HighFour History of Mathematics Category C: Grades 9 – 10 Round 3 Thursday, November 17, 2016 The use of calculator is not required. Answer #1: Explanation: Answer #2: Explanation: Answer #3: Explanation: Answer #4: Explanation: Answer #5: Explanation: Plimpton 322 Plimpton 322 is a Babylonian clay table that has 4 columns and 15 rows of numbers in the cuneiform script of the period. Nowadays, this table is called the Pythagorean triples that satisfies the equation 𝑎" + 𝑏 " = 𝑐 " . Archimedes Archimedes wrote On Floating Bodies to give proof that various solids floating possibilities depends on its form and gravities. It consists of two books. The first book explains the concepts on principle of flotation and the second book are the mathematical investigation and achievement. Muhammad ibn Musa al-­‐Khwarizmi The Hindu-­‐arabic numeral system was adopted by Muhammad ibn Musa al-­‐Khwarismi, a Persian mathematician, on the book entitled On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Leibniz was born on July 1, 1646. In math, one of his contributions is the development of differential and integral calculus. He also became one of the most well known inventors in the field of mechanical calculators. metron The word Geometry comes from the ancient Greek words geo, which means earth and metron, which means measurement. It is a branch of Mathematics that studies shape, size, figures, and space. A mathematician who works in the field of Geometry is a geometer. HighFour History of Mathematics Category C: Grades 9 – 10 Round 3 Thursday, November 17, 2016 The use of calculator is not required. Answer #6: Explanation: Answer #7: Explanation: Answer #8: Explanation: Answer #9: Explanation: Answer #10: Explanation: Johann Heinrich Lambert Lambert was a Swiss polymath who made significant contributions on Mathematics. Aside from the lambert quadrilateral, he is also the first to introduce hyperbolic function into trigonometry. Elements In the late 11th century, Omar Khayyam wrote the Discussions of the Difficulties in Euclid. This book is about what Omar’s professed as errors in Euclid’s Elements. Parallel Postulate Parallel Postulate is also called as the Euclid’s fifth postulate. In Euclidean Geometry, it is also called as Number 5 Postulate. Euclidean Geometry is the study of geometry to satisfy Euclid’s axioms. Ptolemy The planisphaerium, also known as celestial plane or star chart, is a work by Ptolemy. He explored the mathematics of mapping figures inscribed in the celestial sphere onto a plane. Nowadays, it is known as the stereographic projection. Piero della Francesca He was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance and wrote the three treatises namely Abacus Treatise, Short Book on the Five Regular Solids, and On Perspective for Painting. The subjects of the works are arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and perspective. HighFour History of Mathematics Category C: Grades 9 – 10 Round 3 Thursday, November 17, 2016 The use of calculator is not required. Answer #11: Explanation: Answer #12: Explanation: Answer #13: Explanation: Answer #14: Explanation: Answer #15: Explanation: 13 The famous book The Elements cover Euclidean geometry and the ancient Greek version of elementary number theory. It also has geometric algebra on it. Franciscus van Schooten Frans was a Dutch mathematician who is most known for popularizing the analytical geometry of Rene Descartes. He went to France to study the works of mathematicians of his time. He translated Descarte’s Geometrie to Latin in 1649. Rene Descartes Cogito ergo sum is a Latin proposition by Rene Descartes. The English translation of this is “I think, therefore I am.” It was originally in French with phrase “je pense, donc je suis.” Galileo Galilei Pendulum clock conceived by Galuleo Galilei around 1637. It the earliest known pendulum clock design but was never completed. The inventor of pendulum clock is Christiaan Huygens in 1656. Calculus The word calculus is a Latin word, which literally means “small pebble used in counting.” It has two major branches; differential calculus and integral calculus. Both branches are not just seen in Math, but also in science, engineering, and economics. HighFour History of Mathematics Category C: Grades 9 – 10 Round 3 Thursday, November 17, 2016 The use of calculator is not required. Answer #16: Explanation: Answer #17: Explanation: Answer #18: Explanation: Answer #19: Explanation: Answer #20: Explanation: Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. Kepler has many famous works and one of these is the Rudolphine Tables. It was named in memory of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II. Blaise Pascal and Wilhelm Schikard Pascal designed a calculator to help his father. His intention to make a calculator is to assist them in converting UK and Australian currencies. Pythagoras Pythagoras wrote the Pythagorean theorem that states that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squared of the first leg of the right triangle and the squared of the second leg. In mathematics, 𝑎" + 𝑏 " = 𝑐 " . 355/113 The fraction 355/113 is the best possible rational approximation of π using fewer than five decimal digits in the numerator and denominator. Zu Chongzhi's result surpasses the accuracy reached in Hellenistic mathematics, and would remain without improvement for close to a millennium. triangle The word trigonometry comes from the two Greek words trigonon and metron, which means triangle and measure, respectively. Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of the angles and lengths of triangles. Its main lesson is the well-­‐known trigonometric functions.