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H O Y L A N D E
1. Solar Energy- TO US EACH PROJECT IS AN EXLUSIVE
Solar energy is an alternative energy source that involves harnessing the radiant light energy emitted by the
sun and converting it into electricity or heat.
Many people use terms solar energy and solar power as synonyms though this isn't exactly the same because
term “solar power” means conversion of sunlight into electricity (photovoltaic).
Solar energy has different solar technologies.
It can be converted to electricity or heat in two ways :
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Photovoltaic - the word “photovoltaic” is a combination of
the words ‘photo’, which means light, and
‘voltaic’, which refers to the production of electricity.
Photovoltaic technology generates electricity directly from sunlight (energy). A number of solar
cells electrically connected to one another and mounted in a frame is called a photovoltaic module.
A photovoltaic cell is a specially treated wafer of silicon, sandwiched between two thin contact plates.
The top contact is positively charged and the back contact is negatively charged, making it a semiconductor.
That semiconductor absorbs photons of light and release electrons.
When free electrons are captured, electric current results that can be used as electricity.
H O Y L A N D E
Photovoltaic is a very rapidly growing global technology.
Homeowners, businesses, governments, local bodies, and non-profit organisations throughout the world use
Photovoltaic (PV) panels to provide electricity for their needs.
Users are found in rural, suburban and urban areas.
Solar thermal - at the core of a solar thermal system is the solar collector fitted at an optimal angle on a roof.
It transforms the sunlight into heated fluid contained in it to very high temperatures. This fluid is then
transferred via the pipes to the storage tank and stored there. There are also collectors which directly heat
the air. Those systems circulate the air through collectors and transfer large part of energy onto the air.
Later, that air returns itself to a heated chamber maintaining the chamber's temperature.
H O Y L A N D E
Where to use solar systems ?
A fundamental factor which determines availability of solar radiation is the climate formed by geographical
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factors, such as: latitude, size of lands and seas, sea tides, height above sea level, land formation. In order to
determine opportunities of using solar radiation energy, the following fundamental parameters should be
defined along with their distribution in time: insolation (number of hours of sunshine), irradiation of horizontal
and sloped surface, structure of solar radiation.
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Why use solar systems
Solar energy can be utilized for varied applications:
Residential purpose - for heating the water with the help of solar heater. The PV can be installed on the roof of
the residential home to collect the solar energy which is then used to warm the water. Solar energy can also be
used in producing the electricity. Batteries will store energy captured in day time and supply power in night.
Solar energy can be utilized for Residential purpose.
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2.Wind Energy- TO US EACH PROJECT IS AN EXLUSIVE
Wind is air in horizontal motion across the Earth’s surface. Wind is caused by differences in pressure, where
the air is accelerated from higher to lower pressure. Wind is a product of sunlight – pure solar energy.
Wind power comes from the conversion of wind energy (the kinetic energy of air in motion) into an
useful form of energy such as using wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power,
wind pumps for water pumping or sails to propel ships .
To convert kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy (e.g. to produce electricity) a device called wind
turbine is used. Wind turbines have blades, which are rotated by the power of wind. These turbines can rotate
about horizontal or vertical axis.
H O Y L A N D E
The horizontal-axis wind turbines look
like huge but slim windmills and have an
electric generator with blades mounted on
top of a tower.
Wind towers need to be very high to catch
the wind with the highest velocity.
Vertical axis turbines have two or three
blades that spin around a vertical, or
upright, shaft.
Key advantage of vertical wind turbine is the
fact that it does not need to be pointed into
the wind to be effective.
Vertical axis turbines produce less electricity
than horizontal axis turbines because blades
are closer to the ground where the wind is
slowed down by obstacles, such as trees.
H O Y L A N D E
Why use wind turbines?
Wind is an abundant and reliable source of energy.
There is only one-time installation cost for setting up a
wind generator - afterwards the electricity produced by
the wind turbine is free.
Wind turbines use an extremely robust technology,
which is designed for both local and remote operation
and requires only periodic maintenance.
The use of wind energy has fewer environmental
impacts than using many other energy sources. It does
not cause emission of greenhouse gases or other
pollutants. A wind turbine has a small physical
footprint relative to the amount of electricity it can
produce.
Where to use wind turbines?
As a rule, wind speed increases with altitude and over
open areas that have no windbreaks. Good sites for
wind plants are the tops of smooth, rounded hills, open
plains or shorelines, and mountain gaps that produce
wind funnelling. Wind speed changes during the day
and in different months and seasons. Study of wind
conditions in a specific area consists of the
identification of two of its main characteristics: speed
and direction.
H O Y L A N D E
The base for construction of wind power plant is a credible wind feasibility study.
This is a detailed study into all of the key issues that determine whether a site is suitable for wind
development. It includes among other things estimation of the minimum energy that a plant set on a mast
of a given height and at a given place can produce.
Wind measurement (12 month period is recommended) is carried out with a survey mast of a given height.
Wind power plants usually use wind speeds in the 4 to 25 m/s range.
Wind power at speeds lower than 4 m/s is considered small. At speeds greater than 25 m/s wind power
plant is stopped due to safety reasons. In case of small wind power plants wind measurement is carried out
at the place chosen for the location of small wind turbine. The measurements take no less than three
months and are finished if results are consistent with the general trend of wind conditions in the study
area.
FACTS: Wind turbines produce from less than 1 MW to around 5 MW per unit in commercial models.
Nuclear reactors used for power production range from around600 MW to around 1300 MW. Assuming that
wind turbine produces average 2MW, 433 wind turbines is needed to equal the nuclear plant's capacity if
the wind is to blow 24 hours a day 7 days a week.
H O Y L A N D E
What are potential obstacles?
The main limitation of wind power is that no electricity is produced when
the wind is not blowing.
Moreover, wind energy plants (like solar collectors) require massive amounts of land.
It takes 20 times as much land to produce each kilowatt of electricity on a wind farm as it does in a conventional
natural gas or coal-fired power plant.
Wind turbines are noisy. Each one can generate the same level of noise as a family car traveling. The blades of
wind turbines can hit birds who attempt to fly between them.
Wind power is a relatively difficult environmental integration that can affect aesthetics of landscape.
H O Y L A N D E
WE BUILD ACCORDIN CONDITIONS, YOUR REQUIREMENTS AND EUROPEAN STANDARDS
3. Hydropower
* TO US EACH PROJECT IS AN EXLUSIVE*
On the Earth there is ca. 1.4 billion km 3 of water. It is an enormous amount which is a potential source
of energy. Water is called “white coal” because its energy gives electricity and does not pollute natural
environment. Hydropower is energy that comes from water in motion.
Hydropower is produced by converting the kinetic energy of moving water to mechanical energy in
a turbine. Turbines and generators convert the energy into electricity. The electricity is then fed into
the electrical grid and used by energy consumers.
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WE BUILD ACCORDIN CONDITIONS, YOUR REQUIREMENTS AND EUROPEAN STANDARDS
* TO US EACH PROJECT IS AN EXLUSIVE*
Hydropower installations can be located on rivers, canals or streams. Many hydropower installations use natural
drop of a river such as waterfalls or rapids. But very often, for more reliable water supplies, it is necessary to construct
dams. Dams are built across rivers in order to raise water level and provide the drop needed to obtain a driving force.
They also create reservoirs where water is accumulated to be released later. Power production of a dam is primarily
controlled by changing the position of the water control gate. The more open the gate is the more water can enter the
turbine to generate energy.
How does the turbine work?
Generally, the turbine is a type of water wheel that is connected to a generator. Water passes through the blades of a
turbine installed on a shaft. The shaft spins with the rotating blades and turns a rotor in an electric generator. Inside the
generator there are large electromagnets attached to the rotor that is located within a coil of copper wires called the
stator. As the generator rotor spins the magnets a flow of electrons is created in the coils of the stator. A/C current is of
turbine is the Francis Turbine Produced.
H O Y L A N D E
Produced. There are several types of turbines. The most common typ
Why use water as energy source? Hydropower is a constant and reliable energy source with relatively low operating
costs. It is independent from prices of uranium, oil or other types of fuel. It does not depend on import of any
resource from abroad.
Hydropower facilities have a long life span, much longer than other sources of power, and can operate for many years
after they are built. For example design life expectancy of nuclear power stations is ca. 40 years.
At present, there are several hydropower stations in the world which have been operating longer than one century.
Impoundment hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety of recreational opportunities.
They can be used for water sports and leisure. Moreover, this type of hydropower can be used for irrigation purposes.
Many dams are used to control flooding and regulate water supply.
Hydropower does not pollute the air or produce greenhouse gases. It is a clean method of energy generation.
H O Y L A N D E
What are potential obstacles?
Hydropower can be impacted by drought.
When the water level is too low, hydropower
stations cannot operate properly and they
generate less energy. Although
impoundment hydropower has several
advantages it may also have negative
impact on natural environment. Sometimes
it is necessary to flood large areas, and this
is
connected with possible relocations and
changes in natural environment. Moreover,
it can cause changes in the geology.
Hydropower facilities may have negative
impact on biological structure of rivers.
This project is implemented through the
CENTRAL EUROPE Programme cofinanced by the ERDF.
H O Y L A N D E
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JSC HOYLANDE PRAGUE
BUILD ACCORDIN CONDITIONS
YOUR REQUIREMENTS AND
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