Handout A - Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics

$IBQUFS0OF
(PPE%BZ4VOTIJOF
8*-%(&&4&*/46/-*()54HESEGEESEAREmYINGSOUTHINTHENORTHERNWINTER
FOLLOWINGTHE3UNSWARMTH)NTHIS6SHAPEDPATTERNOFmIGHTTHELEADBIRDDEmECTS
CURRENTSOFAIRANDMAKESmYINGEASIERFORTHOSETHATFOLLOWINITSWAKE4HE%ARTHS
MAGNETIClELDSIMILARLYDEmECTSTHE3UNSWIND#OURTESYOF*AMES4ALLON
5)&3*4*/(46/
'SPN FBSMJFTU UJNFT UIF 4VO IBT CFFO SFWFSFE BOE IFME JO BXF 'PS UIF (SFFLT PG
"SJTUPUMFTUJNFTVOMJHIUFQJUPNJ[FEUIFêSFJOUIFGPVSCBTJDFMFNFOUT¢FBSUIBJS
êSFBOEXBUFS¢GSPNXIJDIBMMUIJOHTBSPTF"ODJFOUTPMBSPCTFSWBUPSJFTEFEJDBUFEUP
UIFEJWJOF4VOHPE3BDBOTUJMMCFGPVOEJO-VYPSUIBUFODIBOUJOHDJUZCZUIF/JMF
HJBOU&HZQUJBOPCFMJTLTFSFDUFEUIPVTBOETPGZFBSTBHPJO-VYPSBOE)FMJPQPMJT$JUZ
PGUIF4VO
OPXDBTUUIFJSTIBEPXTJOTVOEJBMGBTIJPOBDSPTTQBSUTPG1BSJT-POEPO
BOE3PNF
"DDPSEJOHUPUIJTJODBOUBUJPOGSPN1UPMFNBJD&HZQU
0QFOJOHIJTUXPFZFT<3BUIF4VOHPE>DBTUMJHIUPO&HZQUIFTFQBSBUFEOJHIUGSPN
EBZѮFHPETDBNFGPSUIGSPNIJTNPVUIBOENBOLJOEGSPNIJTFZFT"MMUIJOHTUPPL
UIFJSCJSUIGSPNIJN
"OEJOUIF0ME5FTUBNFOUT#PPLPG(FOFTJTXFêOEUIBUUIF&BSUIXBTJOJUJBMMZBWBTU
XBTUFDPWFSFECZEBSLOFTTVOUJM(PETBJEi-FUUIFSFCFMJHIUuBOEUIF4VOTFQBSBUFE
EBZGSPNOJHIU
4JODFUIFUJNFPGUIFBODJFOU1FSTJBOQSPQIFU;BSBUIVTUSBBCPVU#$(SFFL
;PSPBTUFS
XFIBWFBTTPDJBUFEMJHIUXJUIHPPECFBVUZUSVUIBOEXJTEPNJOTIBSQ
DPOUSBTUXJUIUIFEBSLGPSDFTPGFWJMѮFXBSCFUXFFOHPPEBOEFWJMJOUIF%FBE4FB
4DSPMMTJTEFQJDUFEBTBCBUUMFPGUIF4POTPG-JHIUBHBJOTUUIF4POTPG%BSLOFTT%BOUFT
EJWJOFKPVSOFZUPPLIJNGSPNUIFEBSLGPSFTUUPUIFSBEJBODFPGQBSBEJTFBOEUPEBZ
XFIBWFUIFFWJMEBSLOFTTPG%BSUI7BEFSJO4UBS8BST
ѮF.BZB5PMUFDBOE"[UFDPG$FOUSBM"NFSJDBIBEBIPTUPG4VOHPETUIF"[UFDT
SFHVMBSMZ GFE UIF IFBSUT PG TBDSJêDJBM WJDUJNT UP UIF 4VO UP TUSFOHUIFO JU PO JUT EBJMZ
KPVSOFZ4IJOUPJTNBSFMJHJPOCBTFEPO4VOXPSTIJQIBTDPOUJOVFEGPSUIPVTBOETPG
ZFBSTJO+BQBOUIFMBOEPGUIFSJTJOH4VO5PEBZZPVDBODFMFCSBUFTVOSJTFXJUI)JOEV
XPSTIJQFSTPOUIFUFSSBDFECBOLTPSHIBUTBMPOHUIF(BOHFT3JWFSBU#FOBSFT*OEJBT
IPMJFTUDJUZ
/PXBEBZTêSFTZNCPMJDBMMZMJHIUTUIFEBSLOFTTJONBOZPGPVSSJUVBMTJODMVEJOHUIF
UPSDIPGUIF0MZNQJDHBNFTBOEDBOEMFMJHIUWJHJMTPSEJNNFEMJHIUTUIBUCSJOHGPDVTUP
USBHJDFWFOUTBOEUJNFTPGDSJTJT*OFWFSZEBZMJGFNPTUPGVTGFFMIBQQJFSPOCSJHIUEBZT
UIBOPOHMPPNZPOFTTPDIFFSGVMQFPQMFIBWFBiTVOOZuEJTQPTJUJPOXIJMFBOVOIBQQZ
EBZJTBiEBSLuPOF"OEUISPVHIPVUUIFXPSMEPJMFE4VOXPSTIJQQFSTMJFPOUSBORVJM
CFBDIFTMFUUJOHUIFTVNNFS4VOXBSNUIFJSCPEJFTBOEHJWFUIFNTUSFOHUI
ѮF(FSNBOSPNBOUJDQBJOUFS$BTQBS%BWJE'SJFESJDI¢
VTFETVOSJTF
UP QPSUSBZ B TQJSJUVBM SFMBUJPOTIJQ XJUI OBUVSF 'JH DPNQBSJOH UIF iSBEJBUJOH
CFBNTPGMJHIUuJOPOFPGIJTQBJOUJOHTUPiUIFJNBHFPGUIFFUFSOBMMJGFHJWJOH'BUIFSu
4VOMJHIUTFFNTUPEPNJOBUFDPOTVNFBOEBCTPSCFWFSZUIJOHJOUIFQBJOUJOHTPGUIF
#SJUJTIBSUJTU+PTFQI.BMMPSE8JMMJBN5VSOFS¢
XIPEFQJDUFEUJOZêHVSFT
EXBSGFECZUIFQPXFSCFBVUZBOEWJPMFODFPGUIFQIZTJDBMXPSME8IFOWJFXJOHPOFPG
IJTBQPDBMZQUJDWJTJPOTUIFTQFDUBUPSDBOCFDPNFFOHVMGFEBOEMPTUJOUIFDPMPSFEMJHIU
PGUIFTLZBOETFB'JH
ѮFBSUJTUTEZJOHXPSETXFSFiѮF4VOJT(PEu
&YBNQMFT PG BSUJTUT QFSTQFDUJWFT PO UIF 4VO BSF QSPWJEFE BU UIF CFHJOOJOH PG
FWFSZDIBQUFSJOUIJTCPPLFBDIDIPTFOGPSJUTBSUJTUJDWBMVFBOEGPSUIFOFXJOTJHIUT
4VO&BSUIBOE4LZ
'*( 7OMANINMORNING3UN4HISPORTRAYALOFTHEGLOWINGSUNRISEBYTHE'ERMAN
ARTIST#ASPAR$AVID&RIEDRICH¥SEEMSTOHAVEATRANSCENDENTALMYSTICALQUAL
ITY4HEPAINTERONCECOMPAREDTHEhRADIATINGBEAMSOFLIGHTvINONEOFHISPAINTINGSTO
hTHEIMAGEOFTHEETERNALLIFEGIVING&ATHERv#OURTESYOF-USEUM&OLKWANG%SSEN
JUPĒFST)FSFZPVXJMMêOEiBOPUIFSMJHIUBTUSPOHFS4VOuQPSUSBZFECZUIF%VUDI
QBJOUFS7JODFOU7BO(PHI¢
XIPVTFEUIJDLCSVTITUPLFTPGCMB[JOHCSJM
MJBOUQJHNFOUBTEFOTFBTIPOFZUPQPSUSBZBQPXFSGVMZFMMPX4VOUIBUCMB[FTGPSUI
XJUIBOBMNPTUTVQFSOBUVSBMSBEJBODFѮF'SFODIBSUJTU$MBVEF.POFUT¢
QBJOUJOHPGTVOSJTFJTJODMVEFE¢UIFPOFUIBUJOBVHVSBUFEUIFJNQSFTTJPOJTUNPWF
NFOUPGQBJOUJOH)FVTFEFOUJSFTFRVFODFTPGQBJOUJOHTUPEFQJDUUIFTVCUMFDIBOHFT
UIBU WBSZJOH TVOMJHIU DBVTFT JO PVS QFSDFQUJPO PG PCKFDUT TVDI BT IBZTUBDLT PS UIF
DBUIFESBMBU3PVFO
ѮFDIBQUFSGSPOUJTQJFDFTBMTPJODMVEFUIFXPSLTPGUIF4QBOJTIQBJOUFS+PBO.JSÓ
¢
XIPQPSUSBZFEUIFQPXFSGVMSFEEJTLPGUIF4VOUIBUDBSFTTFTPVSMJNCT
BOECSJOHTVTKPZPSMJOLTVTUPUIFTUBSTCFZPOE*OPUIFSJOTUBODFTXFSFQSPEVDF
XPSLTUIBUTFQBSBUFUIF4VOGSPNBOZSFGFSFODFUPUIF&BSUIPSTLZUIFZTIPXUIBUUIF
4VODBOCFBOJOUFOTFTPVSDFPGQMFBTVSFBOECFBVUZCZJUTFMG
8SJUFSTIBWFBMTPCFFODBQUJWBUFECZUIFMJHIUPGUIF4VOGSPNUIF"NFSJDBOBVUIPS
3BMQI8BMEP&NFSTPO¢
XIPXSPUFUIBUQVSFMJHIUXBTiUIFSFBQQFBSBODF
PGUIFPSJHJOBMTPVMuUPUIF(FSNBOQIJMPTPQIFS'SJFESJDI/JFU[TDIF¢
XIP
XSPUFJOѮVT4QPLF;BSBUIVTUSB
ѮF.PPOTMPWFBĒBJSIBTDPNFUPBOFOE
+VTUMPPLѮFSFJUTUBOETQBMFBOEEFKFDUFE¢CFGPSFUIFEBXO
(PPE%BZ4VOTIJOF
'*( 2EGULUS)NTHISPAINTINGBYTHE"RITISHARTIST*OSEPH-ALLORD7ILLIAM4URNER
¥EVERYOBJECTISINAlERYMISTYSTATE"RILLIANTYELLOWRAYSOFLIGHTCOME
DOWNFROMACENTRALALLPOWERFUL3UNABSORBINGANDCONSUMINGEVERYTHINGELSE4HE
PICTUREISNAMEDAFTERTHE2OMANGENERAL2EGULUSWHOWASPUNISHEDFORHISBETRAYALOF
THE#ARTHAGINIANSBYHAVINGHISEYELIDSCUTOFFANDBEINGBLINDEDBYTHEGLAREOFTHE3UN
2EGULUSWHOISAPPARENTLYABSENTFROMTHESCENEHASBEENIDENTIlEDWITHTHESPECTATOR
STARINGINTOTHEBLINDING3UN#OURTESYOFTHE4ATE'ALLERY,ONDON
'PSBMSFBEZJUJTDPNJOHUIFHMPXJOH4VO¢
JUTMPWFPGUIF&BSUIJTDPNJOH
"MM4VOMPWFJTJOOPDFODFBOEDSFBUJWFEFTJSF
+VTUMPPLIPXJUDPNFTJNQBUJFOUMZPWFSUIFTFB
%PZPVOPUGFFMUIFUIJSTUBOEIPUCSFBUIPGJUTMPWF
ѮF4VOXBSNTPVSTPVMBOEMJHIUTBOEIFBUTPVSEBZT5PEBZTBTUSPOPNFSTNBZ
EFTDSJCFUIF4VOBOEPVSEFQFOEFODFVQPOJUJOHSFBUFSTDJFOUJêDEFUBJMUIBOBSUJTUT
PSXSJUFSTCVUUIBUJOOPXBZEJNJOJTIFTUIFJSTFOTFPGBXFGPSUIFMJGFTVTUBJOJOHFWFO
NZTUJDBMQPXFSPGUIF4VO
'*3&0'-*'&
ѮF4VOJTPVSQPXFSIPVTF*UFOFSHJ[FTPVSQMBOFUXBSNJOHUIFHSPVOEBOEMJHIU
JOHPVSEBZT*UJTTPMBSIFBUUIBUQPXFSTUIFXJOETBOEDZDMFTXBUFSGSPNTFBUPSBJO
UIFTPVSDFPGPVSXFBUIFSBOEBSCJUFSPGPVSDMJNBUF"OEUIF4VOJTUIFTPVSDFPGUIF
FOFSHZUIBUTVTUBJOTMJGF
8JUIPVUJUTIFBUBOEMJHIUBMMMJGFXPVMERVJDLMZWBOJTIGSPNUIFTVSGBDFPGPVS
QMBOFU"OEUIF4VOQSPWJEFT¢EJSFDUMZPSJOEJSFDUMZ¢NPTUPGPVSFOFSHZ(SFFOQMBOUT
4VO&BSUIBOE4LZ
BCTPSC TVOMJHIU XIFSF JU TUSJLFT DIMPSPQIZMM HJWJOH UIFN UIF FOFSHZ UP CSFBL XBUFS
NPMFDVMFTBQBSUBOEFOFSHJ[FQIPUPTZOUIFTJTQMBOUTUIFSFCZVTFUIF4VOTFOFSHZUP
MJWFBOEHSPXHJWJOHPĒPYZHFOBTBCZQSPEVDU'JH
&BUJOHUIFTFQMBOUTOPVSJTIFT
BOJNBMT"OEMPOHEFBEDPNQSFTTFEQMBOUTQSPWJEFUIFQFUSPMFVNDPBMPSOBUVSBMHBT
UIBUFOFSHJ[FTUIFMJHIUTJOZPVSIPVTFPSQPXFSTUIFDBSZPVESJWF
ѮF&BSUIHMJEFTUISPVHITQBDFBUKVTUUIFSJHIUEJTUBODFGSPNUIF4VOGPSMJGFUP
UISJWFPOPVSQMBOFUTTVSGBDFXIJMFPUIFSQMBOFUTGSFF[FPSGSZ8FTJUJOUIFDPNGPSU
'*( 3UNmOWERS4HE3UNSUSTAINSALLLIVINGCREATURESANDPLANTS
ON%ARTH'REENPLANTSABSORBSUNLIGHTGIVINGTHEMTHEENERGYTOBREAK
WATERMOLECULESAPARTANDENERGIZEPHOTOSYNTHESIS0LANTSTHEREBYUSE
THE3UNSENERGYTOLIVEANDGROWGIVINGOFFOXYGENASABYPRODUCT
#OURTESYOF#HARLES%2ODGERS
(PPE%BZ4VOTIJOF
[POF"OZDMPTFSBOEUIFPDFBOTXPVMECPJMBXBZ'VSUIFSPVUUIF&BSUIXPVMECFB
GSP[FOXBTUFMBOE
8FSFDFJWFKVTUFOPVHIFOFSHZGSPNUIF4VOUPLFFQNPTUPGPVSXBUFSMJRVJE
XIJDIJTBSFRVJSFNFOUGPSMJGFBTXFLOPXJU*ODPNQBSJTPOUIFTVSGBDFPG7FOVTKVTU
TMJHIUMZDMPTFSUPUIF4VOJTIPUFOPVHIUPNFMUMFBEGVSUIFSBXBZGSPNUIF4VOUIF
QMBOFU.BSTJTOPXGSP[FOJOUPBHMPCBMJDFBHF*UDBOOPUOPXSBJOPO.BSTBOEBOZ
MJRVJEXBUFSSFMFBTFEPOJUTTVSGBDFXJMMFJUIFSFWBQPSBUFPSGSFF[FJOUPJDF5VSOPĒUIF
4VOTQPXFSIPVTFBOEJOKVTUBGFXNPOUITXFDPVMEBMMCFVOEFSJDF
46/-*()5
0DDBTJPOBMMZUIFNJYUVSFPGDPMPSTJOBCFBNPGTVOMJHIUJTTQSFBECFGPSFPVSFZFTBT
XIFO SBJOESPQT BDU MJLF UJOZ QSJTNT CFOEJOH XIJUF TVOMJHIU JOUP JUT TFQBSBUF DPMPST
BOEHJWJOHVTBSBJOCPX'JH
0VSFZFTBOECSBJOUSBOTMBUFUIFWJTJCMFTVOMJHIU
JOUPDPMPST'SPNMPOHUPTIPSUXBWFTUIFZDPSSFTQPOEUPSFEPSBOHFZFMMPXHSFFO
CMVFBOEWJPMFU1MBOUTBQQFBSHSFFOGPSFYBNQMFCFDBVTFUIFZBCTPSCSFETVOMJHIUBOE
SFëFDUUIFHSFFOQPSUJPOPGUIF4VOTMJHIU
)PXFWFSZPVSXPSMENJHIUCFDPMPSFETPNFXIBUEJĒFSFOUMZGSPNTPNFPOFFMTFT
ѮFSFBSFTVCUMFEJĒFSFODFTJOUIFFYBDUTIBEFPGDPMPSXFQFSDFJWFEFQFOEJOHPOUIF
NPMFDVMFTJOPVSFZFTEFUFDUJPOTZTUFN4PFWFOQFPQMFXJUIOPSNBMFZFTJHIUEPOPU
BMXBZTTFFFZFUPFZF
'*( ,IGHTPAINTING4HISPICTUREWASMADEBYUSINGCRYSTALSTO
LIBERATETHESPECTRALCOLORSINVISIBLESUNLIGHTREFRACTINGTHEMDIRECTLY
ONTOAPHOTOGRAPHICPLATE)TWASOBTAINEDINTHERARElEDATMOSPHERE
ATOP(AWAIIS-AUNA+EAVOLCANOWHEREMANYOFTHEWORLDSBEST
TELESCOPESARELOCATED#OURTESYOF%RIC*0ITTMAN6ICTORIA"RITISH
#OLOMBIA
4VO&BSUIBOE4LZ
ѮFNPTUJOUFOTFSBEJBUJPOPGUIF4VOJTFNJUUFEBUUIFWJTJCMFXBWFMFOHUITPGDPM
PSFEMJHIUBOEPVSBUNPTQIFSFQFSNJUTUIFNUPSFBDIUIFHSPVOE*GPVSFZFTXFSF
OPUTPTFOTJUJWFUPWJTJCMFTVOMJHIUXFDPVMEOPUJEFOUJGZPCKFDUTPSNPWFBSPVOEPO
UIF&BSUITTVSGBDFѮVTUIFTFOTJUJWJUZPGPVSFZFTJTNBUDIFEUPUIFUBTLTPGWJTJPO
ѮF 4VO BMTP FNJUT JOWJTJCMF SBEJBUJPO XJUI MFTT JOUFOTJUZ UIBO UIF WJTJCMF TPSU
*O GPS FYBNQMF UIF (FSNBOCPSO &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS 8JMMJBN )FSTDIFM
¢
EJTDPWFSFEJOWJTJCMFSBEJBOUIFBUPSJOGSBSFESBEJBUJPOCZOPUJDJOHBSJTF
JOUFNQFSBUVSFXIFOBUIFSNPNFUFSJTQMBDFECFZPOEUIFSFEFOEPGUIFWJTJCMFTQFD
USVNPGTVOMJHIU
8FBMMHMPXJOUIFEBSLFNJUUJOHJOGSBSFESBEJBUJPO:PVDBOUTFFBOZPOFTJOGSB
SFEIFBUSBEJBUJPOJUTPVUTJEFZPVSSBOHFPGWJTJPOCVUZPVDBOGFFMJU*ODPOUSBTU
SBUUMFTOBLFTIBWFJOGSBSFETFOTJUJWFFZFTUIBUFOBCMFUIFNUPTFFUIFIFBUSBEJBUFECZ
BOJNBMTBUOJHIUBOEUIFNJMJUBSZVTFTJOGSBSFEUFDIOPMPHZUPTFOTFBOEMPDBUFUIFIFBU
HFOFSBUFECZUIFFOFNZJOUIFUPUBMEBSL/JHIUWJTJPOHPCCMFTXJUIJOGSBSFETFOTPST
BSFBOFYBNQMF
ѮF4VOBMTPFNJUTJOWJTJCMFVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPOSBEJPXBWFTBOE9SBZTXIJDI
EJĒFSJOUIFMFOHUIPGUIFJSXBWFT9SBZTBSFWFSZTIPSUNVDITNBMMFSUIBOUIFVMUSB
WJPMFUXIPTFXBWFTBSFKVTUBMJUUMFTNBMMFSUIBOUIPTFPGCMVFTVOMJHIUBOESBEJPXBWFT
UIBUBSF WFSZMPOH ѮF QSPQFSUJFTPGUIFTFEJĒFSFOUUZQFTPGUIF4VOTSBEJBUJPOBSF
EFTDSJCFEJO4FDUJPO
%":5*.&45"3
"MMTUBSTBSFTVOTLJOUPPVSPXOEBZUJNFTUBS*OEFFEUIF4VOJTKVTUPOFPGBCPVUPOF
IVOESFECJMMJPOTUBSTJOPVS(BMBYZUIF.JMLZ8BZBOEDPVOUMFTTCJMMJPOTPGHBMBYJFT
TUSFUDIPVUJOUIFTFFNJOHMZCPVOEMFTT6OJWFSTF#VUUIF4VOJTBTQFDJBMTUBSJUJTPVS
POMZEBZUJNFTUBS/PUIJOHFMTFJOUIF6OJWFSTFJTTPDSJUJDBMMZJNQPSUBOUUPVT"TUIF
7JDUPSJBO&OHMJTIQPFU'SBODJT8JMMJBN#PVSEJMMPO¢
XSPUF
ѮFOJHIUIBTBUIPVTBOEFZFT
"OEUIFEBZCVUPOF
:FUUIFMJHIUPGUIFCSJHIUXPSMEEJFT
8JUIUIFEZJOH4VO
ѮFNJOEIBTBUIPVTBOEFZFT
"OEUIFIFBSUCVUPOF
:FUUIFMJHIUPGBXIPMFMJGFEJFT
8IFOMPWFJTEPOF
ѮF4VOJTBRVBSUFSNJMMJPOUJNFTDMPTFSUPVTUIBOUIFOFYUOFBSFTUTUBS#FDBVTF
PGUIJTDMPTFOFTTUIF4VOJTBCPVUBIVOESFECJMMJPOUJNFTCSJHIUFSUIBOBOZPUIFS
TUBS ѮF 4VOT CSJMMJBODF QSPWJEFT BNQMF MJHIU GPS UIF NPTU FYBDUJOH TUVEJFT PG JUT
DIFNJDBMDPOTUJUVFOUTNBHOFUJDêFMETBOEPTDJMMBUJPOTѮJTCMFTTJOHDBOBMTPCFB
DVSTFGPSUIF4VOTIFBUDBONFMUNJSSPSTPSCVSOVQFMFDUSPOJDFRVJQNFOUXIFO
GPDVTFEUPIJHIJOUFOTJUZ'PSUIJTSFBTPOTQFDJBMNJSSPSDPOêHVSBUJPOTBSFVTFEUP
SFEVDFUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOPGWJTJCMFTVOMJHIUXIJMFTUJMMQSPEVDJOHMBSHFJNBHFTUIBU
DPOUBJOêOFEFUBJM'JH
(PPE%BZ4VOTIJOF
'*( %YESONTHE3UN3CATTEREDSUNLIGHTCOLORSTHE-C-ATHSOLARTELESCOPEA
STUNNINGREDWHILESTARSMARKTRAILSACROSSTHEEVENINGSKYUPQ!MOVEABLEHELIOSTAT
PERCHEDATOPTHISTELESCOPEFOLLOWSTHE3UNANDDIRECTSITSLIGHTDOWNWARDTHROUGHTHE
LONGlXEDSHAFTOFTHETELESCOPECPUUPN!lGUREDMIRRORATTHESHAFTBOTTOMREmECTS
ANDFOCUSESTHESUNLIGHTTOWARDTHEOBSERVATIONROOM4HESHAFTSAXISISPARALLELTOTHE
ROTATIONAXISOFTHE%ARTHANDABOUTTHREElFTHSOFITISUNDERGROUND)TISKEPTCOOLBY
PUMPINGCOLDWATERTHROUGHTUBESINTHEEXTERIORSKINTHEREBYREDUCINGTURBULENCEIN
THEAIRINSIDEANDKEEPINGTHE3UNSIMAGESTEADY#OURTESYOF7ILLIAM#,IVINGSTON
./!/
4VO&BSUIBOE4LZ
ѮF4VOTQSPYJNJUZBMMPXTBMFWFMPGEFUBJMFEFYBNJOBUJPOVOJRVFBNPOHTUBST
8IJMF NPTU PUIFS TUBST BQQFBS POMZ BT VOSFTPMWFE TQPUT PG MJHIU JO UIF CFTU UFMF
TDPQFTUIF4VOSFWFBMTJUTGFBUVSFTJOFYRVJTJUFEFUBJM.PTUHSPVOECBTFEPQUJDBM
UFMFTDPQFTDBOSFTPMWFTUSVDUVSFTPOUIF4VOTWJTJCMFEJTLUIBUBSFBCPVULJMP
NFUFST BDSPTT BCPVU UIF EJTUBODF GSPN #PTUPO UP 8BTIJOHUPO %$ BOE BCPVU
UISFFRVBSUFSTUIFTJ[FPG'SBODFUIBUJTDPNQBSBCMFUPTFFJOHUIFEFUBJMTPOBDPJO
GSPNPOFLJMPNFUFSBXBZ
:FU UIF SFTPMVUJPO PG HSPVOECBTFE UFMFTDPQFT JT MJNJUFE CZ UVSCVMFODF JO UIF
&BSUIT BUNPTQIFSF JU SFEVDFT UIF DMBSJUZ PG UIF 4VOT JNBHF BU WJTJCMF XBWFMFOHUIT
4JNJMBSWBSJBUJPOTDBVTFUIFTUBSTUPUXJOLMFBUOJHIUѮFCFTUWJTJCMFJNBHFTXJUIFWFO
êOFSEFUBJMDBOCFPCUBJOFEVTJOHBEBQUJWFPQUJDTUIBUDPSSFDUGPSUIFDIBOHJOHBUNP
TQIFSF PS GSPN UIF VOJRVF WBOUBHF QPJOU PG PVUFS TQBDF VTJOH TBUFMMJUFCPSOF UFMF
TDPQFTVOFODVNCFSFECZUIFMJNJUTPGPVSBUNPTQIFSF
ѮFPUIFSTUBSTBSFTPGBSBXBZUIBUUIFJSTVSGBDFTSFNBJOVOSFTPMWFEXJUIFWFO
UIFMBSHFTUUFMFTDPQFTѮF4VOUIFSFGPSFQFSNJUTFYBNJOBUJPOPGQIZTJDBMQIFOPNFOB
BOE QSPDFTTFT UIBU DBOOPU CF TFFO JO EFUBJM PO PUIFS TUBST 'VSUIFSNPSF UIF 4VOT
CBTJDQSPQFSUJFTQSPWJEFCFODINBSLTBOECPVOEBSZDPOEJUJPOTGPSUIFTUVEZPGTUFMMBS
TUSVDUVSFBOEFWPMVUJPO
4PBMMBTUSPOPNFSTEPOPUXPSLJOUIFEBSL.BOZPGUIFNDMPTFMZTDSVUJOJ[FPVS
EBZUJNFTUBSEFDJQIFSJOHTPNFPGUIFNPTUGVOEBNFOUBMTFDSFUTPGOBUVSF
$04.*$-"#03"503:
ѮF4VODBOCFBTJUFUPUFTUQIZTJDBMUIFPSJFTVOEFSDPOEJUJPOTOPUSFBEJMZBUUBJO
BCMFJOUFSSFTUSJBMMBCPSBUPSJFT'PSFYBNQMFJODPOUSBTUUPPVSNBUFSJBMXPSMEUIF
4VOTDPSFBMTPDPOUBJOTTNBMMRVBOUJUJFTPGTIPSUMJWFEBOUJNBUUFS8IFOTVCBUPNJD
NBUUFS BOE BOUJNBUUFS DPMMJEF UIFZ EFTUSPZ FBDI PUIFS SFMFBTJOH QVSF SBEJBUJWF
FOFSHZ8FDBOBMTPEFUFDUUIFQSPDFTTEVSJOHFYQMPTJPOTPOUIFWJTJCMFTPMBSEJTL
XIJDICSJFëZCFDPNFIPUUFSUIBOUIFDFOUFSPGUIF4VO
0UIFSQBSUJDMFTNBEFEFFQJOTJEFPVSIPNFTUBSQBTTFĒPSUMFTTMZUISPVHICPUIUIF
4VOBOEUIF&BSUI3FDFOUPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIFTFHIPTUMJLFOFVUSJOPTIBWFIFMQFEVT
VOEFSTUBOEUIFTVCBUPNJDSFBMNBUMFWFMTCFZPOEUIFSFBDIPGUPEBZTNPTUQPXFSGVM
QBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPSTQSPWJEJOHOFXJOTJHIUUPBUIFPSZUIBUNJHIUTPNFEBZVOJGZBMM
UIFGPSDFTPGOBUVSF
'SPNBGBSUIF4VOTFFNTUPCFDBMNTFSFOFBOEVODIBOHJOHBTUFBEJMZTIJO
JOHCFBDPOJOUIFTLZCVUEFUBJMFEPCTFSWBUJPOTSFWFBMBOBDUJWFFWFSDIBOHJOH4VO
7JPMFOUTUPSNTBOEFYQMPTJWFFSVQUJPOTDSFBUFHVTUTJOJUTTUFBEZëPXPGIFBUQBSUJDMFT
BOEMJHIUѮF4VOUIFSFGPSFQSPWJEFTVTXJUIBVOJRVFIJHISFTPMVUJPOQFSTQFDUJWFPG
UIFQFSQFUVBMDIBOHFBOEWJPMFOUBDUJWJUZUIBUDIBSBDUFSJ[FNVDIPGUIF6OJWFSTF
ѮVTXFOPXVOEFSTUBOEUIF4VOBTBVOJRVFTUBSPOFTPDMPTFUIBUJUTFSWFTBTB
DPTNJDMBCPSBUPSZGPSVOEFSTUBOEJOHUIFQIZTJDBMQSPDFTTFTUIBUHPWFSOBMMUIFPUIFS
TUBSTBTXFMMBTUIFFOUJSF6OJWFSTF&WFSZUIJOHXFMFBSOBCPVUUIF4VOIBTJNQMJDB
UJPOTUISPVHIPVUUIF$PTNPTJODMVEJOHQMBOFU&BSUI"TFYBNQMFTPCTFSWBUJPOTPG
UIF4VOTWJTJCMFSBEJBUJPOVOMPDLFEUIFDIFNJTUSZPGUIF6OJWFSTFBOEJOWFTUJHBUJPOT
PGUIF4VOTJOUFSOBMGVSOBDFQBWFEUIFXBZUPOVDMFBSFOFSHZ
(PPE%BZ4VOTIJOF
*/(3&%*&/540'5)&46/
$FMFTUJBMPCKFDUTBSFDPNQPTFEMJLFUIF&BSUIBOEXFPVSTFMWFTPGJOEJWJEVBMQBSUJDMFT
PGNBUUFSDBMMFEBUPNT#VUUIFBUPNTDPOTJTUMBSHFMZPGTFFNJOHMZFNQUZTQBDFKVTUBT
UIFSPPNZPVNBZCFTJUUJOHJOBQQFBSTNPTUMZFNQUZ"UJOZIFBWZQPTJUJWFMZDIBSHFE
OVDMFVTMJFTBUUIFIFBSUPGBOBUPNTVSSPVOEFECZBDMPVEPGSFMBUJWFMZNJOVUFOFHB
UJWFMZDIBSHFEFMFDUSPOTUIBUPDDVQZNPTUPGBOBUPNTTQBDFBOEHPWFSOJUTDIFNJDBM
CFIBWJPS
*O UIF FBSMZ UI DFOUVSZ UIF /FX ;FBMBOECPSO #SJUJTI QIZTJDJTU &SOFTU
3VUIFSGPSE¢
TIPXFEUIBUSBEJPBDUJWJUZJTQSPEVDFECZUIFEJTJOUFHSB
UJPOPGBUPNTBOEEJTDPWFSFEUIBUUIFZFNJUFOFSHFUJDBMQIBQBSUJDMFTXIJDIDPO
TJTUPGIFMJVNOVDMFJIFXBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO$IFNJTUSZGPSUIFTF
BDIJFWFNFOUT #Z VTJOH IFMJVN JPOT UP CPNCBSE BUPNT 3VUIFSGPSE XBT BCMF UP
BOOPVODFJOUIBUNPTUPGUIFNBTTPGBOBUPNJTDPODFOUSBUFEJOBOVDMFVTUIBU
JT UJNFT TNBMMFS UIBO UIF BUPN BOE IBT B QPTJUJWF DIBSHF CBMBODFE CZ UIF
OFHBUJWFDIBSHFPGTVSSPVOEJOHFMFDUSPOT
/FBSMZBEFDBEFMBUFSJO3VUIFSGPSEBOOPVODFEUIBUUIFNBTTJWFOVDMFJPG
BMMBUPNTBSFDPNQPTFEPGIZESPHFOOVDMFJXIJDIIFOBNFEQSPUPOT)FBMTPQPTUV
MBUFEUIFFYJTUFODFPGBOVODIBSHFEOVDMFBSQBSUJDMFMBUFSDBMMFEUIFOFVUSPOXIJDI
XBT SFRVJSFE UP IFMQ IPME UIF OVDMFVT UPHFUIFS BOE LFFQ JU GSPN EJTQFSTJOH BT UIF
QSPUPOTSFQFMMFEFBDIPUIFS"ѫFSBOFMFWFOZFBSTFBSDIUIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU+BNFT
$IBEXJDL ¢
EJTDPWFSFE UIF OFVUSPO JO SFDFJWJOH UIF /PCFM
1SJ[F JO 1IZTJDT GPS UIF GFBU 4P UIF OVDMFVT PG BO BUPN JT DPNQPTFE PG QPTJUJWFMZ
DIBSHFEQSPUPOTBOEOFVUSBMQBSUJDMFTDBMMFEOFVUSPOTCPUIBCPVUUJNFTIFBWJFS
UIBOUIFFMFDUSPO
ѮF TJNQMFTU BOE MJHIUFTU BUPN DPOTJTUT PG B TJOHMF FMFDUSPO DJSDMJOH BSPVOE B
OVDMFVTDPNQPTFEPGBTJOHMFQSPUPOXJUIPVUBOZOFVUSPOTUIJTJTBOBUPNPGIZESP
HFOѮFOVDMFVTPGIFMJVNBOPUIFSBCVOEBOUMJHIUBUPNDPOUBJOTUXPOFVUSPOTBOE
UXPQSPUPOTBOEUIFIFMJVNBUPNUIFSFGPSFIBTUXPFMFDUSPOT
ѮFBUPNJDJOHSFEJFOUTPGUIF4VODBOCFJOGFSSFEGSPNEBSLBCTPSQUJPOMJOFT
XIJDI BSF GPVOE TVQFSJNQPTFE PO UIF DPMPST PG TVOMJHIU 'JH ѮFZ MPPL MJLF
B EBSL MJOF XIFO UIF 4VOT SBEJBUJPO JOUFOTJUZ JT EJTQMBZFE BT B GVODUJPO PG XBWF
MFOHUITVDIBEJTQMBZJTDBMMFEBTQFDUSVNѮFUFSN'SBVOIPGFSBCTPSQUJPOMJOFJT
BMTPVTFESFDPHOJ[JOHUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PTFQIWPO'SBVOIPGFS¢
#ZEJSFDUJOHUIFJODPNJOHTVOMJHIUUISPVHIBTMJUBOEUIFOEJTQFSTJOHJUXJUIBQSJTN
'SBVOIPGFSXBTBCMFUPPWFSDPNFUIFCMVSSJOHPGDPMPSTGSPNEJĒFSFOUQBSUTPGUIF
4VOTEJTLEJTDPWFSJOHOVNFSPVTEBSLBCTPSQUJPOMJOFT#ZIFIBEEFUFDUFEBOE
DBUBMPHVFENPSFUIBOPGUIFNBTTJHOJOH3PNBOMFUUFSTUPUIFNPTUQSPNJOFOU
ѮF4VOJTTPCSJHIUUIBUJUTMJHIUDBOCFTQSFBEPVUJOUPWFSZTNBMMXBWFMFOHUI
JOUFSWBMTXJUIFOPVHIJOUFOTJUZUPCFEFUFDUFEѮFJOTUSVNFOUVTFEUPNBLFBOESFDPSE
TVDIBTQFDUSVNJTDBMMFEBTQFDUSPHSBQIBDPNQPTJUFXPSEDPOTJTUJOHPGTQFDUSPGPS
iTQFDUSVNuBOEHSBQIGPSiSFDPSEuѮFTQFDUSPHSBQITQSFBETPVUUIFXBWFMFOHUITJOUP
EJĒFSFOUMPDBUJPOTBTBSBJOCPXPSQSJTNEPFT/PXBEBZTJUJTUIFHSPPWFTPGBEJĒSBD
UJPOHSBUJOHUIBUSFëFDUTVOMJHIUJOUPEJĒFSFOUMPDBUJPOTBDDPSEJOHUPDPMPSPSXBWF
MFOHUI"OEZPVDBOTFFTVDIBDPMPSFEEJTQMBZCZMPPLJOHBUBDPNQBDUEJTL
4VO&BSUIBOE4LZ
'*( 6ISIBLESOLARSPECTRUM!SPECTROGRAPHHASSPREADOUTTHEVISIBLEPORTIONOF
THE3UNSRADIATIONINTOITSSPECTRALCOMPONENTSDISPLAYINGRADIATIONINTENSITYASAFUNC
TIONOFWAVELENGTH7HENWEPASSFROMLONGWAVELENGTHSTOSHORTERONESMFѫTOSJHIUUPQ
TOCPUUPNTHESPECTRUMRANGESFROMREDTHROUGHORANGEYELLOWGREENBLUEANDVIOLET
$ARKGAPSINTHESPECTRUMCALLED&RAUNHOFERABSORPTIONLINESAREDUETOABSORPTIONBY
ATOMSINTHE3UN4HEWAVELENGTHSOFTHESEABSORPTIONLINESCANBEUSEDTOIDENTIFYTHE
ELEMENTSINTHE3UNANDTHERELATIVEDARKNESSOFTHELINESHELPSESTABLISHTHERELATIVE
ABUNDANCEOFTHESEELEMENTS#OURTESYOF.ATIONAL3OLAR/BSERVATORY3ACRAMENTO0EAK
./!/
8IFOBDPPMUFOVPVTHBTJTQMBDFEJOGSPOUPGBIPUEFOTFPOFBUPNTJOUIFDPPM
HBTBCTPSCSBEJBUJPOBUTQFDJêDXBWFMFOHUITUIFSFCZQSPEVDJOHEBSLBCTPSQUJPOMJOFT
"OEXIFOBUFOVPVTHBTTUBOETBMPOFBOEJTIFBUFEUPJODBOEFTDFODFFNJTTJPOMJOFT
BSFQSPEVDFEUIBUTIJOFBUQSFDJTFMZUIFTBNFXBWFMFOHUITBTUIFEBSLPOFTѮF4VOT
EBSLBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTBOECSJHIUFNJTTJPOMJOFTDBSSZNFTTBHFTGSPNJOTJEFUIFBUPN
BOEIFMQVTEFUFSNJOFJUTJOUFSOBMCFIBWJPS
"EKBDFOUMJOFTPGUIFIZESPHFOBUPNFYIJCJUBTUSBOHFSFHVMBSJUZ¢UIFZTZTUFN
BUJDBMMZDSPXEUPHFUIFSBOECFDPNFTUSPOHFSBUTIPSUFSXBWFMFOHUITѮF4XJTTNBUI
FNBUJDTUFBDIFS+PIBOO#BMNFS¢
QVCMJTIFEBOFRVBUJPOUIBUEFTDSJCFTUIF
SFHVMBSTQBDJOHPGUIFXBWFMFOHUITPGUIFGPVSMJOFTPGIZESPHFOEFUFDUFEJOUIFTQFD
USVNPGWJTJCMFTVOMJHIUBOEUIFZBSFTUJMMLOPXOBT#BMNFSMJOFTѮFTUSPOHFTUPOF
XJUIBSFEDPMPSJTBMTPDBMMFEUIFIZESPHFOBMQIBMJOF
*OUIF%BOJTIQIZTJDJTU/JFMT#PIS¢
FYQMBJOFE#BMNFSTFRVB
UJPOCZBOBUPNJDNPEFMOPXLOPXOBTUIF#PISBUPNJOXIJDIUIFTJOHMFFMFDUSPO
JOBIZESPHFOBUPNSFWPMWFTBCPVUUIFOVDMFBSQSPUPOJOTQFDJêDPSCJUTXJUIEFêOJUF
RVBOUJ[FEWBMVFTPGFOFSHZ"OFMFDUSPOPOMZFNJUTPSBCTPSCTSBEJBUJPOXIFOKVNQJOH
CFUXFFOUIFTFBMMPXFEPSCJUTFBDIKVNQCFJOHBTTPDJBUFEXJUIBTQFDJêDFOFSHZBOEB
TJOHMFXBWFMFOHUIMJLFPOFQVSFOPUF*GBOFMFDUSPOKVNQTGSPNBMPXFOFSHZPSCJUUPB
(PPE%BZ4VOTIJOF
IJHIFOFSHZPOFJUBCTPSCTSBEJBUJPOBUUIJTXBWFMFOHUISBEJBUJPOJTFNJUUFEBUFYBDUMZ
UIFTBNFXBWFMFOHUIXIFOUIFFMFDUSPOKVNQTUIFPQQPTJUFXBZѮJTVOJRVFXBWF
MFOHUIJTSFMBUFEUPUIFEJĒFSFODFCFUXFFOUIFUXPPSCJUBMFOFSHJFT#PISXBTBXBSEFE
UIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPSIJTJOWFTUJHBUJPOTPGUIFTUSVDUVSFPGBUPNTBOEUIF
SBEJBUJPOFNBOBUJOHGSPNUIFN
4JODFPOMZRVBOUJ[FEPSCJUTBSFBMMPXFETQFDUSBMMJOFTBSFPOMZQSPEVDFEBUTQFDJêD
XBWFMFOHUITUIBUDIBSBDUFSJ[FPSJEFOUJGZUIFBUPN"OBUPNPSNPMFDVMFDBOBCTPSCPS
FNJUBQBSUJDVMBSUZQFPGTVOMJHIUPOMZJGJUSFTPOBUFTUPUIBUMJHIUTFOFSHZ"TJUUVSOT
PVUUIFSFTPOBUJOHXBWFMFOHUITPSFOFSHJFTPGFBDIBUPNBSFVOJRVF¢UIFZêOHFSQSJOU
BOFMFNFOUFODPEFJUTJOUFSOBMTUSVDUVSFBOEJEFOUJGZUIFJOHSFEJFOUTPGUIF4VO*O
BEEJUJPOTQFDUSBMMJOFTZJFMEJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUUIF4VOTUFNQFSBUVSFEFOTJUZNPUJPO
BOENBHOFUJTN
&BDIFMFNFOUBOEPOMZUIBUFMFNFOUQSPEVDFTBVOJRVFTFUPGBCTPSQUJPOPSFNJT
TJPOMJOFTѮFQSFTFODFPGUIFTFTQFDUSBMTJHOBUVSFTDBOUIFSFGPSFCFVTFEUPTQFDJGZUIF
DIFNJDBMJOHSFEJFOUTPGUIF4VO'JH
ѮFBCVOEBODFDBMDVMBUJPOTEFQFOEVQPO
CPUINFBTVSFNFOUTPGUIFTPMBSMJOFTBOEPOQSPQFSUJFTPGUIFFMFNFOUTEFUFDUFEJOUIF
UFSSFTUSJBMMBCPSBUPSZѮFMJHIUFTUFMFNFOUIZESPHFOJTUIFNPTUBCVOEBOUFMFNFOUJO
UIF4VOBOENPTUPUIFSTUBST'PDVT
"MUPHFUIFSQFSDFOUPGUIFBUPNTJOUIF
4VOBSFIZESPHFOBUPNTQFSDFOUBSFIFMJVNBUPNTBOEBMMUIFPUIFSIFBWJFS
'*( !BUNDANCEANDORIGINOFTHEELEMENTSINTHE3UN4HERELATIVEABUNDANCEOF
THEELEMENTSINTHESOLARPHOTOSPHEREPLOTTEDASAFUNCTIONOFTHEIRATOMICNUMBER:4HE
ABUNDANCEISSPECIlEDONALOGARITHMICSCALEANDNORMALIZEDTOAVALUEAMILLIONMILLION
ORFORHYDROGEN(YDROGENTHELIGHTESTANDMOSTABUNDANTELEMENTINTHE3UN
WASFORMEDABOUTBILLIONYEARSAGOIN
THEIMMEDIATEAFTERMATHOFTHE"IG"ANG
THATLEDTOTHEEXPANDING5NIVERSE-OST
OFTHEHELIUMNOWINTHE3UNWASALSO
CREATEDTHEN!LLTHEELEMENTSHEAVIERTHAN
HELIUMWERESYNTHESIZEDINTHEINTERIORSOF
STARSTHATNOLONGERSHINEANDSUBSEQUENTLY
WAFTEDORBLASTEDINTOINTERSTELLARSPACE
WHERETHE3UNORIGINATED#ARBONNITROGEN
OXYGENANDIRONWERECREATEDOVERLONG
TIMEINTERVALSDURINGSUCCESSIVENUCLEAR
BURNINGSTAGESINFORMERSTARSANDALSO
DURINGTHEEXPLOSIVEDEATHOFMASSIVESTARS
%LEMENTSHEAVIERTHANIRONWEREPRODUCED
BYNEUTRONCAPTUREREACTIONSDURINGTHE
SUPERNOVAEXPLOSIONSOFMASSIVESTARSTHAT
LIVEDANDDIEDBEFORETHE3UNWASBORN
4HEATOMICNUMBER:ISTHENUMBEROF
PROTONSINTHENUCLEUSORROUGHLYHALFTHE
ATOMICWEIGHT4HEELEMENTSSHOWN(E#
./AND&EHAVE:ANDWITHATOMICWEIGHTSOFANDSINCE
EACHNUCLEUSCONTAINSASMANYNEUTRONSASPROTONSWITHABOUTTHESAMEWEIGHT(YDRO
GENHASONEPROTONANDNONEUTRONSINITSNUCLEUS4HEEXPONENTIALDECLINEOFABUNDANCE
WITHINCREASINGATOMICNUMBERANDWEIGHTCANBEEXPLAINEDBYTHERARITYOFSTARSTHATHAVE
EVOLVEDTOLATERSTAGESOFLIFE$ATACOURTESYOF.ICOLAS'REVESSE
4VO&BSUIBOE4LZ
'0$64
$PNQPTJUJPOPGUIF4UBST
*O UIF NJEOJOFUFFOUI DFOUVSZ UIF (FSNBO
QIZTJDJTU (VTUBW ,JSDIIPĒ ¢
EJTDPWFSFE B NFUIPE GPS EFUFSNJOJOH UIF
JOHSFEJFOUT PG UIF TUBST 8PSLJOH XJUI UIF
(FSNBODIFNJTU3PCFSU#VOTFO¢
,JSDIIPĒ TIPXFE UIBU FWFSZ DIFNJDBM FMF
NFOU XIFO IFBUFE UP JODBOEFTDFODF FNJUT
CSJHIUMZ DPMPSFE TQFDUSBM TJHOBUVSFT PS FNJT
TJPOMJOFTXIPTFVOJRVFXBWFMFOHUITDPJODJEF
XJUIUIPTFPGUIFEBSLBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTJOUIF
4VOTTQFDUSVN
#Z DPNQBSJOH UIF 4VOT BCTPSQUJPO MJOFT
XJUI FNJTTJPO MJOFT PG FMFNFOUT WBQPSJ[FE
JOUIFMBCPSBUPSZ,JSDIIPĒJEFOUJêFEJOUIF
TPMBSBUNPTQIFSFTFWFSBMFMFNFOUTLOPXOPO
&BSUI JODMVEJOH TPEJVN DBMDJVN BOE JSPO
ѮJT TVHHFTUFE UIBU TUBST BSF DPNQPTFE PG
UFSSFTUSJBMFMFNFOUTUIBUBSFWBQPSJ[FEBUUIF
IJHITUFMMBSUFNQFSBUVSFTBOEJUVOMPDLFEUIF
DIFNJTUSZPGUIF6OJWFSTF"T#VOTFOXSPUF
JO
"U UIF NPNFOU * BN PDDVQJFE CZ BO JOWFT
UJHBUJPO XJUI ,JSDIIPĒ XIJDI EPFT OPU BMMPX
VTUPTMFFQ,JSDIIPĒIBTNBEFBUPUBMMZVOFY
QFDUFEEJTDPWFSZJOBTNVDIBTIFIBTGPVOEPVU
UIF DBVTF GPS UIF EBSL MJOFT JO UIF TPMBS TQFD
USVN BOE DBO QSPEVDF UIFTF MJOFT BSUJêDJBMMZ
JOUFOTJêFE CPUI JO UIF TPMBS TQFDUSVN BOE JO
UIFDPOUJOVPVTTQFDUSVNPGBëBNFUIFJSQPTJ
UJPO CFJOH JEFOUJDBM XJUI UIBU PG 'SBVOIPGFST
MJOFT)FODFUIFQBUIJTPQFOFEGPSUIFEFUFSNJ
OBUJPOPGUIFDIFNJDBMDPNQPTJUJPOPGUIF4VO
BOEUIFêYFETUBST
*O B CSJMMJBOU EPDUPSBM EJTTFSUBUJPO QVC
MJTIFE JO UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS
$FDJMJB ) 1BZOF ¢
TIPXFE UIBU
UIFBUNPTQIFSFTPGWJSUVBMMZFWFSZMVNJOPVT
NJEEMFBHFE TUBS IBWF UIF TBNF JOHSFEJ
FOUT .JTT 1BZOF MBUFS 1BZOF(BQPTDILJO
FWFOUVBMMZCFDBNFUIFêSTUGFNBMF1SPGFTTPS
JOUIF'BDVMUZPG"SUTBOE4DJFODFTBU)BSWBSE
6OJWFSTJUZ XIFSF TIF IBE TUVEJFE )FS DBM
DVMBUJPOT BMTP JOEJDBUFE UIBU IZESPHFO JT CZ
GBS UIF NPTU BCVOEBOU FMFNFOU JO UIF 4VO
BOE NPTU PUIFS TUBST #VU TIF DPVME OPU
CFMJFWFUIBUUIFDPNQPTJUJPOPGTUBSTEJĒFSFE
TPFOPSNPVTMZGSPNUIBUPGUIF&BSUIXIFSF
IZESPHFO JT SBSFMZ GPVOE TP TIF NJTUSVTUFE
IFS VOEFSTUBOEJOH PG UIF IZESPHFO BUPN
1SPNJOFOUBTUSPOPNFSTPGUIFUJNFBMTPEJE
OPUUIJOLUIBUIZESPHFOXBTUIFNBJOJOHSF
EJFOUPGUIF4VOBOEPUIFSTUBSTBOEUIJTNBZ
IBWFQMBZFEBSPMFJOIFSDPOTJEFSBUJPOT
8FOPXLOPXUIBUIZESPHFOJTUIFNPTU
BCVOEBOU FMFNFOU JO UIF 6OJWFSTF BOE UIBU
UIFSF XBT OPUIJOH XSPOH XJUI .JTT 1BZOFT
DBMDVMBUJPOTѮF&BSUIKVTUEPFTOPUIBWFTVG
êDJFOUHSBWJUZUPSFUBJOIZESPHFOJOJUTBUNP
TQIFSF "OZ IZESPHFO HBT UIBU PVS QMBOFU
NJHIU IBWF PODF IBE NVTU IBWF FWBQPSBUFE
BXBZ XIJMF UIF &BSUI XBT GPSNJOH BOE IBT
MPOHTJODFFTDBQFE
4VCTFRVFOU PCTFSWBUJPOT IBWF TIPXO
UIBU WFSZ PME TUBST IBWF QSBDUJDBMMZ OP FMF
NFOUTPUIFSUIBOIZESPHFOBOEIFMJVNUIFTF
TUBSTIBWFQSPCBCMZFYJTUFETJODFPVS(BMBYZ
GPSNFE .JEEMFBHFE TUBST MJLF UIF 4VO
DPOUBJO IFBWJFS FMFNFOUT ѮFZ NVTU IBWF
GPSNFE GSPN UIF BTIFT PG QSFWJPVT HFOFSB
UJPOTPGTUBSTUIBUIBWFGVTFEMJHIUFSFMFNFOUT
JOUPIFBWJFSPOFT
ѮF4VOJTNBJOMZDPNQPTFEPGMJHIUFMF
NFOUTIZESPHFOBOEIFMJVNXIJDIBSFUFS
SFTUSJBMMZSBSFXIFSFBTUIF&BSUIJTQSJNBSJMZ
NBEFPVUPGIFBWZFMFNFOUTUIBUBSFSFMBUJWFMZ
VODPNNPOJOUIF4VO5BCMF
)ZESPHFO
JT BCPVU POF NJMMJPO UJNFT NPSF BCVOEBOU
UIBO JSPO JO UIF 4VO CVU JSPO JT POF PG UIF
NBJODPOTUJUVFOUTPGUIF&BSUIXIJDIDBOOPU
FWFOSFUBJOIZESPHFOHBTJOJUTBUNPTQIFSF
FMFNFOUTNBLFVQPOMZQFSDFOU*ODPOUSBTUUIFNBJOJOHSFEJFOUTPGUIFSPDLZ&BSUI
BSFUIFIFBWJFSFMFNFOUTMJLFTJMJDPOBOEJSPOBOEUIJTFYQMBJOTUIF&BSUITIJHIFSNBTT
EFOTJUZmBCPVUGPVSUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VOXIJDIJTPOMZBCPVUBTEFOTFBTXBUFS
)FMJVNUIFTFDPOENPTUBCVOEBOUFMFNFOUJOUIF4VOJTTPSBSFPO&BSUIUIBU
JU XBT êSTU EJTDPWFSFE PO UIF 4VO ¢ CZ UIF 'SFODI BTUSPOPNFS 1JFSSF +VMFT +BOTTFO
(PPE%BZ4VOTIJOF
4!",% 4HETWENTYMOSTABUNDANTELEMENTSINTHESOLARPHOTOSPHERE
%LEMENT
(YDROGEN
(ELIUM
#ARBON
.ITROGEN
/XYGEN
.EON
3ODIUM
-AGNESIUM
!LUMINUM
3ILICON
0HOSPHORUS
3ULFUR
#HLORINE
!RGON
0OTASSIUM
#ALCIUM
#HROMIUM
-ANGANESE
)RON
.ICKEL
3YMBOL
!TOMIC
.UMBER
!BUNDANCE A
LOGARITHMIC
$ATEOF$ISCOVERY
ON%ARTH
(
(E
#
.
/
.E
.A
-G
!L
3I
0
3
#L
!R
+
#A
#R
-N
&E
.I
;=
;=
;=
C
ANCIENT
ANCIENT
ANCIENT
,OGARITHMOFTHEABUNDANCEINTHESOLARPHOTOSPHERENORMALIZEDTOHYDROGENORANABUNDANCE
OF)NDIRECTSOLARESTIMATESAREMARKEDWITH;=4HEDATAARECOURTESYOF.ICOLAS'REVESSE
5NIVERSITÏDE,IÒGE
C
(ELIUMWASDISCOVEREDONTHE3UNINBUTITWASNOTFOUNDON%ARTHUNTIL
A
¢
BOE UIF #SJUJTI BTUSPOPNFS +PTFQI /PSNBO -PDLZFS ¢
BT
FNJTTJPOMJOFTPCTFSWFEEVSJOHUIFTPMBSFDMJQTFPG"VHVTU4JODFJUTFFNFEUP
CFPOMZGPVOEPOUIF4VO-PDLZFSOBNFEJUBѫFSUIF(SFFL4VOHPE)FMJPTXIPEBJMZ
USBWFMFEBDSPTTUIFTLZJOBDIBSJPUPGêSFESBXOCZGPVSTXJѫIPSTFT*OXIJMF
BOBMZ[JOHBHBTHJWFOPĒCZBIFBUFEVSBOJVNNJOFSBMUIF4DPUUJTIDIFNJTU8JMMJBN
3BNTBZ¢
GPVOEUIFTQFDUSBMTJHOBUVSFPGIFMJVNUIFSFCZJTPMBUJOHJUPOUIF
TPMJE&BSUIZFBSTBѫFSJUTEJTDPWFSZJOUIF4VO
5PEBZIFMJVNJTVTFEPO&BSUIJOBWBSJFUZPGXBZTJODMVEJOHJOëBUJOHQBSUZ
CBMMPPOT BOE JO JUT MJRVJE TUBUF LFFQJOH TFOTJUJWF FMFDUSPOJD FRVJQNFOU DPME #VU
UIFSFJTOUNVDIIFMJVNMFѫPOUIF&BSUIBOEXFBSFJOEBOHFSPGSVOOJOHPVUPG
JUTPPO
4VO&BSUIBOE4LZ
$)*-%3&/0'5)&$04.04
8F BSF NBEF PG UIF TBNF BUPNT BT UIF 4VO 0VS CPEJFT MJLF UIF 4VO IBWF NPSF
IZESPHFOBUPNTUIBOBOZPUIFSCVUXFBSFDPNQPTFEPGBTPNFXIBUMBSHFSQSPQPS
UJPOPGIFBWJFSFMFNFOUTMJLFDBSCPOOJUSPHFOBOEPYZHFO
#VUEPOPUEJTDPVOUUIFPUIFSTUBST8FBSFBMMUSVFDIJMESFOPGUIFTUBSTQBSUJBMMZ
DPNQPTFEPGNBUFSJBMTUIBUXFSFGPSHFEXJUIJOBODJFOUTUBSTCFGPSFUIF4VOXBTCPSO
"MMPGUIFFMFNFOUTIFBWJFSUIBOIFMJVNXFSFHFOFSBUFEMPOHMPOHBHPBOEGBSGBSBXBZ
JOUIFOVDMFBSDSVDJCMFTPGPUIFSTUBSTXIJDIMJUVQUIFOJHIUTLZBOEXFSFFYUJOHVJTIFE
CFGPSFUIF4PMBS4ZTUFNDBNFJOUPCFJOH
ѮFTF TUBST VTFE VQ UIFJS JOUFSOBM GVFM BOE TQFXFE PVU UIFJS DPTNJD BTIFT XJUI
FYQMPTJWFGPSDFFKFDUJOHUIFIFBWJFSFMFNFOUTJOUPJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF'SPNUIJTSFDZ
DMFENBUFSJBMUIF4VOUIF&BSUIBOEXFPVSTFMWFTXFSFGPSNFE4PUIFDBSCPOJOZPVS
NPMFDVMFTUIFDBMDJVNJOZPVSUFFUIUIFPYZHFOJOZPVSXBUFSBOEUIFJSPOUIBUSFE
EFOTZPVSCMPPEBMMDBNFGSPNUIFJOUFSJPSTPGPUIFSTUBSTMPOHTJODFFYQMPEFECBDL
JOUPTQBDFJOUIFEFBUIUISPFTPGUIFTFTUBST
#VU BMM UIF IZESPHFO JO UIF &BSUIT XBUFS BOE JO ZPVS CPEZ BT XFMM BT BMM PG
UIFIZESPHFOJOUIFTUBSTBOENPTUPGUIFJSJOUFSOBMIFMJVNXBTTZOUIFTJ[FEBCPVU
CJMMJPOZFBSTBHPJOUIF#JH#BOHUIBUKVNQTUBSUFEUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF8F
BSFUIVTDIJMESFOPGCPUIUIFTUBSTUIBUFYQMPEFEEVSJOHQBTUFPOTBOEUIF#JH#BOH
BUUIFCFHJOOJOHPGUJNF
%&4$3*#*/(5)&3"%*"5*0/
ѮF4VODPOUJOVPVTMZSBEJBUFTFOFSHZUIBUTQSFBETUISPVHIPVUTQBDFѮJTSBEJBUJPOJT
DBMMFEiFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDuCFDBVTFJUQSPQBHBUFTCZUIFJOUFSQMBZPGPTDJMMBUJOHFMFDUSJDBM
BOE NBHOFUJD êFMET JO TQBDF &MFDUSPNBHOFUJD XBWFT BMM USBWFM UISPVHI FNQUZ TQBDF
BUUIFTBNFDPOTUBOUTQFFE¢UIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUѮJTWFMPDJUZJTVTVBMMZEFOPUFECZ
UIFMPXFSDBTFMFUUFSDBOEJUIBTBWBMVFPGSPVHIMZLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE¢
BNPSFFYBDUWBMVFJTLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE/PFOFSHZDBOCFUSBOTQPSUFE
NPSFTXJѫMZUIBOUIJTTQFFEPGMJHIU
4VOMJHIUIBTOPXBZPGNBSLJOHUJNFBOEJUDBOQFSTJTUGPSFWFS"TMPOHBTBSBZ
PGTVOMJHIUQBTTFTUISPVHIFNQUZTQBDFBOEFODPVOUFSTOPBUPNTPSFMFDUSPOTJUXJMM
TVSWJWFVODIBOHFE3BEJBUJPOFNJUUFEGSPNUIF4VOUPEBZNJHIUUIFSFGPSFUSBWFMGPS
BMMUJNFJOWBDVPVTTQBDFCSJOHJOHJUTNFTTBHFGPSXBSEUPUIFFOEPGUIF6OJWFSTF
4PNFPGUIFSBEJBUJPOTUSFBNJOHBXBZGSPNUIF4VOJTOFWFSUIFMFTTJOUFSDFQUFEBU
&BSUIXIFSFBTUSPOPNFSTEFTDSJCFJUJOUFSNTPGJUTXBWFMFOHUIGSFRVFODZPSFOFSHZ
8IFOMJHIUQSPQBHBUFTGSPNPOFQMBDFUPBOPUIFSJUPѫFOTFFNTUPCFIBWFMJLFXBWFT
PSSJQQMFTPOBQPOE'JH
ѮFMJHIUXBWFTIBWFBDIBSBDUFSJTUJDXBWFMFOHUIUIF
TFQBSBUJPOCFUXFFOBEKBDFOUXBWFDSFTUT
%JĒFSFOUUZQFTPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOEJĒFSJOUIFJSXBWFMFOHUI'JH
BMUIPVHIUIFZQSPQBHBUFBUUIFTBNFTQFFEѮFFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDXBWFTFOUFSJOHZPVS
FZFBOEUIPTFQJDLFEVQCZZPVSSBEJPBOUFOOBPSVTFEUP9SBZZPVSCPOFTBSFTJNJMBS
FYDFQUJOSFMBUJPOUPUIFJSXBWFMFOHUI
9SBZTBSFNVDITNBMMFSUIBOBOBUPNXJUIXBWFMFOHUITUIBUBSFCFUXFFO¢
BOE¢NFUFSTMPOHBOECFDBVTFPGUIJTTNBMMTJ[FDPTNJD9SBZTBSFUPUBMMZBCTPSCFE
(PPE%BZ4VOTIJOF
'*( %LECTROMAGNETICWAVES!LLFORMSOFRADIATIONCONSISTOFELECTRICANDMAG
NETIClELDSTHATOSCILLATEATRIGHTANGLESTOEACHOTHERANDTOTHEDIRECTIONOFTRAVEL4HEY
MOVETHROUGHEMPTYSPACEATTHEVELOCITYOFLIGHT4HESEPARATIONBETWEENADJACENTWAVE
CRESTSISCALLEDTHEWAVELENGTHOFTHERADIATIONANDISOFTENDESIGNATEDBYTHELOWERCASE
'REEKLETTERLAMBDAORL
'*( %LECTROMAGNETICSPECTRUM2ADIATIONFROMTHE3UNANDOTHERCOSMICOBJECTS
ISEMITTEDATWAVELENGTHSFROMLESSTHAN¥METERSTOGREATERTHANMETERS4HE
VISIBLESPECTRUMISAVERYSMALLPORTIONOFTHEENTIRERANGEOFWAVELENGTHS4HELIGHTER
THESHADINGTHEGREATERTHETRANSPARENCYOFTHE%ARTHSATMOSPHERE3OLARRADIATIONONLY
PENETRATESTOTHE%ARTHSSURFACEATVISIBLEANDRADIOWAVELENGTHSRESPECTIVELYDENOTED
BYTHENARROWANDBROADWHITEAREAS%LECTROMAGNETICRADIATIONATSHORT8RAYANDULTRA
VIOLETWAVELENGTHSREPRESENTEDBYTHEDARKAREASATTHELEFTISABSORBEDINOURAIRSOTHE
3UNISNOWOBSERVEDINTHESESPECTRALREGIONSFROMABOVETHEATMOSPHEREIN%ARTHORBIT
INGSATELLITES
JOPVSBUNPTQIFSFOFWFSSFBDIJOHUIFHSPVOEѮFXBWFMFOHUIPGVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO
XIJDIJTBMTPBCTPSCFEJOPVSBJSJTKVTUBCJUMPOHFSCFUXFFO¢BOE¢NFUFST
XJUIFYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPOMZJOHJOUIFTIPSUXBWFMFOHUIQBSUPGUIJTSBOHF*O
DPOUSBTUSBEJPXBWFTBSFCFUXFFOBOENFUFSTMPOH4PSBEJPXBWFTDBOCFBT
CJHBTZPVBSFUBMMPSFWFOBTMBSHFBTBIPVTFPSTLZTDSBQFSUPPMPOHUPFOUFSUIFFZF
BOEOPUFOFSHFUJDFOPVHIUPBĒFDUWJTJPO
+VTUBTBTPVSDFPGTPVOEDBOWBSZJOQJUDIPSXBWFMFOHUIEFQFOEJOHPOJUTNPUJPO
UIFXBWFMFOHUIPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOTIJѫTXIFOUIFPCKFDUFNJUUJOHPSSFëFDU
JOHUIFSBEJBUJPONPWFTXJUISFTQFDUUPUIFPCTFSWFS'JH
ѮJTJTDBMMFEUIF
%PQQMFSFĒFDUBѫFSUIF"VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU$ISJTUJBO+PIBOO%PQQMFS¢
XIPEJTDPWFSFEJUJO*GUIFNPUJPOJTUPXBSEUIFPCTFSWFSUIF%PQQMFSFĒFDU
4VO&BSUIBOE4LZ
'*( $OPPLEREFFECT!STATIONARY
STARUPQEMITSREGULARLYSPACEDLIGHT
WAVESTHATGETSTRETCHEDOUTORSCRUNCHED
UPIFTHESTARMOVESCPUUPN(EREWE
SHOWASTARMOVINGAWAYCPUUPNSJHIU
FROMTHEOBSERVERCPUUPNMFѫ4HE
STRETCHINGOFLIGHTWAVESTHATOCCURSWHEN
THESTARMOVESAWAYFROMANOBSERVER
ALONGTHELINEOFSIGHTISCALLEDAREDSHIFT
BECAUSEREDLIGHTWAVESARERELATIVELY
LONGVISIBLELIGHTWAVESTHECOMPRESSION
OFLIGHTWAVESTHATOCCURSWHENTHESTAR
MOVESALONGTHELINEOFSIGHTTOWARDAN
OBSERVERISCALLEDABLUESHIFTBECAUSE
BLUELIGHTWAVESARERELATIVELYSHORT4HE
WAVELENGTHCHANGEFROMTHESTATIONARYTO
MOVINGCONDITIONISCALLEDTHE$OPPLER
SHIFTANDITSSIZEPROVIDESAMEASUREMENT
OFRADIALVELOCITYORTHEVELOCITYOFTHE
COMPONENTOFTHESTARSMOTIONALONGTHE
LINEOFSIGHT4HE$OPPLEREFFECTISNAMED
AFTERTHE!USTRIANPHYSICIST#HRISTIAN
$OPPLER¥WHOlRSTCONSID
EREDITIN
TIJѫTUIFSBEJBUJPOUPTIPSUFSXBWFMFOHUITBOEXIFOUIFNPUJPOJTBXBZUIFXBWF
MFOHUICFDPNFTMPOHFS4VDIBOFĒFDUJTSFTQPOTJCMFGPSUIFDIBOHFJOUIFQJUDIPG
BQBTTJOHBNCVMBODFTJSFO#FDBVTFFWFSZUIJOHJOUIF6OJWFSTFNPWFTUIF%PQQMFS
FĒFDUJTBWFSZJNQPSUBOUUPPMGPSBTUSPOPNFSTJUNFBTVSFTUIFWFMPDJUZPGUIBUNPUJPO
BMPOHUIFMJOFPGTJHIUUPUIFPCTFSWFS
4PNFUJNFT SBEJBUJPO JT EFTDSJCFE CZ JUT GSFRVFODZ JOTUFBE PG JUT XBWFMFOHUI
3BEJP TUBUJPOT BSF GPS FYBNQMF EFOPUFE CZ UIFJS DBMM MFUUFST BOE UIF GSFRVFODZ PG
UIFJSCSPBEDBTUTVTVBMMZJOVOJUTPGBNJMMJPODZDMFTQFSTFDPOEPSNFHBIFSU[GPS'.
CSPBEDBTUT
ѮFGSFRVFODZPGBXBWFJTUIFOVNCFSPGDSFTUTQBTTJOHBTUBUJPOBSZPCTFSWFSFBDI
TFDPOEUIFGSFRVFODZUIFSFGPSFUFMMTVTIPXGBTUUIFSBEJBUJPOPTDJMMBUFTPSNPWFTVQ
BOEEPXOѮFQSPEVDUPGXBWFMFOHUIBOEGSFRVFODZFRVBMTUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUTP
XIFOUIFXBWFMFOHUIJODSFBTFTUIFGSFRVFODZEFDSFBTFTBOEWJDFWFSTB
8IFOMJHIUJTBCTPSCFEPSFNJUUFECZBUPNTJUCFIBWFTMJLFQBDLBHFTPGFOFSHZ
DBMMFEQIPUPOTXIJDIDBOCFDSFBUFEPSEFTUSPZFEѮFQIPUPOTBSFQSPEVDFEXIFOFWFS
BNBUFSJBMPCKFDUFNJUTFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOBOEUIFZBSFDPOTVNFEXIFONBUUFS
BCTPSCTSBEJBUJPO3BEJBUJPOUIFSFGPSFEJTBQQFBSTBOEDFBTFTUPFYJTUXIFOBCTPSCFE
CZ NBUUFS #VU FOFSHZ JT OFJUIFS DSFBUFE OPS EFTUSPZFE JU JT KVTU SFNPWFE GSPN UIF
SBEJBUJPO
.PSFPWFSFBDIFMFNFOUBMBUPNDBOPOMZBCTPSCBOEFNJUQIPUPOFOFSHZJOTQF
DJêDBNPVOUTѮJTJTBDPOTFRVFODFPGUIFVOJRVFBSSBOHFNFOUPGFMFDUSPOTJOFBDI
BUPNBOEUIFQBUUFSOPGQIPUPOFOFSHZFNJUUFEBOEBCTPSCFEDBOUIFSFGPSFCFVTFE
UPJEFOUJGZUIFBUPN
(PPE%BZ4VOTIJOF
"U UIF BUPNJD MFWFM UIF OBUVSBM VOJU PG FOFSHZ JT UIF FMFDUSPO WPMU BCCSFWJ
BUFE F7 0OF FMFDUSPO WPMU JT UIF FOFSHZ BO FMFDUSPO HBJOT XIFO JU QBTTFT BDSPTT
UIFUFSNJOBMTPGBWPMUCBUUFSZ"QIPUPOPGWJTJCMFMJHIUIBTBOFOFSHZPGBCPVU
UXPFMFDUSPOWPMUTPSF7.VDIIJHIFSFOFSHJFTBSFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIOVDMFBSQSP
DFTTFTUIFZBSFPGUFOTQFDJGJFEJOVOJUTPGNJMMJPOTPGFMFDUSPOWPMUTPS.F7GPS
TIPSU " TPNFXIBU MPXFS VOJU PG FOFSHZ JT B UIPVTBOE FMFDUSPO WPMUT DBMMFE UIF
LJMPFMFDUSPOWPMUPSLF7JUJTPGUFOVTFEUPEFTDSJCF9SBZSBEJBUJPO
ѮFJOUFSBDUJPOPGFBDIUZQFPGSBEJBUJPOXJUINBUUFSEFQFOETPOUIFFOFSHZPG
JUTQIPUPOTBOEGSPNUIFTUBOEQPJOUPGUIFBTUSPQIZTJDJTUUIJTJTUIFNPTUJNQPSUBOU
QSPQFSUZEJTUJOHVJTIJOHPOFUZQFPGSBEJBUJPOGSPNBOPUIFS*OGBDUBTUSPOPNFSTPѫFO
EFTDSJCF FOFSHFUJD SBEJBUJPO TVDI BT 9SBZT PS HBNNB SBZT JO UFSNT PG JUT FOFSHZ
SBUIFSUIBOJUTXBWFMFOHUIPSGSFRVFODZ
1IPUPOFOFSHZJTJOWFSTFMZQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFXBWFMFOHUIBOEEJSFDUMZQSP
QPSUJPOBMUPUIFGSFRVFODZ3BEJBUJPOXJUIBTIPSUFSXBWFMFOHUIPSBIJHIFSGSF
RVFODZ UIFSFGPSF DPSSFTQPOET UP QIPUPOT XJUI IJHIFS FOFSHZ 3BEJP QIPUPOT
IBWF SFMBUJWFMZ MPOH XBWFMFOHUIT BOE MPX GSFRVFODJFT TP UIFZ IBWF MFTT FOFSHZ
UIBOUIFTIPSUXBWFMFOHUIIJHIGSFRVFODZ9SBZSBEJBUJPO5IFMPXFOFSHJFTPG
SBEJPQIPUPOTDBOOPUFBTJMZFYDJUFUIFBUPNTPGPVSBUNPTQIFSFTPUIFTFQIPUPOT
FBTJMZQBTTUISPVHIUIFBJSFWFOJOTUPSNZXFBUIFS*ODPOUSBTU9SBZTBSFUPUBMMZ
BCTPSCFEXIFOUSBWFMJOHKVTUBTIPSUEJTUBODFUISPVHIUIFBUNPTQIFSF5IFFOFS
HFUJD9SBZTQSPEVDFECZNBDIJOFTIFSFPO&BSUIQBTTSJHIUUISPVHIZPVSTLJO
NVTDMFTPSUFFUI*UBMTPUBLFTNVDIMFTTFOFSHZUPCSPBEDBTUBSBEJPTJHOBMPWFS
TIPSUEJTUBODFTUIBOUPUBLFBO9SBZPGBCSPLFOCPOF
ѮFFOFSHZPGTUFMMBSSBEJBUJPOBUBHJWFOXBWFMFOHUIDBOCFSFMBUFEUPUIFUIFSNBM
FOFSHZPSUIFUFNQFSBUVSFPGUIFFNJUUJOHHBT)PUTUBSTUFOEUPCFCMVFSJODPMPS
GPS FYBNQMF BOE DPMEFS TUBST BSF SFEEFS ѮJT JT CFDBVTF UIF NPTU JOUFOTF FNJTTJPO
PDDVSTBUBSBEJBUJPOGSFRVFODZBOEFOFSHZUIBUJODSFBTFXJUIUIFUFNQFSBUVSFPGUIF
TUBSTWJTJCMFEJTL*OPUIFSXPSETUIFFNJUUFEQPXFSQFBLTPVUBUBXBWFMFOHUIUIBU
WBSJFT JOWFSTFMZ XJUI UIF UFNQFSBUVSF BOE UIJT BQQMJFT UP BMM HBTFPVT PCKFDUT JO UIF
$PTNPTѮVTUIFDPMEEBSLTQBDFTCFUXFFOUIFTUBSTSBEJBUFNPTUJOUFOTFMZBUUIF
MPOHFSJOWJTJCMFSBEJPXBWFMFOHUITXIJMFBIPUNJMMJPOEFHSFFHBTFNJUTNPTUPGJUT
FOFSHZBUTIPSU9SBZXBWFMFOHUITUIBUBSFBMTPJOWJTJCMF
*/7*4*#-&'*3&4
ѮFSFJTNPSFUPUIF4VOUIBONFFUTUIFFZF*OBEEJUJPOUPWJTJCMFMJHIUUIFSFBSFJOWJT
JCMFHBNNBSBZ9SBZVMUSBWJPMFUJOGSBSFEBOESBEJPXBWFTѮFXIPMFTPMBSTQFDUSVN
FYUFOETGSPNTIPSUHBNNBSBZTUIBUBSFDPNQBSBCMFUPUIFTJ[FPGBOBUPNTOVDMFVT
UPMPOHSBEJPXBWFTUIBUBSFBTCSPBEBTBNPVOUBJOBOEUIF4VOJTTPCSJHIUUIBUJUDBO
CFFYBNJOFEXJUIQSFDJTJPOJOFWFSZTQFDUSBMSFHJPO0CTFSWBUJPOTBUUIFTFJOWJTJCMF
XBWFMFOHUITIBWFJOEFFECSPBEFOFEBOETIBSQFOFEPVSWJTJPOPGUIF4VO
)PXFWFS PVS BUNPTQIFSF FĒFDUJWFMZ CMPDLT NPTU GPSNT PG JOWJTJCMF SBEJBUJPO
JODMVEJOHVMUSBWJPMFUBOE9SBZSBEJBUJPO3BEJPXBWFTBSFUIFPOMZLJOEPGJOWJTJCMF
SBEJBUJPOUIBUJTOPUBCTPSCFEJOUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFTPSBEJPBTUSPOPNZQSPWJEFE
UIFêSTUOFXXJOEPXPOUIF4VO
4VO&BSUIBOE4LZ
'*( 6ERY,ARGE!RRAY%ACHOFTHERADIOTELESCOPESOFTHE6ERY,ARGE
!RRAYABBREVIATED6,!MEASURESMETERSINDIAMETERORABOUTTHESIZEOFHOUSE
ANDWEIGHSTONSKILOGRAMS4HESETELESCOPESAREPLACEDALONGTHE
ARMSOFA9SHAPEDARRAYONADESERTNEAR3OCORRO.EW-EXICOANDINTERCONNECTED
ELECTRONICALLYTOPROVIDEATOTALOFPAIRSOFTELESCOPES4HETELESCOPESCANBE
ROLLEDALONGTRACKSTOCHANGETHEIRCONlGURATIONANDCREATEARADIOZOOMLENS7HEN
THETELESCOPESAREPUSHEDTOTHEOUTERENDSOFEACHARMANDTHEIROUTPUTCOMBINEDIN
ACOMPUTERTHE6,!CREATESARADIOTELESCOPEWITHADIAMETERASLARGEASKILOME
TERSANDANANGULARRESOLUTIONTHATCANBESMALLERTHANSECONDOFARC#OURTESYOF
.2!/!5)AND.3&
"TUSPOPNFSTVTFDPOWFOUJPOBMSBEJPUFMFTDPQFTUPPCTFSWFUIF4VO'JH
CVUSBEJPUFMFTDPQFTEPOPUSFBMMZMPPLBUUIF4VOUIFZMJTUFOUPJU4VDIUFMFTDPQFT
VTVBMMZ IBWF B NFUBMMJD EJTITIBQFE PS QBSBCPMJD SFëFDUPS UIBU GPDVTFT UIF SBEJP
XBWFTBUBSFDFJWFSѮFMPOHTUSBJHIUBOUFOOBPOZPVSBVUPNPCJMFPSIPNFSBEJP
TJNJMBSMZ JOUFSDFQUT SBEJP TJHOBMT .PSFPWFS UIF 4VO JT UIF CSJHIUFTU OPJTJFTU
SBEJPPCKFDUJOUIFTLZBOECFDBVTFUIFBUNPTQIFSFEPFTOPUEJTUPSUSBEJPTJHOBMTXF
DBOPCTFSWFUIFSBEJP4VOPOBDMPVEZEBZKVTUBTZPVSIPNFSBEJPXPSLTFWFOXIFO
JUSBJOTPSTOPXTPVUTJEF
5PMPPLBUUIF4VOUISPVHIXJOEPXTPUIFSUIBOUIFSBEJPPSWJTJCMFPOFTXFNVTU
MPѫUFMFTDPQFTBCPWFUIFBUNPTQIFSFѮJTXBTEPOFêSTUCZVTJOHCBMMPPOTBOETPVOEJOH
SPDLFUTBOEUIFOXJUITBUFMMJUFTUIBUPSCJUUIF&BSUIBCPWFUIFBUNPTQIFSF4BUFMMJUF
CPSOF UFMFTDPQFT OPX WJFX UIF 4VO BU VMUSBWJPMFU BOE 9SBZ XBWFMFOHUIT BCPWF UIF
&BSUITBCTPSCJOHBUNPTQIFSFBUQMBDFTXIFSFOJHIUDBOCFCSJFGPSOPOFYJTUFOU
(PPE%BZ4VOTIJOF
ѮVT BTUSPOPNFST OPX IBWF OFX XBZT UP FYUSBDU QSFWJPVTMZ VOPCUBJOBCMF
JOGPSNBUJPO BCPVU UIF 4VO ѮFZ BSF BJEFE CZ OFX UFMFTDPQFT BOE TPQIJTUJDBUFE
DPNQVUFSTUIBUHBUIFSJOBOJODSFBTJOHXFBMUIPGVOTVTQFDUFEJOGPSNBUJPO$PN
QVUFSJ[FE UFMFTDPQFT OPX PQFSBUF GSPN UIF HSPVOE BOE JO PSCJU JO FBDI PG UIF
JOWJTJCMF EPNBJOT PG UIF FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD TQFDUSVN DSFBUJOH JNBHFT UIBU QSPWJEF
OFXJOTJHIUUPUIF4VO
.VDI PG UIJT CPPL EFTDSJCFT UIF JOWJTJCMF 4VO BO VOTFFO XPSME PG QFSQFUVBM
DIBOHF BOE DPTNJD WJPMFODF UIBU MJFT PVUTJEF UIF WJTJCMF TPMBS EJTL "OE BT UIF UJUMF
4VO&BSUIBOE4LZTVHHFTUTPVSCPPLBMTPEFTDSJCFTUIF4VOTJOUFSBDUJPOXJUIQMBOFU
&BSUINBJOMZUISPVHIJOWJTJCMFSBEJBUJPOBOEUJOZFOFSHFUJDQBSUJDMFTUIBUDBOOPUCF
TFFO*UJOWPMWFTBHMPCBMTQBDFBHFQFSTQFDUJWFUIBUMPPLTVQBUUIF4VOBOEEPXOBU
UIF&BSUIBUCPUIWJTJCMFBOEJOWJTJCMFXBWFMFOHUITPSEJSFDUMZTBNQMFTUIFTQBDFPVU
TJEF&BSUIXJUIPSCJUJOHTBUFMMJUFT
#VUCFGPSFXFCFHJOPVSKPVSOFZUISPVHIUIFTFMBSHFMZJOWJTJCMFSFBMNTUIFSFJT
BOFRVBMMZGBTDJOBUJOHXPSMEUIBUMJFTIJEEFOCFMPXFWFSZUIJOHXFDBOTFFPOUIF4VO
DMFWFSUFDIOJRVFTBSFSFRVJSFEUPQFSDFJWFUIJTVOTFFOJOUFSJPSPGUIF4VO