Reforms, Revolutions, and
War 9.3
Chapter
Section 3
Independence in Latin America
Content Statement:
Explain how Enlightenment ideals influenced the
French Revolution and Latin American wars for
independence.
Section 3
Reforms, Revolutions,
and Warin Latin America
1.Early Struggles
The Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions inspired some in
Latin America to seek greater freedom.
1.Haiti Becomes Independent
1.Toussaint L’Ouverture
• Saint Domingue is the first
Latin American territory to
break ties with Europe.
• French settlers on Saint
Domingue resisted new law
• Present-day Haiti
• Toussaint L’Ouverture led
bloody revolt against settlers
• Sugar exports made Saint
Domingue one of France’s
richest possessions
• Prosperity built on slave labor
• French Revolution gave all
men voting rights in territory
• Toussaint’s military, political
actions made him hero in
Hispaniola
• He was a freed slave who
learned to read.
Enlightenment Ideas
Section
3
Reforms,
Revolutions,
and War
1.
Haiti Becomes
Independent
Continued/
Napoleon
Concerned
French emperor Napoleon worried about revolt in
Hispaniola
• Sent French general to take control of colony away from
Toussaint
– Island forces struggled for months
– 1802, Toussaint agreed to armistice
– French broke agreement, sent him to prison; Toussaint died
there, 1803
• Fight for independence continued
– 1804, revolutionaries declared independence
– Named new nation Haiti
Section 3
Reforms, Revolutions,
War and Portugal
2. Coloniesand
of Spain
Another Kind of Independence
• 1800s, Spain controlled most of Latin America; Portugal governed Brazil
• In the 1700s Spanish kings had made improvements in colonies,
building roads, regulating trade; colonies grew in wealth and
prosperity
Education and New Ideas
• Wealth gave some in Latin America access to education, new ideas
• Educated colonists read works of Enlightenment philosophers,
learned about revolutions in France, America
Tensions Growing
• Tensions grew in Latin America between creoles, people of European
descent born in colonies, and peninsulares, colonists born in Spain
• Similar distinction between Brazilian-born, Portuguese-born colonists
Section 3
Reforms, Revolutions,
War
2. Coloniesand
of Spain
and Portugal
Creoles vs. Peninsulares
• Creoles, peninsulares made
up highest social class
• People of mixed race,
Africans, Indians lower on
social scale
Napoleon
• 1807, French emperor
Napoleon invaded Spain,
Portugal
• Spanish king imprisoned,
Portuguese king fled to Brazil
• Creoles excluded from
• Invasion weakened Spanish,
highest levels of government,
Portuguese power in Latin
church
America
• As prosperity grew, creoles
resented peninsulares,
faraway Spanish rulers
• Sound Familiar? English
colonies??
• Creole revolutionaries decided
time right for fight for
independence
3.Independence
Reforms, Revolutions,
and War in MexicoSection 3
Napoleon’s conquest of Spain was the spark for independence in
the colony of Mexico.
3.Father Hidalgo
• 1810, Creole priest, Father
Miguel Hidalgo, made first
public call for Mexican
independence
• Had history of challenging
authority
Call to Revolt
• September 16, 1810, Hidalgo
delivered speech calling for
fight against Spanish
peninsulares, though not
against Spain. Loyal to king
in speech.
• “Death to bad government and
• Eventually met creoles who
death to Spaniards”
wanted to take power from
• Spanish authorities capture,
peninsulares, helped plan
executed Hidalgo
rebellion
Hidalgo would later become known as the Father of Mexican
Independence.
Reforms, Revolutions,
4.Morelos
Continuesand
theWar
Revolution
Section 3
• After death of Hidalgo, another creole priest, Jose Maria
Morelos, became leader of revolutionary movement
• Strong military leader, took control of parts of Mexico for
independence movement
• Organized Mexican congress, representatives from many places
• Wanted all people born in Mexico, whether Indian, mixed or
creole, to be called Americans
• Morelos wanted Mexico to be an independent republic with
guaranteed freedoms. ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS!!
• Captured, found guilty of treason, executed by Spanish
authorities
Reforms, Revolutions,
and War
5. A Creole
King for MexicoSection 3
Iturbide to Lead Fight
• Not all creoles wanted independence from Spain; some were royalists
• 1820, Spanish authorities asked Agustin de Iturbide asked to lead final
battle against revolutionaries
Switching Sides
• Iturbide believed liberal revolution underway in Spain might take away
some of his power in Mexico
• decided to switch sides, fight for Mexican revolutionaries
• Iturbide 3-part proposal to be leader of revolution
• Mexico would be ruled by monarch (Emperor Iturbide)
• Creoles and peninsulares would have equal rights
• Roman Catholic Church would be official church of Mexico
Section 3
Revolutions,
and War
5.Reforms,
A Creole
King for Mexico/Different
Proposal
• After 10 years of fighting
• Iturbide’s compromise brought together many
different groups
• creoles and peninsulares, revolutionaries and
royalists
5. Independence
• Unified under plan, royalists and rebel troops joined Iturbide to
win independence
• In 1821, Mexico declared independence from Spain, Iturbide
named Emperor Augstin I
Reforms, Revolutions,
WarBolivar
6. and
Simon
Inspiration
• Revolutions in Haiti, Mexico,
America, France inspired leaders in
South America
Section 3
Simon Bolivar
• Simon Bolivar, most influential
leader in South American
independence movement
• Independence movements began to • Known as “the Liberator”
form, leaders emerged
Venezuelan Roots
Independence
• Bolivar born into wealthy creole
family, often traveled to Europe
• 1811, Venezuela declared
independence from Spain
• Admired Napoleon’s leadership; in
Rome, pledged to liberate South
America
• Bolivar led military campaigns
against Spanish for 10 years in
North, defeated Spanish 1821
Reforms, Revolutions,
andBolivar’s
War
6. Simon
Dream Section 3
Bolivar had a dream for newly independent South
America
• Wanted to form one large, united country called
“Federation of the Andes”
• Dream never became reality
– Bolivar set up state of Gran Colombia, included what are
now Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador
– Other leaders set up separate countries in Peru, Bolivia,
other places
• Bolivar complained “America is ungovernable”
Reforms, Revolutions,
andde
War
7. José
San Martin
Section 3
• José de San Martin fought for independence from Spain in
south
• San Martin had fought against Napoleon for Spain
• Born in Argentina, returned home when he learned country
rising up against Spanish rule
Chile
Gran Colombia
• 1816, San Martin declared
independence for Argentina
• After Chile, San Martin moved to
Gran Colombia, met Simon
Bolivar
• Led troops over 15,000 foot
summit in Andes into Chile
• Historians do not know what they
discussed when they met
• Surprised Spanish troops, won
independence for Chile
• San Martin resigned position after
meeting, returned to Europe
• Left Bolivar in power
Reforms, Revolutions, and
War
8. Pedro
I
Section 3
The story of independence was a bit different in the Portuguese
colony of Brazil.
John VI in Brazil
• 1807, Portuguese king John
VI, family, fled to Brazil when
Napoleon invaded Portugal
Son Pedro in Charge
• John VI returned to Portugal
after revolution, 1820
• Left son Pedro to rule Brazil
• Status of colony raised having • Brazilian-born colonists began
Portuguese monarch there
to protest colonial status
• John VI named Rio de Janeiro • Transition happened smoothly,
capital of Portuguese empire
little violence
• Allowed Brazil to trade directly • 1822, Prince Pedro declared
with world, rather than through
Brazil independent, was
Portugal
crowned Emperor Pedro I
Reforms, Revolutions, and War
Section 3