Rise of Popular Politics
Chapter 10
A Democratic Revolution
 “New
Democracy”
 franchise
1810s – many states: all white men
 only place in world

 laborers,
small farmers
 new western states
Republican Candidates
 John
Election of 1824
 William
H. Crawford
 Sec. of Treasury
 GA
Quincy
Adams
 Sec. of State
 MA
 Henry
Clay
 Speaker of the
House
 KY
1
 John
 Andrew
 Senator
 TN
Jackson
C. Calhoun
 Sec. of War
 SC
 dropped out
 supported
Jackson
Advantages
 Adams
Advantages
 Crawford
successful Sec. of State
 New England votes

 Clay
support from South
 opposed Am. System

 Jackson
American System – 1816
 support from West

war hero
 “plain, solid Republican”

Results
 Jackson
– 99 votes
 Adams – 84 votes
 Crawford – 41 votes
 Clay – 37 votes
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“Corrupt Bargain”
House Decision
 Clay
 Top
3 candidates
 Crawford had a stroke
 Jackson vs. Adams
– Speaker of House
hated Jackson
 supported Adams

 Adams-Clay
meeting
 Adams won vote
 Clay becomes Sec. of State
Duel
Duel
 John
vs.
Adams’ Presidency
Randolph publicly attacked
Clay/Adams alliance
 Clay challenged him to a duel
 no bloodshed
 no formal proof of “bargain”
Death of Revolutionaries
 national
university in DC
 observatory
 uniform weights & measures
 supported American System
little support from South, others
 little approved by Congress

 July
4, 1826
 Thomas Jefferson
 John Adams

“Thomas Jefferson still survives”
3
Tariff Battle
 1824

protect N. England mfg. / textiles
 1828

– 35%
– 45-50%
raw materials, textiles, iron goods
Tariff of Abominations
 South
hated 1828 tariff
 $100 million / year
 blamed Adams
Adams Lost Support
 1828
tariff
 Indian policies – GA Creeks
 out-of-date political style
 no patronage
Election of 1828
“Revolution of 1828”
 Adams

National Republican
 Jackson

– “Old Hickory”
“Democrats”
 Mudslinging
 1824
– 25% of eligible voters
 1828 – over 50% of voters
 Jackson won
 support from West, South
 “common people”

“snobs to the mobs”
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Jackson
 grew
up in Carolinas
 moved to TN
 war hero
 1st President from
the “West”
Jackson’s Gov’t
 White
House brawl
 opposed American System
 increased Presidential power
 “Kitchen
Cabinet” – unofficial
 spoils system – rotation in office
patronage
 loyalty to party
 dismissed 1/5 of public officials
 corruption

Sectional Controversy
 Jackson

fights American System
internal improvements
• vetoed 4 bills
tariff
 bank debate

 Webster-Hayne

Debate – 1830
debate began over western
expansion
 Senate
Debate
5
Robert Hayne - SC
Daniel Webster - NH
 Hayne
 Webster
condemned New
England
 supported
nullification
 states’ rights

defended New
England
 condemned
nullification

Tariff Debate
Impact of Debate
 both
viewed as victor
 Webster’s reply published

school readers
 Jackson
supported “Union”
 Southern
fears
interference with slavery
 states’ rights

 Effects
on South
artificial inflation
 reduced trade / cotton

South’s Response
Jackson’s Response
 attacked
the tariff
 1832 – slightly reduced tariff
 South Carolina Exposition
John C. Calhoun (VP)
 “nullification” of 1828, 1832 tariffs

 nullification
was unconstitutional
 Force Bill – 1833
use force against SC if needed
 “Bloody Bill”

6
Bank War
 Tariff
of 1833 – compromise
Henry Clay
 reduce tariff over 8 years – 1816 level

 SC
 2nd
Bank of US
kept banks sound
 shut down reckless
banks

repealed nullification
 nullified the Force Bill
 1836
 Nicholas
 Clay,
Biddle – “Czar Nicholas”
loans to friends
 corruption

 financially
sound; promoted
expansion
– charter to
expire
Webster - recharter in 1832 to
help win election
 Jackson vetoed bill as expected
unconstitutional
 dangerous to liberties
 anti-American

 Democrats
Election of 1832
– Jackson
 Nat. Rep. – Clay
 Anti-Masonic – Wm. Wirt
 Jackson

won 219 to 49
more widespread support
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Bank Destroyed
Indian Affairs
 Sec.
of Treasury – Roger Taney
 withdrew specie from 2nd BUS
 deposited in “pet banks”
 1836 – Specie Circular
 1836 – bank died
5
Civilized Tribes
 assimilation
 adopted US lifestyle
Cherokee Tribe
 Georgia
 S.
Sequoyah – writing system in 1821
 1827 – written constitution
 plantations with slaves


gov’t revoked rights and gov’t
3 times (ignored by GA)
 Worcester

 GA
Court addressed Indian rights
v. Georgia - 1832
states have NO authority over
Indian affairs
Jackson
 ignored
S. Court
 removed fed. troops – protection
 1830 Indian Removal Act
 all east of MS transplanted

OK, KS
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Resistance
 Sauk,
Fox (IL, WI)
led by Black Hawk
 rebellion crushed in 1832

 Seminole
(FL)
Everglades – 7 years
 led by Osceola
 some never left FL

Trail of Tears
 1838
 Forced
removal of
Cherokee
 1200 miles
 4000 died
Chief Justice Roger Taney
 replaced
Marshall
 partially reversed
many Marshall
decisions
 more powers to
states
Whig Party
 1834
 opposition
to “King Andrew I”
 based on British party
 led by Clay and Webster
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Diverse Group
 supporters
of Am. System
 states’ rights supporters
 industrialists, merchants
 evangelical Protestants
 former Anti-Masons
Democrats
 Martin
Van Buren
 hand-picked
successor
 “The gov’t is best
which governs
least”
Election of 1836
Whigs
4
candidates
 William Henry
Harrison

most prominent
 war
Results
 Van
Buren won
 170 to 73
 Whigs won 49% of popular vote

showed popularity
hero
10
Results
Panic of 1837
2
prominent British banks failed
recalled American loans
 drained gold and silver from US

 speculation
 Bank
War
 Factories
closed
 banks failed
 deep recession
 Whigs proposed:

bank credit, higher tariffs, internal
improvements
Labor Movement
Divorce Bill
 Independent
Treasury
 1840
 Van
Buren
 actually delayed recovery
 Commonwealth
v. Hunt – 1842
MA
 right to form unions

 Van

Buren – 10 hour workday
fed. employees
Whigs
Election of 1840
 William
Henry
Harrison
 “Tippecanoe
and Tyler Too”
 Am. System
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“Log Cabin Campaign”
Democrats
 public
 Martin
Van Buren
 hurt by recession

campaigns
parades, mass meetings
 Van
Buren portrayed as fancy
aristocrat
 Harrison

“log cabins and hard cider”
Results
Short Term President
 Women
more involved
 80% voter turnout
 Harrison won
53% of popular vote
 234 to 60 Electoral vote

 Whig
 Harrison

died of pneumonia
1 month after inauguration
 Tyler
took over
majority in Congress
Tyler’s Rule
 Democrat

opposed Jackson
 vetoed

Whig bills
tariff and bank
 cabinet
resigned
 expelled from Whig Party
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