Ice Ice
floats
floats
in liquid
in liquid
water,
water,
but but
the the
OPPOSITE
OPPOSITE
happens
happens
for for
most
most
other
other
substances!
substances!
Guide
Guide
toto
WATER
WATER
To see
To see
the the
“regular”
“regular”
wayway
solids
solids
behave,
behave,
place
place
a frozen
a frozen
cube
cube
of oil
of oil
intointo
a cup
a cup
of liquid
of liquid
oil. oil.
It will
It will
sinksink
straight
straight
to the
to the
bottom.
bottom.
After
After
many
many
days
days
on on
thethe
river,
river,
Derring
Derring
started
started
doing
doing
tricks
tricks
and,
and,
of course,
of course,
fellfell
outout
of the
of the
umbrella.
umbrella.
ice cube
ice cube
WHAT
WHAT
IF ICE
IF ICE
DIDN’T
DIDN’T
FLOAT?*
FLOAT?*
If ICE
IfSANK,
ICE SANK,
all the
all oceans
the oceans
and lakes
and lakes
would
would
freeze
freeze
fromfrom
the bottom
the bottom
up! Then
up! Then
that that
frozen
frozen
water
water
would
would
reflect
reflect
radiation
radiation
fromfrom
the sun,
the sun,
making
making
the planet
the planet
too too
coldcold
for for
liquidliquid
water.
water.
WELCOME
WELCOME
TO EARTH
TO EARTH
AN ICE
AN PLANET
ICE PLANET
If ICE
IfSANK,
ICE SANK,
we would
we would
loselose
the reflective
the reflective
floating
floating
sea ice
seaaticethe
at poles!
the poles!
ThenThen
the planet
the planet
would
would
heat heat
up soupmuch
so much
that that
new ice
newwouldn’t
ice wouldn’t
have have
a chance
a chance
to form
to form
at all.at all.
waterwater
LiquidLiquid
oil oil
A STEAMING
A STEAMING
HOTHOT
PLANET
PLANET
More
More
FREE
FREE
Science
Science
Mom
Mom
Guides
Guides
Frozen
Frozen
oil cube
oil cube
1
2
4
*The elements
*The elements
silicon,silicon,
bismuth,
bismuth,
gallium,
gallium,
geranium,
geranium,
and antimony
and antimony
also expand
also expand
when frozen.
when frozen. 5
5
solidsolid
MOLECULES BEHAVE THE SAME WAY.
I HOPE NO
ONE SEES ME.
I’M SO COLD. I
CAN HARDLY
MOVE.
WE’RE
WE’RE
CLOSE
CLOSE
WE’RE
WE’RE
CLOSE
CLOSE
TOGETHER
TOGETHER
AND AND
TOGETHER
TOGETHER
AND AND
TUMBLING
AROUND.
AROUND.
TUMBLING
TUMBLING
AROUND.
AROUND. TUMBLING
Water
Water
(H2O)*
(H2O)*
To understand how liquids turn into solids, it helps to remember something about
reptiles: They move fast when they’re warm, and are sluggish and slow when cold.
a) Place
a) Place
the the
bottle
bottle
of soda
of soda
in the
in the
freezer
freezer
for 3for
hours
3 hours
. (YOU
. (YOU
MAYMAY
11
11
12
12
13
Awesome!
Awesome!
The power
The power
of of
thermodynamics!
thermodynamics!
Behold!
Behold!
The The
trick
trick
is toisget
to get
the the
timing
timing
right:
right:
if you
if you
try try
to pick
to pick
up the
up the
ice too
ice too
early
early
or too
or too
late,late,
thenthen
it won’t
it won’t
work.
work.
Water
• Water
Ice• cubes
Ice cubes
Salt
• Salt
Matches,
• Matches,
toothpicks,
toothpicks,
or yarn
or yarn
Materials:
Materials:
3. 3.
LiftLift
IceIce
with
with
Salt
Salt
13
14
14
*YOU*YOU
CANCAN
SUBSTITUTE
SUBSTITUTE
ANY ANY
ICE CREAM
ICE CREAM
RECIPE,
RECIPE,
ANDAND
IF YOU
IF YOU
DON’T
DON’T
HAVE
HAVE
CANS
CANS
YOUYOU
CANCAN
USE USE
PLASTIC
PLASTIC
BAGS
BAGS
INSTEAD.
INSTEAD.
Salt Salt
changes
changes
the the
freezing
freezing
pointpoint
of of
water,
water,
whichwhich
is whyis We
why We
put salt
put salt
on the
on roads
the roads
whenwhen
it snows…
it snows…
Method:
Method:
8
10
8
b) Remove
b) Remove
soda
soda
andand
be careful
be careful
not not
to bump
to bump
or jar
oritjar
too
it too
hard.
hard.
Open
Open
lid slowly
lid slowly
andand
pourpour
soda
soda
into into
an ice-cold
an ice-cold
cup.cup.
If it is
If it is
super-cooled,
super-cooled,
it willit will
freeze
freeze
into into
a slushy
a slushy
as itas
is itpoured.
is poured.
a) Get
a) Get
the the
yarnyarn
or wood
or wood
wet wet
andand
place
place
it onittop
on top
of the
of the
ice cube.
ice cube.
b) Sprinkle
b) Sprinkle
withwith
salt.salt.
c) Wait
c) Wait
for about
for about
15 seconds.
15 seconds.
d) Lift
d) the
Lift the
ice! ice!
The oil
Theballoon
oil balloon
didn’tdidn’t
change
change
the the
plaster
plaster
at all.at all.
Behold
Behold
the power
the power
of water!
of water!
It cracked
It cracked
the Plaster!
the Plaster!
WANT
WANT
TO PLACE
TO PLACE
SEVERAL
SEVERAL
IN IN
THE THE
FREEZER
FREEZER
ANDAND
TAKETAKE
THEM
THEM
OUTOUT
AT 30ATMINUTE
30 MINUTE
INTERVALS
INTERVALS
ONCE
ONCE
THEY’VE
THEY’VE
BEEN
BEEN
IN THE
IN THE
FREEZER
FREEZER
FORFOR
AN HOUR.
AN HOUR.
THE THE
CORRECT
CORRECT
TIMETIME
TO TO
REACH
REACH
THE THE
“SUPER
“SUPER
COOLED”
COOLED”
STATE
STATE
WILLWILL
VARY
VARY
BY FREEZER.)
BY FREEZER.)
10
Method:
Method:
ICE ICE SLUSH
SLUSH
FORMING
FORMING
AROUND
AROUND
THE ICE
THE ICE
There
There
are lots
are lots
of of
ways ways
to play
to with
play with
a a
supersuper
cooled
cooled
liquid.liquid.
You can
YouPour
can Pour
it over
it over
an iceancube
ice cube
or into
or into
a freezing
a freezing
coldcold
cup…cup…
Or slowly
Or slowly
pourpour
it it
into into
a bowl
a bowl
that that
is is
not freezing
not freezing
coldcold
and then
and then
dropdrop
a a
sliversliver
of ice
ofinice
it…
in it…
Or bang
Or bang
it hard
it hard
whilewhile
it’s still
it’s still
in in
the bottle.!
the bottle.!
•
•
•
•
Most
Most
other
other
stuffstuff
Method:
Method:
9
When
When
water
water
freezes,
freezes,
the the
molecules
molecules
line line
up in
upain
crystal
a crystal
structure
structure
so that
so that
theirtheir
positive
positive
andand
negative
negative
sides
sides
are are
perfectly
perfectly
matched.
matched.
To make
To make
this this
lattice
lattice
structure,
structure,
theythey
have
have
to spread
to spread
out.out.
ThisThis
is why
is why
ice expands
ice expands
when
when
frozen.
frozen.
WE’RE
WE’RE
FAR APART
FAR APART WE’RE
WE’RE
FAR APART
FAR APART
AND MOVING
AND MOVING
FAST!FAST! AND MOVING
AND MOVING
FAST!FAST!
NIGHT
Materials:
Materials:
9
k
k
liquid
liquid
gasgas
DAY
6
WE’RE
VERYVERY
CLOSE
CLOSE
WE SPREAD
WE SPREAD
OUT TO
OUT TO WE’RE
TOGETHER
AND NOT
AND NOT
MAKEMAKE
A CRYSTAL.
A CRYSTAL. TOGETHER
MOVING
MOVING
MUCH
MUCH
AT ALL
AT ALL
(BUT (BUT
STILLSTILL
VIBRATING).
VIBRATING).
2. 2.
Magic
Magic
Slushy
Slushy
• Bottles
• Bottles
of carbonated
of carbonated
soda
soda
• Freezer
• Freezer
• Cup
• Cup
andand
spoon
spoon
Plaster
• Plaster
of Paris
of Paris
or gypsum
or gypsum
Balloons
• Balloons
Freezer
• Freezer
7
NO ONE CAN
CATCH ME! I’M THE
FASTEST ANIMAL IN
THE DESERT!
6
TheThe
shape
shape
of the
of the
crystal
crystal
thatthat
water
water
molecules
molecules
formform
is a is
hexagon,
a hexagon,
andand
this this
is why
is why
snowflakes
snowflakes
are are
six sided.
six sided.
Materials:
Materials:
7
2
Turn down the temperature, and you turn down the speed.
SoupSoup
cartons
cartons
workwork
well.well.
Just Just
cut ‘em
cutin‘em
half.
in half.
1. 1.
Frost
Frost
Wedging
Wedging
a) Fill
a) one
Fill one
balloon
balloon
withwith
water
water
andand
oneone
balloon
balloon
withwith
oil (optional).
oil (optional).
b) Prepare
b) Prepare
containers
containers
for plaster,
for plaster,
for example,
for example,
by cutting
by cutting
a small
a small
cardboard
cardboard
container
container
in half.
in half.
c) Place
c) Place
balloons
balloons
in containers.
in containers.
d) Mix
d) Mix
plaster
plaster
& water
& water
according
according
to directions
to directions
andand
pourpour
it in itthe
in the
containers
containers
around
around
the the
balloons.
balloons.
e) Let
e) Let
dry dry
andand
thenthen
freeze.
freeze.
Remove
Remove
containers
containers
andand
observe.
observe.
*Scientists
*Scientists
don’tdon’t
agreeagree
on what
on what
would
would
happen.
happen.
1
3
www.jennyballif.com
www.jennyballif.com
available
available
at at
• Water
• Water
•
• Oil• Oil
• 2 identical
• 2 identical•
containers
containers•
WELCOME
WELCOME
TO EARTH
TO EARTH
Oh yeah,
Oh yeah,
this this
is going
is going
to to
be cool!
be cool!
a) Mix
a) Mix
ingredients
ingredients
for ice
for cream
ice cream
together
together
andand
place
place
the the
mixture
mixture
in the
in the
small
small
can.can.
b) Seal
b) Seal
the the
small
small
cancan
wellwell
andand
place
place
it in itthe
in the
large
large
can.can.
c) Fill
c) the
Fill the
space
space
around
around
the the
small
small
cancan
withwith
ice and
ice and
the the
salt.salt.
Method:
Method:
•
•
•
•
•
•
1 can
• 1 can
lite coconut
lite coconut
milkmilk
7 to
• 710
tofresh
10 fresh
pitted
pitted
dates
dates
1 to
• 12to
Tbsp
2 Tbsp
cocoa
cocoa
powder
powder
½ •c½
rock
c rock
salt salt
andand
ice ice
2 metal
• 2 metal
canscans
of different
of different
sizes
sizes
Duct
• Duct
tapetape
Materials:*
Materials:*
4. 4.
IceIce
Cream
Cream
in in
a Can
a Can
RollRoll
that that
can all
canover!
all over!
Milk here
Milk here
Ice and
Icesalt
andhere
salt here
d) Seal
d) Seal
a lidaonto
lid onto
the the
large
large
cancan
andand
roll the
roll the
cancan
across
across
the the
floorfloor
for 10
forminutes.
10 minutes.
e) Carefully
e) Carefully
remove
remove
the the
small
small
cancan
andand
scrape
scrape
down
down
the the
ice cream
ice cream
forming
forming
on the
on the
sides.
sides.
Drain
Drain
the the
water
water
fromfrom
the the
large
large
can.can.
Refresh
Refresh
the the
ice and
ice and
salt.salt.
f) Seal
f) Seal
the the
canscans
again
again
andand
roll roll
them
them
another
another
10 minutes.
10 minutes.
g) Scrape
g) Scrape
down
down
sides
sides
andand
set the
set the
small
small
cancan
in the
in the
freezer
freezer
for 20
for 20
minutes.
minutes.
(Optional)
(Optional)
B
A
A
X
C
C
D
q
B
s
F
E
E
D
q
F
G
G
X