Stable Isotope Ecology
Anth 6029/ Geol 6029, Fall 2014
Geology Physics, Room 631
Wednesdays 2:30-4:30 pm
Instructor: Brooke Crowley
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 513-556-7181
Office Hours: Friday 2-3 pm or by appointment in Braunstein room 472
Course website: www.stableisotopeecology.wordpress.com
Description
The purpose of this course is to review isotope basics (e.g., terminology, notation) and discuss
ecological patterns in naturally occurring carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur and strontium
isotopes in biological organisms. We will focus on terrestrial plants and vertebrates. It is not
possible to provide a comprehensive review of all isotopic applications in a single semester. The
isotopic literature is prolific. I have chosen several readings for each week that exemplify the kinds
of questions that can be addressed using each isotope. These readings are representative but by no
means exhaustive. If a particular topic interests you, I encourage you to research it further, perhaps
for your final project. If you would like any recommendations for further reading, please come see
me during office hours.
Format
Each week a student/pair of students will lead a discussion about the required readings. The format
of these discussions is flexible but they must involve participation from all students (they cannot
simply be a synopsis of the readings). Weekly leaders may decide to focus discussions on specific
readings and to call our attention to additional readings that are not on the syllabus. Leaders can use
PowerPoint to facilitate discussions. They can also ask students to discuss readings or portions of
readings in small groups and to report back to the class.
All students are expected to read all assigned readings ahead of time and come prepared to discuss
these readings. This includes making a list of thoughts and questions about the readings and writing
a brief synopsis of each article In order to encourage you to think carefully about the assigned
readings, I am asking all students (including weekly leaders) to write a five-sentence summary of
each assigned article.
Sentence 1: What is the purpose of the study?
Sentence 2: What did the authors do?
Sentence 3: What did the authors find?
Sentence 4: What are the implications of this study (i.e. how do the results affect our
understanding of the isotope system/systems that were studied)?
Sentence 5: What (if anything) remains unanswered?
These summary statements are due electronically at the beginning of class (2:30 pm) each week. I
will dock late summaries 5% if they are turned in same day but after 2:30 pm and an additional 10%
for every additional day (including Sat and Sun).
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We will be using Wordpress for this course, which is infinitely better than Blackboard. All readings
are posted online at www.stableisotopeecology.wordpress.com. You will need to create a free
Wordpress account name to be able to log on to this website. In order to do this, go to
www.wordpress.com, then click “Create Website”. This will take you to a page where you can sign
up for a free wordpress website. UNLESS YOU WANT TO CREATE YOUR OWN BLOG, THIS
IS NOT WHAT YOU WANT TO DO. Instead, you want to just sign up for a username. The link
for “just sign up for a username” is at bottom of the third paragraph on the right-hand side of the
page. This will take you to a new screen where you can sign up for a username. In case these
directions are confusing, here is the direct link: https://signup.wordpress.com/signup/?user=1.
Once you have signed up, please either email me your username or request access to the class
website on Wordpress so I can add you I can give you permission. All participants will be able to
post materials and participate in online discussions on this website. I encourage weekly leaders to
post a few discussion questions about readings ahead of time.
Expectations
• Attend all classes and arrive on time.
• Complete all required readings ahead of time and to come prepared to discuss reading
material.
• Actively participate in course discussions.
• Lead the discussion for one week’s topic.
• Show respect for instructor and fellow students.
• Proficiency in Microsoft Word and PowerPoint.
• Familiarity with the university library and online databases/ search engines.
Final Group Projects
Working in small groups, you will design a project using stable C and N isotopes. You will write an
individual 5-page paper and your team will present your project to the rest of the class at the end of
the semester. More details about this project will be provided later in the term.
Grading
30% Final Presentation and Essay
20% Discussion leader for one week’s topic
26% Active participation in weekly discussions
24% Brief synopses of each week’s assigned readings
Withdrawal
(http://www.uc.edu/content/dam/uc/registrar/docs/calendars/fall_2014_dates_deadlines.pdf). Know
your deadlines. Students may drop this course up until September 8, 2014. Students may then
withdraw from the course with a “W” grade until October 31, 2014. Withdrawal may be done either
online at http://www.onestop.uc.edu or by a drop slip signed by the instructor.
Special Needs
If you have any special needs related to your participation in this course, including identified visual
impairment, hearing impairment, physical impairment, communication disorder, and/or specific
learning disability that may influence your performance in this course, you should meet with the
instructor to arrange for reasonable provisions to ensure an equitable opportunity to meet all the
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requirements of this course. At the discretion of the instructor, some accommodations may require
prior approval by Disability Services.
Academic Integrity
Academic misconduct will be dealt with in accordance with University Judicial Affairs
(http://www.uc.edu/conduct/Academic_Integrity.html).
SCHEDULE
Week 1 (August 27) Introduction and Isotope Basics
Required Reading (posted on course website):
Sulzman, E.W. 2007. Stable isotope chemistry and measurement: a primer. In Stable Isotopes in
Ecology and Environmental Science, 2nd Edition (Michener, R., Lajtha, K., eds.), Malden, MA:
Blackwell Publishing, pp. 1-19.
USGS Resources on Isotopes, Fundamentals of Stable Isotope Geochemistry.
http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/res/funda.html
Supplemental Reading:
Fry, B. 2006. Chapter 2: Isotope notation and measurement. In Stable Isotope Ecology, New York:
Springer Science + Business Media, pp. 21-39.
Clark, I., and Fritz, P. 1998. Chapter 1: The Environmental Isotopes. In Environmental Isotopes in
Hydrogeology. http://www.science.uottawa.ca/eih/ch1/ch1.htm
This website provides excerpts from Chapter 1. “Elements, nuclides, and isotopes”, ‘Why
‘environmental’ isotopes?” and “Gas source mass spectrometry” sections are the most
useful.
Ehleringer, J. R. and Rundel, P. W. 1989. Stable isotopes: History, units, and instrumentation. In
Stable Isotopes in Ecological Research (Rundel, P. W., Ehleringer, J. R. and Nagy, K. A., eds.),
New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 1-15.
Hayes, J. M., 2002. Practice and Principles of Isotopic Measurements in Organic Geochemistry.
This document from the Hayes lab covers all isotopic issues. Keep it handy and revisit it as
the term progresses.
Kendall, C and Caldwell, E. A. 1998. Fundamentals of isotope geochemistry. In Isotope Tracers in
Catchment Hydrology (Kendall, C. and McDonnell, J. J., eds.), New York: Elsevier, pp. 51-86.
http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/isopubs/itchch2.html
This chapter offers a deeper discussion of notation and fractionation. Skim the sections on
fractionation during evaporation, sampling methods, and sections that seem highly
hydrological.
Week 2 (September 3) Carbon in Plants
Required Reading:
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Ehleringer, J. R. and Cooper, T. A. 1988. Correlations between carbon isotope ratio and
microhabitat in desert plants. Oecologia 76, 562-566.
Kapos, V., Ganade, G., Matsui, E. and Victoria, R. L. 1993. δ13C as an indicator of edge effects in
tropical rainforest reserves. Journal of Ecology 81, 425-432.
Kohn, M. J. 2010. Carbon isotope compositions of terrestrial C3 plants as indicators of
(paleo)ecology and (paleo)climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, 1969119695.
O'Leary, M. H. 1988. Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis. BioScience 38, 328-336.
Supplemental Reading:
Ehleringer, J. R., and Monson, R. K., 1993, Evolutionary and ecological aspects of photosynthetic
pathway variation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 24, 411-439.
Farquhar, G. D., Ehleringer, J. R., and Hubick, K. T., 1989, Carbon isotope discrimination and
photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 40, 503-537.
Heaton, T. H. E. 1999. Spatial, species, and temporal variations in the 13C/12C ratios of C3 plants:
implications for palaeodiet studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 26, 637-649.
O’Leary, M. H., Madhavan, S., and Paneth, P. 1992. Physical and chemical basis of carbon isotope
fractionation in plants. Plant, Cell and Environment 15, 1099-1104.
Week 3 (September 10) Carbon in Animals
Required Reading:
Bump, J. K., Fox-Dobbs, K., Bada, J.L., Koch, P.L., Peterson, R.O., Vucetich, J.A. 2007. Stable
isotopes, ecological integration and environmental change: wolves record atmospheric carbon
isotope trend better than tree rings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 274, 24712780.
Fleming, T. H., Nunez, R. A. and Sternberg, L. S. L. 1993. Seasonal changes in the diets of migrant
and non-migrant nectarivorous bats as revealed by carbon stable isotope analysis. Oecologia 94, 7275.
Hedges, R. E. M. 2003. On bone collagen- apatite-carbonate isotopic relationships. International
Journal of Osteoarchaeology 13, 66-79.
Sponheimer, M., Loudon, J. E., Codron, D., Howells, M., Pruetz, J., Codron, J., de Ruiter, D. J. and
Lee-Thorp, J. A. 2006. Do "savanna" chimpanzees consume C4 resources? Journal of Human
Evolution 51, 128-133.
Supplemental Reading:
DeNiro, M. J., Epstein, S. 1978. Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals.
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Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42, 495-506.
Passey, B. H., Cerling, T. E., Perkins, M. E., Voorhies, M. R., Harris, J. M. and Tucker, T. T. 2002.
Environmental change in the Great Plains: An isotopic record from fossil horses. Geology 110, 123140.
Sponheimer, M., Robinson, T., Ayliffe, L., Passey, B., Roeder, B., Shiplay, L., Lopez, E., Cerling,
T., Dearing, D. and Ehleringer, J. 2003. An experiemental study of carbon-isotope fractionation
between diet, hair, and feces of mammalian herbivores. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, 871-876.
Sponheimer, M., Passey, B. H., de Ruiter, D. J., Guatelli-Steinberg, D., Cerling, T. E. and LeeThorp, J. A. 2006. Isotopic evidence for dietary variability in the early hominin Paranthropus
robustus. Science 314, 980-982.
Week 4 (September 17) Nitrogen in Plants
Required Reading:
Amundson, R., Austin, A.T., Schuur, A.G., Yoo, K., Matzek, V., Kendall, C., Uebersax, A.,
Brenner, D. & Baisden, W.T. 2003. Global patterns of the isotopic composition of soil and plant
nitrogen. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17, 1031.
Cook, G. D. 2001. Effects of frequent fires and grazing on stable nitrogen isotope ratios of
vegetation in northern Australia. Austral Ecology 26, 630-636.
Evans, R. D. 2001. Physiological mechanisms influencing plant nitrogen isotope composition.
Trends in Plant Science 6, 121-126.
Schulze, E. D., Gebauer, G., Ziegler, H. and Lange, O. L. 1991. Estimates of nitrogen fixation by
trees on an aridity gradient in Namibia. Oecologia 88, 451-455.
Supplemental Reading:
Handley, L. L., Austin, A. T., Robinson, D., Scrimgeour, C. M., Raven, J. A., Heaton, T. H. E.,
Schimdt, S. and Stewart, G. R. 1999. The 15N natural abundance of d15N of ecosystem samples
reflects measures of water availability. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 26, 185-199.
Högberg, P. 1997. Tansley Review No. 95 - 15N natural abundance in soil-plant systems. New
Phytology 8, 179-203.
Pardo, L. H. and Nadelhoffer, K. J. 2010: Using nitrogen isotope ratios to assess terrestrial
ecosystems at regional and global scales. In West, J. B., Bowen, G. J., Dawson, T. E. and Tu, P. U.,
editors, Isoscapes: Understanding Movement, Pattern, and Process on Earth Through Isotope
Mapping, London: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 221-249.
Week 5 (September 24) Nitrogen in Animals
Required Reading:
Hobson, K. A., Alisauskas, R. T. and Clark, R. G. 1993. Stable-nitrogen isotope enrichment in
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avian tissues due to fasting and nutritional stress: implications for isotopic analysis of diet. Condor
95, 388-394.
DeNiro, M. J. and Epstein, S. 1981. Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in
animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45, 341-351.
Murphy, B. P. and Bowman, D. M. J. S. 2006. Kangaroo metabolism does not cause the relationship
between bone collagen δ15N and water availability. Functional Ecology 20, 1062-1069.
Nakagawa, M., Hyodo, F. and Nakashizuka, T. 2007. Effect of forest use on trophic levels of small
mammals: an analysis using stable isotopes. Can. J. Zool. 85, 472-478.
Supplemental Reading:
Ambrose, S. H. 1991. Effects of diet, climate and physiology on nitrogen isotope abundances in
terrestrial foodwebs. Journal of Archaeological Science 18, 293-317.
Fuller, B. T., Fuller, J. L., Sage, N. E., Harris, D. A., O'Connell, T. C. and Hedges, R. E. M. 2004.
Nitrogen balance and d15N: why you’re not what you eat during nutritional stress Rapid
Communications in Mass Spectrometry 19, 2497-2506.
Sponheimer, M., Robinson, T. F., Roeder, B. L., Passey, B. H., Ayliffe, L. K., Cerling, T. E.,
Dearing, M. D. and Ehleringer, J. R. 2003. An experimental study of nitrogen flux in llamas: is 14N
preferentially excreted? Journal of Archaeological Science 30, 1649-1655.
Week 6 (October 1) Gearing up for Group Projects
*Prior to class, read through the group project assignment (posted online) and start thinking
about project ideas. Skim through review papers to get an idea of what sorts of questions
you might want to investigate using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes.*
Here are some review papers that could help you formulate some ideas:
Ben-David, M. and Flaherty, E. A. 2012. Stable isotopes in mammalian research: a beginner's guide.
Journal of Mammalogy 93: 312-328.
Crowley, B. E. 2012. Stable isotope techniques and applications for primatologists. International
Journal of Primatology.
Koch, P. L. 1998. Isotopic reconstruction of past continental environments. Annual Review of Earth
and Planetary Sciences 26, 573-613.
Koch, P. L. 2007. Isotopic study of the biology of modern and fossil vertebrates. In Stable Isotopes
in Ecology and Environmental Science (Michener, R., Lajtha, K., eds.), Malden: Blackwell
Scientific Publication, pp. 99-154.
Marshall, J. D., Brooks, J. R. and Lajtha, K. 2007: Sources of variation in the stable isotopic
composition of plants. In Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science (Michener, R.,
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Lajtha, K., eds.), Malden: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 22-60.
Week 7 (October 8) Oxygen in Plants
*One Page Project Outlines Due*
Required Reading:
Barbour, M. G. 2007. Stable oxygen isotope composition of plant tissue: a review. Functional Plant
Biology 34, 83-94.
Cernusak, L. A., Pate, J. S. and Farquhar, G. D. 2004. Oxygen and carbon isotope composition of
parasitic plants and their hosts in southwestern Australia. Oecologia 139, 199-213.
Sternberg, L. S. L., Mulkey, S. S. and Wright, S. J. 1989. Oxygen isotope ratio stratification in a
tropical moist forest. Oecologia 81, 51-56.
Supplemental Reading (for weeks 7 and 8):
Sternberg, L. S. L. 1989: Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in plant cellulose: mechanisms and
applications. In Rundel, P. W., Ehleringer, J. R. and Nagy, K. A., editors, Stable Isotopes in
Ecological Research, New York: Springer-Verlag, 124-141.
Yakir, D. 1992. Variations in the natural abundance of oxygen-18 and deuterium in plant
carbohydrates. Plant, Cell and Environment 15, 1005-1020.
Week 8 (October 15) Hydrogen in Plants
Required Reading:
Dawson, T. E. and Ehleringer, J. R. 1991. Streamside trees that do not use stream water. Nature 350,
335-337.
Sternberg, L. O., DeNiro, M. J. and Johnson, H. B. 1984. Isotope ratios of cellulose from plants
having different photosynthetic pathways. Plant Physiology 74, 557-561.
Ziegler, H. 1989: Hydrogen isotope fractionation in plant tissues. In Rundel, P. W., Ehleringer, J. R.
and Nagy, K. A., editors, Stable Isotopes in Ecological Research, New York: Springer-Verlag, 105123.
Week 9 (October 22) Oxygen and Hydrogen in Animals - Physiology and Diet
*Road check. What have you accomplished? What has been challenging?*
Required Reading:
Birchall, J. et al. (2005) Hydrogen isotope ratios in animal body protein reflect trophic level. Journal
of Animal Ecology 74: 877-881.
Kirsanow, K., Makarewicz, C. and Tuross, N. 2008. Stable oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δD)
isotopes in ovicaprid dentinal collagen record seasonal variation. Journal of Archaeological Science
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35, 3159-3167.
Fox-Dobbs, K., Stidham, T. A., Bowen, G. J., Emslie, S. D. and Koch, P. L. 2006. Dietary controls
on extinction versus survival among avian megafauna in the late Pleistocene. Geology 34, 685-688.
Sponheimer, M. and Lee-Thorp, J. A. 2001. The oxygen isotope composition of mammalian enamel
carbonate from Morea Estate, South Africa. Oecologia 126, 153-157.
Supplemental Reading:
Tuross, N., Warinner, C., Kirsanow, K. and Kester, C. 2008. Organic oxygen and hydrogen isotopes
in a porcine controlled dietary study. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 22, 1741-1745.
Week 10 (October 29) Oxygen and Hydrogen in Animals – Climate and Habitat Use
Required Reading:
Ayliffe, L. K. and Chivas, A. R. 1990. Oxygen isotope composition of the bone phosphate of
Australian kangaroos: Potential as a palaeoenvironmental recorder. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta vol. 54, 2603-2609.
Bowen, G. J., Wassenaar, L. I. and Hobson, K. A. 2005. Global applications of stable hydrogen and
oxygen isotopes to wildlife forensics. Oecologia 143, 337-348.
Clementz, M. T. and Koch, P. L. 2001. Differentiating aquatic mammal habitat and foraging
ecology with stable isotopes in tooth enamel. Oecologia 129, 461-472.
O'Brien, D. M. and Wooller, M. J. 2007. Tracking human travel using stable oxygen and hydrogen
isotope analyses of hair and urine. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 21, 2422-2430.
* Sample prep for group project must be completed by October 31st *
Week 11 (November 5) Sulfur Isotopes
Required Reading:
Krouse, H.R. (1988) Sulfur isotope studies of the pedosphere and biosphere. In Stable Isotopes in
Ecological Research, Rundel et al. (editors). Springer, NY, pp. 424-444.
Lott, C. A., Meehan, T. D. and Heath, J. A. 2003. Estimating the latitudinal origins of migratory
birds using hydrogen and sulfur stable isotopes in feathers: influence of marine prey base.
Oecologia 134, 505-510.
Richards, M. P., Fuller, B. T., Sponheimer, M., Robinson, T. and Ayliffe, L. 2003. Sulphur isotopes
in palaeodietary studies: a review and results from a controlled feeding experiment. International
Journal of Osteoarchaeology 13, 37-45.
Supplemental Reading:
Nehlich, O. and Richards, M. P. 2009. Establishing collagen quality criteria for sulphur isotope
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analysis of archaeological bone collagen. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 1, 59-75.
Thode, H. G. 1991: Sulphur isotopes in nature and the environment: An overview. In Krouse, H. R.
and Grinenko, V. A., editors, Stable Isotopes in the Assessment of Natural and Anthropogenic
Sulphur in the Environment: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Week 12 (November 12) Strontium Isotopes
Required Reading:
Aggarwal, J., Habicht-Mauche, J. and Juarez, C. 2008. Application of heavy stable isotopes in
forensic isotope geochemistry: A review. Applied Geochemistry 23, 2658-2666.
Hedman, K. M., Curry, B. B., Johnson, T. M., Fullagar, P. D., and Emerson, T. E. 2009. Variation
in strontium isotope ratios of archaeological fauna in the Midwestern United States: a preliminary
study. Journal of Archaeological Science 36, 64-73.
Hoppe, K. A. and Koch, P. L. 2007. Reconstructing the migration patterns of late Pleistocene
mammals from northern Florida, USA. Quaternary Research 68, 347-352.
Porder, S., Payton, A. and Hadly, E. A. 2003. Mapping the origin of faunal assemblages using
strontium isotopes. Paleobiology 29, 197-204.
Supplemental Reading:
Beard, B. L. and Johnson, C. M. 2000. Strontium isotope composition of skeletal material can
determine the birth place and geographic mobility of humans and animals. Journal of Forensic
Sciences 45, 1049-1061.
Capo, R. C., Stewart, B. W. and Chadwick, O. A. 1998. Strontium isotopes as tracers of ecosystem
processes: theory and methods. Geoderma 82, 197-225.
Week 13 (November 19) Interpreting Isotopic Data
Readings TBA
Week 14 (November 26) Combining sources and mixing models
Required Reading:
Herrera, L. G., Hobson, K. A. and Martinez del Rio, C. 2006. Tracing the origin of dietary protein
in tropical dry forest birds. Biotropica 36, 735-742.
Newsome, S. D., Martinez del Rio, C., Bearhop, S. and Phillips, D. L. 2007. A niche for isotopic
ecology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5, 429-436.
Phillips, D. L., Newsome, S. D. and Gregg, J. W. 2005. Combining sources in stable isotope mixing
models: alternative methods. Oecologia 144, 522-527.
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Yeakel, J. D., Patterson, B. D., Fox-Dobbs, K., Okumura, M. M., Cerling, T. E., Moore, J. W.,
Koch, P. L. and Dominy, N. J. 2009. Cooperation and individuality among-man-eating lions.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, 19040-19043.
Supplemental Reading:
Martínez del Rio, C. and Wolf, B. O. 2005: Mass-balance models for animal isotopic ecology. In
Starck, J. M. and Wang, T., editors, Physiological and Ecological Adaptations to Feeding in
Vertebrates, Enfield, New Hampshire: Science Publishers.
Parnell, A. C., Inger, R., Bearhop, S. and Jackson, A. L. 2010. Source partitioning using stable
isotopes: coping with too much variation PLOS One 5, e9672.
Week 15 (December 3) Forensics Applications
Required Reading:
Brooks, J. R., Buchmann, N., Phillips, S., Ehleringer, B., Evans, R. D., Lott, M., Martinelli, L. A.,
Pockman, W. T., Sandquist, D., Sparks, J. P., Sperry, L., Williams, D. and Ehleringer, J. R. 2002.
Heavy and light beer: A carbon isotope approach to detect C4 carbon in beers of different origins,
styles, and prices. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50, 6413-6418.
Cabañero, I. A., Recio, J. L. and Rupérez, M. 2006. Liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio
mass spectrometry: A new perspective on honey adulteration detection. Journal of Agricultural and
Food Chemistry 54, 9719-9727.
Shibuya, E. K., Souza Sarkis, J. E., Negrini Neto, O., Morieira, M. Z. and Victoria, R. L. 2006.
Sourcing Brazilian marijuana by applying IRMS analysis to seized samples. Forensic Science
International 160, 35-43.
Vogel, J. C., Eglington, B. and Auret, J. M. 1990. Isotope fingerprints in elephant bone and ivory.
Nature 346, 747-749.
Supplemental Reading:
Benson, S., Lennard, C., Maynard, P. and Roux, C. 2006. Forensic applications of isotope ratio
mass spectrometry-A review. Forensic Science International 157, 1-22.
Week 16 (December 10) (Finals week) Present Group projects and Final Paper Due
We will meet from 4-6 pm (our designated finals time)
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