Board­Notes­acid­base­theory.notebook
Naming Acids:
The formula of an acid is one or more hydrogens bonded to a monatomic or polyatomic anion. The way that the acid is named is determined by the suffix of the anion.
hydrogen _______ide
hydrogen _______ate
hydrogen _______ite
ex.: HCl
HClO4
HClO3
HClO2
HClO
becomes
becomes
becomes
hydrogen chloride
hydrogen perchlorate
hydrogen chlorate
hydrogen chlorite
hydrogen hypochlorite
hydro
becomes
becomes
becomes
becomes
becomes
_______ic acid
_______ic acid
_______ous acid
hydrochloric acid
perchloric acid
chloric acid
chlorous acid
hypochlorous acid
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Board­Notes­acid­base­theory.notebook
Strengths of Acids and Bases
Chemists classify acids as strong or weak on the degree to which they ionize in water.
Strong acids ionize 100% in water. ex. HCl + H2O à H3O+ + Cl‐
Strong acids: hydrochloric acid à HCl hydrobromic acid à HBr hydroiodic acid à HI sulfuric acid à H2SO4
nitric acid à HNO3
perchloric acid à HClO4
Weak acids ionize less than 100% in water. Ex. H2CO3 + H2O D H3O+ + HCO3‐ If an acid has more than one ionizable hydrogen atom, only one ionizes at a me.
Strong Bases dissociate 100% in water. ex. NaOH à Na+ + OH‐
Strong Bases: the hydroxides of groups one and two metals, except beryllium
Weak Bases dissociate or ionize less than 100% in water.
ex.
AgOH D Ag+ + OH‐
NH3 + H2O D NH4+ + OH‐
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Board­Notes­acid­base­theory.notebook
Anhydrous
• without water
Basic Anhydride
• Substance that produces a base in water
• Generally a metallic oxide
o Na2O + H2O ¢ 2NaOH
o Ca(OH)2 + 2H2O ¢ Ca(OH)2
Acidic Anhydride
• Substance that produces an acid in water
• Generally a non‐metallic oxide
o CO2 + H2O ¢ H2CO3
o SO2 + H2O ¢ H2SO3
o SO3 + H2O ¢ H2SO4
o N2O5 + H2O ¢ 2HNO3
o NOx + H2O ¢ HNO3 + HNO2
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Board­Notes­acid­base­theory.notebook
Neutralization Reactions
• Acid + Base ¢ Salt + Water
o
HCl + NaOH ¢ NaCl + H 2O
o
H2SO4 + 2KOH ¢ K2SO4 + 2H 2O
Hydrolysis Reaction
• The reaction of a salt with water to produce an acidic or basic solution.
• Salt + Water ¢ Acid + Base
• NaCl + H 2O ¢ HCl + NaOH
↓
↓
+
+
H + Cl
Na + OH [H+] = [OH -],
∴ the solution is neutral and hydrolysis does not occur .
• NaC2H3O2 + H 2O ¢ HC2H3O2 +
E
+
H + C 2H3O2[H+] < [OH -],
(strong acid + strong base )
NaOH
↓
(weak acid + strong base )
Na+ + OH -
∴ the solution is basic and hydrolysis does occur .
• Zn(NO 3)2 + 2H 2O ¢ 2HNO 3
↓
+
2H + 2NO 3-
+
Zn(OH) 2
E
2+
Zn + 2OH -
(strong acid + weak base )
[H+] > [OH-], ∴ the solution isacidic and hydrolysis does occur.
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