AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Summer, 2016 Assignment Name: ________________________ SC Teacher: ________________________ Room: _____________ 3 TASKS—MANDATORY FOR ALL APES STUDENTS: #1 “Home” Video Questions—due 7/1/16 #2 Math Review Problems—due 8/10/16 #3 GH Biology & Chemistry Concepts Review—Assessment on 8/12/16 All students should begin the school‐year with these skills mastered. An assessment will be given at the end of the first week assessing proficiency. Your performance on this assessment will serve as a predictor of academic readiness for the APES course. HOW TO ACCESS THE SUMMER ASSIGNMENT: Your assignment may be found at Ms. Kristen Wilson’s web page: http://mvhsapenvirosci.weebly.com/ All the files and resources required to complete the Summer Assignments can be found on this website. RESOURCES FOR APES—visit the web page to access the hyperlinks: 

Biology Textbook Chemistry Tutorials o Math/Dimensional Analysis o Chemistry Concepts 
Textbook Preview o Click on “Select a Chapter” and then “Chapter Summary” from the menu on the left side Thank you for using the summer to review the concepts from the Gifted/Honors Biology and Chemistry prerequisite courses. Be prepared with the mastery of these foundation concepts and skills as we will jump right in to APES…see you in early August! Kristen Wilson
[email protected] AP Environmental Science
Summer Assignment
Task #1
Name: __________________
Directions:
 Access and view the online video, “Home.” This free video is available using this link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqxENMKaeCU

Respond individually to the following questions numbered and in order. Save your answers as a
word document, titled “Last name_First Name_Date Submitted”.

Submit your responses to me via email ([email protected]) by July 1st.
Questions:
1. What does the following term mean, “Homo sapiens”?
2. When did life originate on Earth?
3. When did Homo sapiens originate?
4. What was our planet like originally?
5. What was a cloud of a good-knitted dust particles called? It was similar to so many clusters in the
universe.
6. What was our Earth was like at its birth?
7. Why was it important for the Earth to be at the right distance from the sun-not too far, not too near?
8. How is the water cycle described?
9. How did the ocean get salty?
10. What is shared by every life-form on our planet?
11. What originated as stardust?
12. What provides the Earth’s red, black, blue, and yellow?
13. Where did life first spark into being?
14. What fed off the Earth’s heat?
15. What organism were the first that had the capacity to turn to the sun to capture its energy?
16. How did these organisms change the destiny of our planet?
17. What happened to the carbon that poisoned the atmosphere?
18. How much time can be read in the walls of Colorado’s Grand Canyon?
19. How did the organisms grow their shells?
20. What happened to the shells of the microorganisms that died?
21. What did plant life finally do?
22. What is the Earth’s water cycle?
23. Why water called one of the most unstable of all?
24. What happens when water freezes?
25. .What is the engine of life?
26. Why are water and air inseparable?
27. What are the green organisms that supply ____% of the oxygen?
28. Coral is the mutualistic relationship between what two organisms?
29. Where is and how big is the Great Barrier Reef?
30. The Great Barrier Reef has ____species of fish, ____species of mollusks, and ____species of coral.
31. It took more than ____ years for it to make trees.
32. In a chain of species, why are trees a pinnacle species?
33. Trees have inherited from _____the power to capture light’s energy.
34. Why are trees so important for the formation of soils?
35. Soils are the factory of _____.
36. How is soil a world of incessant activity?
37. Why is it said that the Earth is a miracle?
38. What is meant by the phrase that “Every species has a role to play”?
39. Humans settled down after _____nomadic years.
40. The ______was, an invention that opened up new horizons and turned humans into navigators.
41. The majority of mankind lives_____.
42. The first_____ grew up less than 6000 years ago.
43. One in ______people still use only the strength of their bodies.
44. _____billion human beings is more than the combined population of all the wealthy nations.
45. _____are a family’s only asset, as long as every extra pair of hands is a necessary contribution to its
subsistence.
46. _____feeds people, clothes them and provides for their daily needs. Everything comes from the Earth.
47. How did towns change humanity’s nature as well as its destiny?
48. The physical energy and strength with which nature had not endowed them was found in
49. _____was humans’ first great revolution that was developed barely years ago.
50. The uncertainty of ______resulted in the first surpluses and gave birth to cities and civilizations.
51. Humans harnessed the energy of animal species and plant life, from which they at last extracted the __.
52. ______are the yeast of life.
53. The principal daily concern of all humans is to ____ .
54. ___of humankind tills the soil over ___of them by hand.
55. What is the pure energy-the energy of the sun-captured over millions of years by millions of plants
more than a hundred million years ago. ____
56. In the last ____years, the Earth’s population has almost ____, and over ___ people have moved to the
cities.
57. Today, over ___of the world’s _____inhabitants live in cities.
58. _____resulted in the invention of ____which in turn permitted the invention of skyscrapers.
59. A ____of oil generates as much energy as ____ in 24 hours, but worldwide only ___percent of farmers
have use of a tractor.
60. In the United States, only ____farmers are left. (Equal to number of people in jails and prison in US)
61. They produce enough grain to feed ____ people. But most of that grain is used to feed ___or ___.
62. Agriculture accounts for ____% of humanity’s water consumption.
63. ____ , another gift of the petrochemical revolution, exterminated ____.
64. Toxic pesticides seeped into the ____.
65. ___of the varieties developed by farmers over ___of years have been wiped out.
66. How can a growing worldwide demand for meat be satisfied without recourse to ___farms?
67. The result is that it takes ___of water to produce one kilogram of potatoes, ___for one kilo or rice and
___for one kilo of beef.
68. We know that the end ___is imminent, but we refuse to believe it.
69. The automobile shapes ____where every ____ , a safe distance from the asphyxiated ___, and where
neat rows of houses huddle round .
70. If LA’s model were followed by all, the planet wouldn’t have ___vehicles, as it does today, but ___ .
71. Everywhere, machines dig, bore and rip from the Earth the pieces of stars buried in its depths since its
creation: ____ .
72. As a privilege of power, ___% of this mineral wealth is consumed by ___% of the world’s population.
73. Before the end of this century excessive ___will have exhausted nearly all the planet’s ___.
74. Since ___, the volume of international trade has increased ___times over.
75. ___percent of trade goes by sea. ___million containers are transported every year headed for the
world’s major hubs of consumption.
76. ___is one of the biggest construction sites in the world, a country where the impossible becomes
possible.
77. The ocean covers ___of the planet.
78. The ___remain a secret. They contain ___of species whose existence remains a mystery to us.
79. Since ___, fishing catches have increased ___, from ___ to ___million metric tons a year.
80. ___ of fishing grounds are exhausted, depleted or in danger of being so. Most large fish have been
fished out of existence since they have no time to ___ . Fish is the staple diet of one in five humans.
81. ___ humans live in the world’s desert lands, more than the combined population of ___.
82. What is fossil water?
83. Across the planet, one major river in ___ no longer flows into the sea for several months of the year.
84. Lake Powell took ___ to reach high-peak mark. Its level is now ___ of that.
85. Water shortages could affect nearly ___ people before ___.
86. These wetlands are crucial to all life on Earth. They represent ___ percent of the planet. What are
wetlands?
87. Trees provide a habitat for ___ of the planet’s biodiversity-that is to say, of all life on Earth. Why is this
biodiversity important?
88. What are mangrove forests and why are they important?
89. Every year, ___ hectares of tropical forests disappear in smoke and as lumber.
90. What happens when the rain forest burn?
91. How long did it take Borneo’s vast primary forest to totally disappear?
92. Over ___ people-almost a ___ of the world’s population-still depend on charcoal for cooking and
heating.
93. On the hills of Haiti, only ___ percent of the forests are left.
94. What is the story of the Rapa Nui, the inhabitants of the Easter Island?
95. In years, the gap between rich and poor has grown wider than ever. Today, ___ of the world’s wealth is
in the hands of the richest ___ percent of the population.
96. One human being in ___ now lives in a precarious, unhealthy, overpopulated environment, without
access to daily necessities, such as water, sanitation or electricity. Hunger is spreading once more. It
affects nearly ____ people.
97. It is all about carbon. Under the effect of global warming, the ice cap has lost ___ % of its thickness in
___ years. Its surface area in the summer shrinks year by year. It could disappear before ___ .
98. By ___ , a ____ of the Earth’s species could be threatened with extinction.
99. Around the North Pole, the ice cap has lost ____% of its surface area in ___ years.
100. Greenland’s ice contains ____ % of the freshwater of the whole planet. When it melts, sea levels will
rise by nearly ____ meters.
101. Sea levels are rising. Water expanding as it gets warmer caused, in the 20th century alone, a rise of
___ centimeters.
102. Coral reefs, for example, are extremely sensitive to the slightest change in water temperature. ___ %
have disappeared.
103. _____of the ___ biggest cities stand on a coastline or river estuary. As the seas rise, salt will invade
the water table, depriving inhabitants of drinking water.
104. What will happen when the glaciers in the Himalayas recede? __
105. Droughts are occurring all over the planet. In Australia, ___ of farmland is already affected.
106. The permafrost is the ground that is constantly frozen. What will happen when it melts? ___
107. The world spends ___ times more on military expenditures than on aid to developing countries.
108. ___ people a day die because of dirty drinking water.
109. ___ people have no access to safe drinking water.
110. Nearly ___ people are going hungry.
111. Over ___ % of grain traded around the world is used for animal feed or bio fuels.
112. ___ % of arable land has suffered long-term damage.
113. Every year, ___ hectares of forest disappear.
114. One mammal in ___ , one bird in ___ , one amphibian in __ are threatened with extinction
115. Species are dying out at a rhythm ___ times faster than the natural rate
116. ___ of fishing grounds are exhausted, depleted or in dangerous decline.
117. The average temperature of the last ___ years have been the highest ever recorded
118. The ice cap is ___ % thinner than years ago.
119. There may be at least ___ climate refugees by 2050.
120. In Bangladesh, a man thought the unthinkable and founded a bank that lends only to the poor. In
barely ___ years, it has changed the lives of ___ people around the world.
121. Gabon is one of the world’s leading producers of wood. What is selective logging? __
122. I have seen houses producing their own energy. ___ people live in the world’s first ever eco-friendly
district in ___ .
123. __ % of the energy we consume comes from fossil energy sources. Every week, ___ new coal-fired
generating plants are built in ___ alone.
124. ___, ___, ___, and ___ are the biggest investors in renewable energy; creating over ___ jobs.
125. In ___ hour, the sun gives Earth the same amount of energy as that consumed by all humanity in ___
year. As long as the Earth exists, the sun’s energy will be in exhaustible.
AP Environmental Science
Summer Assignment #2
Name ______________________
APES Math Review Concepts
1. PERCENTAGE—Percentage is a measure of the part of the whole.
Example 1: 15 million is what percent of the United States population of approximately 300 million?
15 million/300 million= 0.05 x 100 = 5%
Example 2: What is 20% of a $15 restaurant bill?
20% = 20/100 = 0.20
0.20 x $15 = $3.
2. RATES—change in amount in a given time; rise/run; change/time; ∆Y/∆X
Rates will often be expressed using the word, “per” followed by a unit of time, for example, grams per
minute, liters per year
3. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Thousand = 103 = 1,000
Million = 106 = 1,000,000 (relative to US population)
Billion = 109 = 1,000,000,000 (relative to people on Earth)
Trillion = 1012 = 1,000,000,000,000 (national debt)
4. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS—using the prerequisite of Chemistry AKS, you are expected to
be able to convert between units of measure accurately. Online tutorials assistance is available:
http://joneslhs.weebly.com/
5. PREFIXES
m (milli) = 1 / 1000 = 10-3
c (centi) = 1 / 100 = 10-2
k (kilo) = 1000 = 103
M (mega) = 1,000,000 = 106
G(giga) = 1,000,000,000 = 109
T(tera) = 1,000,000,000,000 = 1012
MATH PROBLEMS—Show all work, answer the questions.
Note: Practice not using the calculator—the formal APES Exam and our practice work will not
permit calculator usage.
1.
What is one million times one thousand? Use scientific notation in your work and answer.
2. A deer population of 200 individuals grows by 15% in one year. How many deer will there be
the next year (year 2)?
3. Last year, I had 40 APES students and this year I will have 50 APES students. By what
percentage will the population of APES students increase?
4. Electricity costs $0.06 per kilowatt hour. In one month, one home uses one megawatt hour of
electricity. How much will the electric bill be?
5. Your car gets 15 miles per gallon and your friend’s car averages 25 mpg. You decide to head
off to Hilton Head on vacation, 281 miles away. If gas costs $3.75/gallon and you decide to
split the gas costs, how much money will you save by driving your friend’s car?
6. A beach is 10 miles wide and 30 miles long. If one inch of rain falls on this beach, how many
cubic feet of rain fell in this area? Hint: convert units to feet first.
 Self-Assess Checkpoint
Dimensional Analysis—if your comfort level is at mastery for conversions, then you are prepared. If
you self-assess and realize you need additional help, please complete the “Additional Help” tutorial
found on the APES Webpage.
AP Env SC Biology (GH) Review
Name_________________________________________ Date__________ Period_____
Scientific Process Skills
1. Give an example of quantitative data/qualitative data.
2. Create a lab scenario and describe the independent variable, dependent variable(s), control variables, as
well as control group and experimental groups.
Ecology
3.
4.
5.
6.
List the levels of Ecological organization from most specific to broadest.
Give examples of Biotic and Abiotic factors in an environment.
What is the difference between habitat and niche?
Define symbiosis.
a. Describe the 3 types of symbiosis.
b. Give examples of each.
7. Define and give examples of predation and competition.
8. Construct a food chain. Label: producer, consumer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, 1st trophic
level, 2nd trophic level etc…Describe the rule of 10.
9. What is biomass?
10. The law of conservation of energy states that __________.
11. Know an overview of the major land biomes.
12. Describe the steps in Primary Land Succession; and Secondary Land Succession.
13. What is the primary energy source for ALL living things?
14. Draw an exponential growth curve and a logistic growth curve.
15. What happens to a population as it reaches carrying capacity?
16. What is the effect of birth rate, death rate, emigration, and immigration on a population?
17. What is the widespread effect of CFCs in the atmosphere? Explain how this occurs.
18. What is the widespread effect of CO2 in the atmosphere? Explain how this occurs.
19. What law is responsible for limiting the production of CFCs? What law is responsible for limiting CO2?
Biochemistry
20. What is an enzyme?
21. How do enzymes alter chemical reactions?
Cell Energy
22. What is photosynthesis? Equation? Occurs where?
23. Why is photosynthesis important to all living things?
24. What is cellular respiration? Equation? Occurs where?
25. Why is cellular respiration important to all living things?
AP Env SC Chemistry (GH) Review
Name_________________________________________ Date__________ Period_____
Measurement/Lab Skills/Atomic Structure/Matter
1. What piece of equipment is used to measure mass? In what unit is this mass reported?
2. What piece of equipment is used to measure volume? In what unit is this volume reported?
3. What is the value of percent error determined using data—what is the formula?
Nomenclature
Compound Name
butane
nitric acid
methane
chlorofluorocarbon
hydrosulfuric acid
carbon tetrafluoride
Chemical Formula
Chemical
Formula
H2SO4
Compound Name
SO2
SO3
HCl
(NH4)3PO4
O3
Stoichiometry
4. Determine the molar mass of sulfuric acid.
5. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere through the combustion of octane (C8H18) in gasoline. Write
the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of octane.
6. Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), an important fertilizer, produces N2O gas and H2O when it decomposes.
Write and balance the chemical equation.
Solutions
7. What is the difference between solute and solvent? Identify the
solute and solvent in a sugar-water solution.
8. What is a polar molecule? Give one example.
9. What happens to the solubility of solids as temperature
increases? Gases?
Acids & Bases
10. Identify the properties of an acid; of a base.
11. Acids have a pH range from __________, with _____ being the
strongest. Bases have a pH range from __________, with _____
being the strongest.
12. What is a neutralization reaction?
13. How many times stronger is a pH of 3 than a pH of 4?