TO FAST-sPMNO
g
F*MOm (SMEC).
oOEN. HEM. LEADOCF@ITE. BAR, gULFIDESIgP, MANC,CP.
ryJ. Mn-RCHgDEnnE,
ANW. MANO(Brm),
TOD,
ELONOAE BASINSALONO
LNES SEOMEMSOF NE
AXIAL ZONEOF VOLCANIC
EmUSON NEANNIEL
TFANSFOil
SECNONSW
FAULTg.
1
IHALF RATE> 2 CM/Y)
MANOSBASNA1 3009,7,5,150.16.8'E(BOTH
fl AL. 1986).
>5
CFESTOF AXAL VOLCANOIN
RM VAUY OF UNEAFSEG.
MEM OF SruADNO AXIS
iN A BAC(-AFC BASIN.
MASSre SULFIDECHIMNEYS
(reucT).
NO INFOMI]ON.
10
wEsTEnNW@D|g
mgN, BR 9055,S.
151"50'E (ilNS ET aL. 1980i MCCONACW
fr AL. 1988).
>5
FLAN( OF AX& VOLCANOIN
RN VAL!* OF UNAN gEOMEM OF SPREADING
SIS IN
ANDESMCVOLCAMCNOCKS
OF A BACK-AFCBSIN.
STMT]FOBMLAYENEDF+
Mn.SIq OXDE MAERAL
(ACrvE).
NO INFOFMATION.
1r
LAUBASrNaT 16.55'5, 176o50'W(BmNE
& GENE 1975).
1.864-
TOP@MHIC HIOHOF MSIT
IN A MCruBE zONE OFFgETNNGAN ACNVESPMADNG
UBNAMCK-AFCBASIN.
HYALOCLAS]MS IREUCT),
OPAL-CEMENTED
HYALOCLASMS CONTANING FSGMEMS
OF OLASS.PAUOONM,
UO. AUGM. AND
AUftIGENIC MOM.
HIUPSITE AND BAN
CRYSTALS.
LAUBASINNEAB18O30'S.177'OO'W(CFONAN
ET AL. 1986).
2,W,
2,724
BAC(-AnC BASTN.
METUFEFOUS SEDMENTS
ACIW).
Mn, Fo. Cu. Zn. ND
A! IN NON-OffiAL
FMCION OF BnOWIISH
FOEMNFENAL @ZE
COMAINNO VffiA8LE
ilouMs
oF voLcANtcusnc UTEAII.
435
HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION AT OCEANIC RIDGES
TAA.E 1. TtrORONE'lm
L@ANON
NUMBEF
(Frs. 1)
MNEML OCCURNENCES
AT SEAFLOOR
SFNEADNOCENIEFS (nG. 1) (COMNNUED).
LocAnoNj
WA]EF
DEPr}l
fi)
V&U FA RDGE IN SOUTHEFNLAU BASINNEAF
22015'S.170037'W.
SESLOOF
SPEADINO
ff-MTE
(cM/Yl
1,800'
1.800
TWE OF OErcSil
srFucruE
A 2 O ME BY 60 M LONO
NDGEOF FRESHVESICUUF
BASALTSAT SPBEADINO
Mg
OF A MC{-ARC BASN.
MNENAL@\A
A) YEIOW NONT.
Fo SIUCATEWTH
ENFEMELY LOW@NTEM
OF MCE ME"TALS.
B) MNOXIDE ENCFUSTANON
Blm.
C) DISSEMSULFIDESIN BASALT. FY. CP, OPAL-.CT.
NOnB FUIBASINNW 16010'5, 12625,E
(STACKETSEFO
1985).
2,0003.@
A NAFNOWTBOUOH-U(E
FRESH
VAI.I.EYCOMTAININO
BA5AT.
DISSEM SULFDES
NOnTHFUrBAS|NNffi 16040'5, 173030,E
(Ar"rzENDE
n A. 1988).
2,0003,000
A NDOE-RDAE-reNCH Mro
JUNCIION.
WATERCOLWN ANOMMS
OF h NO MFIHANE (ACTIVE).
NO INFOFMTON.
SOUTHEFN
SIDEOF IHE
NORHEM CRESTOF N
ASEISMICEDOE MLATED
TO A FONMERSPFEADINO
AXA.
BIOgIUCEOUS
SED OF CFE'IACEOUS(UIE MAASIFICFMAN}
AOE ENNCHEDN Mn M Fe
AND ALTEFEDBASALTW
Mn
AND F6 ENCRUSTAION(REUCD
Mn OXDE.
SUEMAFre VOLCANOAT SEAWM EMNgON OF NEOVOL.
CANICRFT ZONE.
HYDMTHENMALDISCHARGE
DETECTED
AND SAMPLED
{ACTlvE); NO INFOFTAION
ON DEPOSITg.
NO NFOM'AION.
BASALSEDMENT(104M.Y.AOO
TO nECEm) OFECIY OWF
LYNO BASALTOF @ANO
CRUSTALLAYEF2 IN BASINS
ON EASTENNND WESTEBN
FLANKSOF OCESIC FIDOE,
SEDMEM FEUCT).
F*SCH
@En,
MOi{T
(SMEC), Mn wDnOXYoxrDEs.
RN VALLEYAND FWKS OF
MID-OCEAO RDGE.
(FEUCT).
SEDTMENT
NO INFOMTiON.
SEDIMEM (REUCT).
NOffi
SVNC€D
NO IMOMNON.
SIAOE OF OPENINOOF N OCEANBASIN
aLow-SpmtNc
IHALF FATE < 2 C!r/Y)
16
ALHA ADOE IN AFC'ITCOCEN AT 86"49.8'N.
109"@.2'w lvN wAooreR & FoBrNsoN
1985: JACKSONET aL. 1986i STOFm-EOU
1987).
17
KOLBEINSEY
EDQE ABOUT]@ ru NOM
oF ToELAND
NEAR07005.5'N,18"42'W
(9reFANSSON 1983)
18
NOATHA]]"MC OCEANBASINBETWEENUT
20oN-80oN(HOBOMTZ& CnONAN 1976.
TABI 1i DSDPSmS 9A, 10. 112.114.117A.
118.130,137,138, 141).
1S
AZOES-TCELANDAOOECREST.
43-470N,
27-30oW(GROUSSFT
& DONAm 1984).
20
IN BASALT.
1@
4.7005.400
2.@
MAn CRESTNEm LAT. 46oN 1CRONAN
1972).
2,@2.6@
RN VA].!EY FLOONND WNg
AND RN MOUNTAINS
&ONO
UNEAFSECIONS OF SMAilNO
cEmEi.
FAMOUSAFEA OF MR CNESTAT 36O67'N.
33o04'w (AFCYNA 1975i HOFFEFTfr AL.
1978,TAEL! 2).
2,7W
sHoFT-OFFsn {-22 tr)
TFANSFOWFAULTSECNON
OF A MCTURE ZONE.
2.7N
WSERN CENTFALNOM AIUMNC @EAI.
BAS|NAT 34o54.N, 69"10'W (DSOPSm 105:
HOLUSTEB
Fr AL. 1S72).
TAO HYONOTHEtrALFIELDAT W CNES'T
NEAn28o08,N,4o49'W (SCOn E"rAL. 1974,
TABLES18, 2i BONA19808i nONAET &, 19€4i
GOMFAONET &. 1985; IALOU F AL. 1988i
RONAfl E. 1986. TABLEg1. 2: NOMF€ON
E.I A!. 1988. TAELES1-5: ffiNNOTON FI AL.
1988,TABLE1).
1.1
6,251
t.3
3.6203.6m
1.3
Fe OXDES.
A) BFOMBH FED. WLLOW,
SD OFEENCUY-HCH
ENCRUSTAION(nEufi).
SMEC OF NN
B) BUCK FsMn ACH CON(mucr).
cmoN
TOD. NANCEN;,
AMOM MMTED
orcE.
OXFOFDNKWERDOhN FED, wNr
CLAB UMESTONE
OVERLYNO
BASALTUNDEfuYINOLOWEF
CONT]NEMA RISEHILLS.
3.500
OOETH.
(ffiucr).
FAULTZONESBETreEN FAULT A) MASSIVEFo SUFDE|
BL@KS 4.6 TO 6,5 ru EASTOF
YEIOW TO Offi UYENED
SFFEADNqU|s ON AST WALL
x[tNE cHtm*
moMEms.
OF ffi VAUJY IN MARON{
ZONE OF ACTIVEEXENSION
B) ENCRUSTA]ION
AM MF
ALONOUMAR SEOMEMOF
UYEFED FUCK ruNE
S,mING
AXIS.
UYENED MEOMATES
ACM).
ONIENMTTENTLY
Fe
NATIVE@MR CRYSTATS
SOMEreD BY PALAOONrE
ryn. mFc, sP.
AFAOONnE.
am. ToD.
C) IMUWRED
OREEN
EAffi
PFECIMATES
{tmFMmmY
ACTTVE).
NOM.
D) IffiMWEO reD EAmW
mEomAEs 0frEwnEMY ACNVE).
ilOm
MOUNDUPTO 250 M WOE AND E) MASre Cu-FBSUrflDEi
50 M HIGHAT FAULTZONEIN
DENSEYEIOW MATER{
MAFOINALZONEOF ACNVE
FROMINNEBPOFI]ONOF
EXTENgO{1.5 ru EASTOF
trIMNry WALL (ACTre).
SruMNG AXIS AT JUNCTUFE
BETreEN FLOOFAND EAST
F) MASSNEZn-Fe SUFIDE:
Wru OF RN VALLFY. fiE
SFONOY-EXTUFED.FRIASE
MOUrc CONgSTSMAINLYOF
lmRcnom
oF YE[ow
MASSTSULFIDESW AN
ry AND BLACKSP IACNVE)
ESNMATEDzu( DRYSALTFFEEM. OF 6 X IOATONNES. G) SULFATE.OW. COANSE
OnANUUR.
COMPO-
smoN, ftrDBoMrcA,
MINOATOD, gM. NG.
FemROXIOES.
R. MARC, CP, SP
DGENTE. ATACAMITE.
sP, ry. AmGONm.
NWDNTT.
H) CHLOF]DE.OMK GFEEN
CFYSTALSON F€ OXIDE.
ATACAMnE. PAMTACAMm. com
r) cAnBoNATE, ffire.
BONYODAL UNINGIN
CHIMNEYCAVR AND AS
Wre VENS IN SUFIOE.
AM@Nm.
C{CXE.
436
THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST
TABLE1. MRONER!'&
LOCATION
NUMBEN
tFo.1)
MNEML OCCUNFENCES
AT SEAFLOOBSFREMNO CEMRS (FG. 1) (COMNUEO).
SESL@F
LOCATIONl
WAreR gPFEADINO
oEm
ru-mre
(M)
(oum
STRUonJBE
ryPE OF DEPOSN
TAG HYDFOftEFMALnELD (@M.)
AMOFPH.QIZ, HEM.
MAF CBES.IAT 25o48.5'N, 4o59.0'W (ROM
tr A. 1982, 1984i rollA 1984, Tff
2.
LOCATTON
7).
2,7253,295
1.2
FAI.JLTZONE
BETWEENFAULT
BLOCKSOF EASTWru OF
HN VAI.EY N hNOIML
ZOM OF ACTTVEETTENSION
ALOtrIOUNEANSEEMENTOF
SFBEADNOdS.
DISSEMND VEINSULFDES
ry. CHLOHTE.QTZ.
M QV VEINSIN OFEENSTONE
{nEucT).
MARCNESTAT 24021'N.48"12'W (RONAfi
&. 1980: rcM & OnAY 1980: ROM 1984.
TABLE2. LOCAION 8).
3.2@
1.2
FAULTZONEBETWEENFAULT
BLOCKSOF RT VATLEYIN
MF(MI
ZONEOF ACTTVE
EreNSON ALONOUNEAR
gEOMENTOF SMEONO AXIS.
EUHEDMLQTZ OEPOSITED
AT
-3000c rN wo LNNgs AND
MASgvE Q12 N VEINSIN
OREENSIONEW DSSEM
ND vElN gULFIDES{EUCI).
QIZ, CNOHTE, PY. CP.
m cnEgr NEAF23035'N, 46000'W AT E.
N''ESECTION WTH NE FNA TUNEZONE
(OALLIMTI 1984i DEWEY gT [. 1987i
KELTEY& DEWSY 1987).
3,2@3,6@
1.31,4
FAULTSCMS BETWEENFAULT
BLOO<gOF reST WAI OF
Rl T Vffi
N MAMIML ZONE
OF ACTTVE
EXTENgIONNEAF
NTEBSECTION
WTH LONOoFF6Er {-170 ru) TMNSFOil
SEC1IONOF ME FFAC]UFE
ZONE.
QTz-ROI @EENSTONE6FE@NS
W
DISSEMSUFIDES: FLUID
INCLUSONSINOICAE QTZ FNE.
crptrATroN SFWEEN [email protected]
GEUSD; ALIEFED OABBROND
BASALT.
QTZ, ry. CP. CHLOnnE,
AMNiBOLE, SMEC.
1.3
UNEM TOPOORAPHIC
HIOHOF
BASALT&ONE FFE9E T
SFFEADINO
AXIS AT CENTER
OF RFT VAU.EY.
MASSM SULFIDE,DENSE
BFASSY|MASSfVESULFIDES,
FFhBIE, BLACK.
OENSE.BMSSY MASgre
SULFIDES:PY. Zn-RCH
ISOCUBANm, Zn-FICH CP,
PO. MARC. FNhBLE. SUCX
MASSIVESULFIDES:2r
RCH IS@I,BAMTE. SP, PO,
[go N, cov. oHLoETE,
1,4
ELOCK-FAULIEDTOPOOMO
HIOHIN €Y8SE HLLS 60 ru
WESTOF RN VA!B,
ENCRUSTATTON
lreUor) .
TOD.
FAULTZONEBETWEENFAIT
BLOCKSOF EASTWAII. OF
EFT YM
N MAROIML
ZONEOF ACTTVEEXIENSION
EONo LINEAFgEGMENTOF
SPFEADNOMS,
DISSEMSULFDEgAND QTz
PY. QZ. CHLORTE
(ACTTVE). (reNNm).
wrNS rN oFEENS"TONE
FATJLT
FAULT
ZONEBETWEEN
BLOCKSOF EASTWE OF
ffi VILEf IN MROIW
ZONEOT ACTTVEEMNgON.
ENCRJSTANON
UP TO 2.5 CM
ftrc( (FEucT).
SNre M HYDBOHERMALFIELDAT MAR
NEm 8"22.1'N.44057.0'W SAMm BY
@EAN DNUG MOOMM (ODP)HOLES
849 A-.J (ODPLEO 106 SO. PAFTY1986i
HONNOng EI L 1986) AND BY SUilEnStsLE (KAFSONn AL. 1987; THOMPSON
Fl
4L.1988).
WST FUNK OF M AT UT 236N
cFroMPgONF AL. lS75)..
3t
MNEMLOO\A
J) S{UCA.GNEYFEBruS AM
FEDDSHffir|E FMGMNS,
^4,0@
MARCFESI AT 22o30.2'N,[email protected]'W(ROM
EI A!. 1982: ROIIA 1984, TABI! 2. L@AION
t 1).
2.6352,8m
m cnEst AT 18"47.7'N,46'22.8,W (FOM
il AL 1982; nOM 1984, TABLE2, LOCATTON
12; EERHASTET A. 1988).
3,2003,300
mR CFE9TNm 14o56'N.4664'W (RONA
fr AL. 198?: EBEFMFT FI e. 1S8&.
[email protected]
w
cEsT aT 12o48.0.N,4o47.3.W InONA
fl AL. 1982i FOM 1984, TABLE2. L@ATION
l3).
2.2W2.44
1.+
2.O
FAULTzONE MEN
FAULT
BLOCKSOF EASTWM OF
RFT VM
N MRGNAL
ZONEOF ACWE ETGM}ION
IONG UNEM SEOMENIOF
SFEAONG AXIS.
DIS€EM AM
oBEENSTOm
VEN SUFIDES
{reUCT).
EOUATOMLMAN AT UT. l1ON (SONAM FT
AL. 1978AiKngr 1976).
2.7@3,100
2.O
LON@FSEI {300 (M) mNSFOM FAULTSEA!iEI{T OF
YEMAFMCTUNEZONE,
DISSEM ND
VEIN SUFIDES
EQUATOHALMAF AT UT 0" {SONATI fr Ar.
1976A.B. TASLE1: XrST 1978).
[email protected]
2.0
LONG-OFFSETp80 (M)
]mSFOfu
FAULTSEOMENT
OF ROMANCHE
FMCruM
FnACTUT ZONE.
SUFIDE CONCFmONS: Dl$SEM ND €IN SULFDES
(sToc(wonK-TYPE) tN MSABASATT(CHLOBmC)(reUCT).
cp, PYF. PO, GOm,
cHLOm.
MAA CN€STAND FUNKS N SOUTHATLNNC
ocEN BASINSETWEENLAT 28OSND 31OS
(BOSTFOMEI e 1972. TA8LE4; DSOPHOGS
14. 15, 18, 19.20.21,22: F€IEFSEN
1994.
DSDPHOLES519A, 6228. 524).
2 , 11 r
4,475
BASA SEDIMENTILATE CreTACEOUSTO FLEIE'IOCENE
AOE) OVENLYNOBASALTOF
@ENIC CRUSTALUVER 2
ON WEST FLANKOF MSi
BASALTON EASTFLS( OF uR
SEOIMENT|DISSEMSULFIDESN
BASALTIFEUCI].
SIO lN SED0{EMr|PO,
ILMENrG. CHROMIW
gANEL, MAM MAG IN
BASALT.
NO TH FW
OF SOUTtrEST MN
NDOE
AT OSDPSITE251 AT 38.30.3'5, 49029.1'E
(l(Em ET AL. 1974).
3,489
€YSSAL HILI.SON FN(
N @ENIC FIDO€.
BASALreCRYSTMD
CALCIUMCAFBONA]E.RCII SEO
OVEfuYNO BASALTOF @EANIC
cRu9TAL LAWn 2 GEUCT).
METASOMNC ANDNADMC
flDnoogosguN
SANET.
oA&JSEnO HDOEAT 5024,5. 88035.E rN M
NDIAil OCEA (DMTHEVET A. 1970:
ROZNOVA & SAIUM 1971i BATUBN&
rcAOVA 1978i rcM fi AL. 1931).
3.5@
BLOCK-FAULM TOPOERAHIC
HIOHN MARqNALZONEOF
ACTIVEEXTENSONAT IWF
SECTIONOF reST WAI OF
EFI VALLEf WTH LONOOFSfr
(-185 K) RNSFOil
FAULT
SEoMEM OF WAZ FNACTUFEZONE.
A) DISSEMORAINSANDVEINS
lsrocKwonKsl N mFoNEWALLY ALTEreD
.AMmBOLm.
IdEUCT).
ry. @, NENre.
HEM,
Fe MROXDES. MALAcHm. @v.
1.42,O
FAULTZONESBETWEENFNLT
MRoru'lru
&oc(s oF EAsr wA[ oF
tAcrre).
RIN VALEY N MAFOIW
ZONEOF ACre EXENSION
AS€@IAEO W
SEM€NNNE
DhFIBISMNEAREASTEN NOP
TRANSFONM
NTESECTIONOF
UNEANgEOMEM OF SMEADINS
uts wTlt 15020'N FRAoTUE
ZONE.
OF
FFEOMATES
IN
Mn OXDE.
NO INFOMION.
ry, cHLOm
cP, FV. PO, CHLOm.
rN MErAtgTocmoM-ryPE)
BASALT{CHLORMC)GELICT).
B) DISSEMOFAINSAND WINS
IWENM. PO. PEM. Fe
(s"rocMoMs) rN .MsAHDROXIDES. LEU@XENE.
somnc'
omuurE (REucl . mg.
437
HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION AT OCEANIC RIDGES
TSLE 1. IIYO@IHEML
LOCAION
NI,IMBEF
{F|G.1)
MNERE O@JNRENCESAT SEM@F
LOCATONI
SFNEADTNO
CEMEFS (HO. 1) (@MUED).
WATER
DM
(M)
ASYSSALHIG ON SW FhNK OF CAESAEFO
HDOE AT DSDPSrrE 236 AT 1040,6'5.
67035.9',E{CSONAN
Er e. 19741.
sffiLooF
SPFEADINO
HS-MTE
(CMM
4,87
@MA EDGE AT 41O31'N, 127O27'W(CLAOUE
tr ,|L. 1984, TABLE8i CUOUE & HOLMES
r985).
MNCSD
ME
SIRI.JCTIJBE
OF DEPOStr
MNEMLOOT
BASA SEDIMENT
OVERLYING
BASIT OF OCEANICCRJSI&
LAreF 2 FEUCT).
F*RCH (< 28 PERCENT)
FtIASES: MINEFAL@YNOT
SPECIFIED.
FAULTZONEAT BASEOF MST
WALL OF EFT VALLEYIN ZONE
ONTMNS\GRSE SINUCTUML
DIS@MNURBffiN
SOIJIHES ND CEML SECNONgOF @RDA NDOE.
A) SIMIFONM, UYERED |nON
SIUCATESWTH HOLESPFOOUCEDBY WON IltsES
(nEucl.
NOM MRLAYEFED W
ALTEFEDDFMAL SEO
(ruTE, SMEC.CIORm,
qz, uo).
AFYSSALHLIS ON MK
AN OCEANICROOE.
OF
Mn
8IFN. TOD.
B) STiltrOil,
LAreM
OXDE FFEqMA]ES INIEF
UYEFEO M
NONT(FEUCT)
ErAGE OF OPENIf,OOF N OCEAr,lEASIN
|mMEDIATE-
TO FAST-6PNEADINA(MLF nATE > 2 CN$/Y)
40
DEIIWOODSEAMOIJMSAND DELWOOD
xNoLLS NEAn 50o48',N,130o53'W (HpEF Er
AL. 1975i RDDIHOUOH
Er AL. 1980i BLAISE
ET AL. 1984i OFOSS1987).
NOl
OATA?
IHNEE ANDMO BASINC
VOLOAI{CPEAKS,NESPECM-SF
TIVELY.OFIENTED
ON THE FLANKSOF AC1TVE
AGs.
SPREAOINO
Fe ND ZFRCH SEMI-CONSOUDATEOSEDND ITEFED
Mn-ECH
BASALTW
ENCRUS"IANONg.
NO rMonmroN.
41
NOFTHERN
SEOMENTOF DGLOFERBDOE (SE
EXpLOnEROEEp)NEAF60o06'N, 18o45'W
IoRLL Er AL. 1981),
3,@03,200
MEDANHDGEFLANrcD BY
BAANS N
SEDIMEMIAFY
AXIAL ZONEOF VOLCNIC
ErII{JSION ALONOUNES
SEOMEMIOF N| T VALTEY.
(EUqD.
A) ENCFTJS'IANON
NOM (6MEC).
B) ENCBI.ls.lAr]ON(FEUCr).
Bm, TOO.
42
SOUTmT SEOMEmOF DGLOnElt FOQE,
uqc
Motffim
srE, NEm 49's'il.
130o18'w (S@TT ET AL. 1884, 1986i SCOn
1987: C}IASEE AL. 1985A, 1988i nNNCLjFFE
Fr AL. 1988).
1,@
FAI,.'LTSCMF6 N MANGNAL
2ONE8 OF A TTVEDCENSON
EONO 9 KJ LONGUTCM
6EOMEIf' OF TWO PMLTEL
VALTEYSAND NTEFVEiIING
HOOENlTEffiEC]ED gY OFTHOOONALFNASTRE 6YS'IEM.
MASSYESULFIDESIN ^,60
TilDFONEFMAL YEI{IS, CHMNEYS.ANO NDMDUAL MO'NDS
tJPTO 20 M N DhM. VI}IICH
@AE9CE TO FOEII STRATIFOW MOUNDAUP TO 2OOM
rN DM. X 26 M HIOH(E.S.,
PMEEAU DEPOSF|ACINE).
CP, W, 8P, WUFZ'TE,
BAn, Pt, NOFft STUCA.
4:I
ABYSgALHLL.gATWESIERFLNOF
DGLOF€R FjDOEAT 49.40.5',N. 131.68.2'W
(BOF0'IHOLD
fi AL. 1981).
44
EMEAVOR gEOMEMTOF THEJUANOE RJCA
FIDGECFESTAT 47068.7',N,129006.8'W
(MOBOAN& AELr. 1984i HAliiMOlD Er AL.
1984i mFslEN FI A. 1984i MEFOEOrcUP
1985. 1980).
1984: TryEY & ENEY
45
3.0
PAfiILY SED @VEREDABY€SAL
HlLs 1@ nr WESTOF
gPEADNO AXIS.
Mn-OXDE AND FFOXDE
BASAL!|NTI 10 CAI IHO( OF
MINERAI.S.
MEIALTFEFOIJSUJTrlE @NTAINNOABUNONT F6 Ai|D MN
OXDE FNAGi'IENISND OWNE
BASALTCLII}TS OWRYNO
N 1.8-M
SASALTNECOVERED
LOIIO SEDMENI @NE (REUCT).
FATJLT
SCSPS N UFOINAL
ZON€SOF ACTVE EXTEXSION
AT BAgE OF WESI WAIL
ALONOUNEM SEOI'ENIS
OF THEM VALIfl AEOUT
20 Kil LONo.
(AC]M).
MASSTVE
STJLFIDES
PY, PO, CP, 8p, Wur{rZTE, MArc, SF, AI'OFPI{
gIUCA, CHALCEDONV.
SFLII SEAMOUNTNEANCOBSOFFSFI OF JtJN
oE FUCARDOENm 47035'N,128"56'W
(MIJME
& CLAOUE1883: CNNE ET AL.
1985),
A 450 M-HIOHFMTED VOL.
CNO IN AXhL ZONEOF
volcANrc ExrRUgroNroNo
ovEnuPPlNo SFFESINO
CEMIEF (@EB.OFFSFD.
FeRCH NOMr CBUSr DFEoAED
AT @BB-OFFSET(AC'ITVE).
NONT.TOD. BIM.
.$. AMA, AXNT VALIfY OF JUN OE FUCA
RDOE NEAR48050'N. 128025',W{CNg g"r
AL.1985),
a 20 m-LoNo, 2@ M-HroH
DOMEDffiA INOSEDBY MF
FOW RFT ALONOSPNEADING
ZONEOF VOLAXIS N dA
CANC EMUSON.
MOUNDSNO @ALESCED
HOTOORAPHED,
CHIMNEYS
ASS@IA]ED WfiH WAIEN
TEMFEMIUBEANOMAIIES
lAcTIvE).
NO NFOAMAIION.
BFOWNBE* SENOUMI ADJACEM TO Uru
AT CEM
SEAMOI.JNT
JUS DE FUCARDQE
NEAF46om,N. 130o33'W(SAMSON1985)i
VOLCANICSEAMOUM.
POLYBASALT@ATEO W
MrrALlC OOSSANlnEUCl,
NO INFORMAION.
FIS9IJFEDCAIJ)EM I1O X 5 KM)
MAFENTLY
OF SEAMOUNT
MRSECTED SY SPRE$NO
AXIS NO AT INTENSECTION
WITHSEilOIMI CHAIN.
MAS TVESIJLFtrES,SULFATES.
lN vEm
SLToATESm offis
HELDSAT NE AND SW SEC'
IONSOFCADEFA. COMPOSITIONOVEN IS OF SULFIDE
c}owEY (AcnvE).
MArc. gAR,
SP. WUfiZIE.
NOFFH
SIUCA, MNOF
CP, OAL, TE'T.
AT CFES'IOF CEMTRAL
AXAT SEAMOTJNI
JUN
DE FUCAHDOE NES 46069'N. 130.04'W AT
NTENSECTION
WlH COBB-EIrcL8EROSS(MALAHOFF
MOUNI CIIAN
E.TAL. 1984i CUSE
ET AL. 19858r I1mNOTON Et &. 1988).
2.0902.1&
1,500
AT LEA6T7 ACTNE WM 2ONE8 A) NOULAR SLAFSOF OARI(
(30-50 M
QFEYZFEqI SULFDE
N NAnFOWOruR
Ai AcnE).
WDE BY 10'30 M DEEP)IN
fm
TOPOOFAMC H&H EONO
AXhr zoNE oF voLcNrc
EXINUSIONNEAFNTERSECTION
OEY
wm LONGQFFSEI {-350 KM) B) SPONOY-TEXruNED
F&FOOR SUTFDEfTwE
TMNSFONMFAULTOF BLAN@
Br AcTrvE).
FnACTUREZONE.
sOUTHENNJUN OE FUCA HDOECFESTNEM
4039',N, 130622'W NOm OF NTEFAEqnON
W
E-AN@ MC]Ure ZOM OEWEY FT
AL. 1991rJONESgT AL, 1981:lOnmAFK&
CLAOUE1983r Nonmn( EI AL. 1982, 1993
KOSKIET [. 1g&1, 1S85A.BiBll]C]lOF Er I
1983: U.8. OEOLOQICI SuFvEY. JUN DE
ET &. 1ggl.
FUCASIUDY OFOIJP1986; ffi
NOR'TH
WAU OF BF GOMA OffiS9ION IN
THE BLNCO TFANSFOFMFAULTNEM
43013',N,1276@'W(ffi
E e. 1S88.
Tff4).
2.3004.1@
3.0
WU OF TFAMiFOfi4 FAULT
EXPOSINOALTENEDBASETS.
OABBROS.AND
ONEENSCHIST
OFEENSCHISIBFE@AS.
OISgEMAND VEN $JLFDES N
OSBROS ND
GFEENSCHISI
ONEENSCIIISIBFE@IAS.
n, cP, sP, wumzrE,
MINOFOAL, MAO. OOETH,
HEM, MARC, ISOCT'ENnE,
ANHYLtrz$re,
ANASTASE.
STffiTE,
MMmY
F+POOF
M OPALNE
@IOFOil
srucA.
pENr, FO, n USSEM
IN OFEEN9CHIT'T
GABBNOS;
CP. SP. ry, N, OAL N
CHLOM ENS ANO
DISSEMIN ALTEFED
BAgALTAS FMOMENTS
N OMENSCHISTBFECCA,
438
IABE
TIIE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST
1.
HYCIROTHEFMAL MINEMI
LOCATION
NUMBEN
lFlG. 1)
O@UNFENCES
AT SEAFLOOA SPFEADTNO CEMFS
LOCAIONi
WA]EF
DEM
IM)
SEAFL@F
SruADNG
HM-FATE
lCM/Y)
aonDA HDGECREgrNEAn42.59.N, 126034,w
1FOM E.I L 1995i BA(ER ET AL. 198i€;
NELSEN
ET AL 1987).
SIFIJCTUre
IMMECTINO NE.SW AND
N-S FAULTZONESBflWEEN
VOLCANICHDOEIONG
SMEADINOAXIS AND EAST
wuoFHnvAg.
GOMA FDGE CMST NEAR 42O46'N.
126o42'w (rcM & CLAOUE1986i NELSEN
tr AL. 1987iHOWAm & nSK 1Sa6.1388J.
2,7@3,100
OONDARDGESITESALONOAXS BETWEEN
42"42'N. 128645'WND 42"4a'N. 126042'W
ANDOFF-AX|SNEAF42045'N.126042'w
& FBK 1988),
fiowm
2,6003.520
CEMNAL NOM PACTFIC
@EAN BASIN
SE'TWEEN
UNUDES 32ONANO41ON
(DYMONDEr A. 1973. TABLES2, 8: OSDP
9lTE637, 38, 39),
3,01G
BOLEOCOFFEND€TRCT, CENTML BAN.
cArF. NSAR27o20,N,112o20'W(W[-gON
{FG. 1 ] (MMNUED)
NPE OF DEPOSrI
NO NFOnmnON (ACWE).
I|fGNSECTINGNE-SW AND
MNAIIFENOUS SEOg, AL]EFED
N-5 FAULTZONESBOUNDNO
BASALTSAND POSSIBLE
SOUNEM ENDOF ANOMOUS
MASSIVESUFDES IACTTVE).
RDGE(1 X 0.6 O NDE BY
50 M HrOH)AT MD-DEPrtl
12.7@ M) ON EASTWAI OF
EN VALLEYNO AT JUNCTUFE
BETWEEN
TM BASEOF ]HE
EASTWATLAND NE FL@F OF
rHE Fn vArB {3,1@ M).
2,8
FL@R AND EASTWAI OF
NFT V&LEY.
BASI SEO(32-@ M.Y.)
OVEFLYNOBASALTOF
ocEANlc cBus"ru uwR 2.
MINEMLOOY'
ffiY AND ATACAMITEIN
WATEF@LUMN.
BOEHMre COATINGBASAT
TAUS AT BASEOF EAST
WU. NOMALOUSLYHIGH
COFPER 6!MM
N
UYERS IN MSTALUFEROU9
SEDS:ANW AND ATACAMtrE PAFTCLESIN WATEB
COLUMN.
NN FILMSOF HYDROTHENMAL Fe SD Mn OXDES m
reCMA]ES
ON BASALT
HYDNOXDES.NO}.IT,
suFAcEs.
BOEHMrIE,TALC. P', gP.
SEDilENI (NEUCTi.
@ffi,
F*HCH MOI'IT
(SMEC), Mn lryDno)(YoxDEs.
0
@ASIAL BELTOF FAULTED
$DESmC VOLCANICS-@ ff
reSI OF SFFEADNOAXIS N
GUAYMASBASN OF THE OULF
OF CAIIFORNIA.
msgvE. DrgSEMNo sr@KWOH( SULFIDESND MN
ENCEJS'ANONSIN LAYENSUP
TO 5 M TlfC( HO8'IEDN
ru@ENE INTEFBEDDED
TUFF
AND TI'[email protected] OF NDES'TIC OOMFO.
STNONBETWEEN
50 ND 260 M
mo(
cruc@fiE,
cP, BN. @V,
M]TVE COPPEF,PY. OAL
@PFEN OXDES, CAFBOMTES, SIUCATES,
oncH.oBrDEs. cRYFroMruE,
rymursrlE,
oYPS, CArc|TE, OULCEDOi{Y, JA6FN
DSDPHOLE471 IHNOUOHNE DSTAL POFNON
OF A DEEPSS FN WSI OF NE FooT OF
I}€ COMMNTA SLOPEOF BAJA. CAIF.
AT 23o28.9.N,1i2o:8.8'W (LE|NEN
19A11
DEVIM & LENEN1981I.
3.Id)
BASAI MEIATUFEFOIJ8SM
OF MDDLE MImENE AQE
(14.5-16 m) OWnLmO AND
NTENCMTED WTH ALTEtrD
OhSA9E SLLS @NSDENEDTO
MVE FOqI'ED AT A FOFMEN
AXS OF THE EM.
A) MASStrE SUFOE IN LAYER
-35 c$' THCK.
ry, CP N SP IN CHEFT
M CALCIE OANCUE.
NP HOLE4A2C N SED-FILLEDVAJ.IEY12 &
E. OF HE dIS OF HE EM ND 15 ru S, OF
TMYO FnAC]UFE ZONSAT 22O4?.3'N.
107o69,6'W {STF8OAFDSCTENInCPffi
1983).
2.99€
8€D-NLJ..ED
VM
IN ABYSSA
HILLSON EAS'I FLS( OF A
SFNEADNOAXIS^INCRIJ9T
ABOUr0.5 X 100Y OD.
WN 2-3 CM HDE ND JO CM
LONGIN BA6[T PffiTLY FILIED
WITHSUMES. CAFSOMTES
ND AOUTES| WSICLESN
A PNONOUNCED
ALTEMT]ON
ruO ffi LNED WTH SMECAND
PSTLYFIIEDWryAND
CAFBOMTE.
SMEC, ry. CALCrE.
BL@K-FAITED N FISI'IjFEO
MANOIW zONE OF AC]IVE
DCTENSION
IONC LINEANSEQMEM OF A SEAFL@R
SruADNO AXI8.
A) MSSTVE SI,JLFIDE
MOUNDS
SUR{OUNIED BY OIMEYS
3 TO 10 M H|GH (ACrrVE).
F. @, mRC, SP,
WUFrZITE, CIJBAMTE,
DIOEMTE,MTTVESLWR.
6) EXTERORALTEnAIOX ZONE
ON MASSNESULFIDE
MOUNDSAND CIflMNEYS
(REUCT).
@EIH. UMONTTE,
NOMT
(aossANs PnooucEo BY
OXDATIOXOF SIJLFDES.
.ONEEN' SUBMARNEVOLCSO
AT 20O48.2'N. -2.000
109o17'W.11 ru W. OF Em AXS (LONSDATT
fl [. 198i2;ALT rr A. 1987).
CALDEM ND trT CNATENSON
VOLCNIC SEMOUMT.
Fe OXDE SEOIVEM AND
ENCRJSTATIONS,
MASSM
suFDES, gUrrArcg ao
oHLOROES(MCTTVE).
p/, cp, Bm, ATACAMm,
QTz. OPAL, CHALCEOOW,
MINORgAL. 8P.
"FED SUBMENE VOLCANO
AT 206'A.2'N.
109.22.7',W.r8 K w. OF Em MS
(LONSDM n AL. 1982:aLT tr aL 1s87).
CAT.DEFA
OF VOLCANICSEAMOUm.
Fs OXDE SEOS,CHMNEYSS
F+Mn ENCFUSTANONS
(ACTTVE).
AMOBFHFo-OffiDROXDE.F*SIUCATE
OOND FeRCH TALC NO
SULROEEMNS IN NOM.
NORTTEAStr
PACXFIC
NODUE ffi
(BISCHOFF 4.45
& FOSENBAUEn
192, TABLE2) NEAA15o12.2'N.
126.68.8'W.
AOYSSALHLTS BETWEEIT
CLAIION ND CUPFEATON
FFACIUFiEZONES|ME"IALSEFOUS SEDMEM MY BE
reUCT.
gEDTMEMT
(reUC!.
OLOBULE9AV, 1@ Fn
DN. @MPOSEDOF
OPAQUEFEDDISH-YELLOW
AOOFEOAIESND DE'TNF
TAL MINEMLSOF LOw n.l.i
MG
NOUNTS OF
FADIOWS DEBRS,VOLcANrc olAss MtcRoNODULES.
CLMON FMCTUre ZONENEARUWANAN
ROOEAT 14'N. 153OW(BEIEFS@F fr AL.
1982)
TROUGH2ruWOEBYTru
LONON FMCTUre ZONE.
Em CFESTAT UT. 21oN (CYAMEX19791
RSg r980i HEml{N €T AL. 1980: m\.MAN &
TUSINEF 1981: BTSCHOSEI A. 1983).
-2.0@
[email protected]
B) MEI&UFEROUSSEDtN
NO INFOF6{A1'ION.
ureF -5 CM I!0CK INIEF
CALATEDW
ALTEFED
gL],s
DIASASE
MHN 80 MTHICKSECTIONFENETMTD.
OASALME"TruFEROT,SSED
gMT.ANTO TUT OESCRBED
FROMHOLE 471 WAS
FE@VENEDFNOMHOGS
4@, 470 ND 472 AL90
L@AIEO W. OF BM. CM
(ACTIVEI
ENCFUSTANON
F+Mn OXDE CnUSTg
comaNNe s|ucEous
MIEFruA3S@. W
NOMLOUSTY Wffi
NEAFBONOM WATER.
HYDROTHERMAL
MINERALIZATION
439
AT OCEANIC RIDGES
AT SEAFLOOR
SruAONC CENIEre lNG. 1) (COMNUEO).
TABE 1. WDFOTHEMAL MNEML OCCUNFENCES
LOCATION
NUMBER
(FrG.1)
DEM
tM)
LOCAIONi
IOON AND 15'N (CBONN
EF BETIVEEN Ul
1973. TABLE 1i DSDP SreS 159. 160. 161.
162. 163).
4.5004.940
&
EFN NES 11ON ND 12"50'N (BMRD
FMNCHETEAU 1980i HEKINIAN ET AL, 1983i
MERUVaT n AL. 1987; HEKNIAN & FOUQUET
1985, TABLE 9).
2,630
SEAFL@R
SPREADNG
HALF-Mre
tcM/$
4.5
smucTunE
BASE SEDMEM IEAFLYCOMPANIN TO UlE OUGOCENE)
OVEFLYNGMSALT OF @EANIC
CRUSTALUER 2 ON WEST
FLANKOF @EANIC HDGE.
MAL ORSEN 2@-600 M WDE
IN MAL ZONEOF VOLCANIC
ETMUSDN ANO FLA( OF
voLcNrc sEMouNrt 6 0
EASTOF SFFEADINOgIS AT
12.42'N.103"62'W.
NE
OF DEFOST
SEDMEM (FEUCr).
SED ENCFUSTAION.AND MASSNE SIJUIDE MOUMS SURMOUNTEDBY CHIMNEYS(24
ACM. OOFEUCT)DBTHzuTEO
ALONO20 ru-LONG UNEm
sEoMEMr OF SrumNO AXIS
AND OGER MASSM SULNDE
DEPOSITsN AFEA (8@ X
2@M ON SUMMTAND
FUNK OF OFF-MS VOLCANIC
SAMOUNT.
MINEMLOOT
OOSTH,F*RCH MONT
(SMEC). Mn mrcXYoxtDE.
MNOrcE. ruHrTE
ry. MAFC. CP W.IH A
HIOH CINIEI'II OF
COBALTN CEFTAIN
SAMFjI-ES,Fe
WDROrcE.
A) Cu-RICHCHIMNEY.
B) Zn-ACH CHmNry.
C) Fe AND Cu-HCH [,1ASSm
SULFDE.
EPRCruST NEARhT 1OONlBA%
19nJ,
N AL.
1.827
CALOEM OF VOLCNIC SEAMOUNT15 tr FBOMNE RDOE
dE.
(nEUCT).
ENCFT,JSTAION
"ONGE BNOM
SPONOYND EAFTW
MATERAL.' MOBABLY
OOETH.
CAIDEM OF VOLCANICSEAMOUIfT30 (M FROMTHE FIOGE
AXIS.
NODULES(nEUCr).
sm.
Em cresr AT 8048'N.103654'W(LONSOALE
E-r[. 1980).
1.875
HESSDEEPAT NTERSECNON
OF OAWAQOS
SFNEADING
CEME NO EM NEAR2'15'N.
101o30'w{MURDMM& rOaNOvA 1976i
BOaNOVA 1976i BUilETT & Pl%R 1977i
scHMfz fr AL. 1982).
5.1006,440
BAgINgAT
SEMFENCLOSED
TAIFLEJUNCTION.
OALAPAOOS
UTMED SED ANOF*M
ENCRUSTAIONS(*uCT).
TALC. SMEC' PO' TROIUIE'
FFMnMINEMI,S.
gruADNO CENIENAT 2"30'N.
GALAPAOOS
95o10'.W{MOOFE& VOGT1970,T€G 1).
2.6@
BL@K-FAULTEOTOPOGMFHIC
HCH N MARGNALZONEOF
AC1IVEEXTENSON.
ENCFUSIAION (EUCT).
BIN. TOD.
CEMB NEAF86'W
OMPAOOg SPFEADING
(ruNS
n AL. 1974:mlss n t. 1977r
LUP.IONET AL. 19Zi ruN(HAMMER ET &.
ET AL.
1977:JENKNSfl AL. 1978:EDMONO
1979A.Bi COruSS FI AL. 1979iCmNE &
BAuFD 1S8O).
2,4*2.500
MAL ZONEOF VOLCN|c
EMUSION ALONOUNEM
OF A SEAFLOOR
SEOMEMT
gPFEADNSilE.
(ACTTVE).
A) ENCFUSTATTON
MNOXIDES(MINERAL@Y
NOTSPECFD).
OALAPAOOgSMEADINGCEMB AT 85"23'W
(MALAHOFF
fl AL. 1S80,1983).
2.5002.800
NTEreECNONOF AXII ZONE
OF A SEAFLOOBgFBEADINO
FAULT
RNSFOil
AXS M
SECTIONOF A FFACTUrezONE.
ENCruSTAION (REUCT)
OAUPAQOSSMEADINOCENTEFNEAR0"45'N.
1982A.8)ANDAT 0o45.3'N,
85"50'W (MOFF
85o49.5'WISKmOW A @LEW r982i
1i MARCHIO
BACGR & LANOE1987, lSG
ET AL. 1987; EMBLEYET AL. 1988i HEFSIO
fl AL.. N ruS$.
2.600'
2.850
FEUCTMSSNE SIJLFIDEBODY
AT NOFMI FAULTSIN MARCII.
N[ ZONEOF ACTIVEEXENSIONALONGUNES SEGMEMT
OF AN ANOMEOUSDOUBG
AND
RN VALLEY(NORTHEBN
SOUNEil RFI VALLflS).
ST@MORKS gPOSED IN
HOFSTBLOCKOF AL]EFED
BASALTBETWEENNOMEFN
AND SOUNEN FIfr VUEYS.
ACTNESUME CHIMNWS
SUFrcINDED BY MOUMS N
AXnL ZOM OF VOLCSIC
E{rR|sroN.
PY. CP SP.
A] MASSIW SULFIDEBODY
APPAFEMY UP TO 10@ X
150 M BY 35 M HIGHFOMD
OF COMSCED MOTJNS
EST.Wt. -10 X 10o
IPRSLIM.
TONNES)IN SOUTHEMRtr
VAIEY. IMMilJAL MAgSryE
SULFIDEMOUNDSIN NOFIHEFN
ST VALLFY, gIOCMORKg
OF SIUCA, CLAYSAND $L.
FDES IN ITERED BASALTS
(REUCT].
gOUfr FNK OF COSTARICAHN AT
1"13,6'N. 83.43.8'.WIDSOPHOLE50481
FI AL.
SCEMNC PAR 1980i ANDERSON
1932iaLT EI A. 1988A.Bl.
WreS FMCTUre ZONE-EPFIMERSECNON
NES UT 9oS IVANAVAS 1988).
2.8S3.500
!.5
3.0
B) SEDIMEM (AC']]VE).
Mn OXIDEimEnAOOY
NOTSPEOFIED.
SEDS.
B) METALLIFEBOUS
1< en rm mCION) lN
ffDRONEFMAL MOUNDS
FORMINOAROUNDCHIMNEYS(ACWE).
OPAL-A AND CT' SMEC.
MINMIXED-LAYER
EilLS, GOffi. MINOR
ry AND CP. QZ' FELD.
C&Cm.
C) MFALLIFEFOUSSEDS.
(< 63 !m mCnON)
SNUAED 5 TO 1OOM
FBOMWM OWSIDE
MOUNI (ACruE].
gON. Mre}UWR
MNEmLS. SMEC.
OPAL-CT' QZ. N'
FED, KAOUNre,
AN&OME. JAROSM.
D) SIUCAOTMNEYS{INACTVE).
OPAL-Ary (CFYSIALSUP TO
1 CM). CP. SP. CHLOHTE
UUMOm.
QrZ, TIC
Mn-OrcES. F+OXIDES.
HYDROXDE€TTOPSOF
cores).
3,25
ABYSSALH|LLSON FUN(OF
MENC ROGEtN 8 X lOOY
OLD @EN|c CruST,
DISSEMSUFTDESMANLY *)
IN AL'IEFEDBASAT CORED
BETWEN 275 AND 1075 M
ffirN ocilNtc cFusrAL
UYEF 2i STOCKWOKSUFIDES
IABUNOAM ry. CP. SPI COMO
BETMEN 635 AND 655 M WNN
OCEANICCBUST& LAWB 2
treucTl.
7,5
SED OWruYNO BA3&1 IN A
FmcTu* zoNE ACROSS
IMBECION WA
ffistNG
AXS.
MflaUFEROUS COMPONEMlN
CALCAFEOUSSEDIMEMS
(ACTwE).
440
THE cANADIAN MrNERALocrsr
TABIE 1. HYONOTHENMAL
MNEML OCCUFFENCES
AT SESL@N SMADNO CEWNS (FIG. 1) {COMNUED).
L@ANON
NUMBEB
{FtQ.1)
79
OEPT}I
(M)
LOCAIONI
SEAfuOOR
SFFEADINC
ff-mE
tcM/Yl
srRicTum
ME OF DEPOSTT
MINEf]ffi
EPnAT 10638'S.109o36'W.F*RCH FFiACTTON 1.790GONAM & JOENSUU1906. TABLE1. FnAC2,130
NON Ai VEEH& BC|STFOM
1971.TABLEI).
7,6
EM BETreEN LAT 9O8-13OS(BOSTNOM
E-I
{. 1976.TABLE6: DSDPHOLES319, 320,
321).
4.3@.
4.830
7.5
BASALSEDIMEM (UTE
ouoocENE To ouAremffi)
OVEfuYNGSSALT OF
OCESlc CNUSTALLAYER2
ON EA T FUNK OF OCENIC
ROOg.
sofrEm
EFACRESTBETWEEN
UT 12OS-14OS
A FETERSON
I98. TABLE3:
{BOSTROM
wEH & FOSTFOM
1971,TABLE1).
2.9904.210
8.0
OCESIC RDGECFEST,
SEDIMENT{FEUCT).
Em cresT N vcNnY oF l66s ILUpION &
cAAro 1981).
3.r00
M
ZONEOF VOLCANO
EXIF1JSION.
DEPostrs TNFERnEo
F@M 3k
AND CH. ANOMALJES
N SEAWAER (ACrrVE).
NO IMOMNON,
Em AXS BETWEEN
17054.SAm 18038'3
{BACGF n L 1985),
2,600-
NTENSECIONOF @ABEM}
M
TOPOOFAFHCHIOH
CEMENEDAT 18O30'SN
AXhL ZONEOF VOLCANIC
EXTRUSION.
A) SULFIOESAS CTIMNEYSND
A9 MEU
N NSSUFES.
VOIDSAND DIS{iEMIN
ALTEnEDBASITS (ACTTVE).
pY.lsoqJNm.
zrNc sulFtoEs.
B) MFTAUJFENOUSSEOS
lAcTtvE).
NO INFOMNON.
Em CFESTAT 20oS ICnAG 1981: BAum
ET AL 1t81i HUC€ONET AL. 19811
FNANCHEISU & BALLAFD1983.
-3.000
VOLCANICSEAMOUNTNEAN
RDGEAXIS.
A) ENCRUSTATION
lreUCT).
B) ENCFUSTANON
GEUCT).
(reucl.
Mn OXOE (ASSUMEDTO
TO BE BIRNANDTOD.).
OOFH. F*FlCll MOI{I
tsMEc), k wDrcroxtDEs.
GOETH.FeqCH MOM
{SMEC). Mn HYDnOXYoxrDEs.
@.
9.5
TOpOGFSHC HIOHALONC
UNEAFSEGMEMT
OF AXIAL
ZONEOF VOLCANCEXTRUsloN.
MASSTVE
SULFIDEMOUNDA
SUFMOUNTED
BY CHIMNEYS
NFERNEDFFOMOEEP-SEA
HOTOS OF OOTA INDICATIVE
OF ACTTVEFryOROTHEFru
WT'ITSND @OCHEMICAL
ANOMAUESIN WATERCOLUMN
ffOT& otSSC[vAgE Mni aHei
cH, {ACTTVE).
NO INFOWAT]ON.
Em AXS BETWEEN
20030,5ND 21.45'5
(MCXERfi AL. 1985).
2,7762,950
9.0
tmRs€cTtoN oF AXAL
TOPOGSMO
OMBENs M
ROH C€r.ITENED
AT 21OS'S.
N ME ZO{E OF VOLCANIC
EXTRUgON.
gULFIDESAS CHIMMYS ND
AS MATEFru N BASALT
BFECCASND ryNtrE O€SEW N BASALT(ACTIVE).
ry. Mm. @. t80cuBANnE,
cov, 8P,
wuFtztrE.
m AXS BETreN 21024.0'S.114017.1'W
sD 21030.2.8,114o18.0,W{MARCHO
A
onUNDLACH1387).
2,@
9.0
OFABENSEONO SPFEADNNO
AXS STHN AXru ZONE
OF VOLCAMCEXIFTJSION.
AT LEASI 1OVEM ZONESIN
r0 fi Drs'rNcE roNo
SFFEADINOAX[} (ACTIVE).
NO MOMIION.
8.0-
ocEA{c moaE cnEsT.
9.0
TOPOQffiIC HGH ALONO
EOOEWIN M
ZONEOF
VOLCANICEXTnI€ON NEAq
JTJNCIUNE
BETWEEN
SPFEADNOAXE SO ]WSFOFI,IFAUT.
9.0
JUNCTUNE
8ETreEN A E@E
NOP|EM MASSIVESULFIDE
AND A OFABENWTHN M
OTMMYS (ACTM).
ZONEOF VOLCANOEXIRUgON.
PY. Cp. SP.
EM CFESTBETWEEN1O"SAND 25OS(HEAB
& DWOND 1977).
Em AXS AT 23.32,0'3. 115034.0.W
& OFUNDLACH
1987}.
{MAPCHTO
-3.@
[email protected]
Em AXS AT 26012.3'8.112"38.8,W
1987).
IMANCHG& GFUNOLACH
SEOMEM (RSUCT),
AT LEASTO VENI ZONESIN
2 W OI TANCEALONO
9FREADNOsrs (AClm).
MOFH TO POONLY
re
Fqh
mrcxoE,
@EH,
8-Mnq, Fo-t{CH S[4EC.
NO lNFORli4ATlON.
85
WESTruUmNE B StN AT DSp Sm 291
lBoMm Fr a. 197S).
6.217
ilC(.ARC BASINON FLAN( OF
MCM
SruADNO CENTER
SASALSED OVEETNG BASALT
OF OCENIC CFUSIA MYEF 2
(nEucT).
sMEC. 00m, o$oPIIUTE. OTZ. FED.
88
WEgTroMNE
BASN AT DgDPSITE 294186
IBoNATTTn AL. 1979).
6.7*
ECK.ANC BASINON FN( ON
MCNVE SF€EADINO
CENTEB.
BAgAL 6ED OWEYNO ilSAT
oF ocilrc
cFusra uEn 2
lnEucT).
HEM,QZ. ED,
SMEC.
87
FDOE BETWEEN
9E NM
LAT 16' AND 4OOS
(BOSTROM
ET AL. 1969. TABLE2).
2,6204.990
@ENIC FIDGECREST,
SEOIreNT GEUCTJ.
NO INFOF$.IATION.
AXAL TROUOHALONGSNKE
OF q,Jt"FOF CAUF. SEAFL@B
SFREAONGMS.
SULFIDES DISSEM N WELL
SCALE AND FESERVON NOCKS
(ACIIVE).
m[
SCAIET BN,
OGENM. @. CHAL@.
CI]E. 8]NOMEYEtrIE.
NANVESILWR.
2.+3
@*.
N. gEDIMENLIOSED-I]EEOSIIS
EffiLY STAG OF OPWINO OF AI{ OCEANBASIN
sLow-SPReADNO (ru
NOKOm
rmMBnTE88
ME
< 2 CUry)
LOCAIONS.
TO FAgT-gpmtNO
(ff
mE
SATON SEA OF IMPEML VAIEY. BilA.
cuF. NEAR33"30'N. 118oWI9KNNERn [.
1967rELDEFIS
197€).
> 2 CUft)
O
FESERVOIR
FOCK€:
sP. ry. po, cP, gal.
w.
Bo$EMND AT 32"14,N. 1170&'W
{LONSDAE1979).
1.800
SCtr OF NE SN CLEMEM
SIR(E.SUP FAULTZONE.
SEDMEM
IMCTI.
m.
MI
HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION AT OCEANIC RIDGES
TABLE1. HYDROTHEB!'AT
MNEML OCOJPfiENCES
AT SESLOOF SFFEADNOCENIERS(NO. 1) ICONTNUED).
LOCANON
MJMBEF
{Ftc. 1l
DEM
(M)
LOCAnONi
SEAFLOOR
SPMADNG
lff-MTE
{CMIY)
TYF€ OF DEPOSN
STRJCTUFE
NOffiES AAJA.C0F. AT 31045'N.
r16o45'W(UDALEr AL. 1979, 1981).
3.0@
&ONG AQUABUNCA FAULT
ZONE.
(ACTIVE).
ENCFUSTANON
OUAYMASBAgN IN OUF OF CM. AT
27618,N,111o32.W(BISCHOF& HENyEv
1974; SOEmFlc Pmfl 1979i LO{Sru
fl
AL. 1980i LONSOALE1980i TGSnER &
OESGS. 1981i9MONEn& LONSDM 1982:
LONSDruI a BEC(En 1985i MNI{NOTON
ET AL. 1986).
2,000
VMOUS $TNNOS INCLUDING
*AL ZONEOF YOLCANIC
EXTRUSION.
FATJLT
SCSPS
N MNONI ZONEOF ACTIVE
MNgION. ANON gOUNEil
TROUGHNES IMIEFSECNON
WTH ACUABLNCA FAULT
ZONE.
OWR 120 ENCRUSTAT]ON
(SINIER)ND MASSIVESULME MOIAOS SUMOUNTED
AY CHIMNEVSUP TO 30 M
HroH(ACM).
CffiEN. FAMION. PESCADENO
BASINS
oF GULFOF CruF. 240-270N.1900-111.W
iHEtN& YEH1979).
3.0
MRANA MOUCH, MOUNDSWDFOTHEFM&
AREANEm 18"05'N, 19o10'E {HEoAffi Fl
AL. 19€0;LEINEN
& mESON 1981i
HOsm s [. 1983i LEINEN
Fr AL.
1987j.
MffiNA ]ROUOHND WESTMAfiAM NDOE.
vAFrous LocAroNs FRoM 12"-28oN (ErN
Fr [, 1987,TAELES3. 11).
3.0
3,9@
MNgNELD s]MN BAEN AT IHE ANTANOTC
PENIN9JLANEm 6305. 60'w (6UESO1!871
BMLtrT & glMONEr 1S87; SCHLOSSSF
ET AL
1987).
MINEMLOOY?
F*RCH TALC. SMEC.
CP. FO.
BAF, M.
rs@usANm. mFc. sP.
oa, AMoRm sucA.
CALCTTE.CUYS, (MS
SMEC)AND MS
cAnBoNs.
AXru ZONEOF VOLCNTC
E,r(IFUSION
ALONOUNEN
SEoMEMS OF A SIMING
AXrS.
(REUCr).
SEOIMEMT
SMEC.CHLORnE,AMOFFI
srucA, @Lmc o1z. HEM
ROCre.
ZONEOF NO'm FAULINO
OBUOUETO R@E-PAFALLEL
ABYSSALHi.LS AAOUT50 KM
WESTOF 9FFEAONOMS IN
BACX-ARCBASININ OLO
OCEAMCCNUST.
CONICALTO HI,MMOCK SEO
MOUNDS1-2 M HIGHCOMPOSEDOF Mn OXIDE
AND
ENCFUSTANONS
FEFFUOINOUS
SEDWTH
SMECVENS IN P€LAOC
BROWNCLAY (ACM).
Mn-F6 OXDES ANO
HYDROXOES.
SMEC.
BACK-ARCMSN. SENOUNTS.
VOLCANICIgLND MFQNS.
F*Mn ENCRUSTATIONS.
MNOOENEOTJSND MRO.
(ACIIVE AND
THEM
REUCT).
6-Mnq. BIFN.TOD.
PSTIY SEO-FII.IID ACTM
MOBACK.ARCBASN W
TNUDNOVOLCNIC RDOES.
BIOGENIo@A
GNEEN-BLACK
OnADINOMO TryOMTHEFS&TLY
AL]EmNEDMWSffi
(ACTTW).
MRNE OnoANICMATIER
ecRED TO BITUMEI'I:
NO INFOFMNON ON
MNENAF.
VOLCNIC CENTENS3-8 ru
IN OIAMETER
HCH INTRTJDE
SEDMENT-FLL(< @ M
HO<I OF FIFTVAIEY ALONQ
SPFEADNOAXIS.
MAgSNESULFIDEND SULFATE
(ACTIVEJ.
Al @MPOSmNUY
HOMOGENEOI,9
PO
HCH AOon€OAiEs
wTH M[,{OnCu-Fe
SttrFOE AND 3P.
ADVSCED AIAOE OF OPEMNOOF AN OCEANBAAN
SLOW-APREADU{C(HAIF FATE < E CM/Y)
S6
ESCAI,IASA
TFOUGHOF SoI','THER{OONDA
nDoE NEAR40o45'N. 127o30',W(SESCA)
ND 410@'N, 1270S',W(NESOA)(CLAOTJE
Er AL. 1984i CLAOUE& HOLMES1€87
MOnTONET AL. 1988i HOTffESgT AL 1S87i
ZEnEmEnO ET AL. 1986: KOSKI &
KEWOLDEN 1986: KOSK C AEFW&
1987i MOSTONEIL
1987).
3,[email protected]@
B) POLWEIUC €uLFDE6 WTH N.NER
WAIL ASSEMBuOE
OF 9P, C!-Fs gulFIDE,PO. ASP,
LOI.IINOTIE,Bi
OUIERWru ASSEMBLA@ oF sP, oAL,
TET, SMre,
ACNTHITE.
c) iln cFN.JsTsoN
sulms.
D) SULFIDE-BEMO
sED CONTANS< 5,0
PERCEMINON.BIODEOPADEDTHENMOGEMC
HYDFooM@N.
AOVAICEOSTAOEOOF OPSINO OF N OC€ANWN
tfrenmEoure-
to Flst
spnmNc
(uLF sG
97
MIDELEVALI-EY.ENOEAVOF
SEOMEM
NE;
NORreM JUS OE ru& ffi
48"27,N. 128"37'WMLINOER & DAVS
1980rFMNKJN 1987iDA\4SEI AL. 1987.
TASCg 1. 2).
98
MOUNDSHrcROTHEBMALFIELDNEAR
0.38'N. 86.07'W. 18 TO 32 tr 90UTHOF
AIS OF OALfAGOS SMNO
CEMR
(COFLISS
ET AL. 1976. 1977:$4.WS Fr
[
1979rNATUNOEI AL. 1979:HOFFEm
ET AL.. 1980:HONNOE $ e.. 1981).
99
OCEANBASINON WESTFUNK OF EM
BETWEEN
LAT 15"N AND 1509 IGIMN &
gTreS 1979. mENOX. TABLEli D3DP
srTEs42. 89-75. 77-82, 159-163).
> 2 cMrY}
2,M2,6@
3.0
3.0
3.0006.000
4.59.0
M
A FAT PROPAOATNG
FONMNON ELONOAIE
TFOUOHPAAALLELTO zuT
ABOUT25 M EASTOF ]HE
ACTVE SFFESINO AXIS;
TMUOH IS FIIED M
NJNBDTESM HEMIFELAAC
SEOUPTO 1.7 W THICKwm
NOM&OUsLY HIOHHEAT
FLOW,
MASSNESULFIDESHOS]EO
IN SEDIMEMFORMING-7
WDE
MOTJNDSUPTO4OOM
AND @ M HIOHEACH@NTSINO AT GAST AN EsTMATEDl XIdTONNESOF
MASSIVESIJFDE.
FO. ry, MAFC, SP. CF.
ISOCIJBNrrE. PO, BAR,
Nonftl
oAL lec,
gruca.
EOCK-FAUL]ED TOP@RAW
OF AWSSA HLTS.
A) FFSi-RCH ORSENUYEnED
ENCRUSTAIONND SEDIMEM IN MOUNDSUP TO
10 M HOH (ACIM).
F$SFTTPE OF SMEC
{NOm).
8) FeMn RlcH CONCETIoNS
N OreEN SEDIMEM
(ACTTW).
F+Mn OXDE; MIilErus
NOTSEOFIED.
,sEDMEm tEUCt,
Fe-RCH SMEC,BAR
ftuF8m.
8-Mnq,
NOM
TO F@BLY
XUE F*Mn HYDnOXDE.
BASN ON FNK
HDGE.
OF OCEANIC
M2
THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST
IABLE 1.
HYOBOTHEFMAL MINEMT OCCURBENCES AT SEAFLOOF SPBEADING CEMES
LOCATION
NUMBEB
DEPTts
DSDPHOES S7 118'48.4'S.129.48.2'w)
AND598 {19o00.3'S.124340.6W) ON nE
WESTFUNK OF THEEM (LEINNET AL.
1986:LYLE1986rLYU ET AL. 1987).
.
BAUEFDEEPON EASTFUNK OF EM BEMEN
dT 10os-r5.s rsaYLES
8 BtscHoFF1973.
TABLE3i SCEMNC PAffi 1974:LYLEfr AL,
1977:HEATH& DYMOND
]977)
IFIG. 1I ICOMTNUEDI.
SEAFIOOR
SPREADING
HALF-ME
ICM 'Y)
4.166
AND
3.699
J.300
ryre oF oEPOST
SMUCTUFE
SED COVETD ABYSAL HILLS
ABOUT 1OOOKM WES OF
AXIS,
SMErcNG
BASIN ON FLANK OF OCEANIC
NDOE.
EPIS'COICINCREASES OF Mn
ACCUMULATION fuTE UP TO A
FACTOB OF 20 IN PESOIC
MAFINE SED AT ABPUT 25.
18. 14 AND I X 10oY AOO
A]
SEDIMEM IBELICT).
B) SEDIMEM IBELICI).
MINEULOGT
coccomH cALcrE.
CUY. GOETH.Mn
ADSOMEDON
Fo.RCH
COLLOIDAL
OXYHYDrcXIDEPAFnclEs.
SMEC.OOETH.TOD.
Fe.BICHSMEC.BAB.
fr[Llrelre. 6-MnO2.
QoflH.
MEAN BASINON EASTFUNK OF EM
BEMEN UT 15OSAND25OS1HEATH
&
DYMOND
1977J.
[email protected]
s.09.0
BASIN ON FUNK OF OCEANIC
RDGE.
woRLS OCEANBAS|NrCUnre 1924:
TUNEKAN
& WEOEPOHL
1961).
1.0009.000
1-10
@EANIC FIDOESAND FLANKING MIO-OCEANRIDGEBASALI
BASTNS.
lMOFBl.
CALCM. PLAG.CPX.
OuVrNE.OmHOTROXENE
PEUGIC
MEANlc NDGESANDFLANKNO AVEMGEPACIFIC
BASrNS.
CUY.
CUY MINEMLOGY.
OCEANICRDOESAND FUNKNO
8A6rNS.
CdY MNEMLOGY.
PACIFIC
@EAN BASINOEDEPOHL1960:
TUREKIAN
& IMBRIE
1966).
1.0@r 1.000
ATLAMICOCEANBASIN(TUREKAN
& IMBHE
1966:EISCAYE
1965i.
'LOCAION ABBFEVIATTONS:
MAF . MID-AUmC
[email protected]
SEDIMENT iNELlcT).
AVEMGE ATUNTIC PEUGIC
CUY.
Ar ANDF€-FICHSMEC.
BAR.rurLLPSre. 6-MnO,
nDOEi EPB: EASTPACIFICBISE:ODP- OCEANDAUNO FnOcmMt DSDP: DEEPSEA DRILLING
PnOGMM.
?MINEMLOGY
ABBREVIATIONST
AMOPH - AMOnmOUS:ANHY: NHnRTE: ASP. ABSENOTBre| BAR = BAFmi B: NATIVEBISMUTH:BrRN: RRNESm: BN - BOFNtrE:
CP " CHALCOTFnE|CPX. CLNOryBOXENE:
- DISSEMIMTO|FELD- FELDSPAF:
COv - COVELLTE:
OISSEM
OAL. GAUNATGOnH = GOEntrE: OYPS- GYPSUM:
HEM: HEMATTE:
MAG=MAGNEITE:MANG:MANGANm:MARC:MARCASrE:MOM=MOMMOFILLONITE:NOM"NOmONT:PEM-PEMLANOrE:UG:UGIOCUSE:Py-PyBlTE:pO:
PYRBHOTNEIQZ.QUABZ:SOD.HODOCROSNE|SID-SDEM:SMEC.SMECTrE:SP=SPHAGFreI
T:ETMHEORE:TOD.TODOROKITE|XUNE:CBYSTALUNF
FEEFENCESFORLOCAToN NUMBER1: (DEGENS
& ROSS1969rBSCHoFF& MANHETM
1969:HENOFICKS
ETAL. 1969.TABLES6. 8i SrePHENS
& wffiOP
1969iBACKER
& SCHOELL
1972:OAFSON
& KFS1976:aloNEI ET AL. 1976:BUSSENBACH
& NAWAB1982:OUENNOC
& THISSE1982i MUSTAFA
r AL. 1984.TABG 3t NAWAB1983iBAC(ER1983:PAUTOT
ETAL.
1984: BUTUZOVA
1984:DUROAFBASADA
mO n AL. 1984iISHUnN1992:*EUFER t9g3i SAFKAn1985:SGTpCHENKO
1983. 1984rSVNOV ET AL. 1994. 1985:THISSEET AL. t983i
vAGnE 1983:ZHABNA& SOKOLOV
1982iZIERENBEBG
& SHANKSi982. 1993. 1986:ZIERENBEFG
i985: OUDTN
1981.
Ft..| Axiol Zone of Volconic Extrusion
F- Morginol Zone of Aclive Extension
F3 Tronsform Foull
El
f'1qg1u1el
leng
f
Topogrophic High
Topog.ophic Los
Direclion of Seofloor Spreoding
Ftc. 2. Schematicplan view of first-order structural features common to all seafloor spreadingcenters(not to
scale;Rona 1984).The linear segmentsof the spreading axis betq/eenoffsets at transform faults and other
deviations from axial linearity (DEVALS) are typically
of the order of 10 km long at slow-spreadingcenters
and may be longer at intermediate- to fast-spreading
centers.
Q
-t"
situatedwithin 500 km of major river systemsdischarging along the northwestern North American
coast, about 150 km is sediment-filled(Escanaba
Trough: location 96; Middle Valley: location 97;
Dellwood Knolls: location 40). Another important
site of sediment-hosted mineralization is the
GuaymasBasin of the Gulf of California (location
9l), whereterrigenoussedimentscontain more calcium carbonateand organicmatter from biological
productivity in surfacewatersthan sedimentsof the
EscanabaTrough and Middle Valley. Other oceanic
ridgesthat are situated farther from land havea considerably smaller proportion of sediment fill,
althouglr turbidity currentscan transport terrigenous
sedimenthundredsof kilometers, as in the caseof
sedimenlfill in fracture zonesof tlte equatorialregion
of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR).
Sediment-hosteddepositsmay also result from i)
off-axis hydrothermal activity on the flanks of
spreading axes, as in the Mounds Hydrothermal
Field 30 km south of the Galapagos Spreading
Center (location 98; Fehn 1986); ii) diagenetic
remobilization of hydrothermal and hydrogenous
componentsin sedimentarybasinsdistal to spreading axes,a processthat contributes to the formation
of manganesenodules (Cronan 1980,Fleet 1983);
and iii) transport of hydrothermal componentsfrom
axial sourcesto distal sedimentarybasinsin gravitational massmovements(cohesivemassesor incohesive density flows), or as particles by oceaniccurrents as hypothesizedfor metalliferous sediment of
the BauerDeepseveralhundredkm eastofthe EPR
axis (ocation l0l; LonsdalelW6,Heath&Dymond
1977).
HYDROTHERMAL
TSC
MINERALIZATION
M3
AT OCEANIC RIDGES
2. G1EMBTFYOF MROfrEEMAL MINEML @CUMNCES AT SESL@R gruSNG
CENTEFSOABLE 1; FIO. 1).
jcoMPosmoN
WEIOHT
ERCEM
LOCANON
T€G 1i
FIG.1
CONTENTM
frb
1
0.2-0.8
(AVG.
0.43)
21-30
IAVG.
2g
0.0313.4
(AVO.4}
1-1000
3A
0.0010.0r
22-29
0.150.30
70-200
0.0130.014
4.r
20.8
38
< 0.0060.003
0,031.&
3r-54
0.0@60,062S
0.016,2
< 0.24.1
4A
0.00080.0110
0.86.4
34.242.5
0.01180.187
0.00180.0780
19.124.2
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9.84)
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s
6
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0.818.4
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3-32
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23F
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47.8
0.1010.18
0.05
10-226
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3
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[email protected]
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0.0010.0r
0.0040,08
8.718.8
1,094.45
4,7-
a.252.1
0.453.66
< 0.01
21-150 60-121
1.84.0
50-90
0.05
6.9
*
230
0.7t
o.7
< 0.01
> 70
< 0.01
0.01
22.2
0.09
< 0.01
30
< 100
< 100
23H
4:t.8€8.3
1.824.4
< 0,01
< 180
< 0.01
0.080,10
< 0.@1
0.04l.r7
0.080.43
<0.01
<6
<1@
<too
231
0.10.8
3.34.9
< 0.010.15
< 33
0.01-
0,47-
0.001-
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< 0,01
40-95
<1@
<1@
0.07
2.&
0.97-
6.65
/3J
0.080.r0
r.G
3,6
< 0.01
< 100
< 0.010.03
0.061.55
< 0.0010.@2
0.581.90
38,&
41.O
< 0.01
160-180
< 100
< lcD
28
> 0,1
LOW
HOH
0.@7
33
5-50
3241
< 0.01
> 3.2m
34
[email protected]
41-73
0.070.25
1641.V2
27-76
9G270
35
---
1.1-18
38
-
<28
0.027.3
0.02
7.58
1.812-38
[email protected]
1.612.1
0.28@
39A
0.0020.@8
r5.328.8
0.140.16
[email protected]
398
[email protected]
0.97.8
22.O4,8
0.0110.019
40
0.00060.002
28.631,8
r.72,1
13-18
1,07.8
0.05
65-975
0.03
18.4
1,9
5-10
54-42
444
THE CANADIAN MINERALOCIST
TABLE2. CHEMBnY OF HnROfrEnmL
MNEru OCCUFFENCES
aT SEAFLOOFSPnEAD|NG
CEMES OsG
1i FlO. 1) ICOmNUED).
jcoMPosmoN
WEIGHTreRCEM (RANGE)
L@ANON
TABE 1 |
nG. 1
Cu
F€
F€/Mn
fu
2n
8a
CONTEM M
S
Au
(MNGE)
Cd
41A
< [email protected]
7.239.5
(Fero!)
0.11,9
< 0.00010.0@8
0.0030.013
< 0.010.10
27,a52.8
1.113.1
2-14
418
< 0.00010.004
2.&
24,7
(Fe2O3)
57.2
< [email protected]@4
0.00090.@5
0.070.19
1.L
25,3
< 0.1-
< 1-9
< 1-88
1.G
29.3
(AVO.
8,1)
4.124.1
(AVO.
10.8)
G34.3
IAVG.
9.0)
7.9
43
0.14
12.2
490
450
4
0.853.06
45
0.0020.@5
21.637.8
1-10
80-130
€
0.070.78
{AVO.
0.43)
2.818.53
IAVO.
5,82)
49A
< 0,00030.32
498
42
0.1o.1
(AVO.
0.1)
3.0
0,0411,0
4.0
0.03
0.03
0.010.16
0.4313.2
2-U5
0.014_
0.019
0.013_
0.044
0.100.63
(AVG.
0.36)
3.158.2
(AVG.
22.7J
0.05,
34.2
(AVO.
8.70)
8.G
s0.6
0.
0.8_
54.0
0.07
lAvO.
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1,8
0.06
IAVO,
0.2S)
59.2
(AVq.
34)
0.080.15
21.127,8
5.77.6
3-5
56A
0.&
34.1
7.645.8
0.010.06
1274.580
0.180.8
688
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9.015.0
0.35,
0.62
16-43
0.0043o,@8
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0.05"
0.06
8.243,3
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26.8)
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52.4
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27,6
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0-640
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(AVG.
0.8)
17.5
0.02
0.3-
15.6_
39.4
{AVO,
28.6
82.4280
(AVG.
188)
4m720
lAVg.
679)
2.t8.7
(AVG.
4.9)
131.200
(AVG.
493)
< 3-290
323
0,13
8J90
4,38.9
1.$
3.4
110
33.853.0
0.0060.114
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31.3
(sl)
0.&O.8
0.8
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0.8)
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48.6
(Avo.
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0.8
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12.3
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62
0.32
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8.0
1,4
0.06
83
0.020.18
2,130.6
O.+
S.8
0,2z
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84A
2.831.6
15.G
30.8
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o.o40.25
31.3_
33.4
0-8
648
0.32.9
1A.824.6
0.090.24
14.041,7
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36.4
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0.87,9
41.344.9
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0.030.07
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68
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16.7
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68
0.0009-
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73
25,243.6
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0
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0.3)
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0.41v
74
0.0060.012
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0.82.4
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75
0,0270.170
4,723.3
0.29.5
0.5117
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1.8
lAvo.
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O.O8_
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lAvO.
51.3)
8.79.1
lAvG.
8.2)
2-1O
(AVO.
5)
73,296.3
< 0.20
< 0.50
[email protected]
0.0010.003
0.a220.105
0.72,1
16.334.s
0.01G
0.015
12-18
0.171.40
o.L
585@
5
30-70
(avo.
46)
270
(AVe.
245)
s
176
120
8.4
18*
290
480
HYDROTHERMAL
MII.{ERALIZATION
TMU 2. CHEMISR OF WDROTHEMA MEru
M5
AT OCEANIC RIDGES
AT SEfLOOR SPNEADINO
CEffiRs
C}oCUFFENCES
OABLE 1: FIG. 1) (@MNNUED).
'@MpoSmoN
ERCEM (MNGE)
LOCANON
TAB€ 1i
Flo. 1
COMMM
Au
0.0510.180
6.722.0
78A
5.5
16.3
788
0.030.17
5.921.4
0.59.1
43
0.2-20
(AVo.
8.8)
35.8
0.008
6.000
0,14G
0.170
26.333.5
9.111.7
3.7
0.0560.067
0.320.83
0.0080,037
1.014.0
0.22.0
0.$
70
0.0090.030
< 0.010.14
0.0190.120
6.0.
4.0
0.6s.24
0.5-73
0.0110.062
0.0180.305
0.037.0
0.12.0
0.0270
0.0535
3.817.6
0.582
35
< 0.01o.M
lAvg.
0.2J
0.3012.8
lavo.
s.9)
[email protected]
lAvo.
0.03)
0.121.1
(AvG.
9.84i
0.68.8
0.6438
9-38
41.3
0.0160.051
25.0
< 0.012.31
(AVG.
0.4)
< 0.013.78
(AVg.
1.0)
< 0.0143.8
(Avg.
14.9)
< 0.0010.2
(Avo.
0.05)
[email protected]
(Avo.
0.03)
0.02-1.0
1.0
(AVo.
13)
988
<7.6
<43
96C
<4.0
< 17
0.020.1
(AvQ.
0.06)
2,+
6.0
(AVO.
3.s8)
25.147.1
(AVO.
381)
98A
0.@14
21.9
0.1
216
988
0.@4
1.3
33.0
0.2197
99
0,@20.149
0.0117.4
0.024.4
87,0
2.418.2
0.304.48
0.0710.120
9-18
2-7
1o1S'
[email protected]
9.818.0
3.77.2
102
0.0700.126
9.217.5
101A
0.04
5.1
0.07o.m
(AVO.
0.12)
146673
4.270.58
(4V0.
0.42)
!ooMPOSMO|{ALANATYSESM
1,400
62
51712-83
lF
310
32100
45850
8,0@
1,3@
< 0.227
(AVO.
5,7t
< 53,@
(AVG,
a.lJ
302,4@
(AVA.
724)
32-66
(AvG,
47)
17-24
(AvG.
19)
&.44
(AVO.
m)
22
16
13-S
22.O
3.820.0
0.9412.6
16.315.1
r4.3
2.7281.0
lAVO.
.4)
0.2.a
{gli avo.
9.6)
0.520€
{AVO.
@)
24-110
0.0930.270
IAVO.
o.2)
<2430
{AVO,
132)
0.17.9
lAi AvO.
3.3)
141
< 700 < 27.000
< 390
0.133.10
(AVS.
1.48)
03.53
{AVQ.
0.87)
0.004
50.8
0.1
0.013
0.7
0.2
0.172
0.743.1
0.079.8
0.513.1
(s0
0.14.3
(A)
18-28'
14
0.06o.*
25.942.8
lAVO.
37.7)
0.030.12
1.17.5
(AVO.
4.8)
32
134410
(AVO.
232)
0.1180.153
(AVO.
0.14)
81
90330
4101,700
0.068
2.A
0.038o.o44
\.422.32
4.521,1
1,408
2,55.5
0.0270.083
1.342.25
8.122.8
1.9
0.15
0.011
0.033
49.2
{sl)
1,+
4.9
0.9
0.,4
'WOM
1.28
8.0
3.9020.6
{AVO.
11.2)
0,4-61
2@
4,6
45.5
0.2-35
lAvg,
9.1)
01.45
0.0024.8
Cd
1,5-18
32,5
0.0t
6.0
4.448.0
tAvo.
20.1t
(MNG]
8.3
lAt)
12.5
NOTSTANDMDEEDW
@EAN BASINAYEMOE BAill
2.O
0.22
{a)
110
9.0
{A)
REruMNCE TO SMPLNO AND SALNCAL
MOCEOURES. SEDMENI ANALYSESAFE ON A CoCq.FFlEE BASIS.
{CLARrc 1924i TUFEKN & WEDEPOHL1961).
3PA@IC @EAN BASINAVEMGE PEUOIC CLAYIWEDEPOHL
1980i TUffiKIAN & TMBHE1966).
.ATLAMC OCEANBAgINAVEMGE FEUOC CLAYTruREM
& IMBFIE1986; BISCAYE1965).
case.This includesstratiform, stockwork and disseminatedsulfidesas the high-temperatureend memBoth volcanic- and sediment-hosteddepositsmay bers, and stratiform layeredsulfates,silicates,caroccur in the tectonic settingsof early and advanced bonates, oxides, and hydroxides as the
stagesof openingof an oceanbasin (Table l). The low-temperatureend members(Table l). Use of the
entire spectrumof hydrothermal mineral phasesand term "massive" refers to mineralizationof at least
depositmorphologiesis presentin eachtectonicser- 6090 sulfide and carries no textural connotation
ting, excluding the slow-spreadingsediment-hosted (Sangster& Scott 1976).
Type of deposit and tectonic setting
M6
THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST
OCEAN DOMAIN
PROCESSES
HyonorrrsRMAl- MINERALIZATION
CSNTSRS
SPREADING
AT SEAFLOOR
- REMOVAL
EFFECT"SUPPLY
CJ, MASS FLOW RATE
Parmcabilily
Tharmal Oradbnt
Geologic Events
Frc. 3. Diagrammaticrepresentationof the components
ofa subseafloorhydrothermalconvectionsysteminvolving the downwelling of cold, dense,alkaline seawater
through permeable oceanic crust, heating by flow in
proximity to magmatic heat sources,upwelling of hot,
tlermally orpandedseawaterand reaction with minerals
under ambientpressure(P), temperature(f) and composition (C) fields to evolveacid, metal-rich hydrothermal solutions that interact with volcanic rocks along
flow paths and discharge into the ocean.
Intensity of hydrothermal activity
At and adjacentto seafloorspreadingcenters,subseafloor hydrothermal convectionsystemswhich circulate seawaterthrough permeable volcanic rocks
and sedimentsdisplay a spectrum in terms of intensity, size, and depth of circulation (Fig. 3). Lowintensity hydrothermal activity that is nearly ubiquitous is distinct from the high-intensityactivify that
is extremely locaJizedand plays a major role in oreforming systems (Rona 1984). Low-intensity
hydrothermal activity is characterizedby discharge
temperatures 9200"C, low- to intermediatetemperature gradients, relatively slow flow rates,
generally high water,/rock mass ratios, and the
production of zeolite metamorphic facies. Highintensity hydrothermal activity is characterized by
dischargetemperaturesbetween200 and -400oC,
high thermal gradients, relatively fast flow rates,
generally lower lvaterlrock mass ratios, and the
production of greenschistmetamorphic facies.
Both the low- and high-intensity components of
hydrothermal activity contribute to estimates of
gtobal heat transfer (4.V6.4 x 10tecally) and mass
flow of seawater(1.3-9 x l0t7 g/y) attributed to
hydrothermal convection at seafloor spreading
centers(Table 3; Wolery & Sleep1976,Williams &
Von Herzen 1974).Theseglobal valuesaccountfor
about 2090 of the Earth's total heat loss and 0.42,5t/o of global river discharge(Table 3). Lesscer-
TABLE 3. HEAT AND MASS TFANSFERESIIMATES ELATED TO IHE FOM.IAIION OF A MASSTVESULFIDEDEPOSIT.
MAgS FLOW
@tv)
World ri€r tlq
(Oarels & irack€n
Earlh h@t fla (WlllaG
e 1S71)
& Von He@
MASS gOURCE
(kns)
HEAT FLUX
(W
0.4-1.0 r 10r3
Hydrotherul tlq: black mok€r iold, EPF 21oN
(Oonvere at at. 1984, Tabts 3)
2.9-0,4r 10u
(226-351.C)
1.4-3.1 r 103
Hydrohmd
tlq: indMd@l bhgk 8mokq,
21'N (Conv@ d at. 1984, Tabts 3)
1.8,4.5r '1010
(226-361
"C)
EPR
Het and t1@ m6ts
th@gh p€meabl€ modium tor
a Cyp@ depGit (gpanq & Fyie 1973: Sp@nq
19Zi Fbmendq & Sps@r
1978)
H@t tmnafer thrcugh lraaur6
ion (300:c:
100ppm Fe)
(Lorell & Ro@ 1995)
(Cann Et al. 1985/86)
0.5-2.3 r:CF
6x l@
4.6 x lf
(ba$lt)
1.0
oaslt)
1978)
Het and tlw
rard€r &rcugh f€d@
tor f@ko
or No@da dspGhe (Cslhl6 1981, 1983)
througn trafrrG
DEPOSIT
SIZE
(ton6)
4.3 r 1013
1.3-gx l0r?
H@t @rBls
TIME
(y)
360 ! 101?
1974)
Hyddhdrul
flq at @do
ridg6 (Wlllare & V@
Heten 1974: Wolery & Sl€p 1976t 9@p & Wolsry
1978; JenklB et 91, 1978i S'clatord al., 1981)
M@ transtq rt lIatagaml (liaoo@h6
HEAT SOUFCE
(knFl
.6-5t10r3
(> 300'Ci
Cu4Z6Pb,
100 ppm)
1x1@
1tr-r@
<78
(mfic s
telsic imrud@)
4,7 x 106
(retic or tglslc
htnaio6)
4x 10e
(> 350'C;
1@ ppm Fe)
volure
urcpedlied
(rc|@ic r@k8
0r 89dh9m)
2,2 \ 107
0.4 x 1013
(350"C:
'll5 ppm Fo)
Votumg
uEpsomed
(belt)
2.3 r 1@
2
chambs
ffi
replqiahmd)
40 r l(P
3r106
30
chmbEr)
4r1@
3x1f
(@g@
(mg@
HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION AT OCEANIC RIDGES
tain are the relative contributions of high-intensity
hydrothermal activity associatedwith the axial zone
and low-intensity off-axis hydrothermal activity.
Computation of chemicalfluxes attributes the major
portion of convectiveheat flux to high-intensity
activity in the axial zone @drnond et al. 1979a).
Thermal modelling suggests that the axial zone
accountsfor only l0 to 20t/oof the convectiveheat
flux, requiring extensivelow-intensity circulation offaxis (Morton & Sleep 1985). Low-intensity
hydrothermal activity extendsto 400-700 km (correspondingto crustal agesof 40-70 x 106y) from
the axis of the slow-spreadingMAR and Carlsberg
Ridge, and 100-500km (z$-15x 106y) from the
axis of the intermediate- to fast-spreading Juan de
Fuca Ridgeand EPR (Anderson 1972,Anderson el
al. 1977, Morton & Sleep 1985). Active volcanic
ceutersmay occur more than 100 km from a spreading center, as observedat the subaerialGregory Rift
in East Africa (Bosworth 1987),which could generate localized off-axis high-intensity hydrothermal
activity. However, it is the high-intensity activity at
or near spreadingaxesin concertwith other physical and chemicalfactors that focus the flow and concentratethe precipitateswhich play the predominant
role in ore-forming subseafloorhydrothermal convection systems(Franklin et al. 1981,Rona 1984,
scofi 1987).
M7
Iatent heat of crystallization is extracted from a single batch of magma (30-78 km3; Table 3), or from
a replenishing magma chamber (2 km3). Assuming
that the metals in a massivesulfide deposit are
leached from volcanic rocks, the volume of rock
requiredas a metal source(0.2-5 km3; Table 3) for
a typical depositof 5 x 106tonnesis considerably
less than the volume of magma required to supply
the heat to drive the convection for that deposit, as
pointed out by Cathles (1983). With referenceto
water,/rockmassratios, a simplified "rule of thumb"
presentedby Elder (1977) and evaluatedby Cathles
(1981)statesthat the total massof hydrothermally
circulated fluid is approximately equal to the mass
of the heat source.
Hydrothermal sources
Early studiesof hydrothermal effluents at oceanic
ridges considered that high-temperature reactions
betweenseawaterand homogeneousbasalticrocks
should produce a uniform solution chemistry at
different sites@dmond et ql. l979a,b). Subsequent
investigations revealed significant differences in
chemicaland physical properties of hydrothermal
sourcesat oceanicridges@dmonldet al. 1987,Von
Damm 1988).A spectrumof hydrothermalsources
with different characteristicsis emergingfrom investigations of oceanicridges,as follows: i) seawaterrock chemicalinteractionsmay involve ultramafic
Ore-fo rming hydro t her maI systems
(serpentinizedperidotites of oceaniclower crust and
Heat and masstransfer in individual high-intensity upper mantle; Rona et ol. 1987) as well as mafic
ore-forming systemsmay be consideredwith refer- (basalt, gabbro) rocks of oceaniclilhosphere at a
enceto convectiveheat flux (0.5-2.3 x 106W) and range of metamorphicgrades(zeoliteto amphibomass flow rates (1.6-4.5 x l0r0 g,/y) measuredin Iite) to produce variations in solution chemistry
individual black smokers at the 2l.N EPR (Hajash& ChandlerI 98l, Janecky& Seyfried1986,
hydrothermal field (Table 3; Converseet al. 1984). Bowers et al. 1988): ii) solution properties exhibit
Theseheat-flux valuesare similar to a rangeof values large variations in the temperaturefield (<400"C
(0.9-4.6 x 106W) calculatedfrom measuremenrs in the dischargezone and considerablyhigher in the
above a small cluster of black-smokervents near heat-transfer zone) and pressurefield of hydrotherI I "N, EPR (Little et al. 1987).Formation of a typi- mal reactions,including phaseseparation(Bischoff
cal Cyprus massive sulfide deposit (3-5 x 106 & Rosenbauer1985, 1986);iii) seafloor hydrothertonnes) would require a convective heat flux and mal dischargeexhibits a wide variation of behavior
mass flow equivalent to 2 to 9 black smokers for a including diffuse dischargethrough permeableareas
period of 105y (Iable 3) using valuesfrom Spooner ofthe seafloor, discretedischargebyjet and plume
& Fyfe (1973)and Spooner(1977).A massivesul- flow from individual vents (Turner & Gustafson
fide deposit of this size would require the heat flux 1978),and cataclysmicventing of voluminoussoluand mass flow equivalent to l-5 x lG black tions in -3 daysequivalentto the annual heat and
smokersfor 4 x 103y, or 10-40black smokersfor massoutput of between2@ and 2,@0 black smokers
4 x lU y basedon modelsof Cann et ql. (1985/8A (Baker et al. 1987). The seafloor cataclysmic ventand Lowell & Rona (1985),respectively.
ing may be analogousto rapid releaseofgassesfrom
Modelling of heat extraction from permeablerocks fractured lava domesthat may grow on subaerialvolof the oceanic crust by a hydrothermal convection canoscausedby depressurizationof a hydrothermal
cell indicatesthat a magmaticsourceis required to systemor a magmabody (Kieffer 1981,Eichelberger
supply the heat in a hydrothermal systemthat gener- & Hayes 1981)as recently observedat Mount St.
ates massivesulfide depositsof >3 x 106tonnes Helens (Newhall & Melson 1983, Gerlach &
(Lowell & Rona 1985).The sizeof the magmacham- Casadevall1986),with differencesin venting fluids
ber required to supply the heat for such a deposit Qiquid verszsgas), shapeof the area of inflation
varies, dependingin different modelson whetherthe (elongate shape parallel to a spreading axis versus
48
Tablg 4.
TI{E CANADIAN MINERALOGIST
I1ME SCALE OF EVENTS AND PFOCESSES AT OCEANIC RIDGE CRESTS
(MODIFIEDFROM OELANEYET AL. 1981.
NME SCALE
1@-107y
Plate r@rgdi?ation
(Rona & Richar&on 1978)
i@-i07 y
Eplsod€ of stlmr
spr@ding (Schreider & VoO 19e€)
1@v
Mggndic polartty iiloMl
1@-4 y
Eruption cycler
Roblnen 1979)
1rv
Eruption cyclg: fast-spreding @nic
ridge (Ballard et al.
1982; Uchtman & Eissn 1983i Macdonald 1983)
10s-1ry
Duration ot hydrothgmal fietd (Sffi 6t al. 1976; lriacdonatd
et al. 1980; CoreGe et al. 1984; Rona et al. 1984)
10r-10Py
Durgtion ot indMdual hydrothgmal €nt (Macdmdd
1990; Borec Et al. 1985; Campbell et at. 1988)
1CP-10ry
Rsiden€
ttmg ot hydrothgmgl fluid in th€ ()@nic crust
,rom tho omd ot baslt altgntion (Kadko d al. 1985/86)
1@-1r
lGj-1or
(1 y+ h)
(8 h-30 s)
10-. (50 min)
10-7-1f
(0.3-3 s)
{Cox d al. 1964)
slow-Epr@ding
@anic
Duralion of vol@nic @ption (Stgurdsn
Hol@mb 19801Haukson 1983J
Duration o, qnhquake
Nswhall et El. 1984)
sam
Tnn8tt lime of hydrothsmal
(conwe
s al. 1984)
d al.
& Sparks 1979;
Gied€l
uprelling
ridge (Hall &
et al. 1982;
(3 km at 1 m/B)
particl6
Pr@lpltatld
ot
ilfid€
by
mirng
ot
hioh-tmpo€turg
hydrdhqmal
otlluem rth
ambient
gutgr
and related chomiel r@qlon6.
domed-shapedon land), and setting (axial zone of
volcanic extrusion versas volcano). The effect of
seafloor cataclysmic venting on mineralization is
unknown.
Time scole of hydrothermal processesand geologic
events
On long time scales(106-107y; Table 4) global
reorganizations of plate motion involving changes
in type and lengfh ofplate boundaries,and rate and
direction of plate motion, are conducive to an
increasein intensity of hydrothermal activity and a
redistribution of hydrothermal dischargesitesrelated
to an increasein volcanic and tectonic activity. This
association is evident from changesin the distribution of hydrothermal mineral depositsknown on
land, and an increasein the proportion of metalliferous componentsin the marine stratigraphicrecord
during the global Eoceneplate reorganization (Rona
& Richardson1978,Rona 1980,Owen& Rea 1985,
Lyle et al. 1986;Tables l, 2, location l@). The
hydrothermal activity is energizedby igneousintrusions and related volcanic eruptions, which occur in
cyclesof different periodicitiesat slow- (103-1f y;
Table 4) and intermediate- to fast-spreadingoceanic
ridges (1G-103y), and is favored by tectonism
which createspermeability by shear and rigid-plate
deformation @ngeln et al. 1988). The duration of
seafloor hydrothermal fields may range to ) 106y,
and is related to persistenceof magma supply and
favorable tectonic conditions at individual spread-
ing segments.Processesinvolving massflow, heat
exchange,and chemical kinetics and equilibria during interaction between circulating solutions and
oceaniccrust are of much shorter duration (10 y to
a few seconds).
The physical and chemicalconditions which favor
the existenceof ore-forming hydrothermal systems
(Frg. 3) include: i) a magmatic heat source and
related thermal gradients sufficient to vigorously
drive the convection (Table 3); ii) a distribution of
porous medium and. fracture permeability in the
oceanic crust such that permeabilities are high
enoughin the downwelling zoneto sustainfluid supply, Iow enough in the heat-exchangezone to milntain high fluid temperature(< l0-13 m1, and sufficiently high and constrarnedin the upwelling zone
to channelthe flow and focus the discharge(10-tz
to lO-s cm2; 0.1 millidarcies to 1000 darcies)
dependingon the circulation models(e.g., Ribando
et ql. LW6,Fehn& Cathles1979,Lister 1983,Lowell
& Rona 1985);iii) chemicalgradientsof Eh, pH'
dissolved-metal and chlorinity-salinity concentrations, and otler factors that act within different parts
of the hydrothermal systemto enhancefluid-mineral
reactions,metal transport and precipitation; iv) pressure and temperaturegradientsthat control the critical point for fluid-phase separation from a liquid
to a cooler, more saline (due to partitioning of NaCl
into the liquid) residual liquid phasedepletedin HrS
and an aqueous vapor phase (Delaney & Cosens
1982,Bischoff & Pitzer 1985);v) timing of cyclic plutonic and tectonic events to create sufficient magmatic heat and favorable permeability distribution.
Higfr-intensi8 ore-forming hydrothermal systemsat
specific sites are consideredmost likely to develop
during the early tectonic stage when crustal extension exceedsvolcanism,and during the latemagmatic
stagewhen volcanismexceedsextension(Fig. 4: Kappel & Ryan 1986,Biicker & Lange 1987,Eberhart
et al. L988). Periodic repetition of geologic events
that rejuvenatehydrothermal systemsmay superimposethe products of multiple ore-forming episodes
at particular sites to produce large deposits. Supergene alteration of primary sulfides may result in
secondary enrichments of certain metals, as first
found for gold and copper in recent submarine sulfides in the massive sulfide mound at the TAG
Hydrothermal Field in the rift valley of the MidAtlantic Ridge (Tablesl, 2, location 23; Figs. 1,5;
Hannington et al. 1988).
Slow- and intermediate- lo fast-spreoding centers
Similaritiesand differencesin the plutonic and tectonic characteristics of slow- (spreading half-rate
<2 cm/y) and intermediate-to fast-spreading(halfrate >2 cmly) oceanicridges(Table 5) can be summarized as follows: i) axial zonesof volcanic extrusion and marginal zonesof activeextensionare struc-
HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION AT OCEANIC RIDGES
tural features common to all spreading centers;
however,vertical relief of marginal above-axialzones
generally increasesfrom 0 to 3 km to form a welldefined rifl valley with decreasingspreadingrate; an
exception is the slow-spreading Reykjanes Ridge
south of Iceland which lacks a rift valley (Talwani
et al. l97l); ii) depth below sea level gdnerally is
greater for slow- than fast-spreadingridgesas a consequenceof the age-depth relation of oceanic crust
(Sclater& Francheteau1970);however,deviations
from this relation exi$t at mantle plume-generated
areassuchas at Iceland and the Azores, and at other
anomalous.regions;iii) transform faults, overlapping
spreading centers,and deviations from axial linearity @EVALS) are structural featuresthat may occur
along all spreading axes; however, differencer may
exist in the types and spacing of structural discontinuities; iv) magma chambersare transient features
courmon to all spreading segmentsbut they exhibit
systematicdifferences apparently related to spreading rate (e.9., depth beneathseafloor to the top of
a chamber may be inverselyproportional to spreading rate, and length and width of the chamber may
be directly proportional to spreading rate); v) the
major-element chemistry of mid-oceanridge basahs
is similar at all spreadingrates; however, difference.s
which existin the proportions of certainelementsand
minerals are possibly related to spreading rate
through differences in fractionation regimes.
Although the degreeof chemicaldivenity of magmas
apparently variesinverselywith spreadingrate, such
diversity may be partly an artifact of sampling: for
example,the compositionaldiversity at a closelysampled segmentof the fast-spreadingEPR is similar to
that of the slow-spreading MAR (Langmuir et al,
1986);and vi) the periodicity of magmaticintrusive
and related volcanic eruptive cyclesappearsdirectly
proportional to spreadingrate (Tables4, 5).
Hydrothermal mineralization processesexhibit the
following characteristicsat slow- and intermediateto fast-spreading centers (Table 5): i) hightemperaturehydrothermal end-membersolutions ar
all ridgesexhibit similar temperatures(-350.C) and
major-element compositions, but differences exist
with referenceto minor elementsand certainisotopes
@dmond et al. 1986,Klinkhammer et al. 19g6); ii)
the convectiveheat flux (Rona & Speer 1987and in
prep.) and mass flux @dmond et ql, 1986')from
individual vents and fields of vents seemto be similar; iii) the total convectiveheat and massflux related
to hydrothermal activity at a ridge segment is
expectedbe directly proportional to the rate that heat
is supplied by generationof lithosphereand, in turn,
to spreadingrate; however, insufficient information
exists to compare the total hydrothermal heat and
mass fluxes of slow- and of intermediate- to fastspreadingoceanicridges;iv) the estimatedhydrothermally convectedheatper unit areaof slow- (15.1 x
M9
2. Eorly TectonicStoge'
> volconism
extension
3. Lote MogmoficSloge,
volconism> exlension
4.Lole TeclonicSioge'
erlension> volconism
MARGTNAL
I axrrr- lumeruau
z o N El z o N E I z o N E
TsraoxEn f seen
Frc. 4. Diagrammatic
perpendicular
cross-sections
to a
spreadingaxisshowingrelationsbetweendevelopmental stagesof a seafloorspreading
centerandhydrothermal activity. Geologicconditionsconduciveto highintensityhydrothermalactivityareinferredto occurat
anearlytectonicstagewhentherateofextension
exceeds
magmasupply,whichcreatesa favorabledistribution
of permeability
andheat.Favorable
conditionsalsoprevail at a late-magmaticstagewhen magmasupply
exceeds
extension.
Discrete(smokers)
anddiffuse(seeps)
componentsof hydrothermaldischargeare shown.
lOE callcm2) and intermediate- to fast-spreading
(11.5 x 108 caVcrP) oceanic ridges is similar
(Wolery & Sleep 1976);however, the temperature
dependency of chemical reactions in ore-forming
processesis relatedto local highsrather than regional
averagesof convectiveheat flux; v) preliminary surveyssuggestthat sitesof high-temperaturehydrothermal activity exist at spacingsofthe order of 10 km
at both slow- and intermediate- to fast-spreading
oceanic ridees (H6kinian et al. 1983, Rona 1984,
Klinkhammer et al. 1985); known distributions at
slow-spreadingcentersare the presenceof 17 active
hydrothermal systemswith an average spacing of
15 km along the neovolcanicrift zone of Iceland
(Palmason1967,Palmason& Saemundsson1974),
450
TIIE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST
MASSIVEORE
STRINGERORE
- TYPE
CYPRUS
MASSIVE
SULFIDE
NORANDA-TYPE
--.
FEEDER ZONE
(NO DATA)
TAG MOUND
Frc. 5. Cross-sectionsshowing the shapesof undeformed Cyprus-typeand Norandatype (Sangster& Scott 19?6)massivesulfide depositsand the massivesulfide mound
at the TAG Hydrothermal Field in the rift valley of the MAR (Table I ' Iocation
23; Rona et al.1986).
@EANIC FJDOE6.
TABLE 5. @MPARSON OF SLOW- AND FAS"T.SPFEADINO
PAMMETER
Struduc
DFFENENCE
9IMILARITY
Strudural el€men8 p@llel and
Parp€ndicular to d
E€pth (pr@re)
Slw
Magma Chamber
D@th
Lgngth
Dura!on
klt
smpsiaon
--.*
MORB| @js
6lren
ohilBtry
Eruption Cycl€
Chemt€l Ftu
IndMd@l v6n
IndMd@l lield
Sp@dlno segmd
O()dlc ridos
Soldion TemFraturo
Ma Fl@ Flate
lndMdusl black smoker
Hydrothg@l lield
Convsdiw H*t Flu
loalMd@l black smokor
Fisld ot black ookg6
lnegmtod fla ot organlzod
and ditus tlow at hydc
Ser@l lield
O€anic ridgg
Ms@d & Smnh 1986; Sclater & Frachateu
1970
> ta$
9€p 1975
gl@p 1975
Ddiok d al. 1987
mlrerala and glg|l1m
C€&ln
FoO/MgO: Tlqi
Etc.)i (somld
1/s sprgadlng ote (?)i dag@
l/a Epr@dlng €F(?)
Fomtton
ph@ryets
pH
(Fo,
Mn,o, s. se
No Ellable @mpartsoE
No r9lbbl6 @mparlroB
No €!i6bl€ @mpan&c
No rel'€bl6 (Mpai$ns
(AnlAeAb;
%&tlon
ot fGdiomtlon
and ol plagt@
of mulG
1lc ap@dir€
@
P€dodlotyc
il],"**
sor:
Me@d 1967i tu@ 1984
rale
1/c spr&allng
rala
I /c 6pr@ding
€ ap@dlng
rat6
r gpredlng
@t6
6 spr*dlng
60
Crysulliation
Soldlon Ch6frl8ry
Rslbl
BEE: @nah
rm
Bp@dlng
(8, ac.)
lsdo@
Hekinlan1982; K€ln & taogmulr 1987
Flow 1981
M6cdo@ld1983t Ro@ 1984
Edmonds al. 1986: Kllnkhammd d al, 1988
=
Edrcnd e! ar. 1988
< 4@oc
6-14 r 10?glg
No rgliabl€ @mpari€@
CoNere
0.5-250 x lCPw
0 . 1 - 3 . 1x 1 @W
No rgliablo @mpa/Bo6
Maodonrld ot al. 1980; Corce
d al. 1984:
Ro@ q a.. 1986: B@ & Spe€r 1987: Lfnle
d al. 1987
d al. 1984: Ro@ d ai. 1988
wolory & 9l@p 1976
11.915.1 x 103@l/crn
DiSdbdion ol FelG
c 8p@dlng
Slze ot Fields
I /6
sp@dlng
no@ 1984, 1987
@ts (?)
rate
(?)
nona 1984, 1987
Mlneral D€poah€
F@
ed mlMd
Numbgr
Slz6
v6d Bi@
- Dlr€cdy prcponbml to
c
1ra : lNg@ly prctlbnbml !o
phag
JGuoing r*" (r)
1 /c
Cha@yfrh6b
Ie:
Bpr@ding
Rda d al. 1986
Ftona1984, 1987
mto
aarsblag@i
habh
Fo@ et et. 1988: Q@b
s! d. 1988
HYDROTHERMAL
MINERALIZATION
and at least 14 active systemswith an averagespacing of 64 km along the 900 km axial zone of the
northern Red Sea@iicker & Schoell 1972);however,
fewer hydrothermal depositsseemio occur per unit
length of slow- than intermediate- to fast-spreading
centersbasedon availabledata @onaet al. 1982a,b,
Rona 1985b, 1987); vi) the size of individual
hydrothermal fields and of mineral depositsis largely
independent of spreading rate and dependent on
extremelylocalizedphysicaland chemicalconditions
that can occur at any spreadingrate; however,larger
hydrothermal fields and deposits seem to form at
slow-spreadingcenters(Rona 1984, 1985b, 1987);
conditions that favor the formation of larger deposits
at slow-spreadingcentersinclude up to a factor of
l0 longer residencetime of a parcelof oceaniccrust
near heat sourcesbeneaththe rift valley to superimpose the products of multiple ore-forming cycles
energizedby multiple magmatic intrusive cycles;vii)
a spectrum of hydrothermal mineral-deposit varieties (stratiform, stockwork, and disseminatedsulfides; various forms of sulfates,calbonates,silicates,
oxides, and hydroxides)occursat all spreadingrates.
It is increasinglyevidentthat spreadingrate is only
indirectly related to physical and chemical characteristicsand behavior of the oceaniclithosphere.The
formation of a well-defined rift valley may be controlled by the relative rates of magma supply uersas
crustal extension (Deffayes 1970), which may be
partly independentof spreadingrate. Observedrelations among oceanic ridge depth, basalt chemistry,
and oceanic cnrstal thickness may result from temperature variations in the mantle which control its
degree of partial melting as it ascends beneath
spreading ridges (Klein & Langmuir 1987); rhis
processis largely independentof spreadingrate. Isotopic and trace-elementdata for oceanic crust indicate the existenceof distinct geochemicalprovinces
in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans(Dupre &
Allegre 1983,Hart 1984,Hamelin & Allegre 1985,
Wlile et al. 1987,Ito et al, 1987,Dossoet a/. 1988)
that are apparentlyunrelatedto spreadingrate. Since
hydrothermal activity and associated mineral
depositsare directly relatedto thermal and structural
conditions at spreading centers which, in turn, are
only indirectly related to spreading rate, relations
betweenhydrothermal activity and spreadingrate are
not clear-cut (Table 5).
RELATIoNSoF RECENTMTNERAI-DEPosITs
AT SEAFLoORSpnsADINc CsNTsns ro ANcIBNT
.,ANALocs,
Shape of deposits and fluid dynomics
An analogy has frequently beenmade in the literature between volcanic-hosted massive sulfide
deposits at modern spreading centers and Cyprustype massive sulfides. The mineralogy, texture
(Oudin & Constantinou 1984) and widlh/heighf
AT OCEANIC RIDGES
451
ratios of both types of deposits are comparable.
However, two overall differencesexist. In addition
to the likelihood that the Cyprus ophiolite may have
formed in a volcanic island arc rather than in an
oceanicridge setting (Miyashiro 1973,Robinsoner
ol. 1983, Moores et al. 1984), a distinct difference
in shapeexistsbetweenCyprus depositsand those
at spreading centers. A characteristic shape of the
massiveore portion of Cyprus depositsis concaveup at the bottom and nearly planar at the top (Fig. 5;
Searle1972,Constantinou & Govett 1972,Constantinou 1973). In contrast, most massive sulfide
deposits at seafloor spreading centers are moundshapedwith a convex-uptop, like the well-developed
mound at the TAG Hydrothermal Field on the MAR
(Fig. 5; Table l, location 23). An exceptionis the
Atlantis II Deep metalliferous sediment deposit
which is concave-up at the bottom and nearly planar at the top, but has a width/thickness ratio
(-1000) much greater than the Cyprus deposits
( - l0).
Modern hydrothermal solutions venting from sites
of massivesulfide deposition at oceanicridgesin the
Pacific and Atlantic oceansgenerally are lessdense
than the surrounding seawater,and rise as buoyant
plumesto a neutrally-buoyant equilibrium level typically about 3@ m above the high-temperaturevents
(Lupton et al. 1985,Baker & Massoth 1987,Rona
& Speer1987);the equilibrium levelis relatedto the
thermal output and the buoyancy flux of the venting hydrothermalsolutions(Morton et ol. 1956),ln
the Atlantis II Deep, hydrothermal solutions venting from basalticbasementare densertlan surrounding seawater,and havesalinitiesup to ten times those
of normal seawater(Table O as a result of dissolution of evaporite beds containing halite. The
increaseddensitiesmore than compensatefor thermal expansion, and the venting solutions become
density-stratified within the basin.
In the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, salinities of
high-temperaturehydrothermal solutions are generally closeto that of surrounding seawater(35-4ry/N).
However, fluid inclusions in quartz veins in gabbro
sampled from the Mathematician Ridge, a failed
spreading center near the EPR, reveal early-stage
solutions of extremelyhigh salinity (370-6250/siand
temperature(409to >635"C) and later stagesolutions of lower salinity Q0-70o/a; and temperature
(150-350'C) Clable6; Stakes& Vanko 1986,Vanko
1988).Fluid inclusionsin quartz veins on the wall
of the rift valley of the MAR (Table l, location 26)
exhibit an increasein salinity with depth in the crustal
section. Values are up to 3 times that of presentseawater in basalt alteredto greenstone,and up to 13
times in underlying gabbro (Table 6; Delaney et ol.
1987,Kelley & Delaney 1987).
Systematicstudies of the Troodos ophiolite of
Cyprus also reveal an increasein the salinity of fluid
inclusions in quartz veins with depth in the volcanic
452
TABLE 6.
TI{E CANADIAN MINERALOGIST
SAUNTYOFFLUIDS IN FECENT ANOANCIENT SEAFL@R HYDROTHER
MAL SYSTEMS.
sAuNrv
(NaCl
EOUIVALENT
FLUID
TEMP.
Riley & Ch€ter 1971
32-38
Ambion
EPn vents at 10o57'N
21
347
Km et al. 1984
End@vor Ridge wfta
28
380
McDltl et al. 1984
EPF ventg at 21 oN
35
350
von Damm d al. 198aa,b
Explorer Ridg€ vsnts
38
291
Tunnicltftod al. 1986
Guaynas basin wG
42
315
von Damm er al. 198!s,b
EPRveN at 11o15'N
46
EPn veds at 12o50'N
49
Sodhem Juan de Fu@
Flidgg veG
7O
Open @ean suda€
s@sat9r
Aflantb ll De€p, Red Soa
Bnne pool
Mgtallilerow ssd.
{fluid inclGions)
Kim d al. 1984
381
Michard d al. 19E:
Kim er el. 1984
von rEmm & Bi$hott
1987
40-321
150-320
44-56
2il-420
Brsrcr d al. 1909
oudin et at. 1984
Mathematicla. Ridg6
ngar 17oN, 111oW:
quenz vems rn metagabbro (lluid incluslons)
1) 37G626r
2) 470-6201
3) 20-7(ls
550->635
409-545
150-350
Stakes & vanko 1986;
Vanko 1989
MAR at 23'35'N.
45'00'wi qlae in
gr€gnstone brtrcia
'tragmgnts. matrh and
vgins ({luid Incluslons)
1)
2J
3)
237-274
190-240
<200
Debney d al. 1987
MAB ar 23035 N,
45o00'W: quac veinE
rn metagaobro (lluid
lncl$ions
1) 380-.4761
2)
5-69
Z-Zt"
3)
>700
360*430
230-330
lGlley & Delaney 1S87
2740
33-35
27-35
37-71
1) 57-80
2) 240-8/0
301-309
309-322
314-351
340-440
140-354
130-300
Sp@ner & Bray 1977
'1977
Sp@ner & B€y
Sp@ner & Bny 1977
Richardsn €t a1. 1987
vbeni et al. 1985 and
in prs
upp€r Plnonic complex
370-480
330-430
Comn & Cann 1988
furoko d6pctta, Japan
{lluid incluEioris}
35-70
200-300
Piautha-Amond&
Ohmoto 1983
35G380
25G300
Co$a d al. 1984
T@dos ophlolite.
Cypr6 (lluld lnclusioB)
Limnl 1 ore body
Llmnl 2 ore body
Al€tos ore body
Shded dykg complq
CYJ drillhole h gabbro
Mattagami Leke deposit,
Canada {fluid lnclusiom)
47-7e,
46-6@
r@rty sage: 2intermgdtate sag€: 3lat9 $a99.
and plutonic section. In the massiveand stringer ore
hostedin pillow lavas,salinitiesare closeto that of
presentseawater(Table 5; Spooner&Bray 1977):
values up to twice that of present seawateroccur in
diabase sheeted dykes hydrothermally altered to
epidositebeneaththe massiveorebodies(Table 5;
Richardsonel al. L987).Plagiogranitesof the Upper
Plutonic Complex(Cowan& Cann 1988),and altered
gabbros at least 15 km from the nearestmassivesulfide deposit, in the hydrothermal rechargezone of
the Troodos convectionsy$tem(Vibetti et al. 1985
and in press),record salinities up to 18 times the
presentseawatervalues.
The range of salinity,/temperaturerelations measured in modern and ancient mineralizing hydrothermal systemsindicatesthat valuesmay evolve both
in spaceand time (Table 6). Higher salinities and
temperaturesare encountereddeeperin the oceanic
crust. Multiple populationsof salinity/temperature
relations are presentin fluids in the samerocks, and
generally represent a progressive decreasein salinity and temperature with time. Several processes
could increasethe salinity of circulating hydrothermal solutions abovethat of surroundingseawater,
which may be difficult lo differentiate: i) dissolution
of, or fluid injection from, evaporiteswhich may be
present early in the opening of an ocean basin, as
in the caseof the Red Seadeeps;ii) formation of
in oceaniccrust, under
hydrous mineral assemblages,
greenschistto lower amphibolite faciesmay increase
the salinity of residual seawaterby a factor of two
(Cathles1983,Kelley & Delaney1987);iii) membrane
ieparation by serpentinizationreactions(Macdonald
& Fyfe l9S5); i9 reduction of salinity by transient
retention of chloride and certain cations along the
flow path of the hydrothermal fluid during initial
alteration, followed by increaseof salinity through
retrograde alteration or dissolution of phasesrich
in thesecomponents(Rucklidge& Patterson 1977,
Ito & Anderson 1983,Vanko 1986,Seyfriedel a/.
1986,Delaneyet al. 1987);v) mixing of a seawaterderived vent fluid with saline magmatic fluid
(Sawkins & Kowalik 1981, Bryndzia et al. 1983,
Michard et al. 1984)i and vi) two-phase separation
of a seawater-derivedaqueousfluid that would concentrate saltsin the denserphase(Delaney& Cosens
1982,Bischoff& Rosenbauer1984,Hedenquist1984,
Kelley & Delaney 1987).
A fluid-dynamicsmodel for the formation of massive sulfide deposits by density stratification of hot
salinefluid venting into a submarinedepressionfrorn
below is shown in Figure 6 (Sato 1972,McDougall
1984a). The m6del requires that the venting
hydrothermal solution is initially more saline(denser)
than the surroundingseawateruntil the fluid interface in the depressionrisespast the level of a sill.
Once fluid has ponded in the depression,further
hydrothermal solutions which discharge require
salinities only slightly greaterthan that of surrounding seawaterto maintain the pond. This resultsfrom
the larger rate of molecular diffusion of heat
(buoyanc$ relative to that of salt acrossthe doublediffusive interface th.it forms at the level of the sill
(Turner & Gustafson1978).For example,a salinity
(0. I M NaCl) higher than surrounding seaonly 7o/se
(0.5MNaCI), sufficesto maintain the
wafer at 35700
pond for a hydrothermalsolution ventingat 300"C
(the hydrothermal solution would have to be
3.5 M NaCl to be as denseas seawaterat 300'C).
The double-diffusive buoyancy flux acts to increase
the density of the ponded fluid and maintain the
pond. Infilling in excessof the capacityof the pond
will result in flow of the ponded fluid over the sill
and downslopeuntil it collectsin a lower topographic
depressionor is dispersed(Fie. 6; McDougall 1984b).
these considerationssupport the inferencethat the
HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION AT OCEANIC RIDGES
MASSIVE
SULFIDE
BODY
453
.
FERROMANGANESE
SOLUTIONDENSITY>
SEAWATER
SOLUTIONDENSITY<
SEAWATER
Frc. 6. Sketchshowinghow a pondedhydrothermalsolution denserthan surrounding seawaterforms a hydrothermal deposit with a bowl-shaped profile, whereas
a hydrothermalsolution lessdensethan surroundingseawaterbuoyantly risesto
form a mound-shapeddeposit (modified from Zierenberg& Shanks 1988).
striking difference in shape of volcanic-hosted,
mound-shapedmassivesulfide depositsat modern
seafloorspreadingcentersand bowl-shapedCyprus
massivesulfide depositsis relatedto differencesin
the fluid dynamicsof their accumulation(Fig. 5).
The mound shape of modern massive sulfide
deposits,suchasthe TAG mound (Table l, location
23), resultsfrom constructionby buoyantly venting
hydrothermal solutions with some component of
precipitationwithin and beneaththe mound (Campbell et al. 1984, H6kinian & Fouquet 1985). The
bowl-shapedprofile of Cyprus depositsis inferred
to be the product of accumulation from ponded
hydrothermal solutionsthat wereinitially more saline
than surrounding seawater,but may have evolved
to salinities close to that of surrounding seawater
while remainingponded.This model would be consistent with the salinitiescloseto presentseawater
measuredin fluid inclusions in the massiveand
stringer portions of certain Cyprus deposits(Table
6; Spooner& Bray 1977).Although the Altlantis II
Deepdepositof the Red Seais forming from dense,
ponded brines, it lacks many of the characteristics
of the Cyprusmassiveorebodies,indicating it is not
a modern analog of thesedeposits.
Perspective:size, type andfrequency ofoncient mossive sulfide deposits
How doesthe emergingknowledgeof hydrothermal mineralization at seafloor spreading centers
relate to hydrothermal mineral depositsin the geologic record?A perspectivemay be gainedfrom the
compilation of grade, tonnage,mineralogy, ore tlpe,
host rock, and geologicagefor all thosemassivesulfide depositsassociatedwith volcanic rocks (either
volcanic-hostedor sediment-hosted)
for which such
information is available(508deposits;Mosier et ql.
1983).The data set is influencedby the areaof terrestrial exposureof bedrock type and age,the incompletenessof the geologic record, accessibilityto
exploration,and practicalfactorsin developmentof
the various deposits.
The frequencyof occurenceof the massivesulfides
representedin the compilation (Fig. 7;Mosier et al.
1983) ranges between 0.07 and 1.4 deposits per
106y, with a bias to the Phanerozoic era (0,2-1.4
depositsper 106y) relative to the Proterozoic and
Archean eras(0.06-0.07depositsper 106y) for reasonsstated.An increasein frequencyof massivesulfide depositsseemsto be associatedwith intervals
of global plate reorganization(e.9., Eoceneepoch
and Ordovician period in Fig. 7), when increased
seafloor volcanism and tectonism createheat sources
and permeability favorable for high-intensity
hydrothermalactivity (seeTable 4, and alsothe section on Time scaleof hydrothermal processesand
geologic events).
Basalt-hostedmassivesulfide depositsthat may
haveformed at spreadingcentersconstitutel7tlo of
the depositsin the compilation (Fig. 8; Mosier e/ a/.
1983)and range in size up to 30 x 106tonnes
(Madenkoy deposit, Cretaceous of Turkey).
massivesulfide depositsassociated
Sediment-hosted
with volcanicrocks of various compositionsconstitute only 990 of the deposits,and range in size up
to 125 x 106tonnes (San Guillermo-Sierra,Carboniferous of Spain).
The most numerous(5690)and largestmassivesulfide depositsknown, up to 231 x 106tonnes (Rio
Tinto, Carboniferousof Spain),are hostedin rhyolites. Rhyolites may be assigned to either a
subduction-relatedbasalt-andesite-dacite-rhyolite
454
TIIE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST
r,ooo.o
(T)
roo.o
o
(25)
o
|€7l
x
a,
z
t4?l
(s8)
(t8)
(9.4)
il5)
( ros)
o
F
o
G
F
lrJ
=
to.o
t!
G
o
L
o
lrl
(9
t
z
z
o
F
I
t.o
QI
o.l
*..So'd
Ftc. 7. Plot of sizeof 508 known massivesulfide ore depositson land uersasgeologicage, basedon a data compilation by Mosier et al, (1983).The number in parenthesesabove each column of points is the number of deposits
plotted. The number in parenthesesbeneatheachgeologicage is the number of depositsper l0o y for that time
interval (time scale of Harland et al. 1982).
volcanic suite, or to an extension-relatedbimodal
basalt-rhyolite suite representativeof island-arcor
continental rift-related tectonic settings(Martin &
Piwinskii 1972, Sillitoe 1982). Hydrothermal oreforming processes
in island-arcand continentalrift
settingsare similar to those describedat seafloor
spreadingcentersand produce analogousdeposits
(Cronan 1976, Skinner 1983, Cronan et al. 1984,
Moorby et al. 1984,Usui e/ ol, 1986,McConachy
et al. 1986, Binns e/ al. 1986, Urube et ql. 1987).
Laboratory experiments reacting seawater with
basalt,rhyolite and andesite,which arethe volcanic
rock typesin thesediversesettings,producesimilar
ore-forming solutionsat temperaturesbetween200
and 500'C, water/rock massratios between5 and
50, and I kbar pressure(Hajash & Chandler l98l).
Global platereorganizationsfavor the development
of continentalrifts as tectonicsettingsfor volcanicand sediment-hostedmassivesulfide depositswith
rhyolitic associations(Rona 1980),either as failed
rifts (aulacogens; Burke 1977) or more fully
propagatedrifts (Hey 1977)which may developinto
interarcor back-arcbasins.
SuunaenvANDCONCLUSIoNS
A synthesisof the occurrenceof hydrothermal
mineralizationat seafloorspreadingcenters,observations of relatedhydrothermal processes,and information from ancient "analogs" supportsthe following conclusions:
HYDROTHERMAL
MINERALIZATION
455
AT OCEANIC RIDGES
r,ooo.o
(2841
ro
o
roo.o
I
(e4)
x
U'
z
o
(el
(86)
I
F
?
I
I
E,
F
ro.o
I
x
lrJ
tt
f
o
+
J.
|l
.:T
*g
o
l!
(9
z
z
o
F
(3)
!
*
lrj
=
031
il4)
L
t
(5)
,
I
+
lF
t.o
T
*t
:ra
I
I
I
I
F
I
r
t
?
o.l
BASAUT ANDESITERHYOLITE
ARGILLITESgHIST SHALE SIHER
CHERT
INCL.
INCL.
SEDIMENTSJASPER
TUFF
TUFF
VOLCANICASSOCIATED
SEDIMENTS
HOST ROCKTYPE
FIc. 8. Plot of sizeof 508 knovm massivesulfide ore depositson land versustype of volcanic host rock immediately
underlyingeachdeposit,basedon a data compilation by Mosier et al. (1983)and Lowell & Rona (1985).The number in parenthesesabove each column of points is the number of depositsplotted.
(l) A compilationof 102mineral occurrencesat the
global seafloorspreading-center
systemrevealsthat
alnost all major varietiesof volcanic- and sedimenthostedhydrothermal depositsassociatedwith basaltic
rocks in the geologic record have been found at
oceanicridges and rifts (Fig. l; Tables l, 2).
(2) Mineralization at seafloor spreadingcentersis
directly related to thermal, structural, and chemical
propertiesofocearfc lithospherewhich are controlled
by processesthat are only indirectly related to rates
of seafloor spreading;therefore, relations between
ore-forming hydrothermal systems and seafloor
spreading rates are not clear-cut, but certain trends
are present.
(3) Different varieties of hydrothermal mineral
depositsoccur independentlyof seafloor spreading
rate. A nearly completespectrumof hydrothermal
mineral-depositvarieties(stratiform, stockwork, and
disseminatedsulfides; stratiform, layeredsulfates,
carbonates,silicates,oxides,and hydroxides)occurs
in eachof the tectonic settingsrelated to stage(early,
advanced) and rate (slow-, intermediate- to fastspreading)of opening of an ocean basin about a
spreadingaxis (Tables l, 2). Such a spectrum of
depositsis also presentin volcanic island-arc and
continental rift settings wherever the requirements
for ore-forming subseafloorhydrothermal convection systemsare met (volcanogenicheat source,
permeablerock, seawater,and physicaland chemical conditionsthat conserveheatand massand con-
456
THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST
precipitates).
centrateand preserve
(4) Sizeof hydrothermal mineral depositsis largely
independentof spreadingrate. A rangeof hydrothermal mineral deposit sizesfrom small to large (:'l
x 106tonnes)occurs at all spreadingrates (Table
l, locations23, X, Q, g, 7 l, 96,97);basedon available data, however,larger depositsseemto form at
slow- rather than at fast-spreadingcenters;the concept that deposit size is directly proportional to
spreadingrate, which hasinfluenceddisproportionate exploration efforts on the fastest spreadingportions of the global oceanicridge system,is no longer
tenable.
(5) Sediment-filled segmentsconstitute < 190of the
length of the global seafloor spreading-centersystem, but may host a disproportionate number of
large hydrothermal depositsbecauseof the efficiency
of sedimentsin conservinghydrothermal precipitates
regardlessof spreadingrate. At leasttwo potentially
largesediment-hosted
deposits(locations96,97) are
presentalong the 97Gkm lengfh ofthe Gorda - Juan
de Fuca Ridge system.
(6) Preliminary surveyssuggestthat sites of hightemperature hydrothermal activity exist at spacings
of the order of l0 km, both at slow- and
intermediate- to fast-spreadingcenters; based on
available data, however, fewer hydrothermal
depositsseemto occur per unit length of slow- than
intermediate-to fast-spreadingcenters(Table 5).
(? Heat and massfluxes of high-temperatureblacksmoker-typeventingrequiremagmaticheat sources
with volumesabout one order of magnitudelarger
than those of source rocks for the mass flux of
metals, and involve time periods between 103and
105y to form large deposits(Table 3).
(8) A spectrumof hydrothermal sourcesexists,with
a rangeof physicaland chemicalpropertiesrelated
to rock type in seawater-rockinteraction (mafic or
ultramafic), pressureand temperaturefields within
subseafloorhydrothermal convectionsystems(phase
separation),and dischargebehavior in venting zones
(diffuse, discrete,cataclysmic)with implicationsfor
mineralization.
(9) Hydrothermal activity is a cyclical phenomenon,
with low- and high-temperaturestagescontrolledby
magmatic(volcanism > crustal extension)and tectonic (extension> volcanism)events(Fig. 4); highinlensity ore-forming hydrothermal activity is
favored by a combination of magmatic and tectonic
activity to provide heat sourcesand permeability;
largedepositsare accumulatedby the superposition
of the products of multiple high-intensity hydrothermal cycles.
(10) The shapeof seafloorhydrothermaldepositsis
related to fluid dynamicsthrough temperature/salinity relationsthat determinethe densityof the effluent
relativeto surroundingseawater(Table6). Moundshaped deposits are formed by less dense (more
buoyant)effluents, whereassaucer-to bowl-shaped
deposits are formed by ponding of densereffluents
(Figs. 5, 6); a relatively small contrast in solution
densities can control ponding versa.r buoyant
behavior. The mound shapeof many massivesulfide depositson oceanicridges(e.9., Table l, locations 23, 42) is produced by precipitation from
buoyant solutions;the saucershapeof the Atlantis
II Deepmetalliferous-sedimentdeposit and the bowl
shapeof Cyprus massivesulfide depositsare inferred
to be producedby ponding of hlpersalinesolutions,
although thesedepositsdiffer in other characteristics; no modern seafloor anafog of the Cyprus
that control salindepositsis known. The processes
ity in hydrothermal effluents are sufficiently diverse
that different processesacting in different tectonic
settingsmay convergeto produce depositswith similar shapes.For example,hypersaliniryacquiredfrom
dissolution of evaporitescontrols ponding of precipitatesin the Atlantis II Deepof the Red Sea,whereas
phaseseparationdue to boiling may control ponding of precipitatesin the calderaof a seamountor
a seafloor depression.
(1l) The growing knowledgeof plate tectonicsand
of hydrothermal mineralization processesat seafloor
spreadingcenterssuggeststhat increasesin the fre'
quency of occurenceof massivesulfide deposits
through geologictime (Fig. 7), and changesin their
geographicdistribution, are closely related to episodes of global plate reorganization (106-107y;
Table 4) through associatedchangesin intensity and
distribution of volcanic and tectonic activity.
(12) Reviewof lithologic associationsof 508 massivesulfide depositsin the geologicrecord indicates
that basalt- and sediment-hostedmassivesulfides
inferred to haveformed at seafloor spreadingcenters
constitute a smaller percentage (<26V0 of 508
deposits;Fig. 8) than suchdepositshostedin rhyolitic rocks inferredto haveformed in volcanicisland
arc- and continental rift-related tectonic settings
(5690 of 508 deposits);theseobservationssuggest
that seafloorspreadingcentershavebeensignificant
as tectonic settingsfor massivesulfide formation and
preservationthrough geologictime, although subsidiary to island arcs and continental rifts.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank J.S. Fox and the Mineral Exploration
Institute (IREM-MERI) for the opportunity to participate in the 1987conferenceat McGill University:
"Recent Hydrothermal Mineralization at Seafloor
Spreading Centres: Tectonic, Petrologic and
GeochemicalConstraints." I acknowledgehelpful
commentsfrom T.J. Barrett and two anonymous
reviewers.G. Derr provided capableword processing. I thank the NOAA VENTS Program for funding support and the opportunity to investigate
seafloor hydrothermal systems.
HYDROTHERMAL
457
AT OCEANIC RIDGES
MINERALIZATION
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D.R.' mIJiND' s.D. s rDm'{D, ,t.u. (1984)t alq rateB,ln
CO.IIERSE,
of ths East hclflc Rte (216N)! lqlitlE utaf hot srtm
of reiw
for ttr teat U.nqet ard the fo@tt@
€tl@
dlfido dqpostts. Earth Pi@t. rdt. l€tt. 69' 159-175.
cRaNE' K.,
(1976)'
rtcr{ SSRUEI'
S€dlSqu!{Xtr.rAlict, D. (1976),
SSRUEI, R.P. E !{XILIA}C''
Ia$EDAIA'
ICiEnAr,E, P.'
P., rtcl{
tlE .c€1ap89o8
ortgl!_aLdtg
@u!t
rlalges of, h!'drot!e@l
@t
A@r.
Rif,!.
m6, tr&.
.7.8., DtIru{D,
DtlrND,.l,,.1,, LYIA, !1., DOEFGA, r.'
o@rJss,
$5,.7.8.,
R., mLLtAltS, D. , t C8{SEIZE{'
Lg,E, !t., @m.
Bsdt@t
ot tlc
obemtl@
T. (197?):
AN al@E,
@eda of, tlE GaLapsgG Slft dultng th€ aLvJN divhq
Progru.
9, 937.
ilbstr. t'rogr@
Geol. S€. !@r.'
cesslas,
L.t{. (1931)3
FluLd fl@ ard gene6lg of }t!'drotl€rel
dEpostt6.
Ec@. 6eol. 75tt! Anntv. vo1., 424-457.
,
-HIArc.-fr-.D(. 6 \alraNDEl,,
rtft.
calaFgoB
sB,
L.I. ' ED!@{D' J.!'t., VO'l SEBZ.EII, R.P. '
@Ubt'
D., EAIMRIDGE, A.' GANE,
@mN, K., WIffi,
(1979)t
sutuarlre ther@I spr1n95 @ tno
t.n.
203, 1073-1083.
$1q99
llE ltattaget
u.B., EtnNErr, a.rr. E sERRrCs, B. (1984) ,
E:drotlE@L
doFsit,
zn-cr slfido
iaks Eim Ard€e
OFbec:
p@L
brie
a eafl@r
ot talc ard @ltldeg-in
@rociDltagl@
--wtdine
ch@1stry
alt ntrerel
fr@ 9@h@t6try,
"o/'o,
- a reply.
E@. Geol. 79, 1953-1955.
t@-plEs
Supercrttt€f
OqdAlt' .t.E. & cBrlN' J. (1988):
tn ths ftoodos ophtollto.
flutds
ot t4Srotlemal
ors
An @1yai6
tqTdrotle@l
syse@
of
thg
d€poBitlon
in the Eolsroku
for @slw
slftde
ard klaLed
vol@iogenic
Baaln of Ja!s.
In rtre rsroko
& B.J. skt@r,
a&. ).
l{agBtre sulf,ide DeBo-glts (8. o@to
E@. Geol. uorpgr. 5, 439-487.
s€IEratI@
Naturo 333'
ttqcrFls
IDE.L, R.R. e DAIINIiIPLE,G.B. (1964)!
CCx,4.,
1it4, 1537-1543.
sci@
tield.
Earti's
@gretlc
CRNG, E. (1981)r gtdrothe@l
RI6e!
lAclf,lc
tlF tut
Geoplri6. 0ht@ 62, 893.
& roc3, A. (198546):
A 61qle
uFa-drl@
Dodel f or th€ f o@tio
of rcIceiogedc
Earth Pl@t.
Sct. !€tt.
76, L2rf34.
A hAdroths@l
------&FEit, HINmR, C.R. e PRITCSRD, R.G. (19??):
f,r@ tlE f,l@r of tJE Grlf of Aden. ltlreral.
uag. {1,
193-199.
-regpqrgible ( 1983 ) :
F.Ir. ( 1924 ) !
CIsRre,
kl.
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265.
Natulo
CAI{PBEII, I.s. ' !@EALL,
T.,t. ! TUBNEI{, .7.5. (198d) 3 A 6te
prreasa
nuld
d!@lc
!fil.ch @ Ldlwn@
the delsttto
Ec@. ceo1. ?9, 1905-1913.
@8tE
sulftd€s.
Blach @kers
r.., @Lltl$i, 1t1.,
------@r'6{,. FRIESEN' tf.. QUTNTEF!{o'P., lmcaEcsl,
preliElury
g@
J., BorrtE, R. E DAvts, A. (1984):
geo'pfryslcal'
data
fr@
th€ corda
1ogfe],
erd btoLogi@l
Rtdgs. u.s. c€ol. $r.
oIM File REp. 84-354.
Alm.
CAIqPBELL, A.C.,
BonERS, T.S.,
l{EA&JR4t, C.r.,
neIrKNER, K.r.,
rmDE[i!, l{. & ljDlrND, it.!!. (X988) 3 A tl@ eries
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of mt
ccqDsttt@
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Basin, O[f
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Ctrlogy.
ard
CII@JE, D.A. t &lnES,
tElrologii,
plsttal
ntmral
of the corda Rldge.
h @oloqy a&C Ra@r@
potottai
[arqin
of-Haslerri-llorti
eorte
of ths c6t1@tal
s€a to BaJa caLifonia
aoi ldja@t
Ocean BastrB€dfort
(D.n. scloll,
A. cretz,
E .7.G. vedder, eds.).
Ctr@tbclf,lc
tle8ry@s.
clr@Paclf,lc
cqncll
for ttFrgy
sd
ldreraX
lbrth Sqi@
Sertes 6, 56&-580.
-----E:-&-t ,
! PM,
D.Z. (19',rr)!
Rapldli-for@d
fr@ the EeBs Degtr,. @ten
Paclflc.
(1984)!
EUIT'ZO\'A, G.t.
UlreraLogt
ad
@rtaln
g@sls
beartlq
s€dl@t
ltr ths R€d Sea.
pro@ss
of Elerall.atl.@
arlal orFfo@ti@
II DEep. Ltth. Uin. tleru.
19, 293-311.
BARAETT, T.J.,
GCF[IX{,
9@Tr, 9.D., !n@@CES. T.J.,
E.,
!t.p., DlltTGt, A.{.8.,
stEA, G.t.!'.,
Fd.rqrdr, Y., K!!&mB,
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A.,
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CI:IS{ICK, J. 0ltICgEL'
activtq'
EdrettE@l
rudge!
srlf,tdes
dredgrd @
dl8(:mred
@ @rthen
&.plorer
Etlrlorgr
Rldg€ RBsultg ot (a$t
5 exFdtum,
@them
gp!!E:
67,
rcrthoet
Pactflc
nOSe T!C!!! @!j
Oc@.
1283.
(1969)3
Gelc
Bolts. R., Cn6K, K., tAgtOR. 8., Bt6gt{, S., CmF!SI,L, 8,, FteNtEL,
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D. (1996)!
Edlotlle@f
chfoeys
aott related
fa@
ln tJE t{aru
baclHrc
bqsln,
Palu
N*
Grt@.
et.
489-490.
J.R.,
KERSIB{, J.L.,
J@I@N. S.F.. JUNTFB,
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it.E. , s@rr,
s.D., :qNMcn!'rE,
v. , tAtttEND,
, utpro{,
s.R. e l.cntm'
R.E. (GSit tte@rch
Grq4)) (1985b) 3 EdG
the@1
wte
@ @ uls
6@t
of the J@ de lrre Rldgs.
lratlre
31?, 212-214.
r.n-.
pl@8 ard tra€r
20oN b 20oS.
cjrculatl@
EDS, 1t@.
of tlE
aL6lg
lt@r.
KII'I' K.-R. & BEA,
, MRIBE, C., EARI,EY,R.A., FELSEN, J.A"
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( 1987 ) :
€nts
E!'drotlt6@t
of, tie f,lrst ALVIN dlw8.
R€slt6
68, 1531.
!4!!g
at 85owl
ltE GaLapagos rlft
R.D. (1980):
GANE, K. 6 BAm'
gcructuro
fteld8
ard thsi!
of htrdrother@L
erd rcrplology
pr@96o4
of, ffi
ard teffiic
to thg rcl@lc
rolattqEhtp
rtft vausy.
J. Geop}\6. !tss. 85, 1443-1454.
---
S. ' IfAIEMFF' A.
EilBLEY, R.W., B!''IOD,
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of geotier@l
fc dlBtrlbiltld
e-tuPTcei, J. (1985):
lrtdge.
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ds FE
the Jw
A1'
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The Hid-r{cletlc
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fr@
t-lE redi4
sedl@nta
A6, Eq, ard l,ln ln ferruglre
val,16y. c€n. J. Earti $1. 9, 319-323.
459
HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION AT OCEANIC RIDGES
(f 973-13.
f€!ruglllru
aedl@nt cored dultng t€g 16,
-.Bael projsct.
Itsep Sd Drtutlg
Injttal
tteFrts,
DeeD Sea ortittm
_
u.s.@
#i4#!_r4s_19.
rryll@ttc
............_ (1P76)!,
nlEroremt
syEt@
for
rtdgss and in lslani{rca.
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------E:
(1980)3
t.rd€mter
of @ta1 dlspersl@
fr@
Eireral
exploratim
@
Nature 262, 507_5d9.
!4lreral,s.
Acad@lc
DNtrAI,'l, V.V.,
RnGl{AN, D.J.J.
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ard
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Ntr
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re6t€m
tdls
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!mBy,8.A.,
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E/drotnsr@l
@tatl@
in
tho
T@gFf€@dgc
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ard
tts
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ErgtmL
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csl.
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lragatw
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Rtdgp.
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D@FICS, -K.9. (1970)3
tl€ utal
wll€yr
a steadiratats
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terraln.
:n dle ilsSat9A@ics
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ard
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ocm
press,
d-8.t.
sofUi, €ds.).
Rrtgera lttiv.
CMo,
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DE(80S, E.T..c-RcES,
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reily
retaL Depo8ita in the Red sea.
DEIiNEY, .1.R. & (!SErCt, B.A.
s
h*tloth€@l
,gr@rlre
oz{b.
EoL Brl,res
sFifngejjGr,Nfl
ard Ir€qr
Yoi[;-ffi-
(1992):
Boiltng ard @tal dmsiti@
syBC@.
tb}.
rrech. 56.',r.
15,
JOtt\ECtit, E.p.
e RARSIEi, J.L. (1991),
lbe J@ dE ne
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@
ul egrettc
data.
.t. ceoplrrE. Ites. 6, jAj_],51-.
yq99,
@d
D.W. & }@IIT,, M.J.
(1982)!
-!m-,
ODrtz_@t€d
Droccls
f,r@ tlE ltld-euetlc
Rldg€3
saEpleB of a htgh_
upfL@ [email protected]@t
,1. Ceintrye. nes. 6i,
:gllnlly9L75-9L92.
F,.N., sorc0cN.
_-:-J_!|Prgry'
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HESSLER, n.,
KARslBr, J.rr.,
FmT,
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F., nsr_EEEAD,
J., JR., ABEOTT,
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sclallflc
ratl@le
f,or establishtng fsrg_ts;;
c;'h;iti_
-ntrerals;obc€mtory/aboratory
syEt@.
rn [6rire
;dra;;u
f Resarch od Rsmr@ esresoefiE (p.T. Tgleki, M.R. Dobs@,
!
V. v@ StaatGlberg, eds.). lEtrD ASr s€ris L,
{:!. lEpra
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8., llltFrER, J., @gjrr, J., r,rADsEr{,
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el@tc'iE;lnq -tGture
of, a
cruw
@9@ ctEDbor al@g tlE Ea6t pactflc Rts.326, 35-4L.
Evnqt
J,P.. & IEINEN, M. (1981) ! CXr@tgtry of $F @stre
qolslr
project,
@red. at €tte
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D{imlry_,
rrtE
t.v.,
z@s
BARrilKov, V,L. E UDTNTI'EV, G.B. (1970):
probL@ of oro fo@ti@.
M
ceol(htEtE
gulfld€
I€9 53.
U,S. Gov.
Ocamrc
g, 93?.
DOSSO,-L.,.Eq.EAlJrT, E., BEUZART, p., CSLI,EZ, J._y. & JOF(X{,
' J._t,
( 1988 ) :
Th€ Sacf@[email protected]
structure
of the sthsast
I;1.4
rodg€.
Eartn pl$et.
Scl. I€tt.
8A, 47_59.
DUPRE, B. & N'JEGRE, C.J.
rruil
Ctsil
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142-746.
pb_Sr letope
G9g3):
ard otxtng
pherem.
Erlatt@
Nature
ln
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UIRGA_-FRASiOA BeO, N.V.N..
BEmIRy, A.K.A.
A AL.-IttAr{, O.A.O.
(1984):
lrlrerat
phass
ard fasles
@Elrlter@
sedl@nt€ ot ACLetlB
"t."a&Jit-iiU.ri-'t
II Deep,
Red Sea.
Ma!.
9991.se, 1-12,
DI.iOiDj J. , @rurss,
J.B.,
EEAXts,-J.R.
rro{ D||}ll{, R.l. e Bq{ER8, 1.S. (1987):
lhe ch@i6try
of,
qrtmarire
orFforDlng
elutlffi.
In
ltarl@
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(p.c.
edrcs
ln lieearch
anl Romr@
As6E6-s@t
feleki,
!1.R. Dobm,
,t.R. iloore & U. V@ Stackelberg,
ed6. ).
!|ero
S€rlea C, 191, 339-347.
D. Reldsl
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Eldffq
@KIllSOl,
R.,- mRnNESS, D.D., lmBBy.
s.A. E GtaSBy,
G.P. (1986):
Acc@Iatim
rates of, h!'drotJE@l
@talllf,er$
padiflc.
in rfl
Basln, @tJrest
qqq&ar.
t€ta.-6,
::dlgmtE
5l-s.
ClelrlEt SCIETITI9rC lEe!:
depoalts
dls@red
523-528.
D!80{D, J.U.,
Ca}1PBEL!,, A.C.,
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Pr€LtDtFry
retrprt
@ tlE cl@tstry
of htdlotha@l
f,lutds
fr@
tJE Uld-Atllttc
Rtdge.
!pS,
tr@.
e@r.
Geophys. lari@ 6., 1021.
prELD,
C.W. DASCg, E.,r. r
,
ItEEq,
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. s.E. (1973
-'* ir,u
pactftc
ocom. g95r1.$.. 4EL_84I. an, slBiiif
""aiilnlii.il"
oTTl-^9:"'-,**,-;l*"*o,
.r. (1e88)3 ceorcrc
mtrols.of [email protected] ii iL
iu-a:l,ei-tff"iiEi"
rect@lcE an'l hl;anlcs. u.;. c."liG.'il;.
iiffnr$"ttt
ItEAgrRES. C., t'1@rFr, R.E., @N,
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!\'drotlFr@l
acttvtqf
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the baLaco6 of th6 @Jor aftl El,rcr
el@ts
ln tha cea!
the calalDgos
data.
Earth Flet.
6c1. 4tt.
46, 1-18.
-----E;
Itleru.IM, B., @el{I, 8., SCIATB, F.R., @LLrEB,
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c! tJE
fo@tl@
of @tal-rlch
deF6lts
c!est8.
at lLd€
Earth
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Sct. IEtt.
t5, 19-30:
SI(IEIaERGER, J.C. e EATES, D.B. (1982)r
Uag@tls nodel
litqet
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!:_ltsgEq€Jgg.
1721-7138.
(1971):
EI,D!B. ,t.n.
Vo!.calc
Pr@Ess
Gsol. S@. lsdm
llodel
of fudrotheml
ln Ore ceresl€. _ rEt.
SfEc. Pub. 7, 4-13.
(1979):
EI,DEBS' lt.A.
:le
f,ields
of tlE Salt@
ths
Salt@
rtosh
(lrtrerslds),
carl!$
ffi
f,or tlp
87,
orE g@sls.
Etnlnq l,tetall.
In
aEl
grcloglcal
backgrdd
of the gstlEr@l
Tr@dt.
In @olw
anl GeothernlcB
of
(ll.A:
etGrs,
ed. ).
r.hiv.
caltf,.
!tu8.
C@tr.,
5,
csol.--E:---G;;
B[Bf,Er, 4.w., lto0BascN, x.R., PERl:It, u.R., F!A!!KrIN, ,t.!.t., mvBy,
(1988):
t{.A.,
r!Ara$)!.r, A., sl{Ixts, Itl.r. & rRAl{cls, T.t.c.
&rtoerslSle
trcstigatt@
of, e qtlnct
bldrothemL
6!tstm @
(blaluq6
tl€
Rldqer
illfiala
e0mds,
z@
6t6kFrL
ard
dif,f,srentlal
Law.
Cb!. Ul,eral.
25 (ti16 tsrc).
EtGsrN. ,t.9., grEIN, s. ' r{@|ER' ,J. & G@oN. R.G. (1988) |
plate
f,or @eanlc
spreadj.ng
ard slFar
@
Eodels
r@rganlali@.
,t. Geoph!6. ReB. 93, 2839-24%.
ldcre
6ter
@ctlm
calLs
PESN, v. (1986)!
ltE m!.utl@
ol let€qpratule
of tlE
f,or the fo@tl@
@r
spreaditq
@torB!
a @dEnis
depo6its.
Ecm. Geol.
uorde
dd ahllar
mrgaEe
cs1apa96
81, 1396-1407.
L.
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Etd<€m
(1979)3
rltlg€s.
EldrotlF@L
rectomphvs.
@ctl6
at
55, 239-250.
sle
qdloth€@l
ferr@ngms
aot hdrcgroE
irtEET, A.,t. (1983)3
Th€ rare eartlt ef@!
dellstta3
Do ths!' fom a @tlru?
Spreadirg
dld€nc6.
In E!'drotlE@l
Pr@a&s
at S@fl@r
K. Bostr@, L. l€ubler ! K.L. sbttlt, Jr.,
@nter8 (P.A;Roa,
rv, l[artc
scLo@a'
12, 535-555.
eds.).
lDrO c6|f,. series,
Plem
Preag, ldar York, NY.
(1981) 3
cmtrol
@ rcdrrcl{R,
t{.F.J.
rtrer@f
ard kl@tlc
betreo
Atlutlc
ant
rldge
@gD
f,racti@t16
@trasta
Paciflc
J. Geol. 8€. lprd. 138' 69L7f2.
E)raadtng a€s.
lfie East t€ctf,tc Bls rear
FmNCasIEAlt, J. c B[teRD, R.D, (1983].
21oN, 13oN ard 20os3
Lnf,eraces
f,or al@g{lrlLe
Ertabtlttif
prcsss
scl.
rldge.
Earth Plret.
of ui.al
of the Eld-€m
54, 93-1x5.
!9!!.
(1987),
6u1f,ide deposlt-a
FBANKLTN, ,t.!{.
lttddle
vallef'
@slw
aia !\:@ R:tdge.
hoBt€d dolpslt
@ tlle.rm
@Jor
Bedt@t
Progre'
cnrda ttidge fec$. task Force. @rda Rtdge q4qp8im'
p. 14.
. rrWN,.r.Id.6
relw
sulflde
!qI.485-627.
SeNGSIIEI{,D.r.
Ec6.
deposj.ts.
(1981)!
Vol@lc-asslated
Armlv.
sryenty-Flftb
@ol.
of aqtlre
lnltlatl@
and collatre
C'ALLII\IATII, B.C. (1984):
latl@
ln I !t!'droth6@l
slEt@
al tl!€ lld-Atlattc
23oN. it. ceoBhl6. tte6, 89, 3275-3289.
clr@RtdgB,
csFRBrt, R.rrt. & t'tMKEtzrE, r.l. (1971):
Nort@, Nd York' NY.
@!q.
and g@1.€{€1
wtdencs
cafisoN, !1.s. t Kn9. t'1. (1976) r coophystcrl
to oclent
of R€d S€a trawerre
t4toic8
of tlF relatloshtp
87, 159-181.
f,racturea.
c@1. s€. tl@!.8u11.
(jERIACH, t.!t.
at
Er@role
@161@
! CaSIDE\IN&, 1.,1. (1985):
1981:
L980 to
October
rcl@,.trc
!r@t
8t.
lelu
J. volc&ol.
s!6ts.
degsging
of a @gu-h'drothermL
Rss. 28, 141-150.
@othem.
G. & rrA}I
RoM, P.A. , IIU{PSO{,
@ASSr,E, ,1.F., HI!{PERXS, S.E.,
h!'dre
lldge
anluLs
at uld-Atliltlc
ro\tBR, C.L. (1986):
67, L022.
th6@I
€nta.
tDs, r're.
l@r.
@oplryB. utlor
460
qll,t,
THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST
8.V., CmSE, n.L..lG@o8!Art,
R.D. e UUFf,lL, .t.tJ. (1981): A
hldlotJE@l
detrp6lt
f !@ A.plorer
Fldg€ ln the rcrtJrest
Pacif,ls Oce@. Earth Flret.
Scl. I€tt.
52. 142-150.
GIo38, c.A. (1987):
fiireral
t{tntnq 6, 109-119.
depositB
m
tne d*p
ltetaLllc
nlrerals
, G.A. & llcLEoD, c.R. (1987):
sab€d,
@oL. 6urv. can. pap. 86-21, lbp 1659A.
----6p
CCOSSSI, F. e ENnRD, O. (1984)r
&lrlct|@t6
sb, ltr ie€nt
sedt@ts
of Azorerr@Lard
!€!9. 4, 117-124.
GENI{oC, P. & IEISSE, Y. (1982):
S€a ard tJE Eireraliatl@
B.R.c.It.51,144 p.
it.!i. 6 losn{Sohl, P.t.
North Atl@tlc
Ocee.
lla!.
m
ttle
10 89, Cd, AB, ald
Rldge.
@o-tiar.
cere8ts of t}E olEnlng of t}F R6d
of tie uial
rlft6.
Dc@lrtF
EB'ASE, A. & CmNDLER, G.W, (1981):
An eaFri@tal
of
htgh-t€dperatwg
lnteractl@
betre€n
bae1t
poridotlto.
rfryoXttq,
€rde-sl!,er
{!t
Pgtroloqy
78, 240-254.
EAtiL'
eabed.
lreBtlgatt@
smter
ald
Cotr.
!tl@ral.
(1979)!
Deep crutaL
Sclo@
20'1, 573-536.
dltltLng
in
tJF
B!.!ELIN, B. e ALLECRE, C..t. (1985):
largescale
regL@l
tn
Ett'8
the dsploted q4rr
mtle
rffial€d
bV a tsto[E
study of t]F
@tlrest
Indte
ntdge.
Natule 315, 196-199.
mlqicilD, s.8., las, ,r.s., lalAmrr,
A.. r'EELy, R., BtBLsr, R.r. t
EGNKLTN, .t. (1984):
Dls@ry
of htgh-teqeratur€
}tldrr
tneml
@ttlrg
@ tho lhdoer
eeg@t
of, tJE J@
do tu€
RidSe. EOS, T!m..A@i.
coophf6. t!tl@ 65, 1111.
mNNIl'GrcN, !t.D. E SOO!1, S.D, (1988)!
lireralog,
of a slu€-elftdFsuaie
6plre
in tlE
ge@t,
@tral
J@ de tua nldgp.
Ce.
18ru).
-retaltlc
FEmR, J.l.l. e S@Ir, S.D. (1986):
e@. ceol.
slft&
deposit8.
llO{F!'Ct{,
mtiE
clF[Er
Rldge. !,latu€
att qsct@tstry
ald€ra
of, Asial
ldreral.
25 (tJllE
Gold ln eafl@r
81, 185?-1883.
G., R08!{, P.A. & sCOIr, g.D.
ln 6rperg@
slf ide6 f r@
333, 64-66.
EnIA!|D, W.B. , O8, A.V. , &r,EnE!rrA, p.c.,
A.G. t riALmRa, R. (1982) r A @olqtc
Itrfv.
Pres,
Cadbrtdgs, rnglffi-.
polf"
(1983):
cold art
t]E liltd-AtLmttc
ptcr(t{,
c.A.o. , s{Ig,
I'i@ S@Ls.
Cbbrtd@
BRr.
8., FlIa, D. 0 FOBEII{', it. (1985):
AjdrotJEr@]
6uLf,t&8,
q@t@s,
bresl@,
&rda Dopre6alm.
Oro@ DED. GsoI.
ldEraL
Ird.
@@-FiIe Rop. F85-16.
mnr,
S.R, (1984)3 A lalgFEelo
lstope
al1@Ly
EeotsplEre @tle.
ltatus 309, 753-575.
SAl,KSSdl, E. (1983):
!6rth
l€:.adr
plat6 bqDdary.
tn tlE
Epl6odlc rj.ftlnq
alal [email protected]
grqlt
Cr@ti
of larg€
flrues
J. Geoplws. tte6. 88, 625-636.
at
s@tlEm
kafla
a1@g
1!
tlte
EAS{O{, R.!{. 6 KAgIllFjR, I'1. (1981) r lot 6prlrlg defslts
6 t}E East
Pacific R16e at 21oN: proliriEry
d€eriptl@
of elreralogy
ard gwais.
Earth PIet.
Scl. btt.
53, 351381.
SEniB, G.R. & D$dlD,
.t. (1,977) !
C€nesls and trruf,omtl@
of,
@talllf,er@
6d1@ts
f,r@ t}!e Ea6t Pacif,is
Rls,
Ba@r
Deep, dd Cotral
Eaaln, nortlreEt
Naz@ Plate.
cool.
S@.
A@!. &ll.
88, 72X-733.
(1984) !
EEDBQtnst,
.t.n.
.edlabat j.c
tr@port.
Naburo 310, 636.
botling
ald
6@
@tal
gEcARrI.. !t.A., iG!6fD, R.D. e aNDmsoN, R.N. (19A0)!
Detatl€d
@Ltichi@l
analwis
of ttE structure
of a rcud&tE
tn &e
thor@l
ar@ ln- ths !4ar1m
Tr@gh.
eOS, ra;;.
i@r.
GoopfryE. ttrj.@ 6t, 364.
SEm,
(1979):
J.R. e YES, S.-tf.
tu
effects
of htdrotlE@I
acLlvlty
at tlE inLer@tlm
of Eprgading @ter6
ard fractura
z@a 6 the Gilf of, CaLlf,onla.
C€ol. S€. !@r.
Prma
abstr, 1l, 442.
FLEISSmN, C.t., r@Gg'lln{, L.A.. BrOUrR, S.B. I SEFI{,
(1987):
R.J.
Srrt@arlre fgrr@g@se
depoglts
fr@
tho
l{ari@
ard Vol@
rcl@l,c
ar6,
E5t paclf,lc.
U.S. c€ol.
Sur. Crpqn FiIe lbp. 87-281.
SKINIAI,
R. (1982):
Petrolw
of, the Oced - Fl@r.
Pub. co., Oceanognffi-Sif-ri-Tl.
_
Blwier
9c1.
& FCUgJEI, Y. (1985)|
Vol.€nl@
ard @taL1ogeres16 of
dlal
ard otfdial
Etructur€s @ tJE EaEt lbclfic-Rle
rear
L3'N. Ec@. ceol. AO, 22L-249.
FEI|RIER, I'1., BrS@Fr,
J.t.,
(1980):
III
SuLf lde dErults
fr@
21oN. Sctsce 207, L43rL444.
pt@!,
r. { 6SANKS, 9t.C.,
the Ea6t. paclflc Rie Ear
AVml&, r., cAlrBc0t. P., c@a!c8r, .r.L,, NBDmu.
L., tr@INEr, 4.,
8.D., nArulRD,
.t., BC[,L!riJE. .t.. !{RLnt!(!,
East Paclfic
8l&
ear
lterWNitINI,
S. 0 I}liEE,
.t. (1983) r
13\!
h!d!othe@1
flelde.
scts@
219,
@o1o9v of w
L32I-L324.
BETDBT(8s, R.L., !E!SECK, l'.B., !G@Frdr, 8..t., 8OEE8I€, D.B. A
( 1969 ) :
of s€dl@ta
[email protected], i.N.A.
Ct@t€l
cc[q)osttl@
brl@6
fr@ th€ A!1atl6
Ix, Dt@ry,
6!t
ard lntersttttal
eDh
Deops. In Eot Brlres aot Re@t EoaW lretaf, Deposlts tn
tne ned saa (E:E. Egs
e D.A. Ross, eds.):
Sprtuq€;-verla9,
Nfl York, N!, 407-{d0.
SInZIG, P.t't., SSCm. r.p.,
SrOFrc,
P., ffi,
E. E w'
N.!
qhlan4f
EfdlotlE@l
fleld
Ln tJE GalaFgoE E readtng
Elll'q
( 1l pr6ss) .
conter at 86ow. Eart! Plet.
Sci. !€tt.
EEY. R.N. (1977,3
A w
sl&
of tmdofaults
plate
tectoicar
a proFgatlng
rtft
6ct. htt.
n, a2I-325.
ard tietr
bearlng
Earlh plet,
@del.
o
Ecaeql, !1.A., Al{DE*rN, 8.N., rUtll,
N. e ttvlf,ll. S. (1983)3 Eeat
of
f,ls
f,r@ hqdrotJ€@]
@dB
tn trc nlu.l@
!tsar old crot
per eter.
uarte
Trogh
lnttch q@oda
trD Etta
tl!
EIL
@64'31s.
!A., IMSETL, A.. EEMNIAN, R., @'KRdJNE,
F., NEED&!I.
MF"Elr,
A.D., FIANCEamI', J. E LEPICml, X. (1978):
Bldrothe@l
bV dvfns
in tffifom
lb,rLt oAr rear
depostts
eq,led
rcr
1.
37oN @ tJE ltld-atfsttc
Rfdqe, sAl'urs area.
9g9e!9!:j4g
1H6.
D.
, PERSCN, A. , CCTIRXOIS,C., &ARR)FF, A.I{. E BAI}8,
s€dt@tologl',
Etreralogl',
ard 96ct@iEtry
of ltldte
424C
depostt3
f!@
hoLEs 424,424A'
4248' {d
tJE@1
(GalaE@
btliel
RsFrts,
Ers€a
sDreadim
Cster).
proli'ct,
r€; 54. u.s. Gor-FThc.-o?f:.--;-6EI@;
Drilliei
-T19€0)!
b;e;33!tit76.
Borootrts,B.t. (1980)3 &11@ Vol@,
lbrptploqy of the@
Steford (artv., Stmfard, q..
8m11t
du@Iosy
onl
rnlttat rsports of
B)IL:g.R, C.D., EWD{G,J.r., et al. (1972)! -cov.
the beep g€a Drtlltnq PrdTecC rr.
u.s.
P;ht:;-Gl;
Wa8hinqt@,D.C.
t{.r.., ZTERENBEnG,
R"A., lirLTSArRE.J.C., LYIA, u., \{R!nRr.
aor,lrtEs,
in
w.i. a cnFsc' A.c. ' ,tR. (1997)| sutaor8l,ble ab6emtl@
tno Es€naba fr@h.
Ore@ DeD. Geolw MlEraI re@r@s.
corda Rtdg€ syqoeiu Pm
A., BRA58,G., Glr,LIS, K.,
@t\@,
J., nsxRr6, R., aDArGtc$I,
qU'IPBRIS, 8. , !,lsrr8t, C. , l'ElER, P, , FEIBRSEN, N. ,
A. T
RAUTEIGGI.SIN, TIt., &IEANA, T., SDUDTGAI, 8.. IOIaIDGS,
n!te!!tIo,
K, (1986):
ldreralogy
ard gEology of tlE SEke Pl.t
Ridge at
trydrotheml
slfld€
d€po61t @ tlE utdrAtlaCic
236N. es, rru.
a@r. ceodrrs. w!t@ 67. L214.
I'CT{ SERZB,, R.F., BARR6!!, 1..7., BECSER, K., BENDER,
,,c8{ES, 5.C.,
U.-{f.,
!t.L.,
BGEI,'.T,
P.8.,
SUEAAfEN,
ssn{IcEr3o, K., !av&NE, c., !aqr, 9., lc@rsorr, A.A., l@FBr,
E:drotne@l
ouds
ard ywg
s.A. & SGRADB, E.!. {1981)r
crot
PrellEl,Dry
DeeP Sea rl.Uing
@u
of th€ calapago6!
ReeLt6, I€9 70. Geol. S@. l@r. &rU. 92' 451412.
ECaIsE, Y.,
KII[, K.-R. & CRAIG, s. (1986) !
back€rc
Bpreadlng
tlE !(arl@
Eldrotl€@l
@t]€re
@ter.
Nature 32{'
frffilr:t
rcac,E1%, A.
Bdt@ts
& CRoNAN, D.s. (1976):
f,r@ tlF Nolth Atliltlc
rt€ geeh@i8try
cEae.
Uar.
u.R. (1985a):
so$RD, K.!t. 6 r!sr.
Edrotlte@l
Jacks@
@ tlF Gorala Ridge ard Pre6ldst
of bqsl
G€ol. 20,
proslFclbg
€t
EoS,
Se@ts.
67,1283.
t----EaXts
& -
sa@ta.
F86-18.
e
------Ehoic6-oTE
(1986b) !
Eldrothe@l
Rfdge attd tjle
6---EF
corda
oreg@ Dep. G@1.
(1988): stdrothe@i.
khiE.
corda Rtdge.
pteclpltate6
f,r@
Fresidst
Jackm
open FlIe RsP.
al@iE-rich
co@hiq.
pr9s6).
sUDSC0l,A.c.,
TLINTNuER,
tutl@
of bfdrotlle@l
rear 20oS. &6, lte.
!4!,
clays ord
52 (in
:!E dl5trlG.P. E (IAIG, s. (1981):
Rie
der
tie East Pacific
@9@e
!@r. C€op}\E. t!d@ 62, 912.
DEGE!.IS,E.T. e rSS,
D.A.
HUNT, J.11., myN,
8.8.,
areaE.
sea!
dstatled
nm]|
of hot brlre
514-516.
{1967)!
gcletrce
R€d
155,
the Red s€ Rift and i.ts role in tlE dl6trlISttUrrN, v.v. (1982):
16,
Gootect@lcg
Elrerallatlotr.
tulim
of, f,err@ng@s
190-196.
of
sutdarire
@t@rphls
,rt. {1983):
ITO, E. e A!IDmSON, A.!.,
ard nln+
gabbros fr@ the uid-calEan
RtEe:
Petrographlc
prG6ss
at
EI@
lAdrothe@I
ia.loglc
@tralnt6
6
Feerolw
82, 3?1-388.
spreadtng rldg€6.
ConLr. Iinelal.
461
HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION AT OCEANIC RIDGES
l{ElE, 9J.il, 6 @pEt, C. (1987):
rhe O, Sr, M, ard Fb
r@tope geal@tBtry
of !688.
c1@. c€o1.., 52, 157-176.
JACBSoN, s.n.,
ff!ti,19t*
237-26L.
-----ffitetry
rUdge.
roRAyxu, D.A. r ,t@l{so{,
of th€ Npha Ridge, Arcrlc
C.L.
oco.
(19A6):
O@mtc
uai. ceot. Zl,
SNECKY, D.R. & SEYFRIED, Vt,E., JR. (1986):
EydFthar@L
tlnlatld
of, lErldotlte
wttlttn
t-tE marlc
crut:
@tal
tmstigatt@
of
Eleralog!'
Ed
@lor
ctr@t8try.
GedldE.
Co@hlE,
Acta 50, 1357-1376.
JBAq6,
-99 W.J., ED[!C8{D,J.tl. I C!nLISS, ,t.B.
sutearlE
hfdrathe@l
l.lr-calapegos
L5&158.
(1978)3
€ters.
slrr
mirtel;@t
3Ea
E<es
ard
Natue
272,
c.J., rl@tscsl, t.p. & DsraNEi, J.R. (1981) : Dtatrttutl@
of,
lglgalrgqs
@r
the rJ@ de nr@ Ridgs.
ceoph6.
ryd&gElDl
Rss. I€tt.8,873-476.
RIPPEL, E.S. & E:A{, W.B.F. (1986):
Vol@ic
@teady
stats rlft
ELlsy
atqlg rcrtlEst
qtsrg!
wid@
fr@ SsaltAIC I.
J.
13,925-13,940.
qd a
spl8odlclw
gireadtry
iacific
coophqa. Rss.91;
(ABSCS|, J.A. , @4pg0N.
C. , SU'IFEIS,
t.E. , EDtlOilD, J.rtl., E8f,nN,
9t.8.. EBOA{, ,t.R., WMTEFS',A.T., FOCKAIT{Y,n.A., GsSy, J.!,.,
@nPBE!!' A.C., sLINKmUtgR, C., Pai,I'lIa, l{.R., (3lU!aR,
R.,t. E
g[llUSRA,
t't.U. (1987, !
A].dq€t8
Erlall@
ln eaflar
Bl)r€adtuq in the t{AR( aro.
!{ature t8.
681-585.
reRSlEt{, J.L., Dd3NE", J., .tOtlSCN, F., GO,DEaAB,l!., tGLrA:a, D.,
uourT,
R.8., tlrrBr, ltl.K., rlvgy. u., D!!&ND, J., RAD(o, D.,
tAmI,
G,, IEINEN, !r. , r,uEm{,
J. , nF@88, !r. , SEiy, D. E
lIINNxCtIrrE, V. (1984):
IieqlqEl
s!!fN
Ed 1@I
charaets!
of a h'drotf,ErDl
ftelvsulftde
aeposit
o
tJE Bdsmr
se9@nt,of-!!E
,tue d€ nr@ tu.dge.
EOii, !rm.
A@r. c€odrE.
(x!t6 65, 111.
KASII{ER, ln. E GXESIRES,J.U. (1981):
Ctu8!@ Basf!, (tuLf, of, Caltfomia.
Unl@ 62, 914.
,olto,
t-lE Ua!i@
EoS, frs.
actlvlti'
4/drotlE@f
S,
Tr@.
A@r.
ln tlE
ceophlB.
(rtdrE,
,t.tr. & zrEENBEFtri, R.A. (1985b)!
D-A., BI8@rr,
------Estw ,
slftde
deposits
f,r@ tlE @tlFn
Jun de FM Rtdgs.
U.s. G€ol. tury. g{9.
4949. 21-25.
rar.(r,
!m{PscN,
G. , R08tA, P.A. , ERx@Ea, E. E J@Nto,
c.
c.,
(1985)r
Ih qlde
Ch!@fogy
of elact€d
dsposits
\|drottEr@l
!TACo ar@,
q@trere
ftd-Aeldtic
fr@ tlE traEtLetlc
g'
ntdgs 26oN. ceefll!.
Asta
1737-1743.
C@bt!.
ljrGilnlR,
C.s., BEIDB, J.r. 0 BeEIzA, A. (1986)!
letrologi@l
ard
5o30'-14o30,N.
t6l@tc
s€g@tatt6
of, tJE Fst r€ctf,lc !ris,
gq:9
3P, 422-!29.
rArcsrl0l,
ti@
n.B.6.tolEs,
A.s., fiatlltA8gl,
of, tJE GlIf, of, Ads.
Phll.
lt.r.
(1971)3
.
z.st, iztJes.---
L&
plFtY (1986):
@ts.
!q@
106 s@EOl8D SCIElfIlrxC
drtubg
aDt }!!drcther@]
t sNts{,
u. ( 19gl ) r
latal-rlch
Pacif,ic
D€p s€a Drllllrg
ProlEt
te
63.
Inltlal
G'i!.Tis.--ri-.ffi
& ANDmsq{,
ltorgh.
-----E-rtm
!@r.
-[1187):
ltltd-atLettc
t:1, 14.
doposttl@
ircatlgatt@.
tn
SEI,rEI, D,S. r DErA{Ea, J.R. (1987),
IrD-ptus€
oni
ffiragi@
fractilltng
tn ni+a@
qotor
rldg€ 9abbr6
at-teqnrad.ues
th$ 700cc. Earth Plet.
sgL_I€!!.
83, 53-66.
lreta"*trc
215, @tlwet
Proigct,
Id
qarets
rn
rrdim
Ocem.
26. U.S. cov.
@
ruErtB,-S.w. (1981). BI81 dlEEtse at uoat st. se1ru @ 18 riay
1980.. natule 291, 568-5?0.
Kn't, K.-n., r{Er,BN,,t.A. & CRAIG,E. (1994)3 ltE hdrctJE@l
flelds at 13\ ad LloN m tlE rbst Pacific Rlsr EW
@Lts.
5s, 973.
qt
1984
KItrIrRA, !t. , t !EDA, S. , KnIo, t. . tF$EsA, r. , lalans,
l|!. , csl.o, T.,
6AKAI, 1., KAIO, S., Iz!!{A, E. & @mr,
r. (L988}:
AcLtw
bldlother@f
mnds
ln tJD Oktm
!r@gh
bacLarc
basln,
JaIm.
res!@opbvB.
145. 319-324.
R.N. (1981) ! Eidrot}Er@f
Ens, T.u.
A@r. Goopht6.
E.l{. t tllcliltll,
C.S. (1997)t
ridge basalg ctl@lstry
stti
alal
J. cooph!ts. R€s. 92, 8089-€115.
cLobal @rrelatl@
deptn a8l crutel
of @m
thlc.kress.
XLINRmilnER, G., BHDm, !i. e $EISS, R.F. (1977)r
EtdrotlE@L
Eng@e
tn tl€ C€lalEgos rt ft . t{ature
9 , 319-320 .
EDTTND, J.!T., EIDERPIED, E. E GREAVES,N. (1986)!
A
c.aqErtm
ot REE alata for ttydrot-}E@l
flulds
fr@ tlE ttAR
atd E!4.
et, ro2r.
_,
w,
ttEl@l
Elley.
P.A., GB\}ES, M. & EU)ERtarEJ, S. (1985)!
Aedre
pllDos
tn rt€
rtd-At14ttc
Ridge
rtft
ryrgare!9
Natue 11,4, 727-73L.
K(}SIG, R.A. e RVENVoLDEN,K.A. (1986):
hlEtalltc
-tlE
a*iaLod
Flt}t
Epbalttc
at
IDtrole@
spreading @tqr,
offslbr€
rcrtl€m
callfornia.
A@r. @qpl!€, &d@ 67, 1283.
=-
slu-
Idd.
A,
balercl
nstaL
drring
e@Iatt@
c@zoic
sedt@C
fr@ tho
untd
52, 914.
t1@.
rat€e @ tlE
c€ol. s@.
P.
R. , DEHNEY, J., BECRR, K. 6 SCEUIMESg,
, !!C['FF,
iloqd8
ttldtoths@l
actlvtt!'
ln tlE Itart@
Off{i8
rxxl, ftff.
Mr.
c€ophtE. [ht@ 68, 1531.
Fteld.
------5aillrm,
REA, u.K. et
prolec!-ttr-
al.
(1985):
92, 7,srr.
reFrt€'
httial
-T3;-@'T;-TtInE--df;
LICE:!fAN, G.S.
mlutio
r EISSEN, t.-P.
of Eedl@rato
Esp
&a
(1983) 3 Tl@ @tralnta
@ the
lt,
Eproadj.ng €eters.
ceoloqlf
pdrstratl@
into
llE bsstc ftllEtcB of Et€r
LTSIER' c.R.B. (1983)!
PrG@s
Sproadlng
b EldlotlErul
at g@fl@r
hot rdt.
(P.A-R@,
e K.L. s:olti, Jr. '
c4ters
K. Eo6tr@, L. I4bl6r
12, 141-168.
lDgo coDf. serj.€s, nt, ilarlre scl@@s,
eds.).
Preag, N€t York' NY.
Ple@
(1987):
tarrlB,
6.A.,
sIoraE{BACn, K.D. & \t(!,l BERAEN, R.P.
fl.eld.
J.
fl,q
fr@ a h'dtotJE@l
wt
lleru@ta
of pl@
c€oplri6. rios. 92, 2*7-2596.
(1976)r
tal|sDsla,
P.F.
AqtEsl
tbclflc
atd 8@ 9efo9i€1
91, 1163-1176.
------Tillt
------6
tttdrotte@I
A denrea,
, (1979)!
. Natwe 2Al , 531-534 .
,
cmcll,w
"*,
bqsln.
lbrttr
of tlE
sorthest
J. c€oDhl6. lte8.
clralatlo
tq[t€tt@.
@ a stllkHllp
slto
hot Eprtngs,
K. (1985):
Edlothe@l
!n@8.
troJgh of, aral@
h€at f,lq
ln tJE @them
sct. r€tt.73.2LL-.225.
Plet.
slllclc
w1@1@
-----Ftfemf s EanKIllS, ,t.W. (1985)r
lt@gb back{tc
f,lsld ln tlE larlm
6eof. se. A@!. 95, 940-951,
KIAIN,
SE
bqel
ssdt@ts
f,r@ rcrtheasten
Froject
sltes.
D€op sea Drtllfulg
ReFrta,
DoeD sea DrtUtN
PrcJtrt
D. ( 1979 ) !
& snRBs,
rbclflc
eqEtortal
&r11. 90. 357-375.
-mtcl
E@.
ffi--;T:-
E. s g'rrrFr, A. (1987)r Eydlothe@l
Trqgh:
PrellElDry
ElEralog{el
A@r. coophlE. &dd
68, 1531.
KEGtpE, D.B.c.
*"r*rl".o-rrrn,,
(Et@b)
"
aLclt€
ctElk at 81to
InItaI
RoFrts,
[Ee S€a DrilllE
ldreralogy
ard
tlE ,t@ dd tu@
.t.t . (1985a):
liasstw
s!f,f,tde
----@ofts , !{onaF|i(, tf.R. t l.@l'it,
@ the mthem.l&
de Ar@ &tdge,
tteslta
of
gl!@bg
tM6llgatt@
Ln th€ lrSG shdy ar@, 198H3.
5, 147-164.
tt0N6,
8ADKO, D., rcSKl, R., tATgnero,
!t. r aqrsE, R. (1985 6)!
an
Btl@t€
of trydrotne@f
f,Iui.q
re6id€@
tlcs
aDtt v@t
cJ|l@y
grqtn
ratsg baa€d @ ""pblpb
ratlG
aod nlreraLqtq
atuilleB
of, slftdes
d(Edg€d fr@
tlE
J@
de ru@ Rtd;e.
Earth Pl@t.
sct. btt.
76, 35-44.
CtlgtE,
D.A. E cUDlN, E. (1984):
of, @alre
stttde
d€po8tts
f,ru
G@1. S€. ..@r. EuLl. 95, 930-945.
sulftde
Gorda Rld@
mS, frmi.
e-ZIEruNBERli, R.A. (1987)t
The ccqosiLt@
of sedl@nthosled sulftde
delb8lfs
tn t-tE Es@naba rtoudt,
Gorda Rid@.
progr;n,
core
Rtdgo Tedr. rask For@, c.rda Rtdge Edil;iE,
D.18.
-@ts
(198?)t
,3€ g@Logic
L
lir@gh Elrleadlng
SETE-tlar j.u
cs@hyB. It!i@ 68, 1530-1531.
ettinq
utB.
at @ off,{16
basln.
&il!.
of h!'atrotbe@l
.4qr_lg9!q:_l@!
T. (1982) ! lletall€@als
at
-----@rts , BlIrIzA, R. e slilnN,
Rts.
uar. Iectt. S€.,r.
@ tJE East Paclftc
---lfmeelte, BURGI, V.!1. & FrsK, H. (1980):
ir th€ caldera of a y@g
611-618.
t'lodrles of \'drothml
eoMt.
J. @o1.
Eldrotle@l
UnExlL, i.P.
0 tAU4. P.A. (1985) r
gereratl@
of, @61re
6ulf,1de ore delp6it6.
90, 876H783.
l,lJPI\l{, J.E. 6 (FAIG, s. (1981):
A @Jor helt@3
Rls.
214, 11-18.
m the tbst lfaclflc
!glg99
s16,
88,
Eodela for tlF
.t. G€opb!6. nes.
ur@
at 15oS
g. (197?):
------@1 ' I{EISS, R.r. r GAIG'
pl@6
ln ti€ cala!bgps Rift.
Itantle heue
io btdle
Nature 267,60r604.
.I06NS0N, t.P.
, DErA!{Er, .t.4.,
------trai]1@t
tr@strFrt
ard wrucal
pl@6.
hldlotho@l
Nature
hroiet
& Tr\tEY, U.K. (1985}!
of deetr.@m
€tgr
!ry
3L6, 62L-623.
462
THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST
L!'LE, !i. (1986):
liajor sl@t
cc@poattlo
ot I€S 92 E€dt@tg.
hltial
RsFrts,
Deep S€a Drllllnq
ProJect,
!€q 92, xcll.
Dl!!c$lD, J. & BENls, G.R. (1977)3
fer!@(re&
nodules atd awiated
Bastn, n6rttreEt
Naz@ plate.
tbrt}l
55-64.
Copper-nlckel€ollchsd
cruts
f,r@ tJE Bangr
Pl@t.
Scl.
!€tt.
35,
Elatory of hrydrotho@l
, G{EN, R.M. & LEINEN, l'[. (1985 ).
-----dimtatlo
at
tlE
EaEt Facific
Rl&.
19os.
InttiaL
RoFrts.
DssD sea Drlllim
Prolsct.
I€q 92. rcII.
u.S. Gov.
@t
EldlothsreL
!lERr;!tAT, L.,, PBIEAI', E. .s ArrOY, U' .(1987):
rstoplc
ccqDsitim
8tre:
at l3oN m tlF Eb6t t'actfl,c
Ftsrs
84, X00-r08.
scl. r€tt.
Earth Ple€t.
ard gas t:@otratlo.
(1,985) r
Ge@[email protected] of @blllfor@
S. r IESFAI, J.s.
RidgB.
t'ltd.-Atlilttc
Pteld,
fr@ th€ IAG SldrottFrEl
6edl@nt
66, 936.
EOS, rre.
!@r.
c€opllE. thj.d
lttrz,
!{tCPlSD'
J.!.
Eaat
61,
util,&,
LEINEN. t{., mEN, R.M. t REA, D.K. (198't)!
Iate f,ertlary
hl8tory
of ht'dtothe@l
delbsttlon
at the Eaat t'aclf,tc
tde,
19o8r
corr€laLlo
wotg.
!tes.
to rcl@tes!@tc
C€oplm.
I€tt.
14, 591598.
l!|Cm|{AIrD, A.B. 0 r'trE,
eafl@r
trlr@ltB.
tl.6.
(1985):
Rale of, erlEtrtlnlatl@
lestonoptryE.
t16, 123-135.
ln
I!Am{ALD,
K.C. (1983):
A geophfEt€X
cinEnrl@
botrgs
f,a!
alt
s1e spreadlng
@tera,
[email protected]
@ @q@ clBEbgr fo@tt6
rn E!'drotj€ml
Prceasa
at
aot tlldlotJp@l
acttvtw.
(P:A. 6a,L. tflrbler,
seatlar
@rtors
K. Bostr@,
Sreadl,ng
E r.L.
setth,
€d5. ). Ne3O Cof . Serj,se, xv, l.taris
Jr.,
gcl@@a, 12, 21-5L.
Press, !@, York, !W.
Plru
Eidir
------Emf , EEGER, K., SPIESII, F.N. { BALIInD, R.D. (1980)r
heaL flq
of the "black mk€r'6tE
s
the Easl
!!8, L-7.
Factf,ls.
Earth Plet.
8c1. l€tt.
------
gEllPElE. ,t.-{..
!UX, P.J. & Ircts, R. (1987) 3 reclotc
w6lutio
of, rldgFuls
dtffitt@ttleg
t'y tlE
@ttng,
11nlln9,
or slf,-ds@ptlatto
of relgbbortng
ridge seg@ts.
ui, 99i-997.
@l9g
!iAC@@l{,
P.,r. (1978),
tl€ g€et@tEtry
of altered
volcanic
ieL6
at l{atag@i,
A g@the@L
EodeL f,or @ssiw
sulf,ld€
Q:€bsc!
gse8ia.
Ce. ,1. Earti Scl. 15, 551-5?0.
!cl3@rr,
A. (1982a):
Poll@talltc
slfldes
@tl@!s.
sea xbcb. 23, 51-55.
f,r@ tJE tru
lqInEOlT,
A. (1992b):
A ccqnrim
of, th€ @41re
@talltc
slf,ldes
of, tJE CrlalEg6
Rtft f,tth
dolp8its.
!ia!. xrech. S@. J. 16, 39-45.
EslBLEr, n.,
vltr
of, acLlw
cataBagos 8tdg".
to the
su!@arte
IDli!
8@ mtireotaL
llmGAI.
D. a loaAlr, w. (1980)3 A suteorBible
rlf,t-trefoe
tectoics
aLsq
the e6tem
6r, 2Oa.
(:RO{Alt, D.s. a srlxFow, n. (1.983):
:he 9c
-ard
eEEnq
ard sh@l6try
of, hldrotlE@L
sulfldes
affitaled
delpslts
fr@
tlp CnlalEgos
Rj.ft at 86cn.
t{ar.
ltlntnq 4, 12i13?.
l.iCl.lUBrR:4, G.I{., mfilE8'lD, S. !
t€EF€rabEe
hydrotlb@l
tiolds-t@
EltBLEi, R. (1984) r
de E\re
Rtdg€
Stgh
atal
65,1112.
I'AFGIG,
V. 6 G&trtrlDtACB, S. (198?):
Ore f,o@tlo
plats
diwrgtlq
Reslta
@rgts!
of, crule
Ear,@r,
Brde8@talt
fu! ceorl88ruclaf,ten
circ.
4, a-22.
ult
at rapldly
4.
@O'tEt@
RolBtof,fe
Ix|zIltrER, J. e RoScE, B. (1987):
Sedl@nts f,r@a hdlr
tjle@l
f ield
ln ttE cstraL
rtft
€ll,ey
of, tie
calatpgio8
!tar. ceol. 16, 24X-25L.
Er€adl.ag coler.
ITORrIN, R.P.
etttnq.
t
Pmn'!SKII,
A.,1. (1972) r
ltagette
J. @odt!a. ReB. TI, 4966-4915,
t'tC@[ACsr, T.F., liBlIt@,
@tter
@tralim
actlvlty.
hdrothe@l
7628.
h
aot
tect@lc
D.il. & S@gr, S.D. (1986) 3 Partl@late
for
E6ton
Woodlark Ba6in:
Eviden€
DSr Tra!9:_@!j__e!E
lfllnsmao'
tonid
(1984b)r
pr€eBes
C@ctLre
@6ed
!V
mr@
ft@lng
Loto ; sut@artre depresslo
DeorFS€ Res. 31, 1281-1309.
_
------dj.re
a cle@.
hot
f,ro
ibore.
!tcr{,I?, R.8., Lt glt8.l, .r.s., RADTO,D. & tu,gr,
!.D. (1984):
Ctl@lstry of h!'drothe@l
f,i.utds, Endemr lttdge. rcrtlFdt
Factftc. EC6, Tr&. .A@r. [email protected] 65, 975.
(1967)3
ilFraFD, l.H.
&a
f,l@r
E)readlng,
@qd
layer.
Scien@ 157, 923-92{.
--
(1966):
6 snxlB, s.u.
llyp6@try
vines.
J. ceolllr!ts. Re8. 7L, 4305-4324.
uEGe
(L984) 3
Goup
Regt@l
hldrotne@l
ttelvslflde
tJE J@ da Err@ Rtdge.
1111-
topograph'
of
€ea
ard
baain
tlE
pF
qlEracter
sttllg
ard L@I
of, a
delDElt
m tJle lhdea@r
Seg@t
of
@S_4_Tre.
A@r. ce@iry8._ll4-g,n
55,
A.
2L*U4.
(1981):
iltElaL
IEFsits
C'eA8C6l' !t.S.
Acad@lc Pre66, ll4 york' NY.
Satttns.
ln
(19?3)t
fE
lslard
a
froodG
arc.
ard
probably
ccrylq
w
o!,hlol-ite
19,
sci.
Earth Plet.
I4!!.
G@h@tstry-of
tmnBY, S.A., CFOM${' D.S. ! GtiSEY, G.F. (1984):
lbclf,1c
fr@
t.tE @tlwat
deFslta
unqlde
fnarotieqf
Acta /l8, 433-441.
c@@hf!.
ialard arc.
cechb.
!.m8,
@9@e
W.S. , ,*r.
,-rU
*O..tlE@i.
il16.
@ar the G6LaIEg6
trc
Ettes ".n.
fr@
E)readlng
29, 349-356.
Pl@t.
Scl. r€tt.
cruta
Earth
E.!t., Rctsn{s@{, P.r., MAT,PAS,J. S XIIWEOT{'IOS, C. (1984)3
lm!rj8,
ao.l other
m6lf
of the Trood6
uodal for tlrs orlgln
, Cl'pro,
Geoloqy 12, 500-503.
eklsue
opldolttes.
!!ORGAN' C.tr. s SEIA' 6.W. (1984):
cst€ra.
f,rd
t]!r€
spreading
cdrS., orc Papar 4777,
of wstw
slftdss
Ore dsals
rsdr.
Prc.
L6th Am. oftshor€
tE
orlgln
ard distrlt'iCRRISCt{, tl.A. s rmllP io,r, R.N. ( 1986 ) :
rn sodicrut.
rtt$n
tjle @anLc
of, ore alerala
tutlo
Depo6its
1o th€ sothre8ton-Petf,lc
@tatt@
ant ulrerai,
Acad@lc Pres6' rsddl.
ed.).
Ocan (D.s. Cro@,
tlrrbilot
!&FmN, 8.R., @J!oR, G. & !uFNB, ,t.6. (1956)!
ard iG!at1@6
f,r@ elntained
tatt@l
lwstto
srer. A 2a4, 2587-2596.
Roy. s€.
tddo
Pr€.
rt.tr.
E Sr,BP,
llcRrltr{,
E;delt
@tralnts
fh.
J. cf,ortr!8.
(1985):
A nld{ffi
N.B.
of aial
6 tlE vol@
Res. 90, 11,345-11,353.
gravtru@g.
rldgs
tnerml
hsat
h!d!oths@L
anal ffiBi€
, SOME8, tl.L. e K05ru, R.A. (X987)r Vol@le
Eaenaba
@!er.
s!,readlng
fo@tlq
at a s€dl@t€d
Ree.
@otrl!6.
Paciflc
Ocea.
Er@gh, Gorda Bidg€, mrth€@t
L4, 769-712.
tert.
----Efide
-----Erq@atttng
Trqgh,
GeophF.
!&F!|ARK, W.R., FOSS, 3.L.
ilLf,lde
of @slw
Callf,onla.
rcrtlEm
of,fshore
67, L282.
trltd
& !.!'lE, t{. (1986)3
E86aba
ateposlts.
.4Er--II9!9:--@I:
Geologlc-ad
D.L.,
sll{G!x{' D.A. e SALE0I' B.B. (1983):
!rSIER.
cotrt[Er-tinrload
@ rcl@ic-ho6ted
lnf,o@tio
cadFtom@
om
Flle Rop.
u.s. G@1. sur.
deposits.
;asstw
ol-ft&
8:l-99.
ae6s ds€p bot!@
s€di@t8.
UrFDl[Aa, I.O 0 Sozelo\ra' f .V. (1976):
ltarl
in tJ|e Soutlregtsm
ttgsarclE6
h Geoldl@t-GgoDtrFlet
(:n
qinir
(o.s. cr@,
ed. ).
Nauka' no8@.
ol tho F;qiftc
Iila6ts)
.
f,r@
D.A. (1983) 3 Nmtloite
iluF0GNE, R. s (rlgrE'
de nrc
o tie J@
tuie
Mrotneol
ry'8td
65, 343-352.
Plet.
scl. r€tt.
-"*r^,
(1984a) 3 Flutd dyrEj.c
l{m.rcALL,
f,.J.
LlqrLt€ltG
for @61re
sLflde
depoBtts of, hot qLtre
flutd
tLoetng lnlo a sut@arire
depresl@
fr@ beld.
DeefFsea !es. 31, 145-170.
8.C.,
EA@I!SX'
DmEN9, 8.T.,
DtsS$EBE, C.D.,
A.n.,
g. E J6ErA,
A.
PoCKIrM'1IN,
!CPaRLEN, P.F.,
r.t.,
ttaNmrlt,
(1965):
sot brlreE atd re@tlt lr@ depostts jo d@!E of tJE
Acta 30, 341-359.
co@h18.
led sea.
cffbl8.
A.!.G.
r
!trlcgBt','
G1obal lbct@lc
-I-oglcil
wI@.
J.f.'
CEALIT'
G., AISaAEOA' F., IIIC$AD' A., llIllglER.
fr@ tJE 13\
of, elutlG
C@l8try
6 reN, N. (1984)3
I€tt.
lbrtlt
Plaet.
sti.
Rts lljdrot}te@l
8i!e.
Paciflc
297-301 ,
a .let€qpraEartl
8tdge.
Eco@lc
R. & !a !eNN, F. (1984}t
m{,
,.,
,-*"
rI project.
the AtLatls
d@8tt6,
tniereit
of, triaarotfroruf
".,
Au I€rqE
d'-Etrd;
et de Rech€;che de ltireralistim
cr@
i
Erera
!{nnll.tD,
'---G;altg
lrarlM
.r.8.
g-lp.
remtreE,
5uFtld.
E SETCIEA'I' R. (1982) 3 Bld-rotie@l
.alttratl@-ot
Proleqt slte,aT.
at Deep sea DittLtng
ard s€df@&
rr@gh.
u.s. Go,.
(1979):
------ffirds: & ROSENDASLB., et al.
afr
cl@tstry
straligratrfiy204' 613-615.
sctere
dlitltng.
!,IAI{AB, z. (1983}:
a]3.a22,
ned sea Elllngr
A nw
GaLattsgos h!'diot}le@l
b'y d@!Fs
rmaled
era.
[ElFSea
IteB' :11'
Suspend€d-ard
IRICAI{IN, N. e lnEFRY, J.E. (1987)l
NEXSEI.I,T.A.,
ql9gg-!98!9919
fr@ the Gorda Rtdgo:
botc@ 6edl@ts
Ey rr-u,
Progre'
Gorda ltdge EqDsi@
Mlreral Resrcs.
1987.
463
HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION AT OCEANIC RIDGES
NE[4$LL, C.G. E U$jrw,
frf.r1:*
------t-
w.c.
(1993) !
of, wr@rc'
ErpLoslw
Vol@.
actlvltlr
GeotlEm.
@lat€d
tle8.
17 ,
L.8. (1984}3 Elslorl.al
west
' MURxglR, D. 6!'!,L!E{ENA,
larg
@Lder6
of t}!o mrld,
rtth
EfEctal
o:ateury
refere@
caLlfomla.
u.s. ceol. Sury. @n
!9 FgS -\9X!€y,
Flle Rsp. 8/|439, 174.142.
t@liGBK, W.R. & Ol(lrB,
D.A. (1983)r
GeoloEy alt Dt@ral
dsposits
of tjE,.lun
ds lrr€ Rtdge off Oregq.
u.S. csol. Sury. Prof.
FaA. il'75.
J.L., RosRr, R.A., & (:lsrE,
@ta
d€posfts
ard Nfftde
RldgB.
coolosy l.:l., 15&-163.
D.A. (1983)r
@ tlE utlEm
, !Glt8{.
-----@rotlerml
do nr€
Acttw
Jw
uJPrEN, ,t.E., lllJRRAy, J.H, , DErnNEy, ,t.R. , J@\6C$t, E.F. ,
KoSIG, R.A., CIndJE, D.A. e !ORItl{, J.L. (1982):
Po\@talltc
qruide
dsposftg ord Et€r€l@
of acti@ }rtldrotlErEaL
@ts
@ tlE @tlFm
J6
als Fu@ Rtdge.
!b!. Ibch. S€. J. 15,
46-53.
OCEAII DRxlIJll3 I,R(taAll IEG 106 SClB{rIrlC
P!firY (R.S. Dotrlqk,
,t.
E@Dre2,
.ada@,
A.C.
G.W. Brsa,
K.lrt. CtUts,
9.8.
EDphlte,
C. ! wl,, P.S. !{qygr, N. lbters,
ti. Raut@qbletn,
(1985):
r. shtbata,
E. stadtgel,
A. }laldrldqe
& K. ya@to)
Drttlttg
ths Slake Pit hdlotne@1
Eulfldo
d€postt
@ th€
t{td:allettq
tlidqs, latihde
23o22'N.
G@loqy 14, 1004-1007.
qDIN,
S. (1987)!
t'1ra@ €1@!
ard preclru
@tal
@ntrati6
q|Pro
ln lbat Paclflc
Rts,
ard Red sea st@artr
sulftd€
deI$its.
In ttalte
ltlEraLa!
id@€s
tn R€earch
a$d
(p.c. lblekt,
Rsru@
Aas6s-@t
!t n. Dob6@, ,t.r. lioore ! v.
V@ Staqtelborg,
ods.).
\'Ano ASI Eeri.ea C, l9{, 349-362.
D.
Reldel Arb. Co., Dordrosltt,
!oUd!t.
Black @kor chl@ - fra(@b
------fC1pro& @{FXAlfTIlgt, c. (198{)!
slfldq
dspoEtts.
t{ature:108, 349-353.
EISSE, Y. d RAilBOZ, C. (1984)r
rluld
dreral,ogiqf
wld@
for
hl.gtts t€qpratu€
tJE@l
clrculatlm
in ths Red S€a @talllfer@
P!€U,oIEry
reelts.
!br. Ittnttlt
5, 3-31.
CnEN, R.l.l. 6 REA, D.r.
(1985) |
soafl@r
llohs dt@te
to t*t@L6.
the E(EE
h@.
sclo@
tl,
L66-L69.
lnclEt@
ard
&LiE
lt!'d!e
s€dtemt6!
ROBr!tr[N, p.T., rttErtrrcN,W.C., O.SEaR{. r. A gCsltIltCKE, S.U. (1983)!
cX'pro.
gI@
of tJD froodos otrhtoltte,
vol@Lc
cqsttt@
11, 40G-404.
csolqy
(1980a) t Gfobal plato @t1@
rt6
atd
cqttt@taX
Crul
Ass.
c4.
strangrqy, ed.).
csl.
-cogt
( 1980b) :
IAG Et'drothe@l
26oN. J. @ol.
at latibrds
--sflor
(1983)!
r*
Bploratt*
sproadtig
@tsrB.
0 ses![INDs50{, K . ( 1 9 7 4 ) r l€]a!t
----Ea[.Atletlc
Rfdg9. Ara. n4.
tlE
reLatl,@
to
--re-torg:
[inttlq
-------dtvtty E ctlgrB,
at
@a]4!q,67'
--zme
nlGrallatl@
o@e,
ard
El@rellatl@
Badto&s@f
Atlattc
Eodel.
!tar. ltinlnq
D"A. (1986)!
ths @rthon
102s.
Ore dEralogy
of s@t}| Aumtlc
Project I€g 73).
ItrtLl.al lGports,
I€q 73. U.s. cpv.TFfiE;A?f.r;_@
bqaltg
D6op soa
@8E, R.r. (1975)r An
pactf,ic.
Earth pl,@t.
PXqnEr+FNCND, V. e GT{oIO, S. (1983):
TlEr@I
htBlory
ard
d@ie]
aoi tetoplc
cqsttt@
of tho or+forDlng
flulds
rss!rei.bls
f,or t}to torroLo depo6i.te t! t]!e. sokuroku austrlct
of ,ta!e.
Ec6. ceol. nooqr.
5, 523-558.
nIBANF, R.tt., TCRRAII(F, K.E. & XUnOXIE, D.t.
eodels for tlldrotno@l
tn tlF
clrqrlatlm
G@ptt!ts. res. 81, 3007-3012.
(1976):
@4Lc
M@rt@l
crut.
.t.
R]@RDSC8{, C.J., (n!tt, J.n., RICSAFDA, S.G. r @ieN, J.G. (1987) I
[eta1-d€p],et€d
r@t z@a
of, tlF Troodog oreforoj.ng
b!'dre
plmet.
qfst@,
the@l
cvpru.
Farti
scl.
I€tt.
8{,
'
243-253.
(1980) 3 corda plate @t1@
f,r@ @gretls
Earth Plet.
sct. I€tt.
51, 163-170.
al1@ly
RrmEseL, !1., cngJgt, J.A., llacmNAJ,D, r.c. & t{ccarN, ,r.9. (1982) |
ilicr€artlqualtes
ln tlE black @ker
hldrot}te@l
fleld,
Ea6t
!€clf,lc Rls a! 21oN. J. @oplt!E. Res. 0?, 10,613-10,623.
!t.F.
E CgESlm,
R. (1971)r
lotroductl@
Ch@tslry.
Acad@j,c Pres6, Nw York, E.
to
Uartre
at
rrdlo
at
E6'
the lnc
TrM.
8l*6preadltrg
cbm.
Ican
at slFsDreading
5, 1-7.
r SPEER' K.G.
h€at truf,sr
rear 26oN.
Plalo
(1987):
pll@
dEractorlstl.q
Eydrotheruf
Rldge rtft
at lhr TtG ar@, ltld-Atletlc
Eos, !t@.
A@r. @aQhl6. ('d@ 69, 1325.
, Bogrqft'r, r. i EP{tIEIN, 8.
fro
ludge.
tJa }llalrAtlattc
(1980) I
c@loqy
Bdro$E@r
A'
9-t72.
G. (1985):, CtrIogic
R.A. & @{P$N,
, PGNNv,
t@t tref,or
of, blacl @&ers at r3G Ef'drothe@l
Rldss 25oN. Eos_!_I$!L_38::_Geodn&_bl9q
ultsAtl@tic
LO2t.
K. (L987 ) : serlBtlrtted
, HDENEAT,R, L. e EosRilt,
qd tBdrotlEr@]
acttvtt!'
at the lttid-adattc
I4f7-I427.
15oN. ,t. Geoplm. nes.92,
creat @r
------E:-E , BefiB, E., @tr.tER,
TREFFTY,J. (1985):
B0S, rru.
ao!.
$dgB.
----TF.
ard of
a g€G
spreading
at sf,ler
Nlf,lde8
26\.
at
of h!'aLotbs@l
c@xogdc ettt$g
Tr@.
A@r.
corda Btdgo.
@6'
------Gte
onsil,s,
A. e LrGERrs, N. (1984):
brlre
ds€p Ln the rcrth€m
R€d Soa.
PrPm. D.2., Vlm, S.G., Emf,BAltD,!t.c.6
lr@rlch
alaposlt fr@ tlE rcrthsaat
sct. IEtt.
26, fL+-L20.
rul,st,
@lE
Rtdgs
d€Fosit3
of, flacbEe
Stnctulal
bsh{.lor
r GRtrv' D.8. (1980),
dl63
abouc a sproadtng
s!@trlc
adl
asi@etrtc
23oN to 27'N).
G€o1. 8@. A@r.
t'dd-*tletic
Ridge (Iat.
Part r. 91, 4AH94,
E4!.,
6Llry
.2,2fr0.
PFllr!'ER, it. (19831r
llr
fo@!l@
of @rire
016 sludges
g€ogyncltE
red ir@
ore ard nEltlc
depoEits
f,r@
t6ct@1c polnt of vld.
Er@tall.
:t6, 131-136.
R.P.
atd
@kers
ltld:AU$ttc
55, 936.
*rera1
4, ?-38.
e roCmmSC{. E.S. (1978)!
Early Cqbzolc global
1t0, 1-11.
Earti Plret.
sc.t, I€tt.
monlatto.
------d
RrDDIUrgs,
e\alg.
rry*"**j.
!tar. trinlN
(1985b) 3
rydrotlemL
It€d 51@, Aclmtic
5, 1t-145.
(1987):
*E
--otere:
PAlllENrIER, E.!t. e sPC(NB, E.T.C. (1978):
A t]@rotl€l
study of
}lt'dlotlEr@-f
@cCi@
ard tlE
ortqin
of, ths opblolittc
slftde
ore dopo8tts of Cypru.
Earth plet.
6ci. t tt. {0,
33-44.
PsrsnSEN' N. (1984) t
([b€p S€a DrllltrE
DrllltDg
Froject,
b:e:;-30F0fi..----------.-
Elack
Ftold,
Cieophia. ltlLd
A@r.
illd+tlmtic
Rtdgq
Fteld!
lgl'
395-402.
sa. tsd.
DicraLlatlo
20' 1-104.
rydlotlte@X
nw.
EartlFsci.
-----Srotnsml(1985a)r
----@
ln
(t9S{)!
--mtere.
------d
t}E
(S.
ard DtreraL rero@sr
In
(D.F;
utEra]
Defpstts
spec. PaI). n,607-.622.
tc8!4, 'xtE
P.A.
lndlotJFr@Jactivity
groi
&rbor
<Ucldo
PN!{ASO{. G. (1967):
Or hsa! flq
ln l@lalal
ln relatl@
to
Uld-Atlettc
Ridqs.
In lcm
anl
ldd-Oc€e
Rtd@s
Blo@,
€d.).
sa. sc-I. Islerd B, IXf-727.
p.,
PAltlgt,
G., qrB{llcc,
Dtar:(rery
of a large
Natuo 310, 133-135.
(F.N. spies'
B.
T. AtEtor,
K.c. l'acdsDld,
FlolEa:P Gqrr
D. Cordlba, C. Cos, v.l{. Dla @rcta, J.
lallard,
A. Cfrra@'
R. Eal|lan, l. gesslot'
S8,ltts.
Francheteo,.t.
Grerrsro,,t.
,t.D.
B.
Idr!@dyk'
!{.
fast ar'
R. larffi,
T.
.luteo,
& c. tta!q{n)
!t. or@tt
uluer,
w. No@rk,
u,acd@@u,5.
(1980)a
Eot EpringB ard g€oCryBi@f
Rlet
East Pactftc
2tr , l42f-L444.
faie@
slFrt@ts.
Rrsg
Enrtz
stttng
Eield,
6r.
ultBRIdgE
n., KADro, D., Ittassog, G., NELIIEN,
qdrolt€r@L
@ tlp G{rala
acttvity
Ceoriwe. t!It@ 66, 523.
lArr,EfXE,
!{. S titErsoN,
K., WID!NeNA, L.E.G.,
, EOSditt,
(brlsborq
(1981): 3
(f981)
re@i5rc
of, tJE carlsborg
ProlidEry
rrrolidEry
m.
EiFral.lafor ttt'dlotlE@l
Rtdqe, rcrtJNstsm
rollfi
oc@
t1mm.
&&.
Mr.
GtrdrE.
rrri6
52. 914.
Uoi@ 52,
tl@.
T.A., AEFFY, J.E. 8 EU)ERP!E,D,
, KHNKBIq!'R, G., NM,
------T-(1985)!
aild @t
blota at
BlacL @kera,
@Bi@
sLfides
Ridgb.
Nabre 3211, 33-37.
ths ltltd-atlettc
------6[@{s,, TiIERRII,T,G,T. , BOSIFO'I, K., IIIDE{EAI,K, L., GO0nN' D.S. &
(1982a):
nl@raLlatlm
at sLe
sjdrotJE@1
n..].
Rtdqe a!4 th€
rldgs6!
fnE ldd-etl@dc
sproadtrE
realc
ocem.
As8€db., EaLtf4,
Riitg€.
Abstr.
Joirt
carl8berg
canada, SesEt;! A8-f;-tu--66;
-!!Atlg:raE, , B6!R&{, r., $rDElEArl, L., CrOs{Al.l,D.6., JBIKII$, r.J. !
of uldDl@raflau@
u. (1982b) !
sldrottie@l
!bat!.
14,
Progru
Rtdgs G-2?oN.
Geol. s@. !@r.
AtletLc
602.
r.J.,
RNSC8{, J.A. ' JENRIIIS, W.J. ,
-GAmH, , I@rPSoN, G. , !ErIL,
D., t'RIErrE,
t4., vc8{ DA}t}t, K. e mmcND, J.It. (1984):
qdlothe@l
hidre
Geotrrere
at tlE lre-dtl4ti,c
aclldqr
lttd-atlattc
Ri.dqe crest at 26oN. .7. @oph!6.
the@1
fleld,
!99. 8!,, 11.365-11.37?.
rOzAr€\tA, r.v.
@nts ot
RE6ID).
------Tldor
(1976):
p!trrhotile'
ln 8€diaid trotllte
Ceroltte,
(In
Lltol.
Polozr. rskop, 2, 22-24.
seEB D€ep.
& BAtlrRIN, G.N. (1971),
ocea.
of, th€ lldLm
!@r.
ceoplryE. Ict.
Tresl.,
Bt'drotlEr@t
Oe@logy,
11' 874-379.
oro 6ltm
@ the
sci.
ItssR.
Aad.
464
THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST
nfrCKr.Il8B, J.C.
ttnlatt@.
T}€ role
& FAFTEFSCE{, G.C. (1977) |
Petrologe
65' X9-44.
ulreral.
Cqtr.
Iacelal
-srGtRDssO{, E. & sPARRs, s.R.J. (1978)!
!'|anre zl4,726-130.
r@Lardic ciut.
;iit€d
of, @4m-
@ poly@lalltc
of lnfo@tim
c.@ptlatl6
sA!8ct{, .I. (1985) 3
of canada.
off the reat c@t
ard-(rurr&oa
dsFetg
sulftds
grErgy, ItiEs
rads
Atuh.'
c€s
oll
ard
Draf,t,
calada
I{orkiE
Div.,
58 p.
o@u [lntng
cantda.
erd ndoues
strat&bsl.,
Frecanblle,
6rNGgER, D.F. e s@IT, s.D. (1976):
h Eardbook
anulde
oree of North Mrle.
ruitw
Cr-zrpl
(R.8. Wolf' d.).
Ore Fpostta
ard Stratlfom
of, StratFerd
Nry YotL, Nr,
Blwler,
\tol. 6, or, zo, Pb, atd ag DepoElts.
129-222.
garo'
Eeluvlor
f. (1972) !
!.dn. Grcl. 22, 3L42.
srdKln{s, F.J.
T€ct@rlca.
------Mrae:
spoc.
of
(1984)3
r:etal
slrrlng9r-vgrrag'
DerBtta
&rrrn-
saa'.B;, r.L. 6 BIS@FT,
,1.L. (1973) 3
tle equtoltal
East lbclfls.
330-336.
sclNElDllt,
E.D. e lreI,
hlstory
of, eaf,ler
O-,
terreatllal
S€et@fsf
ceo$!a.
of, or€ @tala
at
@o1. Ass.
can.
@r@
oodqls.
Ferr@ngM
tn
s€di.@ts
ta"
h the Br&fleld
z. (198?):
for 1@1 tllectl@
fr@ baqk{rc
caopbys. ttot6
68, 1769.
3{
llotal8
tra@d
25, 16-17.
remtc
baqlt
ard
in
tlE
tlE
Naz@
to scl8qo
u.t.,
s@r!, R.B., toNA, P.A..
( 1974 ) !
tlsptdly
acc@lattng
@dtm Ell€y
of ttre nld-,|tlattc
1,355-358.
in wt€r
(DSDP l€g
RTLR,
un€@e
Rldgo.
t.!t. & N3rfiAr.tr, A.!t.
d€Fo8lt
f r@ the
ceopltrE. Res. !€tt.
R.B., IIALPAS, J., t@{4, P.A, 6 0DIN15EV' G. (1976)r
Dra@!er,
ttm
of h!d!othe@1
aclivity
at @ @i.c
spradtng
(tat.
lttd-ailmtlc
ildge
26oN).
Geolosy 4, 233-236.
S@nl'
_
that fom
eshatatl@
wl@nlc
Sutaarlre
8KINNER, B.J. (1983)3
h
clGr
@r!€d.
4 old td€a @ pr@
ntireral dwttsl
(P'A'
K'
m'
cenle!6
spr€adirq
saafl@r
at
t}Er@l
Pr6@ss
w
@'
L. Iaubler 5 K.L. sDtth' Jr., eda' ) '
bcr@,
gclreg'
w
Pres'
P1ru
12' 557-569.
fv, [arle
serlea,
!ork, Nr.
of 4lfirr
ard 9e
Orlgln
sKItrROw, R. E @,EI|BN, n. (1982):
fr@ tJE Ga1a!ts96 RIft,
sltldes
of bldlotlE@l
tiiretry
86otl.
Natura 299. L42-L44.
(1,984) !
Dq[bsiti@
N.3.
sxPcEENKo,
rr
boartnE Erds ln tlE Acldals
ceol. Rw.26,657-562.
--Orrar,
a8l
hp
6!,@'
-
(1975)3
fo@llo
N.f.
J. Ge@frE.
iwtratnts.
of, Ele,raltzed
Geo]'. &dSea.
croi!
of, rc8dc
4037'4042.
tlss. U'
s@11@r ph@tallic
!iar. lllnlrq
5, I9l-2I2.
elf,ldo
dEfmtt3!
(198?):
Seafl@r
poll@tallic
slfldesr
sclmtiflc
@ri@llies
o! oiea
of, tlE future?
In lbr1re
illFrals!
(P.c. Ibleki,,
advmeg
b tto@rch
aoi:te8de
Aseiaent
M.R. [bbq@, J.R. [oors & V. Vd Staclelhelg,
€da.).
I'leXDASI
Soriea C, 194, 271-300.
D. RsldeL tubl.
co., Drdr€cht,
Eollard.
s@
tlE@l
fr@ Did..@
Egres of hot Eter
6 t{ota$a, T.J. (1978):
J.
@ttatnts.
tlE@l
a@
syst@:
rfdg€ ttladrotlEr@l
G@phla. res. a3, 5913-5922.
E.f.C.
SIONR'
odrtoltttc
8a. Idd.
(f977)t
Eodol for tlF orlgdn
rydlodln@lc
oro deposita of ctBro.
oiprlfer@
SEltq
spec. Pub.7, *-17.
s rRe!,
C.,1. (X9?7) !
slflda
in ophtolttls
266, 806-812.
-@
or+
M:
of
dlf,ferotl@
ot tho Red s€a.
ard dlfferontiatlo
s€di@tati@
tI [bop of the:r€d
tn f:he attatts
(r! tu8ate).
!@atorczhd. E, 14.46.
of baaiB.
' PARSoNI, B. a itA{Pnq! (1981) 3 Oca@ aBl @tiMrts,
-----Efil1arl,tl,es
of hsat 1os6.
alal dl,ffor@a
ln tlE @chanl.@
.t. c@d!E.
Res. 85, 11,53F11,552.
(1985):
SCOrl, 8.D.
ltodem ard elst.
SydrotJFr@L p€trol@
B.R.T. & ranIsDN,E' P.F. (1982)t
aII{NEIT,
Nre
at tln e@bed of 681@8 bqsh'
@rds
tn ntrraliz€d
29,5, L9A-202.
------6ftfW
@ dsEloF@snr
(1970):
of,
t.
rhe tuE)u€ti@
hsat f,lm
oba6mti@
6
orrst
testoic
ard
dels
aot t4!E! @tl,e
of tlF earth.
of, the crut
,t. 20, 50X42.
goorr,
hibltall
Et!@t@l
R.B. (1982):
9!, rtlDlitehogt€d
10' 40]-407'
cffloq!'
dsp6tts'
sulilde
------ffis
(1979):
Iag 54 s€ghs wtdq@
..-...................-Geg!i@c
2A, L&:20.
*,
Plate
to
Relatl@
(X968):
Dlsmilolll.es
P.B.
sprsadirq.
Nature 217. I2I2-L222.
SCTENTIFIC Pr,ElY ( 1974 ) r
lag
plate.
ctrti@s
19, 20-24.
(1980)3
ceott@
ln
wlthin
sulftdes
, WEITE, D,E., R()sE, S.J. & !nRP' R.E. (1957):
------Frcciatsd
brl@'
sea gstfEr@f
rtth
tlc sall@
E9!q:-99q!'
62, 3L6.
wter.
A. 8ACKER, l. E 8IO!TERS, P. (1982) 3 E!d!e
.q!_1ts91.
ln a Ees deep s€dL@t
coe.
S@41'lZ, W., 9M,
th€p1
e4stlre
&, fr7-1o6.
_
------it0l-.
i!
e1u!t@
oref,o@jng
& BOIALIK, ,t. (1981) 3
ltF
leachtng
ugFatlc
wrs
Pap. 22, 255-268.
sGLossR,
P., grE88, E. e loP,
stralt
€ters,
Lrdi@tt@
rj.ftlng.
t!8, ltu.
t@r.
rel+
b's
at tlE Red s€a and its
(lorrostrial)
ard elot
51' 708-L26.
lrdla
ltetaUlati@
sARKaR, S.C. (1985)r
-other
saflor
vine
to
dsn
sbc.
uetaU.
@tal d€ID8lta.
-sll:LrroE,
wilw
fld
@9a
f,lulals of
EdlotlE@l
ore depoatts In g!'pro.
of tho
94I:
sffiler
liratrle
heai
@t@q&t&'.
!1.s. (19?3) ! Itb-eaflar
& ra!t,
potroloqy
12. 247-304.
Cqrtr. ltircra1.
tr@for.
atlal
depoBfts
i!
elftdg.
EldrotlFr@I
SIACKELEGEC, u. lrctl (1985).
c€@i68e
flit
hrda8fftalt
spreadllrg
@nt€rs.
back{rc
ud RolEtotfe cltc. 2' 3-L4.
schafto
STAKE , D. E rreNKO, D.A. (1986) ! itrLttstagE
f!@ tlE failod
tl@ of @hbrolc rcka
E' 75-92.
acl. I€tt.
EBrth Plmt.
lti'dlotlE@l
lbtb@tlci,n
atterF
RIdg€.
of ltf'dlotJF@f
wlr@t
*"r,,
rtdgsE.
rn
@ic
m otoerq€d
ard"tttieL
",*r**r, mcos
".tn r@lad
(P.A.
sprgading
Cster6
Pr@a&6
at s€aflor
ddrotlermt
e r.L. sDith, sd8. ). nBro c@f .
t. r.ublsr
r. roatro,
nim,
l'rss,
N4
Ple@
72, 32L-360.
S€rl,os, fV, tnarlre 5c1re8.
York' Ni.
ETEFEts[s' J.D. e wrrlxoPP' R.w.
studv of
beao nicrmiq
ard
In tiot srtEi
;@Ies.
Rsd-Sea (s.:E. Degss & D.A.
Nr, 441-447.
tork,
(1959)3 I'licroscoplc ard €loctr@
In Red s€a md
&lf ldo nlrelala
Re@t EeaW t@tal Deposlts ln ths
Nfl
Sprlngor-verlag'
Fos' eds.).
Dlcrepr@lpltatsa
xr@ ard qges
SrorFvN-EGLI' P. (1987) 3
fr@ ths lvqLlc Oc@t
@
bt@tlic6@
rlthln
a Cretatro
7. 22X'23L.
sry€.
lGsl"bLe tt!'dloths@l
999:!EL:!q!q.
sus88, E. (1987):
@
Aotarctl€:
68, 1768.
Eldrotl€@Lts
@rifl.
ln
ttE
Brmf,leld
Strait'
ttd,@
AIRRETI, T.J., B!E{XI$GrcN, H., (]IASE, R.L., EU.NW, Y. &
Jt[Um,
5.K. (1984): Tectotc
f r@rk
dsFstt€
ard slftde
qEt
of Sqrth€m Explorer
Ridge, rcrtheasCem
lbcif ic O@e.
Brm.
A@r. Geop}ttB. Ut{6 65, 1111.
E.G. 0
s\tlL.Norr, v.N., sEsr@tNKo, A.Y., I,SFEIEKIS, T.Y., gjl[tr@,
cruts
of hldroth€@l
ZATTADSReyA'N.N. (1985) 3 Ccaryoslt"td
(In
Res@.
20' 229-239.
Ltti.
Elmral.
ln ths ltad soa.
.
tir68is)
caA88, R.L., Ut@g.,
P.J., SEA, G.r., EARROTT!,r.J,,
GCEIOiI, !1.. m!WIICIG{,
}t. & rErR,
t$.dg€
J. (1985} r ll.!,lorer
aoi ituzo llllm
&€l@tar
utrdate.
Ti&.
!@r.
6,
c€odrya. lhi@
65, 1124.
, 6aR:rz@1r, v.P., EGDAT{O\I,tlr. A. E rSAYEltA, A.B. (1984) t
------ffirothd@f
Deetr,
tn th€ aLtettbll
o basl.ts
barlls
cs!
(In
(ied saa).
u88R 24, 716'720,
a€d.
sct.
ocaael.
&ra91m).
(1972):
SEaFIA, D.L.
l.lodo of, @rrene
of, cuprlfer@
Ftrj,t€
dstrDslts
of
cypro.
rr€f=__l!g!.__qdN
l€taq.81,
Bt39-819?.
(1971) t
c.c.
e lar'|GsEm. u.G. ' JR.
r{.,
$rNDrs@,
TA!{eNr,
geopfryEt@I 6tt!dy.
J.
a delalled
neykJms
Ridg€ crestr
GeopbE. R€s. 76t 413_St't.
SSYARIED,W.8., JR., EEx{im, U.E. & inNECKt, D.R. (1986)!
Ch1ori.d6
eobtuty
drrlnq
lri'drothe@t
h ttE 1@
alteratl@
of basl,t
pr€sro
s,qErcrltte]
regtm.
GeahlB. Co8@hlE. kta
50,
469-475.
tlE lred
P., FOrIr. G. r NBtriAB' z. (1983):
IFISSE, v., GJE{!€,
laboratory.
g€odit@lc
aod @tau€wic
s!a:
A @tural
Eplsode6 3, 3-9.
6EIF&FD SCIENrIrIC FARrc (1983) ! stle 4S2. In B.r.R.
Robi@,
et aL., Inilial
lbFrts,
tEep SetDrilltN
I€q65.
u=.-e.v.@
8.8., SCrnmDEr, 8., gtlA]&lisKA, !:_E loqr
Gorpscb[. G., uqprnrS,
at 26oN (gc)
{d &581re slfLdes
F.A. (198S): actlve @!s
Rldqe.
cbn. lltreral.
@ tJE iid-Atle!1c
ard 23cN (s@keptt.)
(thtg
26
tsrc).
ts!s,
P.
ProlecL,
465
HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION AT OCEANIC RIDGES
-_,
!0T1L, l'|.J. t RO6, F.A, 11985):
Uorphology, ElEralogy
arli ct@I8try
of lrldrotho@l
dslpsits
fr@ the TAG area, 25oN
!,tid-Atlattc
Rtdgs.
Ch@. ceol. 49, 241257.
-orirF@roEud:Evity
!O,
C.C. e glM;, W. (1975):
UetaLltfor@
delEtts
tho uld-Atl@tlc
q9L__E99._
RrdSe.
!_!I9g!eq_l!9!!.
7297 .
vIu,:Il@R,
slted
erer.
TIt EY, n.R. & DELAIiTEY,J.R. (1985):
sulf,lde demLts
Ehd€er
S€g@t
of tJE J@ ds fU@ Ridge.
!br.
155-180.
-----:tF
! aGmr
ScI. Iatt.
(1986):
Seger!-of
Tl,303-3L7,
Greth
of Larga slftde
th€ J@ do Aia Ridge.
@
7,
f,r@
illnlnq
tlE
5,
atnsturoa
@
Earti plret.
IIJNIIICLIFFB, V. . BOttoS, t1., DmJn@, tlt.E., DINET, A. , tt@!@N,
S.P.' J(lltrPER, S.K. e UCE('!!, R.E. (1986),
Eydroti6@l
mts
pactf,lc.
of- E(plor€r
Ridge,
rcrthoaat
hFFSoa
Rs6. 33,
40L4r2.
TUBSKIAN' K.K. n IuBRIs,
.t. (1966)3
the dlatrllqu.o
of
ol@ts
in al@p-ea
Eedl@ts
of t}te A$.mttc
O€e.
Ple!.
Sct. t€tt.
1, 161-168.
-
& tlEo4@L'
8@ @lor EIts
72, L75-792,
K. (1961)!
Dtstrtlutl@
of ths
of tlE @rth'a crut.
CfoI. Sc.
uR!@,
qrdlotne@t
T., :(nsA,
I't. E }{A(eO, 9. (1987):
slft&B
qldera
fr@ a sb@art@
ln tlE slclrttrxrcJi.@
Rldge, mrthEaten
Paclf,lc.
nar. ceo1. 74, 295-299.
U.5.
GActr&I(n&
(n.n.
SURI'EC, ,IUAN DE 8I,cA ArODi crurp
No@rL,
.t.r.. lbrt@,
it.rr. Bl8d@ff,
t.
Br€tt,
R.t.
Eolcc@b, E.S.
KapIDL, R.A. (o8Ll, s.L. noa8. r.C. Shaqks, III,
J.r. Stact,
R.L. t@ Da@ t 8.A. zlelstbsrg)
(1986):
sltuarlE
f1srue
onjltl@
arlt lrfdlot}le@l
@ts
@ the sou$En
,tue de f!€
Rtdge:
PreliEtEry
obsemti@
fr@ the ertosrBlble
ALtt:N,
C€oloqy !1, S2H27.
A., y{asA, ll.,
loKotn,
s., !8c@8A, n., M8E$ORA, A. &
(1986)t
trtuRAKarUI, F.
Sjoarte
lMdroth€@l
@& -Japan
(Eonlb)
dEposita
fr@
th9 (ts@ra
arc,
off
tlF
Ialalds.
trar. c6ol. 73, 311-322.
UyEDA' 8. (L987) r
baqk{rc
troryh.
Acttw
h!'drotJE@l
E06, fr@.
A@r.
VAIsrE,
J.N. (1983)3
rbsp hidlotlFr@l
B6dl@ts.
Oc€ro
9, 395-443.
vANrc, D.A. trrrJ*rn*ortre
Product of hfquy
&ftre
7l, 51-59.
--
@!da
Ctrdm.
ln tlE Old|lm
I!d@ 68. 737.
aqltvlty
ant @tautfer@
qhiboto8
f,r@
f,lutds?
bdiotne@l
oc@tc
r€l€r
e@r. lllreral.
(1988) t lbcqFratura,
preasre,
ard cq)ositl@
of lrl'dre
the@l
f,Iuid€,
dtn
tjEtr
beartulg
@ tJE @gnthd€
of
tect@ic
tElttt
at ula}@e
ri&€s.
lnf,err€d
fr@
f;tuld
lrcIul@
ln emic
lay€r 3 rcls.
J. G€oI89E. R6s. 93,
4595-4611.
potrolw
qd (ltG
\nN !{A@[{ER, N.A. 6 nCafiSd,
(1985) |
P.r.
-tJE
ch@tBtry
of esen
bedtak
e@le:
Iq)ti@t16s
tor
orig{n
of Alpha RfdSe.
In Inittal
G€olql.@l
Reprt
@
CBSAR---[IE Caradtm EiFdttfo
to Strliy t-lE A]'pha Rid,le (S.R.
Jact@,
P.J. !tudie e S.U. Bla6,
€ds.).
Ctrl.
$ry.
Can.
99p. W-22, 47-51.
raRll{\rAs.
S.F. (1988)r
lracturg
z@Eaat
17-I04,
Eldrotla@l
Paclf,lc tu,e
@tallog@sts
bterffit16.
\rE@, s.E. E BOSIFOU, K. (1971)3 Atl@t@
gartlr Plet.
l,aclflc Rle.
Sct. I€tt.
e BlsCB)!'F, .r,L. (1987)3
J@
fr@ tle @tlEn
LL,334-LL,a46.
92,
------E-m
,
-----TEotstry
@
of ard po€tulatsd @trols
cbsei8try.
J. G€aEb'lE. tbs.
etuct@i8try
of hfdrothor@l
ds ru€ 8td9e.
J.. G€odtl€. nes.
B. (1985a).
e @A!lI,
EDrtCStD, it.t'!.,
t'rEAgrR6i, c.1.
&lutl@
at GI!ry@
of djh@arts
bfdrotbo@f
{9,
cog@h!8.
of @lifornla.
GechlE.
!44
Basin,
G[f
UZL-ZZ' l.
----L!'-.
ol@ts
ln
A@r. hd].
srb-.
J.
s. (1986)r
regl@ of, a 8€dIB. e tAvlg,
EdrotlE@l
rift. Elfey,
lEtter
do nr€Rid@.
Da, 1t@.
Jm
uridn
67i fZfZ.
Ceodrre.
sl8l@ttc
VoN Dtiltl, K.L. (1988)!
@lutl@
sutoartE
ftldrotlE@l
93, 4551-4561.
TI9SSTi
at 21$,
Eaat
ztt t-zzzu.
tre
lbrti
(1978):
IITRNER, J.S. a grmasct{
r3E f,l@ of, hot saLtE
slutt@
- 8@ tqrltott@
fr@ Gnts h tJE eafl@r
for e.lDlatlw
g@.
@slre
suutde
@d oth€r
ore alepdstts.
ceol.
73.
1082-1100.
uqrr,
c€stat
a Yqil'[c, D.n. (1978):
off rcrtlEm
Bala caLlfonta.
GooptlE. Rs8. 43, 7757-7714,
nDEPOSL, K.E.
Tlofect@
200-23L.
@al|!, B., USaSJBES, C.1., llAt'DEN, B. 6 l@lgs,
sluLioa
trydrcthtt@I
of, auharle
emlstry
Acta i|!,,
co@hiE.
Paclflc
Ris.
C@hin.
(1960):
strIrro@lytLsclE
G€cldn.
dE d@ Atlettk.
wtsrschDgu
co@tttE.
Asta
a
18,
}IEXSS, R.T., IONSOAI,E,P., LUFKN, .:.8., SAXNBRID(E' A.E. E GAIG,
pl@e
ln tlE CalapagG Rtft.
s. (197r):
Eydrotha@l
Eggg
2et,600-603.
let$e
vlEIlE, Il.!1., E)FF[G!i, A.W. & PU@ELT, B. (1987)3
J. c€odlrE.
Mld-Oq€e Ridge baefc.
of Pactftc
c]@l8try
92, 4881-1893.
(1974).
Eeat
D.L. e Vtsl EaZoN, n.p.
l{ILLIl!,!t,
2, 327-328.
@ ostt@te.
Earthr
Seglgg
-
------G
l@
fr@
g+
ne8'
ths
, GAEES" K., TAN ANDEL, T.S.' 1'(!I' BESZE{' R.P.. DS'TND,
of the
@rd
I*E lry&otlE@l
.t.R-. & CRANE, K. (19?9):
stth
DsR/ ALVIN ard detaiL€d
Rtft!
oba€Mti@
Galm@
J. @@htB. nos. u,7467-7484.
heaf do
studies.
, 116{ SBZEN, R.P., SCrelER, rl.O. 6 ANDER'oN, R.N. (1974),
gooXfng qld
Litis!,lEric
@ter:
aalapag@
Epreadl.lg
s4.
G€odils. J.:ta,
clrslatl@.
Rot'. Bt!m.
hldrotl€r@I
s/{uo.
(1955)3
doPostts of, the bl6
G@logy 8rd EiEral
wrlscs{, I.F.
BaJa Caltfomta.
U.8. C€oI. Sury. Prof' Pap.
clplEr distrlct,
213.
clr@latl@
erd
E!'drottE@l
rFIfRY, T.J. E sl,EEP, N.E. (1976).
J. Geol. U, 249-275.
rtdgDs.
fh
at Et4.@m
S€d@f@l
zBBn[A,
N.N.
sdl@t8
r29-L42.
e sorcLo/, v.s.
of ttE Atlstls
(1982):
rr Eep,
tn
Srf fw cqoDCs
!br.
G@1.
8ed sea.
@@816 of, @tal1lf,er@
zrEFENBEFfi, n.A. (1985)r
u.s. @ol.
rI Desp, aed saa.
AtlmilE
& s@n'!G' H.C., III
relaled
for briG
rr Deep, r€d sea. !@r.
*----ffial
&
----FietfdTqEEa
tt€d 8ea.
ib6.
tl6
gl,
t! ths
8€dt@t
(D4!r'
sury. Ctrc.
(1982)!
ard dtag@tlc
EPositl@l
ALIstia
nlrerallatl@3
atlatlfor
646.
A5@. Petrol@
G@1. 8111. 6'
( 1983 ) :
atd g€ch@tstry
ltLrelalogy
At14tt8
ln etalllfe!ru
Eedt@t'
C€oL. 7S' 51-.72.
of splrr Dssp,
( 1985) 3 Ietoplc
c@cralnes
@ t}E orlgln of
d
briEs,
It6d s4.
8d
vatdivia
AffiElsII,
suakin
Acta fu, 2205-2214.
c€dlrto.
co@trtp.
------TE
at the WUl(68
!tar. Csl.
?9,
..4vftgO
6
LO, 372-314.
&
-------In-retdlffrog
ths Eaet
prerc
t,TBSIrrI, N.J., ESSBICg. R. r FarE, Il.S. (1985)!
of C&Na
C@{natsd }t][prslire
brtEs
ln g8rtzelc
slll.@te
re16
of,
(Cypro).
Troodos-odfoltte
Eos, ltru.
,t@r. ceop!!E. ud@
66, 1129.
R. e FIFE, tJ.s. (1988) |
, RRRIG,
SrErsltE
-----llEowred
tn tJE C!'ps
ophiolite.
rn rnte-*atlml
(r.r.
Iteearch
Drtlltng
crorp
Robtli6n
et gl.,
pres6).
}llEraL.26
---Efo
(198g) !
IeLoplc
6€dl@nt,
Atliltt
(tttts Ls@).
f@tureE
shtdlgs eplg@ttc
nsd s€a.
5 lt r*p,
-@:
, rosRr, R.A., sEeNRs, w.c., rrx & asENBArrER. R.J. (1986):
6ed1@t-hosted
fllftdo-sulfate
ccqEstti@
of
atd
ls,
ltru.
rot]lem
Gorda Rtdge.
d€postt6,
Es@Eba troryh,
e@r. c€oplrys. ud@ 6?, 1282.
flutds
Crota1
(ln
eds.)
VIDA&, r.V. 0 I8IAC8, .7.D. (1981):
VDll&, v.lrl.v..
Costaf
erboff Erthem
@rlm
hldlotjF@l
acllvlly
BaJa, Calr,fornia,
2.
Evolutt@!!'
l4899ry
ad letolo
J. dra.
Ee€l@tstry.
&e, 86, 9451-€458.
Received March 10, 1988;revi*d tnanuscript accepted
lune 26, 1988,