Human Anatomy
Unit 2 – Chapter 3 and 4 – Cells and Tissues
Name __________________________________ P.__ Date__________
Turn your stamp sheet by the day of test or one day after for chance at full credit. After that, max points
= half credit. GET ANY INCOMPLETE WORK COMPLETED!!! Late work = 2pts if complete.
ASSIGNMENT
DATE TO BE
POINTS EARNED
COMPLETED
1)
Worksheet 2-4 The Anatomy
of the Cell packet
2)
Worksheets 2-2 – How a Cell
Operates
3)
Cell Activities PowerPoint
4)
Notebook notes on Role and
Function of Cell
5)
6)
Crossword – Cell Activities
Review
Stem Cell Reading Questions
7)
“Someone Get Me a Tissue”
sketch PowerPoint
8)
Tissue Identification Task
9)
Test Review Guide
10)
Extra for printing out
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CELL ACTIVITIES – PowerPoint Notes
Cell Activities Include:
 _________________________
 _________________________
 _________________________
Cell Transport
Since cells are basically ______________ (of proteins), they need to get stuff in and out just
like any factory. Cells use either ________________ transport or ___________ transport to
move substances through the membrane.
Passive Transport
This type of transport does not require cell ________________ (ATP) to occur. It takes
advantage of ___________________ energy of the molecules.
___________________
 Small molecules ___________ from areas of
_____________ concentration to areas of __________
concentration
Osmosis
 The diffusion of_____________
(green molecules are too large to move through membrane)
Active Transport
This type of transport requires __________________ to occur. It is used to
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 Move molecules __________________ the concentration gradient

 Move in/out ____________ molecules or
substances.
Protein Synthesis

DNA found in the cell nucleus is made up of a series of _____________ made of
Adenine-___________ or _______________-Cytosine

A stretch of these base pairs is a ________________

The code of a gene can be translated by cell machinery into a protein in a _____ step
process called protein synthesis.
Protein Synthesis
 _____________________



Occurs in the ____________
Converts DNA/gene code into
____________ code
mRNA leaves the nucleus and moves out
the ____________________
to
 Translation

Occurs in the cytoplasm at the
___________________
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

Converts mRNA code into a sequence of _________________.
A long sequence of amino acids = a _________________
Cell Division
Cells divide through _____ process –


_____________
_____________
Mitosis
 This type of division produces ____ ___________ cells (clones) from _____ cell.
 Each cell formed has the ______ ___________ of chromosomes.
 Occurs during ___________ development, _____________, and tissue ____________
(like a cut healing)
Meiosis
 This type of division produces _________________.
 Gametes are __________ or ____________ cells.
 Gametes are used in _____________________.
 Each gamete has __________ the chromosomes as the rest of the body cells.
Identify the pictures below as either “meiosis” or “mitosis”
__________________________
_____________________________
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Stem cells are currently fascinating the world of research. But what are they and
why are scientists so interested in them?
What are stem cells?
Stem cells play a central role in the normal growth and development of animals and humans. Normal
growth and development, including the maintenance of tissues and organs in the body, require the
production of new cells via cell division. However, specialized cells, such as blood and muscle cells,
are unable to divide and produce copies of themselves. Instead they are replenished from
populations of stem cells, which have the unique ability to divide to produce both copies of
themselves and other cell types. Stem cells, therefore, play a crucial role in supporting tissues such
as blood, skin, and gut that undergo continuous turnover (cell replacement), and muscle, which can
be built up according to the body’s needs and often damaged during physical exertion.
Why are stem cells interesting?
Stem cells have three properties that distinguish them from other types of cells in the body
and make them interesting to scientists –
1. Stem cells are unspecialized
Unlike a red blood cell, which carries oxygen through the blood stream, or a muscle cell that works
with other cells to produce movement, a stem cell does not have any specialized physiological
properties.
2. Stem cells are able to divide and produce copies of themselves
Stem cells can divide and produce identical copies of themselves, over and over again. This process
is called self-renewal and continues throughout the life of the organism. In contrast, specialized cells
such as blood and muscle do not normally replicate themselves, which means that when they are
seriously damaged by disease or injury, they cannot replace themselves.
3. Stem cells have the potential to produce other cell types in the body
In addition to self-renewal, stem cells can also divide and produce cells that have the potential to
become other more specialized cell types, such as blood and muscle cells. This process is called
differentiation.
Stem cells from different tissues and from different stages of development, vary in the number and
types of cells that they can give rise to. According to the classical view, as an organism develops the
potential of a stem cell to produce any cell type in the body is gradually restricted.
Pluripotent stem cells
Stem cells that have the potential to develop into any of the cell types of the adult organism. In
general, stem cells found during the very early stages of development are pluripotent.
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Multipotent stem cells
Stem cells that have the potential to make only a limited range of cell types in the body. In general,
stem cells found in the adult body are multipotent.
Fig.1. A stem cell is an unspecialized cell type. When it divides
either produce identical daughter cells (self-renewal) or it
produce more specialized cell types (differentiation). A
central goal in stem cell research is to understand how this
between self-renewal and differentiation is
determined.
it can
can
choice
Stem cell research
Scientists are excited about the potential uses of stem cells in many different areas of
research.
Stem cells provide an ideal model for studying the development of
organisms
Stem cells may help us understand how a complex organism develops from a fertilized egg.
Identifying the factors that determine whether a stem cell chooses to carry on replicating or
differentiates into a specialized cell type, will help scientists understand what controls normal cell
development.
Stem cells have the ability to replace damaged cells in the body that would otherwise not be
replenished
Stem cells have the ability to replace damaged cells in the body. This property has led scientists to
investigate the possible use of stem cells in regenerative medicine. Under certain conditions, stem
cells can be induced to become other types of cell, such as blood cells and muscle cells, nerve cells,
heart cells, or insulin-producing cells. Stem cells may, therefore, hold the key to replacing cells lost in
many devastating diseases for which there are currently no cures, for example Parkinson’s, heart
disease, and diabetes. This potential benefit is responsible for the huge amount of interest in stem
cell research.
Different types of stem cells
Stem cells have been successfully derived from mice and humans. They are found in the early
embryo, the fetus, the placenta and umbilical cord, and in many tissues of the body. Stem cells
isolated from these different tissues, and from different stages of development, vary in the number
and types of cells that they can give rise to. In theory, stem cells derived from early embryos have the
greatest potential to develop into all cell types. Scientists have focused their research on stem cells
derived from developing embryos and adult tissues.
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Embryonic Stem Cells
Stem cells can be derived from mammalian embryos, during the
early stages of development. In particular, Embryonic Stem (ES)
are isolated from embryos that are 5-6 days old. At this early
stage the embryo is a hollow ball of cells the size of a pinhead,
called a blastocyst.
very
cells
Fig.2. The human blastocyst
ES cells are derived from a
small group of pluripotent
cells within the blastocyst,
called the inner cell mass.
The inner cell mass gives rise
to all the highly specialized
cells needed to produce an
adult organism. This means
that ES cells have the
potential to make all cell
types in the body.
Fig.3. ES cells have the potential to make all cell types in the body.
Tissue Stem Cells
Stem cells can be derived from various tissues in adults. To date, stem cells have been found in bone
marrow, blood, skin, muscle, liver, brain, the cornea and retina of the eye, the lining of the
gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas. The primary role of these stem cells is to maintain, and in some
cases repair, the tissue in which they are found. For example, Stem cells that are found in the skin
will give rise to new skin cells, ensuring that old/damaged skin cells are replenished. Most research
has been done on haematopoietic (blood forming) stem cells isolated from bone marrow and blood.
Stem cells usually only produce cells specific to the tissue in which they are found. Stem cells found
in muscle, for example, will normally only give rise to muscle cells. Although adult stem cells are
relatively unspecialized, they are nonetheless predetermined to give rise to specific cell types when
they differentiate. This means that Tissue stem cells only have the potential to make a limited
range of cell types in the body.
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Stem Cell Reading Questions
Name ________________________________P.___
1 . Embryonic stem cells are __________________ since they can develop into any of the cell types of the adult organism.
a. specialized
b. differentiated c. pluripotent d. multipotent e. omnipotent
2 . Haematopoetic stem cells can give rise to
a. nerve cells b. white blood cells
c. liver cells
3.
d. skin cells
Which statement is true about stem cells?
a. They are found in both adults and embryos.
b. They stop dividing after two divisions.
c. They are mutated cells.
d. Their potential to produce a variety of cells increases as the organism ages.
4 . What is the name of a 5-day old embryo?
a. tissue b. stem cell c. blastocyst d. fetus
5 . Which cells are limited to making certain cell types?
a. ES cells b. pluripotent cells c. blastocyst cells d. tissue stem cells
6.
Stem cells
a.
b.
c.
d.
are specialized
are able to divide and produce identical copies of themselves
can produce specialized cells
both b and c
7.
What is true about a differentiated cell?
a. It cannot divide.
b. It is found in a blastocyst.
c. It is specialized and can only produce other cells with the same type of specialization.
d. It is cancerous.
8.
A doctor specializing in regenerative medicine would probably deal with
a. diseases like the flu and chicken pox.
b. delivering babies.
c. finding a cure for cancer.
d. patients who have a damaged organ.
9.
Based upon information in this article, what can you deduct regarding Parkinson's disease?
a. It is caused by the lost of cells.
b. It is a type of cancer.
c. It only affects the elderly.
d. It is caused by a virus.
10 . Where do they get ES cells?
a. from bone marrow b. from fetuses
11 . Stem cells haven't been found in
a. the kidneys b. the brain c. the eye
c. from blastocysts
d. from differentiated tissue
d. the intestines
12 . Which source may provide stem cells that have the greatest potential to develop many cell types?
a. the retina b. the kidney c. the umbilical cord
d. body hair
13 . Pluripotent stem cells cannot produce
a. nerve tissue b. multipotent stem cells c. muscle tissue
d. no correct answer,they can produce all of these.
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NAME_________________________________ PERIOD___________ DATE___________
Someone Get Me A “Tissue”!
Histology Notes and Slides--
1. What is Histology?__________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What is a tissue? __________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. How are tissues made and what is differentiation?__________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Three major Tissue Types and Function
TISSUE TYPES
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
a)
b)
c)
d)
5. Why is it important to know and recognize what ‘healthy’ tissue looks like?
___________________________________________________________________________
6. Why is it important to label or draw slides with good detail?
___________________________________________________________________________
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Columnar
Squamous
Ciliated Columnar
Cuboidal
Histology Slides:
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Loose Connective Tissue
Adipose
Areolar
Cartilage Connective Tissue
Hyaline
Blood and Bone Connective Tissue
Fibrous
Elastic
Bone
Blood
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Muscular Connective Tissue
Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth
Nerve Cell
MEMBRANES
Mucous Membrane
Serous Membrane
Conclusion Questions:
1. What does epithelial tissue ALL have in common?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. You drew many different kinds of connective tissue. How are they all considered ‘connective’?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What about blood? How can that be considered ‘connective’?
___________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the strategy that you are going to us to recognize these tissues again, say, for a test?
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Explain this statement as it relates to the body tissues you have drawn: “Form (shape)
follows function.”
___________________________________________________________________________
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Tissue Identification Task
Name ________________________ P. __ Date_________
Use your PowerPoint notes and the book – Chap 4 to identify the different types of tissues below. Here are the labels –
skeletal muscle, fibrous loose (areolar) connective tissue, epithelial stratified, nervous, squamos epithelial, bone, smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose, hyaline cartilage, dense connective, cuboidal epithelial.
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Chapters 3 and 4 Test Study Guide –
1. The smallest units of life are_________
2. In the cell diagram identify the #’d structures and give their basic
functions.
#1 _________________ - (function) _______________
____________________________________________
#2 _________________ - (function)
___________________________________________________________
#3_________________ - (function) _____________________________________________________
#4 _________________ - (function) ___________________________________________________
#5 _________________ - (function) ___________________________________________________
3. Define the following –
a. diffusion –
b. osmosis –
c. active transport –
d. passive transport –
4. Diffusion and osmosis are both types of ____________ transport since they don’t require cell energy to happen.
5. Give examples of 2 situations for which a cell would use active transport to move substances in
1)
2)
6. In the worksheet packet 2-2, a cell was compared to a __________________.
7. Define -
a) cell specialization –
b) differentiation –
c) histology –
d) tissue –
e) multipotent stem cell –
f) pluripotent stem cell –
g) blastocyst –
8. List 3 diseases that might be cured using stem cells –
9. Compare and contract Mitosis vs Meiosis – How many cells formed? How many chromosomes in cells formed? Type
of cells formed? Where these processes happen in the body?
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10. How our cancer cells different from normal cells?
11. What are the steps of protein synthesis, what happens at each step and where do these steps take place?
12. Describe the function of
a) Connective Tissue –
b) Epithelial Tissue –
c) Membranes –
d) Muscular Tissue –
e) Nervous Tissue -
13. Be able to identify slides of bone, hyaline cartilage, adipose, areolar, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle,
columnar, and blood (see your PowerPoint notes, chap 2, and “Tissue Identification Task” worksheet)
14. Be able to identify slides of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, and membranes
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