МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ уКРАЇНИ
ЖИТОМИРСЬКИЙ ДЕРЖАВНИЙ ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНИЙ
УНІВЕРСИТЕТ
Л.І. ФУРСОВА
Л.Ф. МОГЕЛЬНИЦЬКА
Н.О. КУРНОСОВА
В.А. ШАДУРА
С.Г. КУР’ЯТА
А.Ю. СОРОЧИНСЬКА
ENGLISH FOR IT STUDENTS
Навчальний посібник для студентів першого курсу факультету інформаційно-комп’ютерних технологій
Друкується за рішенням
Вченої ради ЖДТУ
(протокол
№
6
від
25.01.2010)
Житомир
2010
ББК 81.2 (4АНГЛ.) Я75
УДК 811.111 (075)
Ф 95
Рецензенти:
Левицький Андрій Едуардович – доктор філологічних наук,
професор кафедри теорії та практики перекладу з англійської
мови Інституту філології Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка
Борисенко Наталія Дмитрівна – кандидат філологічних наук, доцент кафедри англійської філології та перекладу ім.
проф. Д.І. Квеселевича ННІ іноземної філології Житомирського державного університету імені Івана Франка
Славова Людмила Леонардівна – кандидат філологічних
наук, доцент кафедри теорії та практики перекладу з англійської мови Інституту філології Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка
ФУРСОВА Л.І., МОГЕЛЬНИЦЬКА Л.Ф., КУРНОСОВА Н.О., СОРОЧИНСЬКА
А.Ю., КУР’ЯТА С.Г., ШАДУРА В.А.
Ф 95 ENGLISH FOR IT STUDENTS : НАВЧ. ПОСІБ. – ЖИТОМИР : ЖДТУ,
2010. – 256 C.
ISBN 978-966-683-236-1
Навчальний посібник дозволяє користувачам: 1) набути навички читання, письма
та розуміння текстів з інформаційно-комп’ютерних технологій; 2) сформувати словниковий запас комп’ютерних термінів; 3) розвинути навички спілкування на професійноорієнтовані теми; 4) сформувати вміння, що необхідні для самостійної роботи з оригінальними професійно спрямованими англомовними джерелами.
Посібник розроблено згідно з вимогами Болонської системи освіти. Він розрахований на три квотери і складається з трьох розділів. Перший розділ містить 6 уроків для
аудиторного засвоєння, другий – 6 уроків для індивідуального опрацювання, що охоплюють актуальні теми сьогодення, пов’язані з розвитком, сучасним станом, проблемами та майбутнім комп’ютерів, Інтернету та електроніки в цілому. Окремий розділ присвячено тестам для модульного контролю.
Уроки містять: нову лексику; тематичні тексти (переважно декілька взаємодоповнюючих текстів різного ступеня складності) чи діалоги; ряд практичних завдань для
закріплення лексико-граматичних явищ; додаткові тексти для самостійної роботи; ситуації для обговорення у класі.
Посібник призначений для студентів ВНЗ, які навчаються за спеціальностями
“Програмна інженерія”, “Системна інженерія”, “Автоматизація та комп’ютерноінтегровані технології”, “Радіоелектронні апарати”, “Радіотехніка”, “Телекомунікації”.
Він також є корисним для широкого кола осіб, які самостійно вивчають чи вдосконалюють англійську інформаційно-комп’ютерну термінологію, а також для викладачів,
які навчають англійській мові професійного спрямування студентів зазначених вище
спеціальностей.
ISBN 978-966-683-236-1
ББК 81.2 (4Англ.) я 75
© Л.І. Фурсова, 2010
© Л.Ф. Могельницька, 2010
© Н.О. Курносова, 2010
© А.Ю. Сорочинська, 2010
© С.Г. Кур’ята, 2010
CONTENTS
PART I. BASIC COURSE ______________________________ 9
UNIT 1. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS ____________________ 9
TEXT A. FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS ____________________ 9
TEXT B. FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS ___________________ 13
UNIT 2. MODERN COMPUTERS ______________________ 29
TEXT A. ____________________________________________________________ 30
TEXT В. WHAT IS A COMPUTER? _________________________________ 33
UNIT 3. ROM-BIOS. COMPUTER VIRUSES _____________ 58
TEXT A. THE READ-ONLY-MEMORY BASIC INPUT-OUTPUT
SYSTEM (ROM-BIOS) _____________________________________ 58
DIALOGUE. BEATING THE VIRUS! ________________________________ 64
TEXT B. COMPUTER VIRUSES PART 1 _____________________________ 68
TEXT B. COMPUTER VIRUSES PART 2 _____________________________ 69
UNIT 4. PRO AND CONS OF THE INTERNET ___________ 80
TEXT A. THE PRO AND CONS OF THE INTERNET _________________ 80
TEXT B. THE PRO AND CONS OF THE INTERNET _________________ 84
UNIT 5. E-MAIL OR SNAIL MAIL _____________________ 97
TEXT A. E-MAIL OR SNAIL MAIL? _________________________________ 97
TEXT B. E-MAIL ___________________________________________________ 101
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN FUTURE STUDYING AND HOMES
____________________________________________ 110
TEXT A. ___________________________________________________________ 110
TEXT B. THE FUN THEY HAD _____________________________________ 113
PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS _______________________ 126
UNIT 1. TEXT EDITOR MICROSOFT WORD.
MICROCOMPUTERS ________________________ 126
TEXT A. TEXT EDITOR MICROSOFT WORD ______________________ 126
TEXT B. MICROCOMPUTERS _____________________________________ 130
UNIT 2. COMPUTERS IN BISINESS ___________________ 142
TEXT A. MODERN COMPUTER OPERATIONS ____________________ 142
TEXT B. IN THE BANK ____________________________________________ 150
UNIT 3. COMPUTER REVOLUTION _________________ 158
TEXT A. COMPUTER REVOLUTION_______________________________ 158
DIALOGUE. FANCY SPEAKING TO A COMPUTER ________________ 161
UNIT 4. BENEFITS OF WEBSITE. ELECTRONICS HELPS
MAN. THE VIRTUAL OFFICE ________________ 170
DIALOGUE A. STYLEHOUSE GOES ON-LINE _____________________ 170
TEXT A. WHAT MAKES A GOOD WEBSITE? ______________________ 174
TEXT B. ELECTRONICS HELPS MAN PART 1 _____________________ 175
TEXT B. ELECTRONICS HELPS MAN PART 2 _____________________ 176
DIALOGUE B. THE VIRTUAL OFFICE _____________________________ 181
UNIT 5. MAN, MACHINES AND NEW BRANCHES OF
SCIENCE. FUTURE OF CYBERNETICS ________ 193
TEXT A. MAN AND MACHINES ___________________________________ 193
TEXT B. THE FUTURE OF CYBERNETICS _________________________ 202
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN PRESENT STUDYING AND
MODERN HOMES ___________________________ 214
TEXT A. GIRLS JUST WANT TO HAVE FUN WITH LEARNING, BUT
BOYS WILL BE GAME BOYS _________________________________ 214
TEXT B. AT HOME WITH COMPUTERS ___________________________ 217
PART III. FINAL TESTS _____________________________ 233
BASIC COURSE ____________________________________ 233
TEST I. ___________________________________________________________ 233
TEST II. ___________________________________________________________ 234
TEST III. ___________________________________________________________ 236
TEST IV. ___________________________________________________________ 238
TEST V. ___________________________________________________________ 239
TEST VI. ___________________________________________________________ 241
ADDITIONAL TASKS _______________________________ 243
TEST I. ___________________________________________________________ 243
TEST II. ___________________________________________________________ 244
TEST IІІ. ___________________________________________________________ 246
TEST IV. __________________________________________________ 248
TEST V. ___________________________________________________________ 250
TEST VI. ___________________________________________________________ 251
REFERENCE LITERATURE _________________________ 254
UNIT 1. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
9
PART I
BASIC COURSE
UNIT 1
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
1. Learn the following. Use the words in your own sentences:
data storage system – система зберігання даних
abacus – рахівниця
track – доріжка, канал
to compose – складати
digital – цифровий
to compute – обчислювати
to process – обробляти
analogue (analog) – аналоговий
hybrid – гібридний
steam-engine – парова машина
utilization – використання
2. Read and translate:
TEXT A
FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
The educated man of 200 years ago did not need to know anything about science. The educated man of 25–30 years ago did not
need to know anything about computers. But the educated man of today needs to have some significant knowledge of science and a little
significant knowledge about computers.
The computer is no doubt the most amazing achievement of
mankind. It is a data storage system created by man. A human tells
the machine what to do, when to do it and how it should be done.
The word computer comes from a Latin word which means to
count.
Nearly one hundred fifty years ago there were no such things as
computers. Knotted ropes, marks in clay, the abacus are all methods
of keeping track of numbers.
In 1830 an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage, professor of Cambridge University designed the first computer.
The mathematical programme for his machine had been composed
by Lord Byron’s daughter.
10
PART I. BASIC COURSE
The first programmed computer which operated successfully
was built in 1939 by H. H. Aiken, professor of Harward University.
In our country the first electronic digital computer MACM was
constructed by the Ukrainian Academician S. A. Lebedev in 1950.
Such computers as BESM, Minsk, Ural, Razdan-3, M-20, M220, Nairi-3, Strela, Dniepr were created in our country.
Nowadays computers greatly increase man’s thinking capabilities of planning, analyzing, computing and controlling. Hundreds of
computers are already in daily use. They penetrate almost into all
spheres of our modern society, from nuclear energy production and
missile design to the processing of bank checks, weather forecasting,
manufacturing, research and medical diagnoses.
There are three kinds of computers: digital, analogue and hybrid. An analogue computer computes by using physical analogue
of numerical measurements. A digital computer computes by using
numbers or digits. A hybrid computer is a machine which combines
some of the properties of digital and analogue computers.
Invention of electronic computers is one of the greatest
achievements of mankind. The significance of it can be compared
with the invention of the steam-engine and the utilization of atomic
energy.
3. Make up 10 questions of different types to the text, then ask your
fellow students to answer them. Use the following conversational
phrases:
Agreement: Sure. Why, yes of course. By all means. That’d be
lovely. I’d be glad to. How nice of you. It (certainly) is.
Disagreement: By no means. Far from it. I’m afraid I don’t
agree. I think you’re mistaken. Just the other way round. I’d like to
say yes, but … I’m awfully sorry but you see…
4. Make up sentences:
A computer
is
was
a machine which performs a sequence of
operations
a universal information processing machine
the most amazing achievement
now widely used in many fields
UNIT 1. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
11
used in chemical plants, power stations
a million times faster than humans
a data storage system created by man
built in 1939 by H. H. Aiken
constructed by the Ukrainian Academician
S. A. Lebedev in 1950
5. Make up questions and let your classmates answer them:
What do we call
a computer?
a microprocessor?
memory?
personal computer?
a program?
a microcomputer?
a keyboard
A computer
A microprocessor
Memory
Personal computer
A program
A microcomputer
A keyboard
is
a heart of a microcomputer
a tiny processor on a single chip used in
microcomputer
data storage system created by man
a computer used for home and personal
use
a set of instructions composed for solving given problems by computer
a part of a computer which stores information
a small scale computer using a single
microprocessor chip in its architecture
a part of a computer which allows the
user to communicate with the computer
6. Perephrase the sentences:
1. Computers penetrate almost into all spheres of our modern
society.
12
PART I. BASIC COURSE
2. BASIC is considered to be one of the easiest programming
languages to learn.
3. A computer is a data storage system created by man.
4. A computer is a million times faster than humans in performing computing operations.
7. Put questions to the words in bold type:
1. A computer stores information which it receives.
2. When our professor was speaking on the history of computers he mentioned Charles Babbage and his great inventions.
3. The mathematical programme for the first computer had
been compiled by Lord Byron’s daughter.
4. The first programmed computer which operated successfully
was built in 1939.
5. Computers have already penetrated almost into all spheres
of modern economy.
8. Translate into English:
1. Комп’ютери використовуються в промисловості, медицині, науково-дослідній роботі, банках i під час прогнозування погоди.
2. Августа Ада Байрон – дочка славнозвісного поета. Вона
розробила математичне забезпечення для першого
кoмп’ютера.
3. Комп’ютер відкриває великі перспективи для людської
творчості.
4. Сучасній освіченій людині необхідно мати суттєві знання
у сфері науки і комп’ютерів.
5. Людина дає вказівку машині, що, коли і як робити.
6. Винахід електронних комп’ютерів є одним з найбільших
досягнень людства.
9. Learn the following words and phrases:
to count – рахувати
slide rule – логарифмічна лінійка
logarithm tables – таблиці логарифмів
calculating machine – обчислювальна машина
UNIT 1. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
13
a series of ten-toothed gear wheels – низка 10-зубчатих передавальних колес
analytical engine – тут: аналітична машина
to figure out – оброблювати
vacuum tubes – вакуумні лампи
more dependable – тут: більш надійний
on the market – на ринку
tiny integrated circuits – мініатюрні інтегральні схеми
microminiaturization – мікромініатюризація
to fit onto a single chip – розміщуватися на одному кристалі
(чіпі)
silicon – кремінь
petroleum refinery – процес очищення нафти
10. Read and translate:
TEXT B
FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
Let us take a look at the history of the computers that we know
today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a
man’s hands. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and
multiples of tens. Then the abacus was invented, a bead frame in
which the beads are moved from left to right. People went on using
some form of abacus well into the 16th century, and it is still being
used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without
knowing how to read. During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J. Napier, a Scotsman, devised a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is how
the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier’s ideas to
produce logarithm tables which all mathematicians use today. Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by
both Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German
mathematician.
The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people’s experiments. This type of machine, which
saves a great deal of time and reduces the possibility of making mistakes, depends on a series of ten-toothed gear wheels. In 1830
Charles Babbage, an Englishman, designed a machine that was called
14
PART I. BASIC COURSE
“The Analytical Engine”. This machine, which Babbage showed at
the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing the machine with the necessary
facts about the problem to be solved. He never finished this work, but
many of his ideas were the basis for building today’s computers. In
1930, the first analog computer was built by American named
Vannevar Bush. This device was used in World War II to help aim
guns. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The men responsible for this invention were Professor
Howard Aiken and some people from IBM. This was the first machine that could figure out long lists of mathematical problems at a
very fast rate. In 1946 two engineers, at the University of Pennsylvania, J. Eckert and J. Maushly, built the first digital computer using
parts called vacuum tubes. They named their new invention ENIAC.
Another important advancement in computers came in 1947, when
John von Newmann developed the idea of keeping instructions for
the computer inside the computer’s memory.
The first generation of computers, which used vacuum tubes,
came out in 1950. UNIVAC I is an example of these computers
which could perform thousand of calculations per second. In 1960,
the second generation of computers was developed and these could
perform work ten times faster than their predecessors. The reason for
this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
Second-generation computers were smaller, faster and more dependable than first-generation computers. The third-generation computers appeared on the market in 1965. These computers could do a
million calculations a second, which is 1000 times as many as firstgeneration computers. Unlike second-generation computers, these are
controlled by tiny integrated circuits and are consequently smaller
and more dependable. Fourth-generation computers have now arrived, and the integrated circuits that are being developed have been
greatly reduced in size. This is due to microminiaturization, which
means that the circuits are much smaller than before; as many as
1000 tiny circuits now fit onto a single chip. A chip is a square or
rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to 1/4 inch, upon
which several layers of an integrated circuit are etched or imprinted,
after which the circuit is encapsulated in plastic or metal. Fourth-
UNIT 1. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
15
generation computers are 50 times faster than third-generation computers and can complete approximately 1,000,000 instructions per
second.
Fifth-generation computers are much faster. They are able to
use artificial intelligence software. That is, the computer systems are
able to “reason” and “learn” using data from their past actions. Such
systems are now being used in financial management, petroleum refinery monitoring, diagnosing medical problems, providing vision
systems for robots, and allowing people to use English to communicate with computers.
11. Answer the questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What was the very first calculating device?
What device did people use in the 16th century?
What was invented during the 17th and 18th centuries?
What appeared in the 19th century?
What was built in 1930?
When was the first digital computer built?
When was the idea of keeping instructions for the computer
inside the computer’s memory developed?
8. What came out in 1950?
9. When was the second generation of computers developed?
Tell about their advantages.
10. When did the third-generation computers appear? Did they
have any advantages?
11. What do you know about the fourth and the fifth generation
of computers?
12. Which term does a definition correspond to?
1. An ancient instrument for calculations.
a) a chip; b) an abacus; c) The Analitical Engine
2. A closed glass electron tube with no air in it, used for controlling a
flow of electricity as in radio or TV.
a) transistor; b) a vacuum tube; c) cathode ray tube
3. A computer that can simulate different measurements by electronic
means. It continiously works out calculations.
a) a digital computer; b) an analogue computer; c) a calculator
16
PART I. BASIC COURSE
4. A small semiconductor which operates as an amplifier.
a) a chip; b) a transistor; c) a vacuum tube
5. Making things on a very small scale.
a)
microminiaturization;
b)
representation
multiprogramming;
c)
13. Find the true definition of the term given in the first column:
1. a chip
a) to say the numerals in order to any point;
2. to count
b) an instrument used for calculation;
3. logarithm tables c) machine in which information is
represented by one of two electric states: on
or off;
4. digital computer d) a square or rectangular piece of silicon
upon which several layers of an integrated
circuit are etched;
5. slide rule
e) those which show the exponent of the
power to which a fixed number must be
raised to produce a given number;
14. Choose the sentence that shows the main idea of the text best:
a) “The Analytical Engine” of Charles Babbage was the first
computer but he never finished this work.
b) An American, named Vannevar Bush built the first analog
computer in 1930.
c) Computers have gone through many changes, and now we
have fourth-generation computers.
d) The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820.
15. Find synonyms in the text to the following words:
simple
to carry out
up-to-date
quick
small
to try
to process
to invent
a machine
to perform
16. Find antonyms in the text to these words:
like
short
sole
dependently
to increase
multiplying
to appear
UNIT 1. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
17
17. Insert the necessary words and prepositions:
1. An ... is a bead frame in which the beads are moved from left
to right.
2. Calculus, another branch of .... was independently invented ...
both Sir Isaac Newton and Leibnitz.
3. The first real calculating machine ... in 1820 as the result ...
several people’s experiments.
4. A ... is a square or rectangular piece of silicon.
18. Translate into English:
1. Найпершим обчислювальним пристроєм були десять пальців рук людини. Тому ми сьогодні рахуємо десятками і
кратними їм числами.
2. Потім винайшли рахівницю, рамку з кісточками, в якій
кісточки рухались зліва направо.
3. Деякий тип рахівниці все ще використовується тому, що
її можуть зрозуміти навіть ті, хто не вміє читати.
4. Робота цього типу машин заснована на використанні низки 10-зубчатих передавальних колес.
5. Це була спроба повністю замінити розумову діяльність
людини.
6. В університеті Пенсільванії побудували перший цифровий комп’ютер на вакуумних лампах.
7. Учений висунув ідею збереження інструкцій для
комп’ютера в його пам’яті.
8. Друге покоління комп’ютерів мало в десять разів більшу
продуктивність ніж їх попередники.
9. Комп’ютери третього покоління управляються мініатюрними інтегральними схемами і, відповідно, вони менші
за розмірами і більш надійні.
10. У комп’ютерів четвертого покоління на одному кристалі
розміщується 1000 схем.
11. На кристалі напилюється чи вдруковується декілька слоїв інтегральної схеми, після чого схему герметично запаковують у пластикову чи металеву оболонку.
19. Discuss the history of computers in the form of a dialogue. Use
information from Exercise 26.
18
PART I. BASIC COURSE
20. Read and translate the text:
Communication with Computer
Men use languages in order to communicate with each other.
When the man wishes to communicate with the computer he uses in
the same way “languages” such as BASIC, PASCAL, ADA,
FORTRAN, ALGOL, COBOL, PL/m and others.
BASIC is considered to be one of the easiest programming languages to learn. It is now used almost universally.
PASCAL is a general purpose high level programming language. It is named after the famous French mathematician, Blaise
Pascal. In 1642 he designed and built the first mechanical calculator
the “Pascaline”.
ADA is a high level programming language. It is a PASCALbased language, but much more comprehensive than PASCAL. It was
named after Augusta Ada Byron (1816–1852), daughter of the English poet, Lord Byron.
FORTRAN is a problem oriented high level programming language for scientific and mathematical use. FORTRAN was the first
high level programming language. It was developed in 1956 and was
designed to easily express mathematical formulas for computer processing. It is still widely used programming language.
ALGOL was developed as an international language for the expression of the algorithms between individuals as well as a programming language. It was introduced in the early 1960s. ALGOL was
originally known as IAL or International Algebraic Language.
COBOL is internationally accepted programming language developed for general commercial use. The advantages of using
COBOL are that it is relatively simple to learn and programs can be
quickly written and tested. Programmers can easily understand programs not written by themselves.
It is still a fact that if you want to programme your own computer, you have to learn its language. It doesn’t understand yours.
This simple fact is the reason why so many home computers are underused. It also prevents lots of people from buying their own computer.
Imagine yourself having a conversation with an English person.
You make one small grammar mistake, maybe you say have instead
UNIT 1. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
19
of has. It doesn’t matter. The person understands your meaning and
the conversation continues. This doesn’t happen with a computer. If
you make even the smallest mistake in its language, the conversation
breaks down completely and you have to go back to the beginning. It
can be very frustrating.
In the United States, in Japan, in Britain, computer specialists
are all trying to develop a computer that will understand human language.
21. Answer the questions:
1. What languages does the man use when he wishes to communicate with the computer?
2. What programming language is the easiest to learn?
3. What did the famous French mathematician B. Pascal design
and build?
4. The high level programming language was named after Augusta Ada Byron, wasn’t it?
5. When was the first high level programming language
FORTRAN developed?
6. When was ALGOL introduced?
7. What was COBOL developed for?
8. What are the advantages of using COBOL?
22. Complete the sentences with your own ideas:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
In order to … .
It is still (widely used) … .
The advantages of … .
If you want to program your own computer … .
It also prevents lots of people from … .
If you make even the smallest mistake in its language … .
Specialists are trying … .
23. Translate into English:
1. На початку 60-х років було запропоновано міжнародну
програмну мову.
2. Міжнародну програмну мову, що використовується у комерційних цілях, легко вивчати.
3. Якщо ви хочете запрограмувати комп’ютер, ви мусите ви-
20
PART I. BASIC COURSE
вчити його мову, бо він не розуміє вашої.
4. Якщо, спілкуючись з англійцем, ви допускаєте невелику
граматичну помилку, співрозмовник вас розуміє і діалог
продовжується.
5. Якщо, під час роботи з комп’ютером, ви зробите навіть
незначну помилку, спілкування з ним перерветься і вам
необхідно буде розпочати все спочатку.
24. Read and translate the dialogue:
Two students, Allan and Judy, are in the college computer
centre.
Allan: That’s a keyboard. Have a look. The F key is for forward. The
B key is for backward. The R key for right and the L key for
left. Got it?
Judy: Yes.
Allan: Remember. You press only one key. You can’t do more than
999 forward or backward, or else it will just say “Syntax Error”
and it won’t work. OK?
Judy: Yes. Can I have a try?
Allan: Sure. You may draw something on the VDU. Look, if you
want the pen to go up you press U. Right? If you want the pen
to go down, you press D. And when you have finished your
procedure you put E for end and then RETURN. Are you with
me?
Judy: Yes. I’m with you.
Allan: Anyway, all the commands are on the wall if you get stuck.
That’s the screen, that’s the computer, that’s the disk drive.
Yes?
Judy: A-ha. Thank you.
Allan: You put in the disk and then you type LOGO – OK?
Judy: Yes. Thank you.
Commentary:
keyboard – the most common unit of the computer. It looks like a
typewriter.
VDU – visual display unit or screen
disk – floppy and hard device for storing information
LOGO – computer language
UNIT 1. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
21
25. In what informal way does Allan check the understanding of
his explanation?
26. Revise the words and word combinations. Then read the text
and answer the questions.
general-purpose – універсальний, багатоцільовий
multiplication – множення
to wire into – тут записати на
to alter – змінювати
desk-top size – настільного розміру
laptop – лептоп, портативний комп’ютер
to fit – підходити
workstation – робоча станція
to enhance – поліпшити, збільшувати
enterprise – підприємство
research establishment – дослідницька установа
to be composed of – складатися з
distinct – різний
central processing unit – центральний обчислювальний пристрій, центральний процесор
input device – пристрій уведення інформації
memory storage device – пристрій збереження інформації
output device – пристрій виведення інформації
communications network – система комунікацій
bus – тут шина
to link – з’єднувати
The History of Computer Development
The rapidly advancing field of electronics led to construction of
the first general-purpose electronic computer in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. It was Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer or ENIAC, the device contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and
had a speed of several hundred multiplications per minute. Its program was wired into the processor and had to be manually altered.
Later transistors appeared. The use of the transistor in computers began in the late 1950s. It marked the advent of smaller, faster elements that it was impossible to create with the use of vacuum-tube
machines. Because transistors use less power and have a much longer
22
PART I. BASIC COURSE
life, computers alone were improved a lot. They were called secondgeneration computers. Components became smaller and the system
became less expensive to build.
Modern digital computers are all conceptually similar, regardless of size and shape. Nevertheless, they can be divided into several
categories on the basis of cost and performance. The first one is the
personal computer or microcomputer, a relatively low-cost machine,
usually of desk-top size. Sometimes they are called laptops. They
are small enough to fit in a briefcase. The second is the workstation,
a microcomputer with enhanced graphics and communications capabilities that make it especially useful for office work. And the server
computers, a large expensive machine with the capability of serving
the needs of major business enterprise, government departments,
scientific research establishments. The largest and fastest of these
are called supercomputers.
A digital computer is not actually a single machine, in the sense
that most people think of computers. Instead it is a system composed
of five distinct elements: a central processing unit, input devices,
memory storage devices, output devices and a communications
network, called a “bus” that links all the elements of the system and
connects the system itself to the external world.
Talking about a central processing unit or the heart of computer,
I would like to add that there were several generations of microprocessors. The first generation was represented by processing unit Intel
8086. The second generation of central processing unit was represented by processing unit Intel 80286, used in IBM PC AT 286. In
the end of 80s such computer costed about 25-30 000 rubles in the
former USSR. The third generation is represented by Intel 80386,
used in IBM PC AT 386. The microprocessors of the fourth generation were used in computers IBM PC AT 486. There are also central
processing units of the fifth generation, used in Intel Pentium 60 and
Intel Pentium 66, central processing units of the sixth generation,
used in computers Intel Pentium 75, 90, 100 and 133. Few years ago
appeared central processing units of seventh and eighth generations.
They are much more powerful and can perform from 2000 to over
3000 million operations per second.
UNIT 1. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
23
Computer speeds are measured in gigahertz today. Recently, an
optical central processing unit has been invented, which is capable of
executing trillions discrete operations per second or it is as fast as the
speed of light.
So, we are at the threshold of new computer era, when artificial
intelligence could be invented. There are no questions with “if”, the
only question is “when”. And time will show us either computers become our best friends or our evil enemies as it is shown in some
movies.
1. When was the first general-purpose electronic computer constructed?
2. When did the use of transistor in computers begin?
3. Are all modern digital computers conceptually similar?
4. What is laptop?
5. What is a server computer?
6. What is supercomputer?
7. How many elements can be distinguished in a computer?
27. Read and review the texts:
TEXT 1
Computer Science
One ongoing trend in computer development is microminiaturization, the effort to compress more circuit elements into smaller and
smaller chip space. Researchers are also trying to speed up circuitry
functions through the use of superconductivity, the phenomenon of
decreased electrical resistance observed as objects exposed to very
low temperatures become increasingly colder.
Computer networks have become important in the development
of computer technology. Networks are groups of computers that are
interconnected by communications facilities. The public Internet is an
example of a global network of computers. Networks enable connected computers to rapidly exchange information and in some cases, to
share a workload, so that many computers may cooperate in performing a task. New software and hardware technology is being developed that will accelerate both of these processes.
Thе “fifth-generation” computer effort to develop computers
that can solve complex problems in what might eventually be called
24
PART I. BASIC COURSE
creative ways is another trend in computer development, the ideal
goal being true artificial intelligence. One path actively being explored is the parallel-processing computer, which uses many chips to
perform several different tasks at the same time. Parallel processing
may eventually be able to duplicate to some degree the complex feedback, approximating, and assessing functions of human thought.
Another form of parallel processing that is being investigated is the
use of molecular computers. In these computers, logical symbols are
expressed by chemical units of DNA instead of by the flow of electrons in regular computers. Molecular computers could potentially
solve complicated problems much faster than current supercomputers
and would use much less energy.
TEXT 2
What Is a Computer Language?
Instructing a computer is done with computer language. A
computer language is a set of words, symbols, and commands that a
computer can “understand.” Think of this example: If you study
French you learn words and rules of grammar that another speaker of
French can understand. If you study computer language, you learn
words and rules of grammar called syntax rules that a computer can
understand. Most French words are not familiar to you when you first
see them. But many computer languages use words that are mostly
English words, such as PRINT, RUN, and NEW. These words have
special meanings in a computer language.
Computer languages are not spoken to the computer (except in
some experimental systems with limited vocabularies). Instead, you
type the computer language on the keyboard. The computer then
translates what you typed into electrical impulses that represent O’s
and 1’s–the form in which the computer can understand and carry out
your instructions. To translate your instructions, the computer needs a
language processor that is either built into the computer itself or
loaded into the computer from a disk. The language processor acts
somewhat like a human interpreter who listens to someone speaking
French and then tells you what the words mean in English, it does the
translating.
There are many different computer languages. You may have
heard of BASIC, PASCAL, LOGO, FORTRAN, COBOL, and
UNIT 1. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
25
others. For your computer to understand one of these languages, it
needs a translator for that language. Why are there different computer
languages? The reason for this is that different languages work well
for different kinds of tasks.
Structured Languages
You’ve already learned something about the BASIC language.
You will probably go on someday to learn other programming
languages as well. Different languages are designed for different
purposes. BASIC is an all-purpose language, meaning that you can
do almost anything in BASIC. But some things will be rather hard to
do in BASIC. For example, although you have seen how to write
programs with a top-down structure in BASIC, other languages make
it easier to write such structured – or modular – programs.
LOGO is a structured language that is often taught in schools
and is available for many microcomputers. You may be familiar with
LOGO because many schools use it to do “turtle” graphics. “A turtle
is a cursor on the screen. It’s called a turtle because it is often shaped
like one. You can tell the turtle to move left, right, up, down, or turn a
certain number of degrees. You can see the turtle move on the screen.
The turtle can also draw on the screen. If you tell it to put its pen
down, it traces a line as it moves, or it can pick up the pen and not
draw a line.
LOGO is a language that can help you to write structured programs. For example, in LOGO you can tell the turtle to carry out a set
of commands that draws a rectangle on the screen. Then you can call
that set of commands “box.” Each time you tell the turtle to “DO
BOX,” it will draw the rectangle. “Box” has become a module of a
program. You can create a whole series of routines that draw different shapes or parts of pictures. Then you can combine them all in one
statement and call the whole thing “house.” Then you can make
“house” part of another routine, and so on. Your whole program can
consist of a series of statements defining differrent routines and then
a few statements calling these routines in the correct order.
LOGO doesn’t just do turtle graphics, it is a complete language.
But whether you use the language to draw a house or compute complex mathematical functions, the modular structure of the language is
the same.
26
PART I. BASIC COURSE
PASCAL is also a structured language. PASCAL has some features that make structured programming easier. For example, it allows you to indent the statements in a loop so that you can see the
beginning and the end of each loop. PASCAL also has certain requirements that make you plan your program carefully. For example,
it requires you to define all your variables before you begin.
One disadvantage of PASCAL is that it is often a compiled language. A compiled language is one that must be translated by a compiler into code that the computer can understand before the program
can be run.
Languages for Other Tasks
Some languages are very well suited to tasks that are hard to do
in BASIC. For example, FORTRAN is a language that is very similar
to BASIC, but it is better for scientific applications. (BASIC is
actually a simpler version of FORTRAN.) FORTRAN contains
commands that make it easier to do engineering problems and use
mathematics for solving scientific problems. It allows the
programmer to program mathematical formulas more easily than does
BASIC. FORTRAN is available for some microcomputers.
COBOL is a language that was developed mainly for large
computers and may be available on a few microcomputers. It is
designed for business uses and is particularly good for report writing.
It makes it easy to set up very complicated reports with rows and
columns, and to print these on the screen or a printer.
ASSEMBLY Language
The languages described so far are called high-level languages
because they are far removed from the low-level machine language
binary commands that the computer can understand directly. Many
students who begin with BASIC go on to learn to write ASSEMBLYlanguage programs. ASSEMBLY language is not a high-level
language. It is much closer to the machine language of the computer.
In ASSEMBLY language you work with what you might think
of as building blocks to create your program. Because you can use
these blocks in many ways, you can create commands that don’t exist
in BASIC. You can also control the computer directly and control
external peripherals like home security systems through the
computer. A program that is written in ASSEMBLY language also
UNIT 1. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
27
runs much faster than a program that is written in BASIC because it
does not need to be interpreted like BASIC.
ASSEMBLY language can also be used to write programs that
will run on several different computers. Any computer with the same
computer chip will use the same ASSEMBLY language.
Unfortunately, ASSEMBLY language is very difficult to use. It
takes much longer to write a program in ASSEMBLY language than
it does in any high-level language. ASSEMBLY language is not a
structured language, so it is very difficult for someone else to
understand your programs.
TEXT 3
The Computer as a Communications Tool
Communicating by computer is almost as easy as punching the
keys on a keyboard. Information is sent electronically from one
computer – microcomputer, minicomputer, or mainframe – to
another, either via telephone lines or through special cables and
wires. What kinds of information can be sent? You name it: magazine
articles, airline reservations, bank transactions, statistics, news
reports, job listings, games, movie reviews, business correspondence,
football scores, computer programs, personal messages, stock prices,
medical records, graphic images, weather reports.
Advantages of Computer Communications
Computer communications is playing an increasingly important
role not only in offices but also in schools, hospitals, libraries, and
homes. People are realizing that sending and receiving information
electronically offers several advantages:
1. Fast, accurate, and direct exchange of information. Sending
and receiving data electronically takes only a fraction of the time
needed to send it by mail or messenger. And since the information
goes directly to the receiver, the sender doesn’t have to worry about
lost packages or incorrectly addressed envelopes.
2. Rapid information processing. Computers can sort or search
through huge amounts of information in a flash. Suppose you were a
lawyer who needed a history of all court cases involving the theft of
government secrets. How could you get the information? Well, you
could go to a law library and search through the reference books.
That might take you five hours. You could, instead, use a computer
28
PART I. BASIC COURSE
that is electronically linked to a special data bank of legal
information. Using that method, you could obtain the information in
less than an hour – and never even leave your law office!
28. Discuss with your classmates:
1. At the exam the professor asks you about:
a) early calculating devices;
b) the first computer;
c) all generations of computers and central processing
units.
2. Ongoing trends in computer development.
3. You are at the conference. Your report is:
a) “Programming Languages (Structured Languages,
Languages for Other Tasts)”
b) “Computer Communications”
29. Speak on the topic “The History of Computers”.
UNIT 2. MODERN COMPUTERS
29
UNIT 2
MODERN COMPUTERS
1. Pronounce the following words and word combinations correctly
and memorize them:
VDU = Visual Display Unit – монітор
hardware – апаратне, технічне забезпечення
software – програмне забезпечення
hard disk – твердий, жорсткий диск; накопичувач на твердих
магнітних дисках; вінчестер
floppy disk – дискета, гнучкий диск; накопичувач на гнучких
магнітних дисках
CD-ROM – пристрій для читання лазерних носіїв інформації
to click – натиснути і відпустити клавішу миші, здійснювати
натискання на клавіші миші, “клацати”
click – “клацання”
icon – піктограма, “іконка”, зображення
to cut – вирізати в буфер обміну
to copy – копіювати в буфер обміну
to paste – вставити (інформацію)
word processor – система підготовлення текстів, текстовий
редактор, електронний текстовий процесор, процесор для
обробки текстів
database – база даних
computer-literate – знайомий з комп’ютером
user-friendly – легкий у використанні
network – мережа, локальна мережа
to be slow – працювати повільно; гальмувати
to crash – пошкоджувати, призводити до аварії, потерпіти
аварію; зламатися
virus = bug – вірус
to make sure – упевнитися
back-up copy – резервна копія
30
PART I. BASIC COURSE
2. Read and translate:
TEXT A
I. As well as the hardware (= the machines), you also need
software (= the programs needed to work the machines). These programs are on disks, e.g. the hard disk inside the computer, or floppy
disks or on CD-ROMs (= Compact Disc Read Only Memory, a CD
on which you can put a large amount of information).
II. Using the mouse, you can do a number of things by clicking
on different icons (= moving the mouse to point at different pictures
at the top of the screen).
open a
open an existing save the data print cut
new document document in this document
copy
paste
III. A word processor is a computer used to prepare documents or letters, or the software that is used for this purpose. Many
people use their computers for word processing, e.g. writing letters
and reports. A lot of business people use spreadsheets (= a program
used to enter and arrange numbers and financial information) and databases (= programs which allow you to store, look at or change a
large amount of information quickly and easily). Some people also
use graphics (= the pictures and symbols a computer program can
produce).
IV. More and more people are becoming computer-literate (=
have experience of working with computers and know how to use
them) as many programs and machines are so user-friendly (= easy
to use). You can now connect your computer to computers all over
UNIT 2. MODERN COMPUTERS
31
the world using the Internet (= a system that allows computers to
connect using telephone lines). People send each other e-mail (electronic mail) messages using this system or network. If your computer is slow it may need more memory. It may crash (= stop working)
if there is not enough memory or if it has a bug (= a software problem; also a virus). Make sure you make a back-up copy of your
work (= an extra copy on a floppy disk).
3. The text is divided into logical parts. Among the titles suggested
below match only one to every part:
Operating a Computer
Hardware
What Do People Use Computers for?
Important Vocabulary
4. Define the words and word combinations:
hardware
software
hard disk
floppy disk
mouse
icon
word processor
spreadsheets
databases
graphics
Internet
e-mail
memory
network
bug
back-up copy
5. Add another word, abbreviation, or part of a word, to complete
common “computer” words and phrases:
1. soft ...........
2. a word ...............
3. floppy ..........
4. .......... -friendly
5. ......... -literate
6. key .............
7. a computer ............
8. .......... -ROM
9. laser ............
10. lap ...........
11. spread ............
12. ............. -mail
6. Can you remember what these symbols mean?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
32
PART I. BASIC COURSE
7. Complete the text about using a computer for word processing
with appropriate words given below. Some words may be used
twice.
I wrote a report on the (1)__________this morning. When I finished, I (2)_______out two copies – one for me and one for my boss.
Then, without any warning, the computer went (3)______, and I’m
afraid I lost the whole document. This is very unusual because normally I (4)_______the data while I’m writing and then make a
(5)________copy when I finish; this morning I forgot. Anyway, I
gave the report to my boss, hoping that she would not ask me to
change it in any way. She did. She thought it was a bit long and said
it would be better if I used more (6)______to illustrate some of the
written information. She also thought it would make the report look
more attractive. I went back and rewrote most of the report when the
computer was OK, only I (7)______part of the middle section which
was rather repetitive, and I added extra (8)_____as my boss advised.
It did look better by the time I’d finished, and this time I remembered
to (9)_______it and make a (10)_______copy.
(back-up, save, cut, computer, graphics, down, printed)
8. Ask your fellow students to answer these questions. Use the conversational phrases for agreement and disagreement given below.
1. Did/do you use computers at school/college/university/work?
If so, what type?
2. What purpose (work, studying, entertainment, communication, etc.) did/do you use them for?
3. Would you say you are computer-literate?
4. Do you find most computers user-friendly?
5. What software programs are you familiar with?
6. Do you use e-mail?
7. Did you use CD-ROM? If so, what programs did you use and
why?
8. Do you think the Internet will have an important influence on
our daily lives? Do you think it will be important in helping
people from differrent countries to learn English?
9. Can you imagine the modern civilization without computers?
UNIT 2. MODERN COMPUTERS
33
Agreement: Sure. Why, yes of course. By all means. That’d be
lovely. I’d be glad to. How nice of you. It (certainly) is.
Disagreement: By no means. Far from it. I’m afraid I don’t
agree. I think you’re mistaken. Just the other way round. I’d like to
say yes, but … I’m awfully sorry but you see…
9. Read and learn:
characters – символи
exponentiation – піднесення до степеня
means – засіб
to feed – вводити
to be of use – бути корисним
terminals – термінали
disk drive – дисковод
tape drive – магнітофон
to read – зчитувати
cathode-ray-tube (CRT) display screen – дисплей на катоднопроменевій трубці
pulses – імпульси
at the speed of – зі швидкістю
subtle – тонкий; проникливий
intangible – неосяжний
to yield – давати; виробляти
range – радіус дії, діапазон
automatic piloting – автоматичне управління
by means of – за допомогою
to navigate – керувати
brains – розум; розумові здібності; інтелект; електронний
мозок
to fulfil – виконувати, здійснювати
10. Read and translate:
TEXT В
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic
circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The
switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one of two possible
states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demagnetized. The machine is
34
PART I. BASIC COURSE
capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and characters.
The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do
what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and
turn others off, or that magnetize or do not magnetize the cores. The
basic job of computers is the processing of information. Fоr this
reason, computers can be defined as devices which accept
information in the form of instructions called a program and
characters called data, perform mathematical and/or logical
operations on the information, and then supply results of these
operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what
to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the
problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.
Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers.
However, most computers, whether large or small have three basic
capabilities. First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic
operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and
exponentiation. Second, computers have a means of communicating
with the user. After all, if we couldn’t feed information in and get
results back, these machines wouldn’t be of much use. However,
certain computers (commonly minicomputers and microcomputers)
are used to control directly things such as robots, aircraft navigation
systems, medical instruments, ets. Some of the most common
methods of inputting information are to use terminals, diskettes,
disks and magnetic tape. The computer’s input device (which might
be a disk drive or tape drive) reads the information into the
computer. For outputting information, two common devices used are
a printer which prints the new information on paper, or a cathoderay-tube (CRT) display screen which shows the results on a TVlike screen. Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions.
The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of
the type: “Who would win a war between two countries?” or “Who is
the richest person in the world?” Unfortunately, the computer can
only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another?
Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another?
A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds,
even thousands, of logical decisions. A computer can replace people
in dull, routine tasks. There are times when a computer seems to
UNIT 2. MODERN COMPUTERS
35
operate like a mechanical “brain”, but its achievements are limited by
the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a
person tells it what to do and gives it the appropriate information; but
because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer
can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost
instantaneously. A person can do the same, but in many cases that
person would be dead long before the job was finished.
Because of extraordinary technological development during the
past decades, the term computer is becoming a household word.
Computer applications have expanded to such breadth that the computer is now an integral part of virtually every type of business and
industrial enterprises.
It is not always born in mind that computers alone represent only what is called the hardware, i. e. the machinery together with its
subtle technical and logical design. In order that the hardware may be
used effectively, another essential factor is needed: the so-called
software or applied thoughts. The preparation of computer programs,
the working out of the logical aspects of material to be manipulated
in a computer, takes up as much, if not more, time as the actual production of the hardware and is by no means easier. The software, as
most intangible product, is not always capable of being readily evaluated. This, however, does not change the fact that it is at least as decisive as the hardware in obtaining solutions to concrete scientific
and technological problems.
There are two basic types of electronic computers: digital and
analogue. Each type has its uses in various fields. However, they
have one thing in common: for their effective operation they require
ingeniously thought-out software. They work on different principles
and yield different results. The digital computers can perform a much
broader range of functions than the analogue computers. The application includes all forms of automic control in science and industry
and first of all in space exploration, in automatic piloting navigation
and landing of space vehicles. Computer programming is the progress
of the future. Computers will guide the first spaceships to Venus,
Mars and other planets.
A computer is really a very specific kind of counting machine.
It can do arithmetic problems faster than any person alive. By means
36
PART I. BASIC COURSE
of electric processes it can find the answer to a very difficult and
complicated problem in a few seconds.
A computer can “remember” information you give it. It keeps
the information in its “memory” until it is needed.
There are different kinds of computers. Some can do only one
job. These are special-purpose computers. Each specific problem
requires a specific computer. One kind of computer can help us build
a spaceship, an other kind can help us navigate it. A special-purpose
computer is built for this purpose alone and cannot do anything else.
But there are some computers that can do many different jobs.
They are called the general-purpose computers. These are the big
“brains” that solve the most difficult problems of science.
We used to think of a computer as a large machine that took up
a whole room. But today computers are becoming smaller and
smaller. Though these small devices are called microcomputers or
minicomputers.
The most important parts of a general-purpose computer are as
follows: 1) memory, where information is kept; 2) an arithmetic unit
for performing calculations; 3) a control unit for the correct order of
operations; 4) input devices; 5) output devices for displaying the
results of calculations. The input and output devices are called
peripherals.
There are several advantages in making computers as small as
one can. Sometimes weight is particularly important. A modern plane
carries many heavy electronic apparatus. If it is possible to make any
of them smaller, it can carry a bigger weight. But weight is not the
only factor. The smaller the computer, the faster it can work. The
signals go to and for at a very high but almost constant speed.
Some of the first computers cost millions of dollars, but people
quickly learned that it was cheaper to let a milliondollar computer
make the necessary calculations than to have a hundred clerks trying
to do the same by hand. Scientists found that computers made fewer
mistakes and could fulfil the tasks much faster than almost any
number of people using usual methods. The computers became
popular. As their popularity grew the number of factories producing
them also grew.
UNIT 2. MODERN COMPUTERS
37
11. Answer the questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is a computer?
What is the basic idea of a computer?
What is the basic job of computers?
What is kept inside the computer in a place called memory?
How many basic capabilities have most computers?
Characterize them.
6. What device reads the information into the computer?
7. What is a printer used for?
8. What is a CRT used for?
9. Can a computer solve a series of problems?
10. A computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic-logical
operations almost instantaneously, cannot it?
11. Where are the digital computers applied?
12. What is the progress of the future?
13. What can a computer do by means of electric processes?
14. Where does a computer keep the information?
15. What kinds of computers can do many different jobs?
16. What are the most important parts of a general-purpose
computer?
17. What did scientists find?
18. The computers became popular, didn’t they?
12. Which sentence shows the main idea of the text best?
a) A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds, even thousands, of logical decisions without becoming
tired or bored.
b) A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it
has no originality; it works according to the instructions given
to it and cannot exercise arty value judgments.
c) A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what
to do and gives it the appropriate Information.
d) A computer accepts information in the form of instructions
called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical or logical operations on the information, and then
supplies results of these operations.
38
PART I. BASIC COURSE
13. Which definition of the term is true?
1. computer
a) a data processor performing substantial computation;
b) a machine that thinks;
c) an electronic machine that processes data under the control
of a stored program;
2. data
a) the information that is input with the program, and on which
mathematical and logical operations are performed;
b) things known or assumed as a basis for inference, reckoning,
sliding scale, etc.;
c) a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalised manner suitable for communication, interpretation
or processing by human or automatic means;
3. memory
a) faculty by which things are recalled to or kept in the mind;
b) the internal storage location of a computer;
c) any device that can store data;
4. input device
a) machines by which information is sent to the computer;
b) the device or collective set of devices used for conveying data into another device;
c) the terminal for an electrical input;
5. output device
a) machine by which information is received from the, computer;
b) the terminal for the output on an electrical device;
c) the device or collective set of devices used for conveying data out of another device;
14. Choose the right word or phrase:
1. A computer is a kind of _____ .
A) a counting machine
B) a typewriter
C) a table game
D) a TV set
UNIT 2. MODERN COMPUTERS
39
2. Computer could be used to _____ .
A) play games
B) solve difficult problems
C) cook meals
D) save money
3. The text tells us about special-purpose computers and _____ .
A) all-purpose computers
B) calculators
C) general-purpose computers
D) ordinary computers
4. There are _____ most important parts in a general-purpose
computer.
A) very many
B) five
C) two
D) ten
5. The smaller the computer, the _____ it can work.
A) more effectively
B) slower
C) better
D) faster
6. Output devices serve for displaying the _____ .
A) nice pictures
B) diagrams
C) results of calculations
D) words
7. Some of the first computers cost _____ .
A) hundreds of dollars
B) millions of dollars
C) thousands of pounds
D) thousands of roubles
8. It is cheaper to let the expensive computer do the job than to
_____ .
A) have a hundred clerks
B) do the job oneself
C) buy another computer
D) waste your time and efforts
40
PART I. BASIC COURSE
9. Computers can fulfil the tasks much _____ than any number of
people using the traditional methods.
A) cleverer
B) better
C) faster
D) worse
10. Computers became very _____ .
A) large
B) small
C) expensive
D) popular
15. Think of a beginning:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
… faster than any person alive.
… requires a special computer.
… that solve the most difficult problems of science.
… are becoming smaller and smaller.
… the faster it can work.
… trying to do the same by hand.
16. Match the word combinations with appropriate translations.
Use them in your situations.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
to plug instruction
fast and accurately
to do weather forecasting
computer user group
to keep records of financial
affairs
6. to take a square root
7. to raise to a power
8. low level languages
9. a set of instructions
10. a software programmer
11. to come for an interview
12. in daily use
13. to do useful work
14. to process data
15. to save a lot of money
16. to do a lot of operations
a) прогнозувати погоду
b) програміст
c) вести облік фінансових робіт
d) виконувати багато операцій
e) добувати квадратний корінь
f) підносити до степеня
g) низка вказівок
h) швидко і точно
i) виконувати корисну роботу
j) ком’ютерний кружок
k) мови низького рівня
l) прийти на співбесіду
m) у повсякденному житті
n) обробляти дані
o) ввести команду
p) економити багато грошей
UNIT 2. MODERN COMPUTERS
41
17. Find synonyms in the text to the following words:
work
difficult
to fulfil
fundamental
to end
equipment
complex
a way
uninterested
accomplishments
18. Find antonyms in the text to the following words:
output
smaller
interesting
poor
dark
alive
large
receiving
to reject
unusual
19. Are these statements true or false? If they are not true correct
them.
1. A computer can store or handle any data even if it hasn’t received information to do so.
2. All computers accept and process information in the form of
instructions and characters.
3. The information necessary for solving problems is found in
the memory of the computer.
4. All computers can perform arithmetic operations, make
decisions, and communicate in some way with the user.
20. Translate into English:
1. Вважається, що комп’ютери мають багато чудових можливостей.
2. У комп’ютерах є схеми виконання арифметичних операцій, таких як додавання, віднімання, ділення, множення і
піднесення до степеня.
3. Якщо б ми не змогли вводити інформацію і отримувати
результати, використання комп’ютерів не мало б сенсу.
4. Комп’ютер має пристрій, який може приймати рішення.
5. Комп’ютер може замінити людей у нудній, рутинній роботі, що не потребує творчості.
6. Основне призначення комп’ютерів – обробка інформації.
42
PART I. BASIC COURSE
7. Оскільки електричні імпульси поширюються зі швидкістю світла, комп’ютер практично миттєво може виконувати велику кількість математичних операцій.
8. Людина також в змозі це зробити, але їй може не вистачити навіть усього життя, щоб завершити таку роботу.
9. Комп’ютери містять засоби спілкування з користувачем.
10. Певні комп’ютери використовуються для контролювання
роботів, повітряних навігаційних систем, медичних інструментів.
21. Read and translate the text. Then complete the task that follows.
Software Applications
You can use different application software for:
writing documents, such as letters and reports, on word
processing software
doing calculations on figures using spreadsheet software
storing and analyzing information on a database
sending and receiving e-mail via the Internet
finding information on the Internet using a browser
preparing material that will be used to explain a new product,
idea, or plan to other people using presentation software or
multimedia software
designing and making industrial products or buildings using
a CAD/CAM (computer-aided design and manufacture)
software package
Look at the above information. Which application or software
package do you use if you want to:
1. prepare a budget
2. give a talk with pictures to potential customers
3. write a letter
4. find a website on the Internet
5. design a car
UNIT 2. MODERN COMPUTERS
43
22. Read and translate the text. Then complete the task that follows.
Using Software
To start an application, click with the mouse on the related icon.
To open a document that has already been created, or to create a new
one, click on one of the scroll-down menus at the top of the screen.
Edit or change a document using one of the toolbars at the top
of the window or by entering text or data with the keyboard. With the
mouse, select or highlight part of the document in order to move it by
dragging it across the screen with the mouse. Or, using commands on
a menu, cut the text and then paste it in its new position. To delete
text or data, highlight it and press the Delete key.
You can move to another part of the document by scrolling up
or down using the scroll bar at the side of the screen or the Page Up
or Page Down keys. You can also move between the cells in a
spreadsheet by using the arrow keys.
Menus can appear at the top and bottom of the screen. A menu
will also appear when you right-click with the mouse anywhere
inside the document.
You can also perform commands on the keyboard by using
more than one key at once, for example holding down the Ctrl key
(Control key) or the Alt key and another key at the same time.
Documents are saved to the computer's hard disk, but it is
important to back up your work by using other devices such as a
memory stick or a CD (compact disk).
You want to work on an existing document. What do you need to do
in order to:
1. open the document.
You can click with the mouse on the related icon or on the name
of the document in a menu.
2. move to a point later in the document.
You can
to it.
3. mark text or data in order to move it to a new position.
You can
or
it and then
to its new
position.
44
PART I. BASIC COURSE
4. permanently remove text or data.
You can
it by
it and hitting the
key.
5. make sure that you have a copy even if your computer breaks
down?
You can
it
on a
stick or a
.
23. Complete the following sentences:
1. The hardware inside the machine expresses arithmetical and
logical … .
2. A computing machine can take in and store … .
3. The part of a computer which store information is called … .
4. Computer is the most amazing … .
5. After performing calculations a computer displays … .
6. The basic job of computers is the processing of … .
7. The input and output devices are to supply information and to
obtain it from … .
24. Replace the Infinitives in brackets by Indefinite, Continuous or
Perfect Tenses in the Active Voice. Translate the sentences into
Ukrainian.
1. A computer (to store) information which it (to receive). 2.
When I (to come) into the room my friend (to compile) a program. 3.
When you (to come) to the laboratory I (to show) you how to calculate by using a computer. 4. You (to solve) this algebraic problem and
I (to compare) my results with yours. 5. When a computer (to do)
reasonable operations it (to compute) or (to calculate). 6. The electronic computer just (to perform) its calculations. 7. They (to do)
many operations on the computer. 8. When you come back he (to perform) computing operations. 9. Owing to the computer we (to process) a great deal of information. 10. They (to write) a program for
the computer by the end of the month. 11. I (to compile) a program
for the computer for two hours when the lecturer came into the laboratory. 12. This equation seems to have no solution. We (to perform)
calculations for an hour. 13. She (to discuss) some questions with her
instructor now. 14. Before the design (to be) ready they (to work) on
it for 3 hours.
UNIT 2. MODERN COMPUTERS
45
25. Translate into English:
1. Піднесення до степеня та добування квадратного кореня
– математичні операції.
2. Слід пам’ятати всi цi правила, розв’язуючи задачу.
3. Щоб скласти програму для комп’ютера, програміст повинен мати хороші знання з математики.
4. Після виконання обчислень комп’ютер показує результат.
5. Винайшовши комп’ютер, людство зробило великий крок
уперед на шляху прогресу.
6. Дані, що обробляються, надходять у комп’ютер через
вхідний пристрій.
7. Відомо, що комп’ютер – найдивовижніше досягнення
людства.
8. Ми знаємо, що Б. Паскаль сконструював перший механічний комп’ютер.
9. Існує два типи електронних комп’ютерів: цифрові та аналогові, причому кожен застосовується в різних галузях.
10. Процес запам’ятовування даних комп’ютером називається зберіганням інформації.
11. Комп’ютер – дуже специфічний вид рахувальної машина,
яка може розв’язувати математичні задачі швидше за людину.
12. Він може знаходити інформацію і запам’ятовувати її.
13. Існують комп’ютери для спеціальних і загальних цілей.
14. Найважливішими частинами комп’ютера загального
спрямування є пам’ять, арифметичний, контрольний, вхідний та вихідний пристрої.
15. Перший комп’ютер коштував мільйони доларів.
16. Науковці виявили, що комп’ютери допускають менше
помилок і виконують завдання набагато швидше ніж велика група осіб, які використовують звичайні методи.
17. Комп’ютери стали популярними.
18. Комп’ютер – це пристрій, який отримує, записує, обробляє і видає інформацію.
46
PART I. BASIC COURSE
19. Існують різноманітні типи механічних пристроїв, які виконують комп’ютерні операції і широко використовуються у науці й промисловості.
20. Арифметичний пристрій виконує обчислення з високою
швидкістю.
21. Аналогові і цифрові комп’ютери працюють на різних
принципах.
22. Цифрові комп’ютери виконують набагато ширший діапазон функцій ніж аналогові.
23. Держава підтримує розвиток комп’ютерної інженерії.
24. Академія Наук створила мережу комп’ютерних центрів
по всій країні.
26. Read and translate the dialogue:
Laura Delaney, a representative of a computer manufacture is
talking to David Simpson, who is thinking of using a computer in his
firm.
Mr Simpson: My problem is this. I’ve been wading through some literature about computers but it’s still not clear what they really
do.
Ms Delaney: Well a computer starts with an input. This is the part
where data information is fed into the machine in the form of
floppy disks or CD-ROMs.
Mr Simpson: But what can it do to this data?
Ms Delaney: It can process it in various ways. First, it can do various
forms of arithmetic operations. It can add, subtract, multiply,
divide and compare. It can also act as a memory and store information. And it gives your management reports on various
questions. I trust 1 make myself clear.
Mr Simpson: But who decides what questions it’s going to report on?
Aren’t we going to be at mercy of a bunch of system analysts
and programmers or whatever you call them.
Ms Delaney: Oh no. It’s you – the management that determines what
the output is to be. The system analyst only translates the data
he is given and the requirements he is set into a language that
the computer can understand. I’m not sure if I make myself
clear.
UNIT 2. MODERN COMPUTERS
47
Mr Simpson: Yes. Quite. But I read somewhere that computers can
easily give the management a lot of extra work just thinking up
stuff to feed into them. I’ve got the impression that a lot of
people are running into trouble deciding what they want from
the machine, if you understand my meaning.
Ms Delaney: In a sense you are right. But there can be one more
trouble there you see, the computer itself works incredibly fast.
So, it’s important before renting or buying a computer to decide just how much work you’ll be wanting to give it. And
you’ve got to be able to give the programming personnel a
clear idea of what exactly you do want out of it. That’s reasonably clear, isn’t it?
Mr Simpson: But still it seems to me that the management needs to
study the machine pretty thoroughly before they start using it.
Ms Delaney: Exactly. Then you can get real cooperation between
management and programming personnel. That’s why we’re
always happy to meet managers like yourself who really want
to understand what’s it all about. And if there is anything you
haven’t understood, please say so.
Mr Simpson: Could you please spare me more of your time on – let’s
see – how about Wednesday?
Ms Delaney: I’ll be glad to, Mr Simpson.
27. Find in the dialogue expressions aimed to check the partner’s
understanding. Make a list of those expressions.
28. Discuss the situation suggested below using expressions from
Exercise 27:
As a managing director you are explaining to someone the importance of acquiring a computer.
29. Revise the words. Then read the text and answer the questions.
handling – обробка
transaction – операція
to enhance – підвищувати, збільшувати
voltage – напруга
discrete operation – дискретна дія
to attain – досягати
48
PART I. BASIC COURSE
Computers
A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions called program and then carry out them. The modern world
of high technology could not be possible without computers. Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout our society.
They are used for the storage and handling of data, secret governmental files, information about banking transactions and so оn.
Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing and they have
enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools
in almost every field of research, from constructing models of the
universe to producing tomorrow’s weather reports. Using of different
databases and computer networks make available a great variety of
information sources.
There are two main types of computers, analog and digital, although the term computer is often used to mean only the digital type,
because this type of computer is widely used today.
Everything that a digital computer does is based on one operation: the ability to determine: on or off, high voltage or low voltage
or – in the case of numbers – 0 or 1 or do-called binary code. The
speed at which the computer performs this simple act is called computer speed. Computer speeds are measured in Hertz or cycles per
second. A computer with a “clock speed” of 2000 MHz is a fairly
representative microcomputer today. It is capable of executing 2000
million discrete operations per second. Nowadays microcomputers
can perform from 800 to over 3000 million operations per second and
supercomputers used in research and defense applications attain
speeds of many billions of cycles per second.
Digital computer speed and calculating power are further enhanced by the amount of data handled during each cycle.
Except two main types of computers, analog and digital there
are eight generations of digital computers or processing units.
1. What is a computer?
2. What is the main purpose of all computers?
3. Where are computers used?
4. What is the index of computer speed?
5. What speeds do modern computers have?
6. How many generations of digital computers are there?
UNIT 2. MODERN COMPUTERS
49
30. Read, translate and review the texts:
TEXT 1
Features of Computers
A computer is a machine in many ways similar to other
machines. It runs on electricity. It contains a number of parts that
work together. It’s designed to perform certain tasks.
So far we could just as easily be describing a hair dryer, a
power drill, or an electric lawn mower as a computer. What is it that
makes the computer special?
Several things. First, computers are fast. Not sixty-miles-perhour fast. Blink-of-an-eye fast. Think about this: A “slow” computer
can add hundreds of thousands of numbers in one second. More
powerful computers can add millions of numbers per second. In fact,
when computer users discuss computer speed, they often don’t even
use the word second. They talk in terms of microseconds or
nanoseconds. How small a unit of time do these terms refer to? Well
– a second contains one million microseconds ... or one billion
nanoseconds.
Besides being incredibly fast, computers are also extremely
reliable. The average person using a pencil and paper to do arithmetic
might make one or more mistakes in an hour. After several hours of
work, the person would get tired and probably make more mistakes.
By comparison, a computer can do arithmetic more quickly and more
accurately, and it can continue working for hours or days at a time.
Long after any human would have fallen asleep at his or her desk, the
computer would still be calculating along – without so much as a
yawn!
A third feature of computers that makes them unique machines
is that they can receive, store, and use information and instructions
that you give them. What other machines can you think of that are
able to do all that? (Careful, now – don’t include machines containing
microprocessors!) Can an ordinary mechanical typewriter, for
example, remember tomorrow the letter you type today? A computer
can – and, at your command, it can reproduce that same letter ten
times, addressed to ten different people!
50
PART I. BASIC COURSE
In order to be able to run programs, a computer uses an
operating system, such as Windows or Linux. Once this is installed,
applications can be loaded to perform particular functions, such as:
• a word processor for working with text
• a spreadsheet for working with figures
• a database for working with details of customers, products,
etc.
• a CAD program for design
• a desktop publishing program for creating brochures, posters,
etc.
If your computer is on a network, you will have to enter your
username and password before you can use it. You will then see the
programs on your computer displayed as icons on the desktop.
To open a program, click (or double-click) on the icon, and the
program will open in a new window. Use the drop-down menu on the
menu toolbar to open an existing document or to create a new one. If
you create a new document, save it to your hard disk so that you
won't lose it if the computer crashes.
When you have entered text or data in the program, you can edit
or format it in a number of ways:
• You can use the menus or icons at the top of the screen to
delete it, to cut and paste it, etc.
• You can right-click (= click the right-hand button on your
mouse) and select an option from the pop-up menu.
• You can also use keyboard shortcuts to perform many
functions, such as Ctrl-C to copy text, or Ctrl-P to print out a
document.
To move text around, you can highlight it, then click and drag it
with the mouse. To move to another part of a document, use the
scroll bar to scroll up or down, and click to position the cursor where
you want it.
When you have a lot of files on your computer, you should back
them up, for example by uploading them onto a server, or by burning
them onto a CD-ROM. In order to take up less space, you may want
to zip/compress the files first.
UNIT 2. MODERN COMPUTERS
51
TEXT 2
Three Basic Steps of the Computer
Input
There are two major components of a computer system: hardware and software. Hardware is the physical equipment, i.e. the machinery and electronic components.
The computer hardware devices handle the input, processing,
storage, transmission, and output of data.
A program provides the basic instructions the computer must
follow in order to do a specific job. Like the basic rules of a game,
the program is only the beginning, however. In order to do a job, the
computer and the program must also have input. Input is the data and
additional instructions you give to a computer to enable it to do a
specific job. The input may be in the form of numbers, letters, words,
or pictures.
Input devices are those through which the properly prepared
pieces of information known as data are put into the computer. Data
are raw facts and figures.
The computer may receive input through a keyboard, which
looks very much like the keyboard on an ordinary typewriter. It may
also receive input from a disk or cassette. Until a computer receives
input, it can do nothing.
Video monitors are usually provided to assist data entry.
Processing
What does a computer do with the information it receives? Like
the human brain, it sorts information, puts it into usable form, and
does calculations. This step is called processing.
The central processing unit is the heart and brain of the system,
where all of the operations for which a computer is used are conducted. Processor devices provide the capability for arithmetic and logical
manipulation of numerical data and the editing of textual material.
Processor devices also control the system’s operation; start, monitor,
and stop the execution of programs; keep track of data; and maintain
communications with other devices.
52
PART I. BASIC COURSE
Output
Finally, the computer does something with the information it
processes. It usually displays the results, often on a screen or on
paper. The product of computer processing is called output. Output is
the information the computer produces as a result of its work.
The output devices are those which convey the results of the
processing operations from the central processing unit to the user. In
other words output devices return the processed data to the users.
Most computers today use both video monitors and printers for output. High-definition color monitors are now available at low cost, and
many different types of printers are available, providing a wide range
of speed, print quality, and capability to reproduce text and graphics
in either color or black and white. The various types of printers are
distinguished primarily by their speed and the print quality they offer.
Today’s most popular printers for small computer systems are dotmatrix and inexpensive laser printers, whereas line printers and faster
laser printers are used in large systems.
You are likely to see this three-step process – input, processing,
output – in many day-to-day activities, such as when you use a
pocket calculator. In a calculator the input consists of numbers that
you press on its keypad – let’s say the numbers 3 and 7. The
processing occurs after you tell the calculator what you want it to do
for example, multiply. The output – 21 – appears on a little screen at
the top of the calculator.
The calculator can process the same information in different
ways. You might have asked it to add the two numbers, in which case
“10” would have appeared on the screen.
TEXT 3
What Is Software?
Equally as important as hardware in the operation of computers
is software. Computer software is the programs that give the computer the instructions to complete a task. Without software the hardware
will just sit there. But given the proper instructions, computers can
perform great feats.
Computer software consists of the instructions that determine
how the data are to be processed. Software has been compared to the
human mind with its thought patterns and learned responses, while
UNIT 2. MODERN COMPUTERS
53
the hardware corresponds to the brain with its cells and neurons.
The evolution of software was not so rapid as the evolution of
computer hardware. The exploitation of hardware innovations has often been delayed by lack of appropriate software. Also, organizations’ huge investment in existing software and their demand to continue using it on new hardware systems have inhibited innovation.
But a wide range of software has been developed, transforming the
way we do our jobs. Software can be divided into three types: systems software, applications software, and end-user software.
Systems software includes the operating system, drivers for interfacing with the various peripheral devices, utility programs, and
program language translators. The operating system, the most important component of systems software, supervises the operation of
the central processor, allocates space in main memory, maintains
contact – via the driver interfaces – with the peripheral devices, and
provides an operating environment for the applications software.
Utility programs include data base management systems, query languages, report generators, and standardized processing functions for
such tasks as copying, editing, and sorting files. The language translators are used during the preparation of applications software to
convert human-readable instructions into strings of elementary binary
instructions.
Software refers to the programs and procedures that make it
possible to use the computer. A program is a detailed set of instructions that tells the computer what to do, how to do it, and the proper
sequence of steps to follow. Programs are written in special computer
languages by trained people called computer programmers. There is a
number of different computer languages used in data processing;
COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) is the one used
most frequently in business computer applications.
Today it is more important to find the right software before
finding the right hardware. A businessperson must decide what functions s/he wants performed by a computer and then choose the appropriate software. Sometimes it may be difficult to integrate the information from the different software companies. One solution is an integrated software package that offers two or more applications in one
54
PART I. BASIC COURSE
package. But software writers tend to develop programs that fit the
most popular computers.
No matter how much RAM your computer has, it won’t be able
to accomplish much without software, or programmed instructions.
Software comes in different forms. The most visible kind is packaged
software, which you can find in brightly colored boxes at local stores.
These packages contain programs; some are games and some are intended for educational or business uses. The programs may be on
floppy disks, magnetic tapes, or cartridges. When you buy one of
these programs, it’s ready to run as soon as you unpack it.
Another kind of program that needs no work on your part is the
kind that is built into your computer as ROM. Some computers have
much more built-in programming than others. A dedicated computer
– one designed for a particular job – may have a great of software
included as part of the machine itself. For example, a word processor
is really a dedicated computer. The word processing software is built
into it. Because of this, you can’t use it for computing – only for
word processing. But a word processor is ready to do its job as soon
as it is turned on. It doesn’t need outside software to tell it what to do.
The third kind of software is the kind you write yourself. Some
people program simply for the pleasure or the challenge it provides.
Others learn programming so that they can develop software geared
to their own unique needs. Many computer users have never written a
program of their own and probably never will. They will use the
computer’s built-in software, and they will run programs that
someone else has written. On the other hand, many users will learn to
write original programs. Later in this book you will learn how to
write your own programs.
TEXT 4
What Equipment Is Required?
To run word-processing software, you must, of course, have a
computer. If the computer does not come with a display screen, you
will need a separate screen. Most word-processing software comes on
disks, so a disk drive is required. It’s also good to have a couple of
blank disks, in case you want to save something that you have
written. And if you want to put what you’ve written on paper, you’ll
need a printer.
UNIT 2. MODERN COMPUTERS
55
How does Word-Processing Software Work?
Word-processing software works like any other computer
program – you simply load the program into your computer. Then
you type on the computer keyboard just as you would type on a
typewriter.
As you type, the words appear on the screen. The words that
you type are also stored in the computer’s memory, so you can save
your writing on a disk and work on it later, just as you can save a
computer program on a disk and run or change it later. If you have a
printer, you can print your writing on paper in much the same way
that you print the output from the computer on paper. In fact, you can
print as many copies of your work as you like without having to
retype it.
How to Use a Word-Processing Program
You’re probably thinking, “Word-processing software sounds
great, but how do I use it?” There are many answers to that question,
because there are many different word-processing programs
available. How you operate a program depends on which program
you are using. Before you use a word-processing program, you
should read the documentation carefully in order to determine exactly
what that particular program does and exactly what you have to do to
run it. Let’s talk about word processors in general, though. Most
word-processing programs perform the same basic functions.
TEXT 5
Application Software
As you have seen, the purpose of system software is to get the
computer operating. The purpose of application software is to get the
computer to do a specific job. Every computer program is designed to
be used to be applied. An application in this sense is the practical use
to which a program will be put.
A computer is an all-purpose tool; it has many possible uses. A
child оf three, using pictures only, can play computer matching
games, progressing from color matching to shape matching to shape
classification. A world-renowned mathematician can use a specially
written computer program to solve a problem in minutes that once
would have taken years. And there is a whole range of programs in
between.
56
PART I. BASIC COURSE
What are some of the most popular kinds of application
programs for computers? Here are a few.
Writing and Editing
Word processing is a computer application that resembles
typewriting but is far more versatile. Word processing accounts for at
least of the total use of personal computers. There are more than 300
word-processing programs on the market. In addition, there are
programs that check spelling, others that check punctuation, and still
others that teach typewriting.
Business
Application programs are available for almost anything that
needs to be done in the offer except emptying the wastebaskets.
Dozens of programs make it easier than ever before to prepare
budgets, keep track of inventory, and handle mailing lists. Even
owners of the smallest business find computers helpful, while large
businesses literally could not operate it today’s world without them.
Although many programs for large businesses are specially written
for the company, others are the same programs that small businesses
and even homeowners use.
Education
The computer is a powerful teaching tool. Mathematics might
seem to be its best subject, and, indeed, programs for arithmetic,
algebra, and problem solving are widely used. But there are excellent
programs in many other areas as well. Good software is available for
reading, spelling, vocabulary, and grammar. Science programs cover
such topics as volcanoes and dinosaurs to high-school chemistry and
college optics. Programs also exist for music, map, reading and
history.
31. Discuss with your classmates:
1. You consult your friend about computers. What can you say?
2. You’re the head of the firm, producing computers. What can
you say to advertise your product?
3. Hardware is useless without software.
4. Software applications.
5. Using software.
UNIT 2. MODERN COMPUTERS
57
6. Features of computers.
7. Your friend is interested in three basic steps of the computer.
8. Word-processing software work and word-processign program
use.
9. Functions that a computer can perform.
32. Speak on the topic “Remarkable Powers of Computers”.
58
PART I. BASIC COURSE
UNIT 3
ROM-BIOS. COMPUTER VIRUSES
1. Learn these words and word combinations:
the read-only-memory basic input-output system (ROM-BIOS) –
базова система введення-виведення (БСВВ) постійного запам’ятовуючого пристрою (ПЗП)
at work – під час роботи
device control programs – програми керування пристроями
error detection – знаходження помилок
computer’s hardware device – апаратне забезпечення
комп’ютера
detailed codes – деталізовані коди
interrupts – перебивання, переривання
interrupt number – номер перебивання, переривання
interrupt-handling subroutine – підпрограма обробки переривання
interrupt handler – обробник переривання
2. Read and translate:
TEXT A
THE READ-ONLY-MEMORY BASIC INPUT-OUTPUT
SYSTEM
(ROM-BIOS)
The ROM-BIOS is the part of ROM that is in active use all the
time the computer is at work. The role of the ROM-BIOS is to
provide the fundamental services that are needed for the operation of
the computer. For the most part, the BIOS controls the computer’s
peripheral devices, such as the display screen, keyboard, and disk
drives.
When we use the term BIOS in its narrowest sense, we are
referring to the device control programs – the programs that
translate a simple command, such as read-something-from-the-disk,
into all the steps needed to actually perform the command, including
error detection and correction.
Conceptually, the BIOS programs lie between our programs
(including DOS) and the hardware. In effect, this means that the
BIOS works in two directions in a two-sided process. One side
UNIT 3. ROM-BIOS. COMPUTER VIRUSES
59
receives requests from programs to perform the standard BIOS
input/output services. The other side of the BIOS communicates with
the computer’s hardware devices, using whatever detailed
command codes each device driver requires. The IBM PC family,
like all computers based on the Intel 8086 family of microprocessors,
is controlled largely through the use of interrupts, which can be
generated by hardware or software. The BIOS service routines are no
exception; each one is assigned an interrupt number that we must
call when we want to use the service. When an interrupt occurs,
control of the computer is turned over to an interrupt-handling
subroutine that is often stored in the system’s ROM (a BIOS service
routine is nothing more than an interrupt handler).
3. Which statement shows the main idea of the text best?
A) The ROM-BIOS is the part of ROM that is in active use all
the time the computer is at work.
B) The BIOS controls the computer’s peripheral devices.
C) The ROM-BIOS provides the fundamental services that are
needed for the operation of the computer.
4. Answer the questions:
What is the ROM-BIOS? What’s its role?
What does the BIOS control?
What does the term BIOS in its narrowest sense refer to?
What are the purposes of two directions in a two-sided process?
5. What is the IBM PC family controlled through?
6. What happens when an interrupt occurs?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Find synonyms in the text to these words:
mistake
to get
widely
to take place
branch
6. Find antonyms in the text to the words suggested below:
to be out of work
the largest
to stand
same
seldom
everything
60
PART I. BASIC COURSE
7. Fill in the blanks:
1. The BIOS programs lie between user and system programs and
the ... .
2. The IBM PC family is controlled largely through the use of...,
which can be generated by hardware or... .
3. A BIOS service routine is nothing more than an ... handler.
8. Translate into English:
1. БСВВ-ПЗП є частиною ПЗП, яка активно використовується під час роботи комп’ютера.
2. БСВВ-ПЗП забезпечує основні функції, необхідні для керування комп’ютером.
3. БСВВ-програми знаходяться між нашими програмами
(включаючи DOC) і апаратною частиною.
4. БСВВ працює в двух напрямках у двосторонньому процесі. Одна сторона отримує запити від програм на виконання стандартного обслуговування введення чи виведення
БСВВ. Інша сторона спілкується з апаратним забезпеченням.
5. Сімейство комп’ютерів ІВМ керується в основному через
використання переривань, які можуть ініціюватися програмно чи апаратно.
6. Ми повинні викликати номер переривання, якщо хочемо
отримати необхідне обслуговування.
7. Коли відбувається переривання, керування комп’ютером
передається підпрограмі обробки переривань, яка часто
зберігається в ПЗП системи (службова програма БСВВ
являє собою обробник переривання).
9. Read, translate and retell the text:
Computer Memory
If you go to a picnic, you later have memories of it. You may
remember the taste of the food, the excitement of the games, and the
names of friends who were there. With the passage of time, however,
you will probably forget some of the details.
A computer’s memory is different. No matter how you program
it, the computer cannot remember such things as the taste of food or
UNIT 3. ROM-BIOS. COMPUTER VIRUSES
61
the feeling of excitement. But it can remember names. Your
computer will easily keep track of the names of everyone who
attended the picnic.
Of course, the computer doesn’t already know the names. You
have to tell it the names of the picnickers. Once you supply it with
that input, the computer’s memory, unlike yours, will never forget.
The list will always be complete and always correct as long as the
computer is turned on. When you turn it off, the list disappears. Why
does this happen?
The computer has two kinds of memory. One kind is called
read-only memory, or ROM, and it is not affected when you turn off
the machine. ROM is permanent memory. The second kind of
memory is called random-access memory, or RAM, and this is the
kind of memory in which your list of picnickers was stored. RAM is
temporary memory.
ROM. A computer has to have a built-in set of instructions. It
has to know what to do when it is turned on. Different computers
have different kinds of instructions in ROM, but some instructions
are standard and necessary for all computers. For example, all
computers have to know how to do various mathematical
computations.
The instructions built into ROM are there permanently. The
computer can “read”, or follow, the instructions in ROM, but it
cannot change them or add to them. That’s why the memory is called
“read-only”.
RAM. RAM is the memory that holds the software and other
input data while you are working on them. When you used the
keyboard to enter the names of the picnickers, you put the names in
RAM. This kind of memory is called random access because you can
instantly go right to any part of the stored data or program. You do
not have to run through all the data stored up to the part that you want
to see.
You can easily change input data that is stored in RAM. For
instance, you can add a missing name or correct a misspelling.
However, many commercial software producers write their programs
in such a way as to make it very difficult for you to change them.
62
PART I. BASIC COURSE
When you turn off the computer, everything that has been
stored in RAM disappears. If you want to save data that is stored in
RAM, you have to store it externally – that is, outside the computer.
As you know, you can store programs and data on disk or tape.
The amount of RAM varies from one computer model to
another. But no matter how much RAM your computer has, it is not
unlimited. At some point, the memory will be filled. When that
happens (or even before it happens) you will need to transfer data
from the filled internal storage to some form of external storage, such
as a disk or tape.
10. Discuss with a partner ROM and RAM. Use all the information
suggested in the unit and given below:
Permanent
Not affected when computer
is turned off.
Instructions can be “read”
from it but cannot be
“written” to it.
Temporary
Information is cleared from it
when computer is turned off.
Instructions can be both “read”
and “written” to it.
11. Match the terms with their definition:
1. computer system
a) the physical components of a computer system
2. hardware
b) the part of a computer system that presents
results to users, either visually on a screen or
in a printed form
3. input device
c) the part of the computer system in which
data processing takes place
4. central processing d) a program that processes data according to
unit (CPU)
the special needs of the user
5. primary storage
e) the part of the computer’s CPU that houses
the computer’s memory of those programs it
needs in order to operate
6. output device
f) a device through which data is entered into
the computer system
UNIT 3. ROM-BIOS. COMPUTER VIRUSES
63
7. secondary storage g) programs that instruct the computer what to
do
8. software
h) any medium that can be used to store data
and information outside the computer’s primary storage facility
9. application proi) an electronic method of turning data into ingram
formation, its five components are: hardware,
software, people, control, and data
12. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the list given below. The figures in brackets show the number of letters in the word.
Use the necessary form of the word.
1. Problems in programs are caused by _____ (4).
2. Silicon _____ (5) contain a set of integrated circuits, reduced
to a very small size.
3. Obtaining _____ (11) is done by _____ (10) data.
4. Software produces images which can appear on the screen as
_____ (8).
5. Memory that is permanent, cannot be written to, and can only
be read, is _____ (3).
6. Memory into which information can be loaded and from which
data can be read, is _____ (3).
7. Operators _____ (4) into the computer’s memory a program
that they want to use.
8. Analyzing ways of doing things, and of improving them, is
done by _____ (7) analysts.
9. A single disk can contain a large number of different _____
(5).
10. The operators _____ (6) lines of text up the screen, so that a
new line appears at the bottom and the top line disappears.
chip
process
graphic
load
information
ROM
RAM
system
scroll
file
bug
13. Speak on the topic “Computer Memory”.
64
PART I. BASIC COURSE
14. Learn the useful words and word combinations:
to be in a fix – перебувати в скрутному положенні
firework display – яскравий спалах
to go blank – гаснути, потухати
to be affected – бути ушкодженим
to log on – заносити інформацію у файл
to wipe out – стирати; знищувати
to disable – виводити з ладу
to rectify – налагодити; настроїти (апаратуру)
15. Read and translate the dialogue:
BEATING THE VIRUS!
Carl Flint, the office manager at Granville (company),
Thompson (company) and Styles (company), is telephoning Robert
Bridges, who works in the emergency support team at Elecom
(company) as a senior IT specialist.
Robert: Good morning. Elecom Systems Support, Robert Bridges
speaking. How can I help?
Carl:
Morning Bob! It’s Carl here. I’m in a fix! We have a
complete systems failure over at Moorgate which we can’t
identify. Our system engineer is on leave at the moment and
there’s no one here who can help.
Robert: Go on. What’s happened?
Carl:
One of the partners was in early this morning. She was
using the system from 07:30 until shortly before 08:00
when it crashed. Her story is that the screen appeared to
melt and then went off like a firework display before going
blank. All the PCs on the intranet are now showing the
same symptoms. It seems the entire system has been
affected.
Robert: Tell me, was your colleague working on the Internet at the
time?
Carl:
I should imagine she checked her messages when she
logged on, yes.
Robert: Have you heard of Wipe Out!
Carl:
No, what is it?
UNIT 3. ROM-BIOS. COMPUTER VIRUSES
65
Robert: I don’t want to alarm you too much before I can do a proper
diagnosis of the problem, but a virus with the symptoms
you describe has just hit the net. It seems to have originated
in the States on Friday and has rapidly spread by attaching
itself to outgoing e-mails.
Carl:
How does it strike?
Robert: It comes in as an attachment on an e-mail from a known
source. The recipient opens the attachment and...
Carl:
... and the rest is history!
Robert: The first victims appear to have been Microsoft and a
number of other Fortune 500 companies. It caused chaos by
crashing entire networks and disabling the systems for the
entire business day. It has cost Microsoft alone millions to
rectify.
Carl:
What on earth can we do now?
Robert: Don’t do anything at all until I get down there. There is a
solution, thanks to the Americans, and I’ll bring it with me.
Carl:
Thanks Bob. I really appreciate your help.
16. Answer the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What is Carl Flint?
What is Robert Bridges?
What’s happened with the system?
What was the colleague doing on the Internet at that time?
Where and when did this virus originate?
How does the virus strike?
What companies do appear to have been the first victims?
How much has it cost Microsoft alone to rectify?
17. Match the words and phrases with their equivalents. Activate
them in your own situations.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
менеджер офісу
працювати в Інтернеті
перевіряти повідомлення
дякуючи кому-небудь
перемагати вірус
бути у відпустці
ознаки
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
to be on the leave
to check messages
to log on
to work on the Internet
beating the virus
to do a proper diagnosis
to hit the net
66
PART I. BASIC COURSE
8. проникати у мережу
9. додаток до електронної пошти
10. заносити інформацію у файл
11. (по) ставити точний діагноз
12. увесь робочий день
13. технічна підтримка в екстремальних ситуаціях
h) attachment on an e-mail
i) emergency support
j) office manager
k) entire business day
l) thanks to smb.
m) symptoms
18. Make up your dialogues using word combinations from Exercise 17 and the conversational phrases you have learned before.
19. Match synonyms with their explanations. Find out if initial
words are nouns, verbs or adjectives.
1. beat
2. solution
3. disable
4. cause
5. emergency
6. alarm
7. originate
8. recipient
9. rectify
10. blank
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
urgent case
start from
worry
smb. who receives smth.
correct
empty
make ineffective
reason
defeat
answer to a problem
20. Translate into English:
1. Системи в Мооргейті повністю вийшли із ладу.
2. Ніхто не в змозі допомогти.
3. Зображення на екрані стало зникати, потім було декілька
яскравих спалахів і екран потух.
4. Вона перевіряла повідомлення, які заносила на свій сайт.
5. Він не чув про програму Wipe Out.
6. Вірус поширився у мережі через електронно-поштові повідомлення.
7. Отримувач відкриває додаток до електронної пошти і
одержує вірус.
8. Існує рішення завдяки роботі американців у цій сфері. Я
принесу таку програму.
9. Я ціную твою допомогу.
UNIT 3. ROM-BIOS. COMPUTER VIRUSES
67
21. Retell the dialogue:
a) in the person of Carl
b) in the person of Robert
c) using Indirect Speech
22. Pay special attention to the new words and phrases. Make up
sentences with them:
creative expression – творче самовираження
conviction – обвинувачення
threat of a conviction – небезпека бути обвинуваченим
to play god – розігрувати, дурачитись
to pretend – прикидатися, робити вигляд
villain – злочинець
game in / to keep ahead of the game – задум; план / передбачати; розгадувати
23. Read and translate:
Virus Writing Is a Serious Business!
Virus writing is a serious business. According to one such
“artist”, virus writing allows creative expression. Despite sleepless
nights fed by caffeine and the threat of a conviction if caught, it
allows virus writers to play god and pretend to be villains. They
even have their own annual convention! Above all, it creates business
for software companies, who keep ahead of the game by producing
the latest anti-virus software.
24. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the list given below:
1. Entire computer networks can be ______ by viruses.
2. Viruses sometimes______ systems for a whole day.
3. Some virus writers maintain that virus writing is a form of
creative ______ .
4. Despite the possibility of a______ if they are caught, they
continue to write viruses.
5. Software companies are forced to keep ______ of the game.
(conviction, ahead, disable, affected, expression)
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
25. Pronounce the words and word combinations correctly and remember them:
national security – національна безпека
commercial sensitivity – комерційна сенситивність
individual privacy – таємність (файлу) клієнта/ користувача
reliance – довіра (до)
price tag – ярлик; етикетка з ціною
fraud – шахрайство, обман; фальшивка
aside from – крім
interference – втручання; проникнення
sophistication – складність (структури)
inconvenient – незручна, зухвала незручність (утруднення)
inappropriate – недоречний; зайвий
undetected – невиявлений
unauthorised – неавторизований; той, що не має права (на
що-небудь)
seed of destruction – причина (джерело) руйнування [“насіння
руйнування”]
26. Read and translate:
TEXT B
COMPUTER VIRUSES
PART 1
Cyberspace does not respect national security, commercial
sensitivity or individual privacy. Increasing reliance on information
technology, with all the benefits it brings, comes with a hefty price
tag. However successful an organisation may be, its Achilles’ heel
lies with its dependence on information systems. The price tag is the
cost of fighting computerised fraud or sabotage and of rectifying
what may run into millions of pounds’ or dollars’ worth of damage.
Aside from the danger of internal interference, any of today’s
organisations are potentially at risk from hackers, computer viruses or
other forms of disruption.
Computer viruses vary in impact and sophistication. The less
harmful may prove more inconvenient than destructive, perhaps
causing strange or inappropriate messages to appear on screen. The
most dangerous can cause entire systems to crash or may introduce
UNIT 3. ROM-BIOS. COMPUTER VIRUSES
69
software bugs whose presence remains undetected until serious
damage has been done.
Organisations running an intranet or those with access to the
Internet, may find hackers can enter the system, steal information or
leave a destructive bug. Files downloaded from the Internet may be
corrupt, unauthorised e-mails may contain the seed of destruction.
For businesses everywhere, the battles have just begun!
27. Define the terms. Compare your definitions with those done by
other group mates.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
virus
= _____________________
bug
= _____________________
hacker = _____________________
download = _____________________
Internet = _____________________
28. Memorize:
infected – заражений
to backup data – зберігати дані
write protected copy of MS DOS master disc – захищена від запису системна дискета
to check for viruses – перевіряти на віруси
“read-only” – тільки для читання
to act upon – (по) діяти на
29. Read and translate:
TEXT B
COMPUTER VIRUSES
PART 2
Many PC users fear Friday 13th virus. Many PC users have
never seen a virus and find it hard to believe that they are the kind of
problem the media has made them out to be. “Within two years,
computer viruses will affect – directly or indirectly – up to eight
million PCs,” predicts Dr Peter Tippet, president of US software
house FoundationWare.
Using mathematical and epidemiological models of virus
replication, scientists concluded that the number of PCs infected is
doubling every two months. While all magazine publishing houses
70
PART I. BASIC COURSE
and the might of the world’s software companies are putting huge
resources behind virus control and prevention, it appears that viruses
are here to stay. So until then, you’ll just have to do your best to keep
risks to a minimum. To do that it’s a good idea to: regularly backup
your data; make sure you always start your computer from the hard
disk (if it has one) or a write protected copy of your MS DOS
master disc; ensure that programs downloaded from communications
systems are saved onto floppy discs (rather than your hard disc) so
you can check them for viruses before running them; where
possible, use utility software to activate the “read-only” file attribute
on all program files so that viruses cannot act upon them; use virus
detection software on any software you receive.
30. Translate into English:
1. Багато користувачів ПК ніколи не бачили вірусів і їм
важко повірити, що існує така проблема.
2. Протягом двох років комп’ютерні віруси вплинуть на
мільйони ПК.
3. Не дивлячись на те, що всі видавництва комп’ютерних
журналів і комп’ютерні компанії зі світовим іменем
вкладають багато коштів намагаючись добитися контролю над вірусами, очевидно, що віруси поки непереможені.
4. Ви повинні регулярно зберігати свої дані, завжди завантажуватися з жорсткого диска чи з захищеної від запису
системної дискети.
5. Використовуйте програми виявлення вірусів для всього
програмного забезпечення, яке ви отримуєте.
31. Make up a dialogue discussing computer viruses. Use phrases
and words from Exercises 17, 22, 25, 28.
32. Prepare a report: “Harmful Impact of Viruses”.
33. Read, translate and review the texts:
TEXT 1
Computer Trespassing
Breaking into a computer system (using it when you don’t have
permission) is a crime. It is called computer trespassing.
UNIT 3. ROM-BIOS. COMPUTER VIRUSES
71
People break into computer systems for many reasons. They
might do it to find out private records, to change or destroy
information, to steal money or goods, or simply to show they know
how to do it.
Computer trespassing is a serious problem. Important
information ranging from medical records to top secret military
information is often stored in computer systems. If someone changes,
destroys, or steals the information, he or she might cause great
damage. For example, a trespasser in a hospital computer system
might endanger a patient’s health by changing his or her medical
records, in the case of a government computer system, a computer
trespasser might threaten national security by stealing military
information. A trespasser in a bank’s computer system might steal
millions of dollars.
How can we prevent computer trespassing? One way to protect
information stored in computer systems is to use passwords or
number codes. The words or codes are programmed into the
computer system. The system will admit only those people who enter
the correct code. An alarm alerts a security guard if someone enters
an incorrect code more than once.
Some computer systems use cryptography (secret writing) to
protect information. Such systems store information in the computer
in coded or scrambled form. If you don’t know how to unscramble
the information, it is meaningless.
Federal and state laws also protect information stored in
computer systems. One federal law, the Counterfeit Access Device
and Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1984, prohibits people from
using a computer system without permission. It also prohibits the use
of a computer system: (1) to steal money or goods worth $5,000 or
more: (2) to use, change, destroy, or reveal restricted information in
government files; (3) to obtain financial information and credit
records that are protected by other federal laws.
TEXT 2
Computer Viruses and Piracy: Problems for Businesses
PCs have transformed the small-business world. Unfortunately,
some of the features of computers that have opened up a new world
for businesspeople have also put that world in danger. Hackers can
72
PART I. BASIC COURSE
break into important and confidential documents without authorization and gain access.
Computer crime is often difficult to prove because of the large
number of people who can tap into a company’s files and the amount
of damage they can wreak from a distance. A computer employee
with a grudge can wipe out all the company’s records with a few keystrokes, on a home computer. In this way complete strangers can and
do sabotage private and company computers in the name of fun or
mischief.
Like a physical virus, a computer virus attaches itself to a host
program. Some viruses replicate themselves until they take up all the
space in a computer’s memory, causing the system to crash. Others
invade specific programs, slowly altering data (perhaps reversing the
digits in numbers) so that the virus remains undetected for a long
time. Still others attack the system’s vital first track, the track that
tells the computer where all other records are stored, thus effectively
wiping out records. Thanks to modems and the popularity of computer "bulletin boards," some viruses have been able to cross continents
and infect thousands of machines.
The same businesses that fall victim to computer viruses are often guilty of committing another breach of computer ethics: software
piracy. For years, software producers built copy protection into their
programs. But faced with consumer outcry that such protection
caused problems with many programs and made it difficult for legitimate owners of software to use that software on different machines
at different times, producers dropped such protection. Today virtually
anyone can make hundreds, even thousands, of copies of a popular
software program.
TEXT 3
Storage Methods
You lose any program and data stored in RAM when you turn
off the computer. The only way to save a program and data is to store
them externally – that is, outside the computer. The two main forms
of external storage are disk or tape. Once you’ve stored data
externally, you can load it back into RAM. In this way the storage
medium – disk or tape – is also a form of input.
UNIT 3. ROM-BIOS. COMPUTER VIRUSES
73
Programs and data are stored on disks or tape in the form of
magnetic impulses. When you load a program or data into the
computer, these impulses are “read” and the data is sent into RAM.
The procedure is somewhat like playing a record. When you put a
record on your turntable, the grooves are “read” by the stylus and the
impulses are sent to the system’s amplifier and speakers. The grooves
containing the music remain on the record; they do not have to be
recaptured and stored again.
Cartridge
A cartridge is a small plastic box that contains a permanent
program, somewhat like ROM. The box, about the size of a pocket
calculator, plugs into a slot in a microcomputer. Cartridges are often
called ROM cartridges because they have read-only memory. As a
user, you cannot store anything new on a cartridge. You can only use
what is put there by the manufacturer.
Cartridges are fully enclosed and sturdy. For that reason,
computer games are often put on cartridges. Not all microcomputers
accept cartridges.
Cassette
A cassette is a small reef of magnetic tape in a plastic case –
exactly like a music cassette but containing a computer program
instead of music. By attaching a simple, fairly inexpensive cassette
recorder to some microcomputers, cassette tapes can be used to store
programs and data. Since information must be stored in sequence on
the tape, the material stored at the end of the tape can be reached only
by running through the whole tape up to that point. Consequently, a
cassette recorder is called a sequential-access device.
The main advantage of a cassette over other kinds of storage is
its comparatively low cost. The main disadvantage is that there is
slower access to data with a cassette than with some other storage
devices. Cassette recorders also sometimes lose data through
accidental erasures or mechanical problems. Because of their
drawbacks, cassette recorders are not as popular as storage devices as
they once were.
74
PART I. BASIC COURSE
TEXT 4
Floppy Disk
By far the most common storage device used with
microcomputers is the floppy disk, or diskette. A floppy disk looks
like a 45-rpm phonograph record in a sealed black protective jacket.
The jacket has a couple of small openings (in addition to the large
spindle hole in the center) that permit the storage unit to “read” the
contents of the disk. A disk is much thinner than a record – in fact,
thin enough to be flexible, or “floppy.” The disk is made of silver
metallized polyester, a kind of plastic, and is magnetically coated
rather than grooved the way records are.
A floppy disk usually allows random access. You will
remember that the letters RAM stand for “random-access memory”.
Just as RAM offers random access to stored data, a floppy disk
allows direct access to any data stored on it. Unlike sequential access,
random access does not require you to go through everything
previously stored.
Floppy disks come in three sizes. Many microcomputers use
disks that are 5j inches in diameter. Others use an 8-inch diskette.
And some newer equipment uses 3S -inch disks.
In order to load the data on a disk into RAM, you need to insert
the disk into a disk drive. A disk drive may be built into the
computer, or it may be separate from it. The disk drive spins the
floppy disk at a high speed. A “head” located inside the disk drive
does one of two things. It either “reads” information already recorded
or it “writes” new data onto the disk. Because the head performs both
of these functions, it is often called a read / write head.
Single disk drives, dual disk drives, and even multiple disk
drives are available. One advantage of having more than one disk
drive is the increase in storage capacity. You can work with more information at the same time. Another advantage is convenience: You
have to do far less inserting and removing of disks than with a single
disk drive.
UNIT 3. ROM-BIOS. COMPUTER VIRUSES
75
TEXT 5
Understanding the Computer
When you hear the word “computer”, what’s the first thing you
think of? A small desktop machine that hooks up to a television set?
Or maybe you think of a huge metal box with blinking lights, like the
computers shown in many science-fiction movies. Maybe you think
of video games with colorful graphics, and loud sound effects.
When computers sort, add, rearrange, or otherwise manipulate
information, that’s called data processing. Many large businesses
have a special data-processing department set up to handle information, keep records, and take care of accounting. Such a department
may contain millions of dollars’ worth of computer equipment.
Storing data. One of the features that makes computers unique
is that they can store information. Computers have memory. Their
memory is electronic. They store data in electronic circuits. The data
stored in a computer’s memory can be recalled, erased, or changed.
A microprocessor “brain” and electronic memory are the two
most important parts of a computer. Working together, they enable
the computer to use the data that it receives. If the computer couldn’t
remember numbers and letters, it wouldn’t be able to process them,
just as you couldn’t form words if you couldn’t remember the letters
of the alphabet.
Computers typically incorporate more than one level of storage.
Main memory, also called RAM or primary storage, is built into the
processor unit and provides fast, addressable, random access to its
contents. ‘ Main memory storage holds the data currently being operated on, together with the programmed instructions for performing
those operations. For example, during execution of a payroll program, one employee’s data at a time are usually loaded into main
memory. When that employee’s data have been processed, another
employee’s data will be loaded, and so forth.
Secondary storage provides for more permanent storage of data
and software not immediately in use. While the payroll is being processed, an accounts receivable program or an inventory file may reside in secondary storage. Now the most popular medium is magnetic
disk. Several types of magnetic disk are available, ranging from small
diskettes to large fixed-disk or hard-disk units. All magnetic disk me-
76
PART I. BASIC COURSE
dia offer random access to the data; that is, the computer can retrieve
data from anywhere on the magnetic surface of the disk, without having to search through other records.
Operating systems. An operating system provides the basic instructions that tell the computer how to handle certain tasks necessary
for it to work. The operating system of a large computer can be very
complicated, because it has to control so many functions. A microcomputer’s operating system is simple by comparison.
Suppose you had a computer with no operating system. (Yes,
there are such machines.) You would have to write a program – a
very complex program – in order to get the computer to do anything.
Among other things, you would have to explain in your program how
the computer should interpret the pressing of each key. Such a
computer provides good training for a computer scientist, but it is of
little value to most ordinary users.
An operating system gets you over that hurdle. It consists of a
set of prewritten instructions. The operating system is the program
that makes it possible for you to run all other programs that are
available or can be written for your computer. The operating-system
program may exist just in ROM, or it may exist partly in ROM and
partly on a disk or tape.
Disk Operating Systems
A disk operating system, or DOS is a program that controls the
storage of information on disks. DOS also makes it possible for the
computer to use various programs that are already stored on disks.
Most packaged programs for computers are available on disks, and
the DOS is what gets these programs started. Obviously, the system
requires a disk drive.
34. Review the article at home and discuss it in class:
Зловживання системою “Інтернет” караються законом
З кожним днем комп’ютер та комп’ютерні технології, ще
вчора “далекі” для переважної більшості наших громадян, усе
впевненіше заволодівають нашим життям, підкуповуючи та підкорюючи нас своєю зручністю, надійністю та глобальністю. Як
на роботі, так і вдома нас щоразу успішніше й надовго заволікає
у свої тенети всесвітнє павутиння Інтернету. Ну, а наші грома-
UNIT 3. ROM-BIOS. COMPUTER VIRUSES
77
дяни все швидше перетворюються з “цілковитих чайників” якщо
не на професійних хакерів, то на “просунутих юзерів” – уже,
напевне, і життя свого не уявляють без комп’ютера, вважаючи
будь-який інший шлях здобування інформації пережитком минулого.
Однак і в комп’ютерній сфері нашого життя дають про себе
знати не найкращі людські риси. Іноді вони штовхають людей на
відверте шахрайство: підроблення електронних пластикових
карток та здійснення протизаконних операцій з електронними
грошовими
рахунками;
“зламування”
систем
безпеки
комп’ютерних мереж для незаконного заволодіння інформаційними масивами чи підміни оригінальної інформації і створення її
незаконних копій. Що стократ небезпечніше. Такі втручання
можуть призвести до виникнення надзвичайних ситуацій та
аварій на техногенно-небезпечних підприємствах і установах, де
функціонують автоматизовані системи управління технологічними процесами. Це не лише завдає чималих незручностей
і неприємностей порядним Інтернет-користувачам, але й є кримінально карним злочином.
Так, працівники редакції Новоград-Волинської газети “Звягель-інформ” успішно користувалися послугами Інтернету, передаючи та черпаючи із всесвітнього павутиння необхідну інформацію. Допоки одного дня з доступом до глобальної мережі
не почали творитися справжні “чудеса”: вихід просто-напросто
блокувався. Коли ж за поясненнями вони звернулися до провайдерської Інтернет-структури – структурного підрозділу Житомирської філії ВАТ “Укртелеком”, дізналися, що під їх особистим логіном та паролем у мережі працює інша ПЕОМ. Велике здивування викликало й те, що абонент, який “захопив” ресурс, знаходився навіть не в приміщенні офісу видавництва.
Не допомогла редакції і неодноразова зміна пароля виходу
в Інтернет: після декількох днів відносного затишшя невідомий
знову блокував доступ до мережі. Отоді й вирішили працівники
редакції звернутися за допомогою до обласного Управління
СБУ. Ну, а для спецслужбовців вирахувати бажаючого на дурничку “позависати” в нетрях Інтернету було вже, як говориться,
справою техніки.
78
PART I. BASIC COURSE
Доморощених хакерів виявилося двоє – 37-річний працівник банківської установи та 28-річний механік електрозв’язку
міськрайонного територіального медичного об’єднання. Тимчасово працюючи (один – веб-дизайнером, інший – комп’ютерним
верстальником) у газеті “Звягель-інформ”, вони майже одночасно й незалежно один від одного не втрималися від спокуси
крадькома отримати конфіденційні дані – дізнатися логін та пароль редакції для виходу в Інтернет. А згодом вирішили скористатися чужими мережними реквізитами для безкоштовної роботи в Інтернеті, вже перебуваючи на своїх постійних робочих
місцях – у банку та ТМО. Причому, один із них (вочевидь, для
надійнішого “маскування”) для комутованого доступу в Інтернет
використовував звичайний картковий таксофон. Інший після
зміни редакцією пароля скопіював на компакт диск спеціальну
програму, яка може відновлювати зашифровані паролі, і за її допомогою легко встановлював нові.
Однак їх протиправна діяльність тривала недовго і була
припинена за незалежних від них обставин – співробітниками
УСБУ.
Матеріали розслідуваних слідчими Управління Служби
Безпеки України в Житомирській області кримінальних справ,
порушених стосовно двох мешканців міста НовоградВолинського, було передано до суду.
Нещодавно одного з хакерів – 37-річного Коваля Сергія
В’ячеславовича – Новоград-Волинським міськрайонним судом
Житомирської області визнано винним у вчиненні злочину та
призначено покарання у вигляді трьох років позбавлення волі з
конфіскацією програмних і технічних засобів, за допомогою
яких було здійснено несанкціоноване втручання.
(Зорі над Убортю. – 2007. – №30.)
35. Discuss with your classmates:
1. Today’s computers. No complicated codes to remember. Easy
to operate and reasonable prices.
2. The difference between ROM and RAM.
UNIT 3. ROM-BIOS. COMPUTER VIRUSES
79
3. Personal computers. Variety of sizes. The data may be stored
and stored according to your needs. Storage methods and device.
4. Computer viruses in high speed communications (from desk
to desk, from office to factory).
5. Are hackers genius young people or just criminals?
6. Consider a problem of information and data protection from
the unauthorized access in business.
7. Computer trespassing is another serious problem.
8. Virus writing is a serious business.
9. What makes computers unique.
10.Consider a problem of a "pirate", unlicensed usage of the application software.
11.Think about your response in the situation when you find out
that all the software and applications at your working computer are unlicensed?
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
UNIT 4
PRO AND CONS OF THE INTERNET
1. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
pro and cons – “за” та “проти”
Defence Department – Міністерство оборони
to ensure – забезпечувати
to coin – придумувати
collaborator – співробітник
current event – поточна подія
to surf the net – шукати; “блукати” по інтернету
to chat – спілкуватися (через інтернет)
to download – завантажувати; “скачувати” (інформацію), пересилати (по лінії зв’язку)
advertising – реклама
2. Read and translate:
TEXT A
THE PRO AND CONS OF THE INTERNET
The Internet is without doubt one of the most important inventions in history. The prototype for the Internet was created in the sixties by the US Defence Department. To ensure that communication
could be kept open in the event of a nuclear attack, it created a computer network known as Arpanet – the Advanced Research Project
Agency Network.
At first the Internet was used mainly by scientists. The first attempt to connect two computers and allow them to communicate with
one another was made by researchers at the University of California
in Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute on 20 October
1969.
The first people to coin the term “Internet” were two scientists,
Vinton Cerf (known as “father of the Internet”) and his collaborator,
Bob Kahn, who in 1974 devised a means by which data could be
transmitted across a global network of computers.
An Oxford graduate, Tim Berners-Lee, set up the first “www
server” (a server receives and sends messages) to store the archives
of the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Switzerland. Since
1990, when the World Wide Web was created, it has changed the
UNIT 4. PRO AND CONS OF THE INTERNET
81
world and its uses are growing every day.
The main use of the Internet is to find information – for your
schoolwork or job, or just to find out more about your hobbies, sports
or current events. All of the latest information is available to you, in
your home, at any hour of the day and night. It’s much faster and easier to surf the net in search of information from all over the world
than to travel to libraries in dozens of countries. You can also use the
Internet to read newspapers and magazines, play games, plan your
holiday or buy from your favourite shop. The first e-mail ever sent
was in 1972 between computers in two American universities. It said
“qwertyuiop” (the top line of the computer keyboard). E-mail makes
it possible to send electronic messages anywhere in the world in seconds, and you can use the Internet to “chat” with people and make
new friends.
The most mentioned male on the Internet is President Bill Clinton, whose name is linked to 1,842,790 sites. The most mentioned
female on the Internet is the actress Pamela Anderson, whose name is
linked to 1,542,282 sites.
However, the real world of the Internet may not be as perfect as
it seems.
With so much information available, finding what you want can
take you hours. Multimedia web pages with photographs, music and
video are attractive, but they make downloading slow and boring.
Besides, there is too much advertising instead of real information.
As for Internet friendships, sitting at home in front of a computer making “chat friends” is not the same as actually meeting people.
3. Answer the questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is one of the most important inventions in history?
What is the main use of the Internet?
Can you use the Internet to chat and make new friends?
Do multimedia web pages make downloading slow and
boring?
5. Can you use the Internet to read, to play, to plan and to buy
something?
6. When was the first attempt to connect two computers made?
7. Who set up the first “www server”?
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
8. When was the first e-mail sent?
9. Who is the most mentioned female and male on the Internet?
4. Give 4 forms of the verbs:
to start, to change, to grow, to surf, to use, to find, to download,
to create, to transmit, to link, to coin, to chat.
5. Make up your own word combinations and sentences with the
following words:
to ensure
the Internet
network
to connect
researchers
global
doubt
to change
available
favourite
messages
multimedia
6. Think of a beginning and ending:
1. … was created in the sixties … .
2. … another was made by researchers … .
3. … data could be transmitted … .
4. … to store the archives of the European … .
5. … mentioned male on the Internet … .
6. … whose name is linked to … .
7. … it has changed the word … .
8. … in your home at any hour … .
9. … play games, plan your holiday … .
10. … too much adversting … .
7. Reread the text. Find all sentences in the Passive Voice and define their Tense Forms. Transform them into the Active Voice.
8. Give English equivalents of the words and word combinations in
your situations:
учені
знаходити інформацію
остання інформація
блукати по Інтернету
придумувати
сервер
спілкуватися через Інтернет
завантажувати інформацію
передавати через мережу
архів
з’єднувати
замість
електронне повідомлення
UNIT 4. PRO AND CONS OF THE INTERNET
83
9. Think of true and false statements to the story. Let your fellow
students say if they are true or not. If sentences are false ask to correct them. Use the conversational phrases you have learned before.
10. Translate into English:
1. Інтернет, буз сумніву, є одним з найважливіших відкриттів в історії.
2. Інтернет спочатку переважно використовували науковці.
3. Його основне призначення – знаходити інформацію.
4. Блукати по Інтернету у пошуках інформації з усього світу
набагато швидше й легшее ніж відвідувати бібліотеки у
багатьох країнах.
5. Ви можете також користуватися Інтернетом, щоб читати
газети й журнали, грати в ігри, планувати канікули чи робити покупки в улюбленому магазині.
6. Прототип Інтернету у 60-ті роки створило Міністерство
Оборони США.
7. Першу спробу з’єднати два комп’ютери з ціллю взаємного спілкування було зроблено у 1969 році.
8. Впершее електронну пошту надіслали у 1972 році.
9. Мультимедійні web сторінки з фотографіями, музикою та
відео – привабливі, проте завантажуються вони повільно.
10. Крім того, в Інтернеті є дуже багато реклами замість реальної інформації.
11. Speak with your friend on the pro and cons of the Internet using the following word combinations:
without doubt
current events
to surf the net
in search of
to chat with smb.
to send e-messages
to make new friends
to find information
to be attractive
to download slowly
sitting at home
12. Tell the class about “The Pro and Cons of the Internet”.
13. Learn:
to embrace – охоплювати
to design – задумувати, вигадувати, розробляти
to survive – залишитися живим, вижити; перенести, пережити
path – шлях; стежка; маршрут
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
route – маршрут
packet switching – пакетне переключення
to provide with – забезпечувати; постачати; доставляти
provider – провайдер, постачальник
fee – плата
to cover cost – покривати вартість
wireless – бездротовий
to make money – заробляти гроші
router – маршрутизатор
to intercept – перехопити (сигнал і т.д.)
notwithstanding – проте, однак, усе-таки
to conduct transactions – укладати угоди
tremendous – розм. величезний, гігантський; приголомшливий
14. Read and translate:
TEXT B
THE PRO AND CONS OF THE INTERNET
The Internet has already entered our ordinary life and helps us
to communicate with each other.
The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969
as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war,
when everything around might be polluted by radiation and it would
be dangereous to get out for any living being to get some information
to anywhere. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest
path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any
two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each
other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet switching. Owing to this technology, if some
computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion,
for example), information will just route around them. One such
packet-switching network already survived a war. It was the Iraqi
computer network which was not knocked out during the Gulf War.
Invention of modems, special devices allowing your computer
to send the information through the telephone line, has opened doors
to the Internet for millions of people.
UNIT 4. PRO AND CONS OF THE INTERNET
85
Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the
United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly
accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet
today, because there are millions of users, and their number is growing by thousands each month worldwide.
Nowadays, the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of
the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for
sending and receiving e-mail messages. They can do it either they are
at home or in the Internet clubs or at work. However, other popular
services are available on the Internet: reading USENET News, using
the World-Wide Web, telnet, FTP, etc.
In many developing countries the Internet may provide businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable
telecommunications systems of these countries. Commercial users
can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world and can
do it very cheaply. When they send e-mail messages, they only have
to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls
across their countries or around the world, when you pay a good deal
of money. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages over
the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very
simple: a user pays his/her service provider a monthly or hourly fee.
Part of this fee goes towards its costs to connect to a larger service
provider. And part of the fee got by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations.
But saving money is only the first step and not the last one.
People see that they can make money from the Internet and commercial use of this network is drastically increasing. Now you can work
through the Internet, gambling and playing through the net. For example, some western architecture companies and garment centers already transmit their basic designs and concepts over the Internet into
China, where they are reworked and refined by skilled – but inexpensive – Chinese computer-aided-design specialists.
However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can
travel through many different networks and computers. The data are
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers
called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent
over the Internet. In spite of the fact that there are many strong encoding programs available, nearly all the information being sent over
the Internet is transmitted without any form of encoding, i.e. “in the
clear”. But when it becomes necessary to send important information
over the network, these encoding programs may be useful. Notwithstanding these programs are not perfect and can easily be cracked.
Some American banks and companies even conduct transactions
over the Internet. However, there are still both commercial and technical problems which will take time to be resolved.
Another big and serious problem of the net is control. Yes, there
is no effective control in the Internet, because a huge amount of information circulating through the net. It is like a tremendous library
and market together. In the future, the situation might change, but
now we have what we have. It could be expressed in two words – an
anarchist’s dream.
15. Answer the questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is the Internet?
How many users does a computer network embrase?
When and where did the history of Internet begin?
Why was the Internet designed?
Why will two computers be able to stay in touch with each
other as long as there is a single route between them?
6. What is modem?
7. Where are most of the Internet host computers?
8. What is the accurate number of Internet users?
9. What is the most popular Internet service today?
10. Whom do you have to pay for sending e-mail messages?
11. What do some American banks and companies do over the
Internet?
12. What are routers?
13. What is the most important problem of the Internet?
14. Is there a commercial use of the network nowadays?
15. Why is there no effective control in the Internet today?
UNIT 4. PRO AND CONS OF THE INTERNET
87
16. Think of the basic word to the following derivatives:
worldwide
network
providers
monthly
hourly
wireless
constantly
useful
information
accurately
drastically
exactly
nearly
cheaply
located
17. Consult your dictionary to find antonyms:
simple
a host
nobody
sending
reliable
expensive
to save
first
to increase
to rework
to refine
to remain
strong
encoding
useful
to resolve
18. Complete the sentences according to the text and make up your
own examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Because of this … .
Owing to … .
Although … .
Most of the … .
However … .
For example … .
In spite of the fact that … .
But … .
19. Form the comparative and the superlative degrees of the adjectives where possible and explain the corresponding rules:
long, short, popular, developing, reliable, simple, large, important, special, strong, encoding, technical, global, commercial, local.
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
20. Give the comparative and the superlative degrees of the adverbs:
constantly, exactly, nearly, drastically, accuratelly, cheaply, actually.
21. Write down the Present Participle of the verbs given below. Explain the changes.
to embrace, to stay, to survive, to use, to switch, to run, to provide, to transmit, to take, to develop.
22. Think of jumbled words. Words in brackets will help you.
segassem, etruo, kwteorn, ntmexeripe, ncnocte
(experiment, route, connect, messages, network).
23. Translate into English:
1. Глобальна комп’ютерна мережа охоплює мільйони користувачів у всьому світі. Її було започатковано як військовий експеримент.
2. Ніхто точно не знає скільки людей користується Інтернетом. Їх кількість у світі щомісяця збільшується у тисячі
разів.
3. Найбільшою популярністю користується електронна пошта.
4. Більшість людей, які мають доступ до Інтернету, використовують мережу лише для того, щоб надіслати й отримати
повідомлення електронною поштою.
5. Користувач сплачує за надані йому послуги провайдеру
помісячно чи погодинно.
6. Люди можуть заробляти гроші в Інтернеті.
7. Деякі американські банки та компанії навіть укладають
угоди по Інтернету.
24. Read and translate the text. Then complete the task that follows.
The Internet
To access the Internet, you need an account with an ISP
(Internet Service Provider). High-speed Internet connections are
called broadband or ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line),
These allow very fast downloads of documents, music and even full-
UNIT 4. PRO AND CONS OF THE INTERNET
89
length TV programmes and films.
Some ISPs have their own content: news, information and so
on, but many do not – they just provide a portal to the Internet, You
log on by entering your password, and you can then surf to any site
on the Worldwide Web.
If you’re looking for information about a particular subject, you
can use a search engine like Google. Selling goods over the Internet
is e-commerce or e-business. With online shopping, customers can
click on items and add them to their shopping cart before going to the
checkout and paying for them with a credit card. Business-toconsumer, or B2C, is selling to the members of the public on the
Internet. Business-to-business, or B2B, is the sale of goods, supplies
etc between businesses, using the Internet.
Mobility is becoming increasingly important. If your laptop has
a wireless connection, you can connect to the Internet and surf the
web. You can also use a small computer called a PDA (personal
digital assistant) or a smartphone (= a type of mobile phone) to do
this.
Choose the right word or phrase:
1. If you want to obtain up-to-date information about any possible
subject, you need
to the Internet.
A accede
B access
C accession
D acceleration
2. To be able to find the information you want, your computer needs
to have a good
.
A search
B search tool C search
D search device
machine
engine
3. Buying things on the Internet is
A e-shopping
B e-business
.
C e-buying
D e-commerce
4. Shopping on some websites is like going round a supermarket
with a cart and then going to the
A checkout
B check-in
C check mark
D check-up
5. People who use the Internet are becoming more and more
they want to be able use it wherever they are.
A emotional
B moving
C mobile
D motivated
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
25. You are working for the advertising agency. You’re thinking of
a new commercial about new home computer. Your task is to present a TV commercial or newspaper advertisement explaining the
use of computer and Internet. Include the information from texts A,
B and the articles below. Make up a dialogue with another agent.
The Home Computer
Micros have gained a reputation as powerful, versatile home
computers. Your child is probably already familiar with them from
school. In that case, our educational programmes will ensure that
learning continues at home.
The new micro will prove an even more useful addition to the
household.
By using a teletext adaptor, up-to-the-minute information can
be called up instantly. And you can also control all the money in your
bank account, paying bills and standing orders from the comfort of
your own house.
You can even write and send letters on screen by electronic
mail.
Leap in the Capacity of Mini-Computers
Russian scientists have developed a mini-computer capable of
up to one billion operations a second – 50 per cent more than comparable US machines.
The head of Electronics Control Systems Institute said his staff
were working on several new principles of computer hardware.
They were building prototypes of general-purpose reading terminals and peripheral devices for fifth-generation computers. One of
these will be able to recognise both printed and handwritten characters and graphic images, translate texts and hold a dialogue with human operators. The staff are working on intelligent terminals that will
be able to hear, see and speak.
26. Pronounce the new words and word combinations correctly.
Then read, translate, review the text.
on-line service provider – провайдер послуг доступу в Інтернет
to link in – з’єднувати, підключати
UNIT 4. PRO AND CONS OF THE INTERNET
91
to transfer – передавати
to socialize – спілкуватися
cyberspace – кіберпростір
domain – область, сфера
world wide web – Bcecвiтня Мережа
confusing – що викликає замішання; заплутаний
fibre-optic line – волоконно-оптична лінія
to dream up – вигадувати, придумувати
in the event – у випадку
inoperative – недіючий
mainframe – головний комп’ютер; (універсальна) обчислювальна машина
academic – учений
to type out – друкувати
recipient – одержувач
digitized – комп. оцифрований
to specify – точно визначати
match – тут: відповідне слово
to access – звертатися (до бази даних)
to feature – показувати на екран
facilities – засоби обслуговування, зручності
usenet – новинна ciтка, юзнет
to cover – висвітлювати, розглядати
number-crunching – швидка обробка великої кількості чисел
за допомогою комп’ютера
Internet
What exactly is the Internet?
The best way to think of the Internet, or Net as it is often called,
is as a vast global network of networks connecting computers across
the world. These networks range from government departments and
industrial and educational communication systems down to the
personal on-line service providers such as CompuServe, Delphi, etc.
At present, more than 33 million people use the Internet and
over three million computers worldwide are linked in. They use the
Net for transferring data, playing games, socializing with other
computer users, and sending e-mail (electronic mail).
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
What is cyberspace?
Cyberspace is the term we give to this entire electronic
domain. Whenever you are using one of the online services such as
e-mail or the World Wide Web, you are in cyberspace.
Despite the confusing techno-jargon that surrounds it, the
Internet is simple: computers talk to one another through a network
that uses phone lines, cable, and fibre-optic lines.
How did it begin?
The Net was dreamt up in the late 1960s by the US Defense
Department’s Advanced Research Projects Agency which decided
that, in the event of a nuclear attack, it needed a means by which
messages could be sent and received even if phone lines were
inoperative. In 1969, there was a network of just four mainframe
computers. By 1972, the number had risen to 40. About this time the
idea of the electronic mailbox was born, as users looked for a way of
talking to each other electronically. By 1984 when the resources of
the network were made available to academics, the Internet began to
develop into the form we know it today.
The Internet can be divided into five broad areas
1. Electronic Mail
E-mail is much faster than traditional or snail mail because once
the message is typed out, it arrives in the electronic mailbox of the
recipient within minutes or seconds. Anything that can be digitized
– pictures, sound, video – can be sent, retrieved, and printed at the
other end. This is efficient, convenient, and saves trees!
2. Information sites
This is perhaps the fastest growing area of the Internet as more
and more people put their own information pages on line. One thing
that computers do very well is processing vast amounts of
information very fast, so, by specifying a key word or phrase, the
computer can then search around the Net until it finds some matches.
These information sites are usually stored on big computers that exist
all over the world. The beauty of the Net is that you can access all of
them from your home, using your own PC.
3. The World Wide Web
The World Wide Web, usually referred to as WWW or 3W, is
a vast network of information databases that feature text, visuals,
UNIT 4. PRO AND CONS OF THE INTERNET
93
sound, and even video clips. On the WWW you can do such things as
go on a tour of a museum or art exhibition, see the latest images from
outer space, go shopping, and get travel information on hotels and
holidays. You can even view a hotel’s facilities before deciding to
book!
4. Usenet
Usenet is a collection of newsgroups covering any topic.
Newsgroup allow users to participate in dialogues and conversations
by subscribing free of charge. Each newsgroup consists of messages
and information posted by other users. There are more than 10,000
newsgroups and they are popular with universities and businesses.
5. Telnet
Telnet programmes allow you to use your personal computer to
access a powerful mainframe computer. If you are an academic, or
just have a lot of number-crunching to do it can be very useful and
cost-effective.
27. Revise the words and word combinations. Then read, translate,
review the text. Answer the questions below it.
to captivate – полонити
to log on – входити, підключатися
overload – перевантаження
breakthrough – велике досягнення, прорив
voice massage – голосове послання
video conferencing – відеоконференц зв’язок
web TV – веб-телебачення
cellular phone – стільниковий телефон
to dialing up – набирати номер, дзвонити
answering machine – автовідповідач
to handle – звертатися, мати справу з
fiber optic cable – оптиковолоконний кабель
opposed – mym замість
binary code – бінарний код
amount of bandwidth – пропускна здатність
fast modem – швидкий модем
coaxial cable – коаксильний кабель
to increase 1,000 fold – збільшити(ся) у 1000 разів
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
satellite dish – супутникова тарілка
lane – лінії руху
clog – засмічення, перешкода
business time – бізнес-час
The Future of the Internet
Everywhere we go, we hear about the Internet. It’s on television, in magazines, newspapers, and in schools. One might think that
this network of millions of computers around the globe is as fast and
captivating as television, but with more and more users logging on
everyday and staying on longer and longer, this “Information Superhighway” could be perhaps more correctly referred to as an expressway of big city centre at rush hour.
It is estimated that thirty five to forty millions users currently
are on the Internet. According to a recent statistics, an average Internet call lasts five times longer as the average regular telephone call.
10 percent of the Internet calls last 6 hours or longer. This can cause
an overload and, in turn, cause telephone network to fail. The local
network was designed for short calls which you make and then hang
up, but Internet calls often occupy a line for hours. With so many users in the Internet and their number is growing by 200 percent annually, it certainly provides new challenges for the telephone companies. The Internet, up to the beginning of the 90s, was used only to
read different texts. Then in the early 90’s, a way was made to see
pictures and listen to a sound on the Internet. This breakthrough
made the Internet to be most demanded means of communication, data saving and transporting.
However, today’s net is much more than just pictures, text, and
sound. The Internet is now filled with voice massages, video conferencing and video games. With voice massages, users can talk over
the Internet for the price of the local phone call.
Nowadays we no longer have to own a computer to access the
Internet. Now, devices such as Web TV allow our television to
browse the Web and use Electronic Mail. Cellular phones are now
also dialing up the Internet to provide e-mail and answering machine services. The telephone network was not designed and built to
handle these sorts of things. Many telephone companies are spending
UNIT 4. PRO AND CONS OF THE INTERNET
95
enormous amounts of money to upgrade the telephone lines.
K. Kao and G. Hockman were the first to come up with the idea
of using fiber optic cables, as opposed to copper wire, to carry telephone signals. Fiber optics uses pulses of light to transmit binary
code, such as that used in computers and other electronic devices. As
a result the amount of bandwidth is incredibly raised. Another solution for the problem is fast modems which satisfy the need for speed.
By accessing the Net through the coaxial cable that provides
television to our homes, the speed can be increased 1,000 fold. However, the cable system was built to send information one way only. In
other words, they can send stuff to us but we can’t send anything
back, if there is no modem available.
Yet another way is being introduced to access the Internet, and
that is through the use of a satellite dish just like the TV dishes currently used to deliver television from satellites in space to your home.
However, like cable connection, the information can only be sent one
way.
Faster ways of connecting to the Internet may sound like a solution to the problem, but, just as new lanes on highways attract more
cars, a faster Internet could attract many times more users, making it
even slower than before.
To help solve the problem of Internet clogs, Internet providers
are trying new ways of pricing for customers. So, in business time
any connection to Net cost more than your connection in the night.
If we want to keep the Internet usable and fairly fast, we must
not only improve the telephone lines and means of access, but also be
reasonable in usage.
1. How many users are currently in the Internet?
2. How long does an average Internet call last?
3. What can cause the overload of the telephone system?
4. What was the main purpose of the Internet up to the 90s?
5. Do we need to have a computer to get access to the Internet
today?
6. Who was the first to come up with the idea of using fiber optic cables?
7. What is the alternative way to get access to the Internet today?
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
28. Discuss with your classmates:
1. The Internet is very useful. There is more information on the
Internet than in the world’s biggest library.
2. Problems of the net.
3. Five broad areas of the Internet.
4. The future of the Internet.
29. Speak on the topic “Global Computer Network, its Advantages,
Areas and Popularity”.
UNIT 5. E-MAIL OR SNAIL MAIL
97
UNIT 5
E-MAIL OR SNAIL MAIL
1. Pronounce the following words correctly and learn them:
snail – слимак; розм. тихохід
to tap out – відстукати
to spread – поширювати
gossip – плітка, чутки
accidentally – випадково
loads (of) – розм. безліч
junk – непотрібний
rival – суперник
2. Read and translate:
TEXT A
E-MAIL OR SNAIL MAIL?
E-mail – electronic mail – is a way of sending messages and
letters directly from your computer to another computer
Snail mail is how people (mainly those with e-mail) refer to the
traditional writing paper + envelope + stamp way of sending a letter.
How do they compare?
The good things
It’s so quick. You can just tap out a letter on your computer
and press SEND.
You can send the same letter to your hundreds of friends all
around the world in a few seconds. You can spread the news or the
latest gossip really quickly.
You can communicate with your favourite film stars and pop
stars.
The bad things
Sometimes you wish you had re-read the letter before sending
it.
Most of your friends aren’t on e-mail. And those that don’t like
getting exactly the same letter as everybody else. You accidentally
send a bit of hot gossip to someone who really shouldn’t see it. They
never write back. Or you just get loads of junk mail in return.
The good things
You use your favourite writing paper and different coloured
inks and you put stickers on the envelopes. You think carefully about
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
what you are writing because you can’t easily correct mistakes. You
get a letter from a friend in another country asking you to come and
visit. You can send that Valentine’s Day card which took you so long
to make and which will really impress the recipient.
The bad things
You have to go out and buy your favourite writing paper, pens,
stickers and envelopes. It takes hours to write a letter. Then you’ve
got to go to the post office.
Your friends abroad don’t write to you. They’ve all got e-mail
and you haven’t.
There’s a postal strike so your rival’s boring e-mail Valentine
gets there before yours.
3. Think and answer:
1. Sending e-mail messages is so quick, isn’t it?
2. What can you do with the help of e-mail?
3. When do you use your favourite writing paper and different
coloured inks?
4. What will impress the recipient?
5. Who never writes back?
6. How long does it take you to write a letter?
7. Why don’t your friends abroad write to you?
8. How does a postal strike influence upon e-mail?
4. Translate. Make up sentences with English equivalents.
на комп’ютері
через декілька секунд
улюблений
відповідати на лист
виправляти помилки
отримати листa
вам потрібно
за кордоном
5. Give situations illustrating the use of the following sentences:
1.
2.
3.
4.
You can spread the news or the latest gossip really quickly.
Most of your friends aren’t on e-mail.
You just get loads of junk mail in return.
You think carefully about what you are writing because you
can’t easily correct mistakes.
5. It takes hours to write a letter.
6. They’ve all got e-mail and you haven’t.
UNIT 5. E-MAIL OR SNAIL MAIL
99
6. Make up word combinations with the following words:
to tap out
to press
to send
to spread
gossip
to communicate
e-mail
loads of
mail
in return
to correct
a card
to impress
a recipient
a strike
boring
7. Find antonyms:
quick
to send
same
a friend
quickly
favourite
before
to get
different
easily
to come
a recipient
to go out
to buy
boring
8. State which part of speech the words are and say how they are
formed:
really, quickly, the latest, to re-read, exactly, sending, getting,
writing, easily, asking, postal.
9. Translate into English:
1. Ви можете відстукати листа на комп’ютері і натиснути
клавішу SEND.
2. За декілька секунд ви можете надіслати одного і того ж
листа сотням друзів у різних куточках світу.
3. Ви маєте можливість спілкуватися з улюбленими зірками
кіно.
4. Ви мусите купити улюблений папір, ручки, марки та конверти перш ніж писати листа.
5. Для написання листа вам потрібно декілька годин.
6. Потім вам необхідно йти на пошту, щоб відправити листа.
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
7. Ви ретельно думаєте над тим, що пишете, бо виправляти
помилки не легко.
8. Ви можете надіслати поштову листівку до дня Святого
Валентина, на виготовлення якої було витрачено багато
часу і вона дійсно може вразити одержувача.
9. Є люди, які ніколи не відповідають, якщо повідомлення
їх не цікавить.
10. Read the text below and decide which answer А, B, C or D best
fits each space. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Example:
0 A gone
В brought
С taken
D come
E-mail or Snail Mail?
Modern technology has _______ (0) about enormous
improvements in communications and yet many people are still very
worried _______ (1) using the latest computer technology. I am often
_______ (2) to meet colleagues who still don’t know what the ‘e’ in
e-mail stands for and they are too _______ (3) to ask. They assume
you have to be skilled _______ (4) computers to send a message via
e-mail but in fact it is _______ (5) thing in the world. It is also
_______ (6) to send an e-mail message _______ (7) to send an
ordinary letter or a ‘snail’ message which also takes _______ (8)
longer. An e-mail message is only _______ (9) more expensive than
a local telephone call to send; on top of the call itself you also have to
pay a fee to your ‘server’. If you send a letter by _______ (10) mail it
will take a couple of days to get there whereas an e-mail will not take
_______ (11) than a few seconds. Once you become _______ (12) to
using the system you will be _______ (13) at how much more
_______ (14) it is than other means of communication. Of course,
before you have access to e-mail, you will need a fairly _______ (15)
computer, which can be quite expensive.
UNIT 5. E-MAIL OR SNAIL MAIL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
A for
A surprising
A embarrassing
A about
A simplest
A cheaper
A as
A much
A little
A second-hand
A more long
A capable
A amazed
A confident
A strong
В about
В irritating
В embarrassed
В into
В the more simple
В more cheaper
В than
В more
В slightly
В low-paid
В longest
В accustomed
В puzzled
В certain
В great
101
С at
С surprised
С tired
С to
С simpler
С cheapest
С that
С as
С less
С part-time
С as long
С clever
С experienced
С efficient
С powerful
D with as
D irritated
D tiring
D in
D the simplest
D the cheaper
D from
D lot
D least
D first-class
D longer
D good
D pleased
D skilful
D large
11. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of e-mail and snail mail
in the form of a dialogue. Use the conversational phrases you have
learned before.
12. Retell text A including your personal experience in e-mail and
snail mail sending.
13. Learn the new words:
to retrieve – одержати; відшукати
password – пароль
userid [´ u: ə´a ´ :] – ідентифікація користувача; ім’я чи
псевдонім, обраний користувачем для свого імені або адреси
електронної пошти
personal handle – особисте користування, особистий код
domain – домен (місцезнаходження або сфера діяльності
адресанта)
login – логин (комп’ютерне ім’я)
14. Read and translate:
TEXT B
E-MAIL
The electronic mail was started in the late 60s by the U.S.
military who were searching for a way of communication in the event
102
PART I. BASIC COURSE
of a large-scale nuclear war. They needed a system that would be
decentralized, reliable, and fast in case the central institutions were
destroyed. They came up with e-mail.
In the early 70s, e-mail was limited to the U.S. military, defence
contractors, and universities doing defence research. By the 70s it had
begun to spread more broadly within university communities. By the
80s, academics in a number of fields were using e-mail for
professional collaboration. The 90s saw an explosion of the use of email and other computing networking. It is estimated that more than
25 million people throughout the world were using it in the mid-90s.
E-mail is a way of sending a message from one computer to one
or more other computers around the world. A subscriber to e-mail
needs a terminal, such as a PC, a telephone line, and a modem, which
is a device of converting signals into text. E-mail users must also
have access to a mailbox, which they can call from anywhere in the
world to retrieve messages. They receive a mailbox number and a
password for confidentiality.
E-mail is fast, cheap, and relatively reliable. It permits to send
large amounts of information to different addressees and allows
people to retrieve messages at any time.
A typical e-mail address is: [email protected] (the email address of the A.S.K. Publishers House). The part to the left of
the @ sign, called userid, has been chosen as a personal handle.
The part to the right is called the domain and represents the
particular computer that receives and delivers the message.
E-mail message usually comes into two parts: the heading and
the body. The heading includes: the date, the writer’s name, the
addressee’s name, who is to receive a copy, if any, and the subject.
The body of the message bears an ordinary content of a letter but a bit
shorter.
The golden rule for writing e-mail messages is KISS (keep it
short and simple). Use short phrases instead of long, active voice
instead of passive, avoid foreign words, metaphors, and scientific
terms.
There’s no bold in e-mail, so use capitals or asterisks. Among
the abbreviations used in e-mail there are: BTW – by the way; IMHO
UNIT 5. E-MAIL OR SNAIL MAIL
103
– in my humble opinion; CONT – container; SHPT – shipment;
RQST – request; BUZ – business; MESS – message.
To send an e-mail, write the address of the recipient in the To:
field, or click on an address from your address book. If you want to
copy someone in on the e-mail, put their address in the Cc: (carbon
copy) field, or in the Bcc: (blind carbon copy) field if you don't want
the recipient to know who is copied in. If you need to attach a
document to the e-mail, select Attach file from the menu, or click on
the paperclip icon, and then browse your computer for the document
you want to attach.
To say the e-mail address: [email protected] you
would say ‘j underscore martin at martin hyphen wood dot com’
15. Answer the questions:
1. Why was e-mail started by the U.S. military?
2. When was e-mail limited to the U.S. military, defence contractors and universities doing defence research?
3. Who was using e-mail for professional collaboration by the
80s?
4. What did the 90s see?
5. How many people throughout the world were using e-mail in
the mid-90s?
6. What does a subscriber to e-mail need?
7. What must e-mail users also have to retrieve messages?
8. What is userid?
9. What does the domain represent?
10. What does the heading of e-mail message include?
11. What does the body of e-mail message bear?
12. What is the golden rule for writing e-mail messages?
13. What abbreviations used in e-mail do you know?
14. What must one do to send an e-mail (to copy someone in on
the e-mail, to attach a document to the e-mail)?
15. How to say the e-mail address: [email protected]?
16. Arrange the following words according to:
a) similar meaning – enormous, excessively, various, great,
erection, different, brilliant, a great deal of, splendid, extremely,
building, include, involve, many;
104
PART I. BASIC COURSE
b) opposite meaning – different, simplicity, slowly, the same,
military, inconvenience, non-military, complexity, rapidly,
convenience.
17. Continue the list of names of @ sign: “dog’s ear”, “frog”, …
18. The stages of the process of writing an article and sending it to
the editor with an e-mail message had been mixed. Working with a
partner put them into the right order:
a) send to the editor
c) connect the modem
e) save any changes
g) shut down
i) attach the article
k) save the document
b) write the article
d) open the application
f) write an e-mail message
h) disconnect the modem
j) switch on the computer
1) check the spelling
19. Read, translate and review the texts:
TEXT 1
The Internet
In order to search for information on the Internet, open your
browser (for example Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape or
Mozilla), and type some keywords into the Search box of whatever
search engine you use (for example Yahoo! or Google). If you want
to find the names of interpreters who work in New York, for
example, you could type in the keywords interpreters and “New
York” (in double quotes to keep these words together), and then click
on one of the websites that the search brings up.
To open a web page, click on a link, or type the page's URL
into the address bar at the top of the screen, and the page will
download. If you want to save the address of a website that you have
searched for or just come across by chance, you can bookmark it.
The URL of a company’s home page is often something like:
 http://www.martinwood.com
To read this URL to somebody over the phone, you would say:
 'h-t-t-p colon, two forward slashes, double-u double-u double-u
dot, martinwood (all one word), dot com’
UNIT 5. E-MAIL OR SNAIL MAIL
105
The .com in the example above is called a top-level domain.
Common ones include:
.com /
'
/ (AmE /
:
: /) – this is used by
businesses
.org /
' : / (AmE /
: ' : /) – used by organizations that
are not businesses
.edu /
'
:/ (AmE /
: '
:/) – used by colleges,
universities, etc.
.gov
'
/ (AmE /
: '
/) – used by government
bodies
.net /
' / (AmE /
: ' /) – used especially by Internet
service providers
Most countries have their own domain ending, and this is
usually pronounced as separate letters, for example Bulgaria is .bg
/
:' :/, and China is .cn /
:' /.
Common UK domain names include:
.co.uk /
ə
:' / – this is often used by companies
.ac.uk /
:' / – used by universities
TEXT 2
Electronic Mail
Did you ever have to go out in the rain to mail a letter that
couldn’t wait? Have you ever received a letter weeks late because it
had been mysteriously «lost» in the mail? If so, you will be very
happy to know that electronic mail is here.
What exactly is electronic mail? It’s just what you’d imagine:
the sending of messages electronically by computer. Here’s how it
works.
Suppose that you are a subscriber to The Source or
CompuServe. You have ten friends who subscribe as well. A few
months ago, you lent one of these friends a record. You want the
record back, but you can’t remember who has it. Using a
microcomputer and a modem, you plug into the information service’s
network of subscribers. Once you are online, you send the same
message to all ten of your friends. “Whoever has my Bill Cosby
album, please return it.”
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
Your message is stored in your friends’ “electronic mailboxes”.
These mailboxes are nothing like those that are used by the U.S.
Postal Service. They are simply storage locations in the information
service’s computer system. When your friends come on-line, they
will check to see if they have any mail. When they do your message
will appear on their screens. It’s as easy as that. (With luck you might
even get your record back!)
Electronic mail is becoming popular in the business world, too.
It is fast, direct, and reliable. In addition, storing messages in
electronic mailboxes saves time by eliminating “telephone tag”: Ms.
Green calls Mr. Gold, but Mr. Gold is out to lunch. An hour later,
Mr. Gold returns the call, but Ms. Green is at a meeting. The next
morning, Ms. Green calls back, but Mr. Gold’s line is busy, and so
on.
Not all electronic mail delivery is tied to an information service
like The Source or CompuServe. In fact, organizations already exist
that specialize in delivering electronic mail. MCI Mail and EasyLink
are two examples. Subscribers to these electronic-mail services can
send messages around the world on their computers. In addition, the
addressee doesn’t even need a computer to receive mail through one
of these services. Both will transmit a letter most of the distance electronically, then print and send it the rest of the distance either by mail
or by courier.
TEXT 3
Special Word-Processing Features
Most word-processing programs allow you to create, edit,
format, print, and save documents. Some of them also allow you to
perform more complex functions. The following is an example of the
sophisticated features that some programs have.
Spelling Checkers
Some word-processing programs come with a spelling checker.
A spelling checker works with a word-processing program to find
misspelled words in your document. It does this by matching each
word in your document with a list of words that have been
programmed into its memory. This list is usually called a dictionary,
but the name is misleading. Spelling checkers have no way of
UNIT 5. E-MAIL OR SNAIL MAIL
107
knowing what a word means. Their “dictionaries” are simply lists of
properly spelled words.
When a spelling checker finds a word that does not match any
of the words in its dictionary, it displays that word. Then you decide
whether to change it or, if it is spelled correctly, add it to the spelling
checker’s dictionary. This is often necessary, since the dictionary
does not contain every word you will want to use. Unusual words,
technical terms, and proper names will usually need to be added to
the dictionary.
While a spelling checker can help you with your writing, it is
not a substitute for good language skills. Because it only matches
combinations of letters, a spelling checker cannot determine whether
you are using words correctly. For example if you use too in a
sentence that requires two, a spelling checker will not detect the error
because too is spelled correctly.
If you are typing the sentence “I wish I were at the beach” and
you make a mistake and type “I fish I were at the beach,” the spelling
checker will not detect the error, since fish is properly spelled.
20. Translate into English using the prompters in brackets and the
texts from Exercise 19:
Електронна пошта є найбільш популярним і найпростішим
додатком глобальної комп’ютерної мережі Інтернет, що охоплює
більше 100 країн і десятки мільйонів користувачів.
Електронна пошта дозволяє скоротити витрати на доставку
листів і відправлення факсів, а також спростити обмін кореспонденцією між діловими партнерами. Головним недоліком електронної пошти є слабкий захист переданої по ній інформації.
Найпростішим рішенням для більшості невеликих компаній
і бізнесменів західних країн, що дозволяє їм одержати доступ до
Інтернету, є комп’ютер з модемом (modem) і комутоване (dialup) з’єднання з вузловим комп’ютером (host) по телефонній лінії. Можливість потрапити в мережу, набравши номер телефону
вузлового комп’ютера, що безпосередньо входить в Інтернет,
надають місцеві постачальники мережних послуг (service
providers). Враховуючи поганий телефонний зв’язок у Росії і на
Україні, з’єднання з вузловим комп’ютером по телефонній лінії
108
PART I. BASIC COURSE
не завжди дозволяє одержати задовільну якість переданих по телефонній лінії даних.
Комп’ютер постачальника мережних послуг має мережну
адресу в цифровій формі (IP-адреса) і є частиною Інтернету. Мережні IP-адреси мають також підключені до Інтернету
комп’ютери і мережі комерційних та урядових організацій, що
не є постачальниками мережних послуг. Такі адреси мають ще
користувачі (фізичні особи або невеликі компанії) з комутованим доступом до мережі, що використовують протоколи SLIP і
РРР. Останній тип підключення займає проміжне місце між комутованим з’єднанням і повномасштабним підключенням до Інтернету по виділеній лінії.
IP-адреса складається з декількох чисел, відокремлених
один від одного крапками. Для того, щоб полегшити роботу з
такими адресами, була введена доменна система імен вузлових
комп’ютерів (Domain Name System – DNS), яка кожному числу
IP-адреси ставить у відповідність певне ім’я – домен (domain).
Подібно до чисел в IP-адресі, домени в адресі e-mail відокремлюються
один
від
одного
крапками,
наприклад
ritm.freenet.kiev.ua. Крайній праворуч домен позначає велику
мережу; домени, що стоять лівіше, є іменами ділянок усередині
цієї великої мережі аж до окремого комп’ютера. При пересиланні повідомлень по електронній пошті маршрутизатори (routers),
що обробляють мережний потік даних, підставляють замість
імені відповідні цифри IP-адреси.
Крайні праворуч домени звичайно є доменними іменами
окремих країн (доменне ім’я США – .us, України – .uа, Росії –
.su, .ru), або приймають одне з наступних значень:
.com – для адрес американських компаній і корпорацій;
.edu – для адрес американських освітніх організацій (університетів і коледжів);
.gov – для адрес урядових закладів США;
.mil – для адрес організацій США, що мають відношення до
армії;
.net – для організацій, що здійснюють керування мережами;
.org – для американських організацій, що не входять до вищезазначених категорій.
UNIT 5. E-MAIL OR SNAIL MAIL
109
Адреси, які починаються з доменів .com, .edu, .gov, .mil,
.net, .org, звичайно коротші за адреси, що починаються з доменних імен окремих країн.
Щоб за даною адресою електронної пошти звернутися до
конкретної людини, необхідно до адреси e-mail за допомогою
символу @ додати ліворуч ім’я цієї людини. Наприклад,
[email protected] – особиста адреса електронної пошти легендарного Білла Гейтса (засновника і голови корпорації
Microsoft). Після того, як кілька років назад у пресі була опублікована ця адреса, Гейтсу стали приходити по електронній пошті
тисячі повідомлень різноманітного змісту, від простих типу “Що
Ви думаєте про шлюб?” (На який він звичайно відповідає “Це
прекрасно!”) до досить серйозних питань на професійні теми.
21. Advise your friend to use e-mail service. Include the information from texts A, B and Exercises 19, 20.
22. Discuss with your classmates :
1. You’ve got friends all over the world. You’ve never seen any
of them, but you know them all well because you send e-mail
to each other. Your computer is the door to the world. Is it
good or bad? Why? Give your reasons.
2. Most of people prefer e-mail to snail mail. Why?
3. To use e-mail we must learn all about a mailbox, a password,
a typical e-mail address and parts of e-mail message.
4. Common domain names, their pronounciation and use.
5. How does e-mail work?
6. Some word-processing programs come with a spelling checker.
110
PART I. BASIC COURSE
UNIT 6
COMPUTERS IN FUTURE STUDYING AND HOMES
1. Pronounce the following words and word combinations correctly
and learn them:
blinking – блимання зображення
to pace – крокувати, ступати; іти, прямувати
basement – підвальне приміщення
to strike (struck) – ударяти
berserk – шалено, безстрашно
to hurl – шпурляти; кидати
self-propelled lawn mower – газoнокосилка, яка рухається самостійно
amuck – в люті, як одержимий
solar-powered – на сонячній енергії
to cringe – з(i)щулюватися; щулитися; стискатися (від страху)
buzzing – той, що гуде і дзижчить
2. Read and translate the story:
TEXT A
“Well, Mother, you certainly did it this time,” Kathleen said,
pointing her finger at the blinking computer. “Why can’t you be
more careful?” she continued as she paced up and down the small laboratory in her parents’ basement.
“How did it happen?” Kathleen asked. “I’ve never heard of
such a thing!”
“Well, I’m not quite sure,” Mrs. Porter replied. “As you know,
I’ve been experimenting with new ways to write literature. Yesterday
I designed a program that analyzed all the characteristics of a science
fiction novel. After putting all the information into the computer this
morning, I struck the ENTER key. The next thing I knew, I was inside the computer, staring out of the monitor screen at an empty
chair.”
Kathleen shook her head again. She loved her mother dearly,
but sometimes she could be a little trying. If she were only more careful, perhaps life for everyone would be a little more peaceful. Last
spring her mother terrorized the whole neighbourhood when a robot
she had invented went berserk. If mother had only tuned the robot’s
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN FUTURE STUDYING AND HOMES
111
central circuits, it might have carefully dropped the neighbours’
newspapers on their lawns, instead of hurling the papers through
their windows. Her attempt to create a self-propelled lawn mower
had been just as dreadful. It had run amuck and when the remote
control failed, the mower destroyed the neighbour’s rose bushes and
chased Kathleen’s cat up a tree. Then there was the experiment with
the solar-powered garage door opener. The garage door went up and
down every time someone went near the opener. Kathleen still
cringed every time she looked at the garage door.
“Now, dear,” Mrs. Porter pleaded, “we need to do something
before your father comes home. I don’t think he’s going to be very
understanding...” Her voice was interrupted by a buzzing noise coming out of the printer.
Kathleen looked at the computer. She couldn’t believe it. Her
mother was a piece of high-tech hardware. If Kathleen’s tennis club
found out about this, they would probably throw her out of the club.
And her other friends would certainly laugh. Their mothers were
sales clerks, teachers, lawyers, and doctors. But her mother was a
computer! Kathleen sighed and began to look at the keyboard to see
if she couldn’t find a solution to the problem.
3. What is the main idea of this story. Write two details from the
text to support this idea.
4. Answer the questions:
1. What has Kathleen’s mother been experimenting with?
2. Yesterday her mother designed a program, didn’t she?
3. How did her mother terrorize the whole neighbourhood?
4. Was her mother’s attempt to create a self-propelled lawn
mower successful?
5. Why was the experiment with the solar-powered garage door
opener dreadful?
6. Her mother became a piece of high-tech hardware, didn’t she?
5. Make up your own word combinations with the following words:
a computer
a program
a novel
to create
to destroy
to look
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
a key
a screen
inside
to invent
to hurl
a printer
hardware
a keyboard
a problem
6. Activate the word combinations in situations of your own:
a blinking computer
to be more careful
to design a program
to put information into the computer
to strike the Enter key
the monitor screen
to be inside the computer
an empty chair
the whole neighborhood
to drop newspapers
to interrupt smb’s voice
out of the printer
to throw smb. out
to look at the keyboard
to find a solution
7. Find antonyms:
to pace up
to reply
to write
to put into the computer
inside
empty
peaceful
to create
dreadful
to fail
to destroy
to go up
to come home
noise
high-tech
to throw out
8. Think of a beginning:
… the small laboratory in her parents’ basement.
… new ways to write literature.
… I struck the Enter key.
… when a robot she had invented went berserk.
… instead of hurling the papers through their windows.
… the mower destroyed the neighbour’s rose bushes and
chased Kathleen’s cat up a tree.
7. … every time she looked at the garage door.
8. … noise coming out of the printer.
9. … would probably throw her out of the club.
10. … would certainly laugh.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN FUTURE STUDYING AND HOMES
113
9. Think of true and false statements to the story. Let your fellow
students explain if they are true or not. If sentences are false ask to
correct them. Use the conversational phrases you have learned before.
10. State what part of speech the words are and how they are
formed:
blinking, careful, carefully, information, pointing, dearly,
peaceful, neighbourhood, central, self-propelled, solar-powered,
opener, understanding, buzzing, high-tech, solution.
11. Dramatize a dialogue between Kathleen and her schoolmate,
who asks what has happened to Kathleen’s mother.
12. Give detailed contents of the story:
a) using Indirect Speech
b) in the person of Kathleen
c) in the person of Kathleen’s mother
d) in the person of Kathleen’s father
e) in the person of their neighbour
13. Learn:
scornful – повний презирства
to gear – перемикнути, переключити
hurt – ображений
for a while – трохи
adjusted – налагоджений, пристосований
nonchalantly – безтурботно
the addition of proper fractions – складання правильних дробів
slot – щілина автомата
sigh – зітхання
14. Read and translate:
TEXT B
THE FUN THEY HAD
Isaac Asimov is a world famous fiction writer. Here’s an extract
from one of his stories.
Margie even wrote about it that night in her diary. On the page
headed May 17, 2155, she wrote, “Today Tommy found a real book!”
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
It was a very old book. Margie’s grandfather once said that
when he was a little boy his grandfather told him that there was a
time when all stories were printed on paper.
“What’s it about?” asked Margie.
“School,” answered Tommy.
Margie was scornful. “School? What’s there to write about
school? I hate school.”
Margie always hated school, but now she hated it more than ever. The mechanical teacher had been giving her test after test in geography and she had been doing worse and worse until her mother had
shaken her head sorrowfully and sent for the County Inspector.
***
The Inspector smiled after he had finished and patted Margie’s
head. He said to her mother, “It’s not the little girl’s fault. I think the
geography sector was geared a little too quick. I’ve slowed it up to an
average ten-year level.” Margie was disappointed. She had been hoping they would take the teacher away altogether.
So she said to Tommy, “Why would anyone write about
school?”
Tommy looked at her with very superior eyes. “Because it’s not
our kind of school, stupid. This is the old kind of school that they had
hundreds and hundreds of years ago.” He added loftily, pronouncing
the word carefully, “Centuries ago.”
Margie was hurt. “Well, I don’t know what kind of school they
had all that time ago.” She read the book over his shoulder for a
while. Then said, “Anyway, they had a teacher.”
“Sure, they had a teacher. It was a man.”
“A man? How could a man be a teacher?”
“Well, he just told the boys and girls things and gave them
hometask and asked them questions”.
“A man isn’t smart enough.”
“ Sure, he is. My father knows as much as my teacher.”
“He can’t. A man can’t know as much as a teacher”
“He knows almost as much, I bet.”
Margie wasn’t prepared to dispute that. She said, “I wouldn’t
want a strange man in my house to teach me.”
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN FUTURE STUDYING AND HOMES
115
Tommy screamed with laughter, “You don’t know much, Margie. The teachers didn’t live in the house. They had a special building
and all the kids went there.”
“And all the kids learned the same thing?”
“Sure, if they were the same age.”
“But my mother says a teacher has to be adjusted to fit the
mind of each boy and girl it teaches and that each kid has to be taught
differently.”
“Just the same they didn’t do it that way then. If you don’t like
it, you don’t have to read the book.”
“I didn’t say I didn’t like it,” Margie said quickly, she wanted to
read about those funny schools.
They weren’t even half-finished, when Margie’s mother called
“Margie! School!”
Margie looked up. “Not yet, Mamma.”
“Now,” said Mrs Jones.
Margie said to Tommy, “Can I read the book some more with
you after school?”
“May be,” he said nonchalantly.
Margie went into the schoolroom. It was right next to her bedroom, and the mechanical teacher was on and waiting for her. It was
always on the same time every day, except Saturday and Sunday, because her mother said little girls learned better if they learned at regular hours.
The screen lit up, and it said:
“Today’s arithmetic lesson is on the addition of proper fractions. Please, insert yesterday’s homework in the proper slot.”
Margie did so with a sigh. She was thinking about the old
schools they had when her grandfather’s grandfather was a little boy.
All the kids from the whole neighbourhood came, laughing and
shouting in the schoolyard, sitting together in the schoolroom, going
home together at the end of the day. They learned the same things, so
they could help one another on the homework – and talk about it.
And the teachers were people.
The mechanical teacher was flashing on the screen:
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
“When we add the fractions 1/2 and 1/4...” Margie was thinking
about how the kids must have loved it in the old days. She was thinking about the fun they had.
15. Answer the following questions:
1. What kind of book did Tommy find?
2. Why did Margie hate school?
3. Who gave boys and girls hometask and asked questions at
school centuries ago?
4. Where did teachers live at that time?
5. What did mechnical teacher ask Margie to insert?
6. What was Margie thinking about when the computer added
fractions?
7. What did the writer want to tell us? Do you agree or disagree?
Give your reasons?
16. Think of synonyms to the words:
a fault
stupid
smart
to bet
to dispute
a kid
to learn
to want
next to
to shout
to laugh
17. Give English equivalents of the expressions. Use them in examples of your own. Pay special attention to prepositions.
на сторінці
сказати мамі (2)
на папері
поряд з ліжком
бути увімкненим
на екрані
у будинку
бути однакового віку
після школи
подивитися вгору
чекати на когось
йти додому
наприкінці дня
18. Find antonyms:
found
hated
a teacher
to scream with laughter
a kid
to be the same age
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN FUTURE STUDYING AND HOMES
giving
worse
sorrowfully
taking
stupid
carefully
to add
smart
117
to teach
quickly
funny
at regular hours
addition
to insert
to shout
19. Translate the words and word combinations into English and
activate them in your own situations:
в щоденнику
розповіді були надруковані
допомагати у домашньому завданні
посилати за кимось
ображатися
цікаві школи
крім вихідних
додавання
її помилка
однакові речі
сусіди
20. Complete the sentences with your own ideas:
1. Anyway… .
2. Sure… .
3. … as much as … .
4. I wouldn’t want… .
5. If you don’t like … .
6. Can I … .
21. Form adverbs using the adjectives suggested. Translate them.
special, different, quick, mechanical, good, real, careful, bad,
strange.
22. Change into Indirect Speech:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
She wrote, “Today Tommy found a real book!”
“What’s it about?” asked she.
He said to her mother, “It’s not the little girl’s fault.”
She said, “Anyway, they had a teacher.”
She said, “I don’t want a strange man to teach me.”
He said to Margie, “Teachers had a special building and all the
kids went there at that time.”
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
7. She said quickly “I want to read about those funny schools.”
8. Margie said to Tommy, “Can I read the book some more with
you after school?”
9. Tommy said, “May be.”
10. The computer said to the girl, “Today’s arithmetic lesson is
on the addition of proper fractions.”
11. The screen lit up and said, “Please, insert yesterday’s homework in the proper slot.”
23. Dramatize the dialogue between Tommy and Margie. Use the
conversational phrases you have learned before.
24. Retell the story:
a) in the person of Tommy
b) in the person of Margie
c) in the person of Margie’s mother
25. Remember the words. Read, translate the text and think of your
own title.
computer-taught courses – комп’ютерні курси
outgrowth – продукт, результат
completely supplant – повністю витиснути
Interviews, Interviews ...
Bill Carlsen from “Herald Tribune” informs us:
The use of computers in teaching is not new. A handful of universities offer computer-taught courses, primarily in mathematical
and scientific subjects. Stanford, a pioneer in the field, has for six
years offered courses in logic and probability, some of which are
taught entirely by computers.
According to a report by the institute, language training was a
natural outgrowth of these programs. The student follows written instructions on how to begin operating the keyboard. Then the computer speaks to the student through headphones.
The computer congratulates the student if the response is correct, but asks the student to repeat the exercise if it is wrong. If the
student still has trouble, he or she can ask the computer to go over the
background material.
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN FUTURE STUDYING AND HOMES
119
But at least one professor at Stanford, the head of the French
Department, believes that computers will not completely supplant
the teaching process.
26. Answer the questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
What do universities offer?
What does a report show?
Can the computer speak to the student?
What does the computer do if the student’s response is
wrong?
27. Translate into English:
курси з математики
курси з логіки
відповідно до доповіді
навчати мові
виконувати письмові інструкції
працювати з клавіатурою
говорити через навушники
відповідь вірна
мати проблеми
нарешті
навчальний процес
пропонувати курси
28. Use suitable phrases from the expressions listed below in the
following dialogue:
Mr Jones is introducing a new microcomputer to a chief Educational Official, Mr Adam.
Mr Jones: You see, never before has one microcomputer encompassed such a wide range of applications.
Mr Adam: But what is there particularly useful in the schools area?
…
Mr Jones: Well, first of all, the word processing package makes it
ideal for creative writing. And it’s very easy in operating. And
its spread-sheet will prove invaluable in any Math class…
Mr Adam: But what about the price?
Mr Jones: Oh, for only £ 350 you’ll have a superior software and
peripheral. I don’t think you can find anything cheaper and
you can use it throughout all schools of your district…
List of expressions: Is that reasonably clear? I don’t know if I
am making myself clear. ... if you follow / understand me. ... if you
follow / understand my meaning. ... if you take my point. If there’s
anything you haven’t understood please say so.
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
29. Fill each gap with one suitable word only. Words are given below. Translate the story.
Feed in English, Print out French
Once upon a time, according to a much-told story, a computer
was set the task of translating “traffic jam” into French and back into
English. The machine buzzed, clicked, blinked its lights and eventually came up with “car-flavoured marmalade”. Machine translation
has come a long way (a)_____ then. Computer translation systems
are now in (b)_____ in many parts of the world. Not surprisingly, the
EEC is very (c)_____ . With so many official languages, translating
and interpreting take up (d)_____ than fifty per cent of the Community’s administrative budget. But although the efficiency of machine
translation is (e)_____ rapidly, there is no question of (f)_____ translators being made redundant. On the contrary, people and machines
work together in harmony. Today’s computers (g)_____ of little value in translating literary works, where subtlety is vital, or the spoken
word, which tends to be ungrammatical, or important texts, where absolute (h)_____ is essential. But for routine technical reports, working papers and the like, which take up (i)_____ much of the translation workload of international organizations, computers are likely to
play an increasing (j)_____ . The method of operation will probably
be for the machine to (k)_____ a rough version, which the translator
will then edit, correcting obvious (l)_____ , and where necessary referring (m)_____ to the original.
If machines can translate languages, could they (n)_____ teach
languages? Yes, say enthusiasts, although they doubt that the teacher
could ever be totally (o)_____ by a machine in the classroom. Good
old teachers know best!
improving
human
are
accuracy
replaced
so
part, role
since
use, operation
back
involved
more
make
mistakes, errors
ever
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN FUTURE STUDYING AND HOMES
121
30. Translate the dialogue into English using the necessary expressions and conversational formulas suggested in the list below:
Two friends are discussing the language study with the help of
the computer.
- Я чув, що ти вивчаєш французьку за допомогою
комп’ютера. По-моєму, навчитися користуватися комп’ютером
важче, ніж навчитися розмовляти французькою мовою,
- Ну як ти не розумієш! Адже я завжди був допитливим, а
останнім часом усі ці незнайомі слова: дисплей, диски, програми, відео – мене просто заінтригували. Мені стало цікаво, чи
зможу я в 40 років навчитися чому-небудь новенькому. Зрозуміло?
- Чесно кажучи, не дуже.
- Ну, як не зрозуміло. Я вставляю програму з французької
мови й учуся, як у класі. Тільки якщо я роблю яку-небудь дурну
помилку, наді мною ніхто не сміється. Про неї знають тільки
комп’ютер і я. Уловив? Я завжди був сором’язливим, а тепер не
соромлюся.
- Це так. Але скільки ж сил ти витратив, щоб освоїти цю
штуку. Напевно, більше, ніж на вивчення французької. Помоєму, нехай молоді цим займаються. А нам яка користь?
- Ну, я так не вважаю. Ми з дочкою усі вечори тепер проводимо разом. Та й узагалі комп’ютер нас здружив. Адже ми багато сварилися раніше.
- У тебе комп’ютер – засіб для вирішення всіх проблем. Так?
- Так.
- Ну тоді показуй, як ним користуватися.
- Зовсім не важко. Натисни ось цю клавішу. Так. Бачиш, загорілось прохання набрати ту мову, на якій ти будеш з ним розмовляти.
- Що? Я, крім своєї рідної, ніяких мов не знаю. І знати не
хочу.
- Не бійся. Це особлива комп’ютерна мова. Переклад буде
робитися автоматично.
- Ну, про це я взагалі нічого не чув. Дай мені краще для початку яку-небудь дитячу книжку про комп’ютери. Що-небудь
для молодших школярів.
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
- Добре. Але, якщо щось буде не зрозуміло, я з задоволенням тобі все поясню.
List of expressions: Know what I mean? Know what I am getting at? Get it? If you take my point. Have you got the message yet?
… if you see what I mean. Do you understand? Does that seem to
make sense? Do you see? Do you know what I mean? Right? OK? Do
I make myself clear? Have I made myself clear? Is that reasonably
clear? Are you there yet? Are you with me? Yeah? I trust I make myself clear.
In other words ... ; let me put it another way ... ; ... or rather, ... ;
... or better; ... what I’m getting at / driving at is ... ; all I mean is ... ;
What I mean is ... .
Is that reasonably clear? I don’t know if I am making myself
clear. ... if you follow / understand me. ... if you follow / understand
my meaning. ... if you take my point. If there’s anything you haven’t
understood please say so.
31. Use all the information suggested in this unit and make up your
dialogues describing the following situations:
1. The Dean of a teacher training college and an IT (information
technology) specialist are discussing the prospects of a special
course for teachers of foreign languages.
2. You’re persuading the Chief educational official to use video
disk technology during language classes.
3. You’re doing your best to explain to your Dean the importance of purchasing new video devices for the college language laboratory.
4. Computers can (not) completely substitute for classroom
teachers.
5. Advantages and disadvantages of studying English with the
help of a computer and usual teacher.
32. Speak on the topic “The Role of Computers in Future Studying
and Homes”.
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN FUTURE STUDYING AND HOMES
123
33. Read at home and discuss in class:
As Computers Start to Transform Schools
From “U. S. News and World Report”
Classrooms without books or teachers? It’s a growing trend as
machines that can teach become as common as blackboards in many
schools.
At the university of Maryland, students hear a full semester of
history lectures from electronic consoles. They never see a teacher,
even during exams.
At high school in Illinois, students simulate a chemistry experiment on a computer, and then the device instantly translates the lesson into Spanish.
Both of these learning activities are part of a process – keyed to
“teaching machines” such as computers, video recorders and other
devices – that is bringing dramatic change to schools across America.
In some classrooms, the computer has virtually replaced the
book, to the horror of some teachers and the delight of others. While
the overall verdict on computers has yet to come in, many educators
are convinced that the equipment may still fulfil a prediction by the
Carnegie Commission on Higher Education that “new electronic
technology is potentially the greatest educational innovation since the
invention of the printing press”.
Backers say such devices are becoming valuable tools in education mainly because of their versatility. They can teach a geometry
lesson, conjugate Latin verbs, give a test on Shakespeare and demonstrate the proper method of treating a heart attack victim.
After a series of false starts in the early 1970s, such educational
machinery is in widespread use. A study for the National Science
Foundation found that more than half of all highschool students use
computers and predicted that all US high schools would have such
equipment by the early 1990s.
Other studies show that teaching devices already are effective in
some areas. In lower grades, they are helpful in drill and practice routines, such as spelling and multiplication, that can be tedious when
done by an entire class. At the college level, computers are giving
students a practical feel for their course work.
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PART I. BASIC COURSE
In one college course, students pretended to be city managers.
Using computers, they prepared a budget, fought pollution, provided
housing and planned mass transportation. Then the computer projected their actions 50 years into the future and showed the consequences.
Many educators believe that computer-assisted instruction can
supplement traditional schoolwork and be of particular use in educating slow learners, the handicapped and the academically gifted.
But teaching machines are regarded with suspicion, even alarm,
by others. They are skeptical about what they regard as the overselling of the devices, and fear that computers might replace instructors,
reduce classroom discussion and dehumanize the schools.
Both critics and supporters agree that, at first, computers were
widely misused in some schools.
“Teaching machines had two big problems to overcome: the
high cost of the equipment and the opposition of teachers”, explains
David H. Ahl, “We also had to contend with a lot of overblown
promises about educational computers that simply weren’t technically feasible in the beginning”.
Initially, classroom computer terminals were to be connected by
phone lines with central dataprocessing units, where they would be
charged on a time-sharing basis. That approach proved to be too expensive for most schools, however. Now small, self-contained microcomputers priced as low as 600 dollars perform all the tasks needed
by most schools.
“The big need is for more software – the programs that can be
used on these smaller computers”, says John Nevison. “There are still
many poor computer materials being peddled in a highly competitive,
multi-billion dollar market, and schools that buy them will lose learning along with their money”.
Resistance among teachers also is declining, primarily because
students tend to become intrigued with the computer’s possibilities,
making the teacher’s job more satisfying. “The instructor is the key to
making the computer a useful tool”, says Lola Rhea Appel, who conducted a study of teaching for the Educational Testing Service, a private research group. “Rather than replace teachers, computers give
them new duties and enhance their role as educators”.
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN FUTURE STUDYING AND HOMES
125
John Kemeny agrees that teachers will not become outmoded.
He says: “For supplementing and enriching the curriculum, I am
probably the No. 1 advocate of computers. But I still believe there is
no substitute for the interaction between two human minds”.
Do computers actually help students learn better than traditional
methods? Many educators agree that most competent students using
computers do not perform markedly better on academic work than
their equals who are not exposed to teaching machines.
According to a report by the institute, language training was a
natural outgrowth of these programs.
34. Discuss with your classmates:
1. When children play with computers, they learn to understand
them. Computers are going to be very important in the future.
So children should play with them and learn about them.
2. Computers can (not) completely substitute for classroom
teachers.
3. Computers give teachers new duties and enhance their role as
educators.
4. There are already prototypes of computers that are voice
activated. Others are able to read instructions written out by
hand or translate such instructions into computer printing.
Computer experts have discovered that it is often more
effective to link a whole series of computers together rather
than develop one huge computer. Called parallel processing
such a linkage makes it possible to do some computer tasks
unbelievably fast. Such developments will be as significant as
the industrial revolution. Computers are becoming as common
as telephones, TV sets. What will computers be like in the
future?
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
PART II
ADDITIONAL TASKS
UNIT 1
TEXT EDITOR MICROSOFT WORD. MICROCOMPUTERS
1. Revise the words and word combinations:
text editor – текстовий редактор
spreadsheet – електронна таблиця
to switch – переключатися, переключити
menu of commands – меню команд
typing or edit mode – режим набору чи редагування
command mode – командний режим
subcommand – підкоманда
a list of options – список параметрів (опцій)
command field – командне поле
to peruse – уважно прочитати
extensive help system – докладна система підказок
to get hands-on practice – виконати практичне завдання
arrow keys – клавіатура
operating system command – команда операційної системи
to obey rules – дотримуватися правил
2. Read and translate:
TEXT A
TEXT EDITOR MICROSOFT WORD
Microsoft Word is a powerful word processing program and
desktop publishing program, rolled into one. You can use Word to
create any type of document you can imagine, form letters,
calculations, sorting – any writing task you want to perform for your
personal writing or for your office. You can import graphics or
spreadsheets, create multiple columns and complex tables, and link
information in your Word documents to other documents. Then you
саn check the page layout, make any final alterations to the formatted
pages, and print your document. If you are more comfortable using
the keyboard instead of the mouse, you use keys to do everything in
Word, or you can switch between keyboard and mouse, using
whichever is more convenient. When you start Word, you see a
UNIT 1. TEXT EDITOR MICROSOFT WORD. MICROCOMPUTERS 127
menu of commands at the bottom of the screen; this screen is the
main menu.
You can use either the keyboard or the mouse to choose a
command. When you use the Word with the keyboard, it’s important
to remember that there are two modes in Word: a typing or edit
mode, where you can enter or change text in a document, and a
command mode, where you can choose commands and options.
Every time you want to switch modes, press the Esc key. Only a few
Word commands take effect as soon as you choose them. Other Word
commands display a menu of subcommands, from which you can
choose, or display a list of options to ask you for more information
about what you want to do.
Word help system is available any time you need it. You can
quickly get specific help about a command or command field, you
can peruse the extensive help system at your leisure, or you can
jump to the Learning Word tutorial to see a lesson and get hands-on
practice. There is a form of minihelp that’s on the Word screen at all
times. When you use the arrow keys to highlight a command name
in the command area, Word displays a brief description of that
command at the bottom of the screen.
If your computer has enough available memory, you can
temporarily suspend Word and run other programs or use an
operating system command. Because all of your documents are
saved in files, file management is an essential part of working with
Word. When you name a Word file, you must obey the operating
system’s rules for filenames.
3. Answer the questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What is Microsoft Word?
Where can we use Word?
What should we do to choose a command?
How many modes are there in Word?
What should we do to switch modes?
Do all Word commands take effect as soon as we choose
them?
7. Word help system is available at any time we need it, isn’t it?
Prove your statement.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
8. What can we do if our computer has enough available
memory?
9. Why is file management an essential part of working with
Word?
10. What must we do when naming a Word file?
4. Translate into English:
1. Ви можете використовувати Word для створення документа будь-якого типу, для письмового завдання, яке захочете виконати для себе особисто чи для вашого офісу.
2. Bи можете користуватися клавішами або переключатися
між клавіатурою і мишкою, використовуючи те, що
зручніше.
3. Для вибору команди ви можете використовувати мишку
чи клавіатуру.
4. Якщо ви бажаєте переключити режим, натисніть Esc.
5. Тільки деякі команди виконуються відразу після їх вибору.
6. Система підказок Word доступна у будь-який потрібний
для вас час.
7. Word подає короткий опис команди у нижній частині екрана.
8. Оскільки всі ваші документи зберігаються у файлах, робота з файлами – важлива частина роботи в Word.
5. Discuss advantages of Microsoft Word, its modes and help system in the form of a dialogue.
6. Prepare a report on the topic “Microsoft Word Is a Powerful
Word Processing Program and Desktop Publishing Program”.
7. Read the telephone conversation and put the correct auxiliary
verb into each gap. Use the contracted form where possible.
Example: I do not know where the post office is.
I don’t know where the post office is.
D: Good afternoon, Apple Helpline here. I’m Damian. How can I
help you?
V: Oh, at last! Hello, Damian. I (a) _____ got a terrible problem
with my computer. It (b) _____ (not) working at all!
UNIT 1. TEXT EDITOR MICROSOFT WORD. MICROCOMPUTERS 129
D: OK, OK. Tell me your name and your company name and describe what (c) _____ happened.
V: My name’s Valerie, Val actually, Valerie Marks. I (d) _____
(not) work for a company, I’m self-employed. I work at home,
and I (e) _____ trying to meet an important deadline at the moment. This morning I (f) _____ working away happily, when suddenly everything stopped and a message came on the screen.
Then the screen went blank.
D: OK Val, (g) _____ (not) worry! What (h) _____ the message
say?
V: I can’t remember exactly, because I (i) _____ (not) understand it,
but I think it said something about “not enough memory”.
D: It’s OK, Val. I understand. Tell me, Val, (j) _____ you switched
the computer off?
V: No, I (k) _____ (not). It’s still on.
D: Fine, Val. Now do exactly what I say. Go to your computer, OK?
Can you see a “W” in the top right-hand corner? Click on that
“W” with the mouse. What (l) _____ it say? Can you read it to
me?
V: It says three things. There’s a list of three things. First it says ...
8. Here are some questions about the conversation. The words are
mixed up. Put them in the right order. Then answer the question.
a) Val the is why Apple Helpline ringing?
___________________________________________________ ?
Because ____________________________________________
b) work for Val does company which?
____________________________________________________ ?
She ________________________________________________
c) doing when computer she her was what stopped?
____________________________________________________ ?
She _________________________________________________
d) Val why remember message the can’t?
____________________________________________________ ?
Because ______________________________________________
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
e) switched computer she has her off?
____________________________________________________ ?
No, _________________________________________________
9. Read and memorize:
micro (s) – мікрокомп’ютер (и)
central processor = central processing unit
semiconductor device – напівпровідниковий прилад
to manufacture – виробляти
complete – повна
to be composed of – складатися з
peripheral equipment – периферійне обладнання
controls – управління
circuit board – плата
to be hooked up – бути “зав’язаним”, поєднаним
instruction set – набір команд
with 8-, 16-bit word lengths – з довжиною слова 8 і 16 біт
mini (s) – мінікомп’ютер (и)
much larger primary memory sizes – пам’ять значно (набагато)
більших розмірів
display unit – тип дисплея
secondary storage – вторинна пам’ять
other peripherals – інша периферія
to evolve – розвиватися
to be in use – використовуватися, знаходитись в експлуатації
capable of multitasking – можуть виконувати багато завдань
automobile emission control system – автомобільна система
керування уприскуванням
TV game attachment – телевізійна ігрова приставка
home and hobby computer market – ринок домашніх і аматорських комп’ютерів
10. Read and translate:
TEXT B
MICROCOMPUTERS
The early 1970s saw the birth of the microcomputer. The central processor of the micro, called the microprocessor, is built as a
single semiconductor device; that is, the thousands of individual cir-
UNIT 1. TEXT EDITOR MICROSOFT WORD. MICROCOMPUTERS 131
cuit elements necessary to perform all the logical and arithmetic functions of a computer are manufactured as a single chip. A complete
microcomputer system is composed of a microprocessor, a memory
and peripheral equipment. The processor, memory and electronic
controls for the peripheral equipment are usually put together on a
single or on a few printed circuit boards. Systems using microprocessors can be hooked up together to do the work that until recently
only minicomputer systems were capable of doing. Micros generally
have somewhat simpler and less flexible instruction set than minis,
and are typically much slower. Different micros are available with
8-, 16-bit word lengths, and some new ones use 32-bit chips. Similarly, minis are available with word lengths up to 32 bits. Although
minis can be equipped with much larger primary memory sizes,
micros are becoming more powerful and converging with minicomputer technology.
The extremely low price of micros has opened up entirely new
areas of application for computers. Only 20 years or so ago, a central
processing unit of medium capability was sold for a few hundred
thousand dollars (U.S.), and now some microprocessors are sold for
as cheaply as $10. Of course, by the time you have a usable microcomputer system, the price will be somewhere between $200 and
$5000 depending on the display unit, secondary storage, and whatever other peripherals are needed.
The available range of microcomputer systems is evolving more
rapidly than minicomputers. Because of their incredibly low price, it
is now possible to use only a small fraction of the computer’s capability in a particular system application and still be far ahead financially of any other way of getting the job done. Thousands of industrial robots are in use today, and the number is growing very rapidly
as this relatively new industry improves the price and performance of
its products by using the latest microcomputers.
Microcomputer software is developing rapidly and it now covers a tremendous range of applications. As well as data processing,
software can also be written for specialized tasks even as complex as
navigating rockets. Some modern micros are even capable of multitasking. In addition to their extensive use in control systems of all
types, they are destined for many new uses from more complex cal-
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
culators to automobile engine operation and medical diagnostics.
They are already used in automobile emission control systems and
are the basis of many TV game attachments. There is also a rapidly
growing market for personal computers whose application potential
in education is only just beginning to be exploited. It would seem that
the limits for microcomputer applications have by no means been
reached. There are those who predict that the home and hobby computer markets, and the education market, will grow into multibillion dollar enterprises within a decade or so. It would also appear
that performance of microprocessors could increase tenfold while
prices for micros could decrease as much.
11. Answer the questions:
1. When was the microcomputer born?
2. The microprocessor is built as a single semiconductor device,
isn’t it? Prove your statement.
3. What is a complete microcomputer system composed of?
4. Have micros simpler and less flexible instruction set than
minis?
5. What has opened up entirely new areas of application for
computers?
6. What does a price of micros depend on?
7. The available range of microcomputer systems is evolving
more rapidly than minicomputers, isn’t it. Give your reasons.
8. What specialized tasks can software also be written for?
9. Where are modern micros used?
10.Do you predict that the home and hobby computer markets
and the education market will grow into multi-billion dollar
enterprises within a decade or so? Give your reasons.
12. Which statement corresponds the main idea of the text best?
a) Microcomputers will be everywhere in the future.
b) There is no limit to what microcomputers can do.
c) A microcomputer is composed of a microprocessor, a memory
and peripheral equipment, it has instruction sets.
d) Microcomputers are far superior to minicomputers.
UNIT 1. TEXT EDITOR MICROSOFT WORD. MICROCOMPUTERS 133
13. Find synonyms in the text to these words:
named
quickly
to join
play
usually
to consider
14. Find antonyms in the text to the following words:
lately
uncapable
rough
weak
seldom
high
15. Fill in the blanks with necessary words and prepositions:
1. Micros have somewhat simpler and less flexible ... sets than
minis, and are typically much ... .
2. Micros are the ... of many TV game ....
3. Different micros are available with 8-, 16-bit... lengths.
16. Translate into English:
1. Тисячі окремих схемних елементів, необхідних для виконання логічних і арифметичних операцій, виготовляються
як один кристал (чіп).
2. Процесор, пам’ять і електронне керування периферійним
обладнанням зазвичай розміщуються разом на одній чи декількох друкованих платах.
3. Системи, які використовують мікрокомп’ютери, можуть
бути зв’язані одна з одною для виконання того, на що до
цього часу були здатні тільки мінікомп’ютерні системи.
4. Мікрокомп’ютери стають більш потужними і перехрещуються багато в чому з технологією мінікомп’ютерів.
5. Мікрокомп’ютерні системи розвиваються швидше ніж мінікомп’ютерні.
6. Відносно нова галузь промисловості покращує показники
ціни і параметри своєї продукції через використання найновіших мікрокомп’ютерів.
7. Можна створити програмне забезпечення не лише для обробки даних, але і для спеціальних завдань, наприклад, таких як управління ракетами.
8. Постійно розширюється ринок персональних комп’ютерів.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
9. Складається враження, що межі застосування мікрокомп’ютерів ще не досягнуті.
10. Деякі вважають, що протягом десяти років ринок
комп’ютерів перетвориться у багатомільярдне підприємство.
11. Можливо, продуктивність мікропроцесорів збільшиться
у десятки разів, в той час як ціна на них настільки ж зменшиться.
17. Read the text carefully and complete the tasks that follow.
Today’s Technology
Today’s technology includes PCs, minicomputers, microcomputers, and mainframe computers.
A personal computer (PC) is the smallest and the least expensive class of computers. PCs became available in the late 1970s. By
the early 1980s, their speed, memory capacity, and reliability had improved to the point where they could handle real accounting and
managerial tasks. Microcomputers brought automated accounting
within the reach of even the smallest organization. The computer has
proven itself to be extremely useful to small businesses.
The first home personal computers appeared in 1981. They began to steadily and rapidly increase in speed and power while becoming more compact and more user-friendly from the early 1980’s on.
From the start of the decade to today, PCs in the home have become
immensely popular. They have increased their role from professional
and business machines to entertainment educational tools.
Minicomputers are more powerful, more expensive, and accept
more programming languages than microcomputers, but they are not
as large, expensive, or powerful as mainframe computers. Many
small or medium-size businesses are choosing minicomputers instead
of mainframes when they need more power than PCs because minicomputers are easier to use and more able to network with PCs.
Microcomputers are cheaper and provide a more flexible and
reliable system. The microcomputers can be operated as standalone
machines or can be networked into a single system. Microcomputers
have become popular for accounting purposes and offer many advantages over larger machines. On the other hand, the control prob-
UNIT 1. TEXT EDITOR MICROSOFT WORD. MICROCOMPUTERS 135
lems have not yet all been solved, and many large organizations continue to use midrange or mainframe computers for their business
functions.
Portable, and notebook computers are successive generations of
computers that can be carried around. Considerable progress has been
made over the last 10 years to make computers smaller and lighter,
while preserving useful processing power and storage capacity. All of
these small computers are attractive to accountants, managers, economists and other business people because they can be operated on
aircraft, in automobiles and motel rooms, and, most importantly, in
clients’ offices. For example, many auditors carry small computers
with them to provide the information processing capability.
Mainframes are the largest, fastest, and most expensive class of
computers. (Supercomputers are the largest, fastest, and most expensive of the mainframes.) Mainframes are used for information processing in large businesses.
Rank microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers according to their cost, speed of processing, and capacity:
cost (least to most):___________________________________
speed of processing (slowest to fastest):___________________
capability (least to most):______________________________
Match the terms with their definitions:
1. artifiial intelligence a) a computer whose capacity, speed, and
cost fall between those of microcomputers
and mainframes
2. microcomputer
b) raw facts and figures
3. minicomputer
c) the construction and programming of
computers to imitate human thought processes
4. mainframe
d) a meaningful, useful interpretation of data
5. supercomputer
e) the smallest, slowest, least expensive form
of a computer available today
6. data
f) the largest, fastest, most expensive form of
a computer available today
136
7. information
PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
g) a computer whose capacity, speed, and
cost fall between those of minicomputers
and supercomputers
18. Discuss the development of micros in the form of a dialogue.
19. Speak on the topic “History of Microcomputers”.
20. Read, trastlate, review the text. Answer the questions below it.
The Richest Man in the World
Everyone has heard of Bill Gates, the icon of American business and the richest man in the world.
Microsoft, the business he started with a friend in 1975, has become the world’s largest computer software company. Although the
company is in big trouble today – the US government has broken it
up – experts say it will remain successful.
Bill Gates was born on the 28th of October, 1955, in Seattle,
USA. Seattle was once famous for producing Boeing aircraft, but is
now better known as the home of Microsoft. From his parents Bill
got a good business sense and a quick mind. His father is a lawyer
and his late mother was a teacher and then a company director.
At school Bill soon showed that he was very intelligent. His favourite subjects were Maths and Science. At 13 he got interested in
computers. Bill Gates and his friend Paul Allen were soon spending
all their time writing programmes and learning about computers instead of doing their homework.
After finishing school in 1973, Bill went to Harvard, America’s
most famous university. Most of the time he worked on the computers in the university laboratory. The next year, he and Paul Allen
wrote an operating programme for the Altair, one of the world’s first
microcomputers. Bill knew, even then, that he would revolutionize
the world of computing and he left Harvard before finishing his studies.
The two friends started Microsoft in 1975, and very soon it became a business success.
In 1980, Gates bought a small company which produced an operating system called DOS. He made some changes to it and renamed
UNIT 1. TEXT EDITOR MICROSOFT WORD. MICROCOMPUTERS 137
it MS-DOS. He sold the rights to use this system to IBM. Since 1980
MS-DOS has been the standard operating system for all PCs. Microsoft has also developped such well-known programmes as Windows, Excel and Internet Explorer.
Bill’s dream is to computerize everything – TVs, telephones,
lights, even the way you cook dinner...
One reason for his success is that Bill has always been very ambitious and hard-working.
This hasn’t left him much time for a normal personal life, but in
1994 he married Melinda French, a Microsoft employee. The couple
has two children: a daughter, born in 1996, and a son, born in 1999.
Bill Gates has written two books, The Road Ahead (1995) and Business and the Speed of Thought (1999). Both books are best-sellers.
Bill hasn’t got much free time, but when he has a chance he
likes playing golf and bridge. He is also fond of reading about science.
For such a rich person, his life is simple, and he spends very little on himself. When it comes to helping others, though, Gates is very
generous. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has already given
$300 million to charity, and he says he plans to give away almost all
of his wealth when he retires.
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is Bill Gates?
What were his parents?
What was Seattle famous for?
What kind of pupil and person was Bill Gates? Prove your
statements.
5. Where and when was he born?
6. Why didn’t Bill do his homework in time?
7. What plans did he have while studying at Harvard?
8. What programmes has Microsoft developed?
9. Where did Bill’s wife work?
10.Did you read both books of his?
11.What will Gates do with his wealth when retires?
138
PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
21. Give 3 forms of the verbs:
to hear, to start, to become, to remain, to break, to produce, to
spend, to learn, to start, to retire.
22. Give plural forms of the nouns and explain the rules of pronunciation:
a computer, a school, a university, a man, an icon, world, software, a company, an aircraft, a laboratory, study, success, a change,
dream, life, a chance, a best-seller, a bridge, wealth, charity, a business.
23. Revise the words and word combinations. Read the text and answer the questions below it. Then retell the text.
to involve – стосуватися, торкатися
PC market – ринок ПК
to carry out – виконувати
to extend – розширюватися, збільшуватися
to release – випускати
graphics interface – графічний інтерфейс
to supply – поставляти, постачати
word processing – текстовий редактор
networking – організація/створення мереж; об’єднання в мережу; підключення до мережі
shareholder – акціонер; пайовик, власник акцій
Microsoft Company
Paul Allen and Bill Gates founded the company in 1975.
Microsoft is best-known American company involved in software production. Microsoft’s wealth and power is growing up for
years. It is a giant company. Microsoft’s $25 billion market value
tops that of Ford, General Motors.
Some time ago, Microsoft dominated the PC market with its
MS-DOS operating system, the basic software that let the computer
understand your commands and carry them out, appeared in the beginning of 80s. MS-DOS ran on 90 percent of the worlds IBM and
IBM-clone computers. Then, Microsoft has extended that presence
with releasing of Windows, which is probably the most important
UNIT 1. TEXT EDITOR MICROSOFT WORD. MICROCOMPUTERS 139
and popular operating system in the World. And now it dominates the
market.
Firstly, Microsoft released Windows ’95 in 1995. It was a
graphics interface environment that ran on top of MS-DOS and replaced DOS in future versions. Then, Microsoft released Windows
’98, Windows NT, Windows Millennium, Windows 2000 and Windows XP.
Microsoft also supplies about 50 percent of the world's software applications. Among them, there are three well-known Office
Packs; they are also called Microsoft Office programs such as Excel
(spreadsheets), Microsoft Word (word processing), Access (data bases) and Outlook Express (e-mail). There were releases in 1997,
2000, and 2002, when appeared Microsoft Office XP. Microsoft is
also in the market of networking, multimedia and even books. And
as an early supporter of the Macintosh computer, Microsoft virtually
owns the Mac application market.
It has been calculated that Microsoft controls 80-85% of the entire PC software industry. The company has hundreds of products and
thousands of employees, making it one of the largest companies.
Many of the company’s shareholders are now millionaires and a few
including Bill Gates and Paul Allen are billionaires. Microsoft is no
doubt the fastest growing company in the PC software industry.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Who founded the company?
When was Microsoft founded?
What does the company produce?
What was the first Microsoft operating system that dominated
the PC market?
5. How many Windows operating systems did Microsoft release?
6. Is it a rich company?
7. Does the company dominate the PC market?
24. Read and review the texts:
TEXT 1
The “Brain” of the Computer
There are quite a few ways to get information into the
computer. Once the information is there what does the computer do
140
PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
with it? You already know the answer: The computer process it. But
how?
Instructions from the keyboard and from other forms of input –
such as a program – go to the central processing unit, or CPU. The
CPU interprets and follows instructions, and sends the results of its
work to the user, to the computer’s memory, or to both.
Since the CPU is so important, and its speed is so remarkable,
you might picture it as being very large. In fact, it can be tiny. The
CPU in a microcomputer may be no larger than a thumbnail! It is the
unit that people in a data-processing department are talking about
when they refer to “the computer”.
Chips and Circuits
A chip is a thin wafer, about a quarter of an inch square, that
plugs into a board in the computer. Most chips are made of silicon,
which is a common, nonmetalic element found in the earth’s crust,
most often in sand. Because of this, they are frequently called silicon
chips.
A single silicon chip can be the entire central processing unit of
a microcomputer. When it is, the CPU is called a microprocessor.
Even if several chips perform all the processing, the word
microprocessor is often used to refer to the CPU.
Each chip has an integrated circuit. An electrical circuit, as you
may know, is a path through which electricity flows. An integrated
circuit consists of thousands upon thousands of tiny, interconnected
electrical circuits.
You may wonder how all those circuits get on a wafer not much
bigger than the head of a thumbtack. The answer is contained in a big
word: miniaturization.
TEXT 2
The Power of Programs
If you were going to build a bookcase, you’d follow a step-bystep plan. First, you’d decide exactly what sort of bookcase you
wanted: its length, width and number of shelves. Once your design
was set, you’d gather your tools and supplies and get started. When
you finished, you’d check your work carefully and make any needed
changes.
UNIT 1. TEXT EDITOR MICROSOFT WORD. MICROCOMPUTERS 141
Programming a computer – giving it a set of instructions to follow – has a lot in common with building that bookcase. To write a
program, you begin by deciding exactly what task you want to accomplish. Then you work on developing and refining program. You
don’t use carpentry tools, of course. Instead, you use a programming
tool: the computer.
Do you want to play a computer game? Use a computer to write
a story? Turn your computer into a piano or a drawing pad? You can
do all these. But …
For a computer to do something – anything – it must have a set
of instructions. Without instructions the computer is as useless as a
phonograph without a record. You can buy instructions for the computer in the form of computer software, such as a game or a wordprocessing program, or you can create your own instructions.
Creating instructions for the computer is called writing a computer program, or programming. Writing even simple programs can
help you to understand better how a computer and computer software
work.
Programming can also be a very exciting hobby. Many students
go on to create complicated programs as a hobby. Some students
even turn their hobbies into jobs.
Whether or not you go on to develop a hobby or a career as a programmer, you should enjoy being in charge of the computer as you
learn about programming.
25. Discuss with your classmates:
1. Functions of Microsoft Word.
2. Microsoft’s power is growing up for years.
3. You are at the conference. Your report is “Modern Micros.”
4. Today’s attempts to automate the office.
5. What is the “brain” of the computer? Why?
6. Power of programming.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
UNIT 2
COMPUTERS IN BISINESS
1. Read aloud and memorize. Activate the words and word combinations in your sentences:
to put data – розміщувати дані
to give instructions – давати інструкції
preparation of payrolls – підготовка відомостей (на грошове
утримування)
inventory control – інвентаризаційний контроль
warehousing – складування товару
distribution operations – операції щодо розподілу
customer accounting – розрахунок з клієнтoм
Head Buyer – начальник відділу постачання магазина
to adopt methods – упроваджувати методи
terminal – термінал
to feed the information into the computer – завантажувати, закладати інформацію в комп’ютер
to date – вираховувати, обчислювати, підраховувати
2. Read and translate:
TEXT A
MODERN COMPUTER OPERATIONS
The computer industry is one of the largest in western countries
and especially in the USA. It includes companies that manufacture,
sell and lease computers, as well as companies that supply products
and services for people working with computers.
A computer cannot think. A human operator puts data into the
computer and gives instructions. The operator writes instructions
which determine the mathematical operations on information. A computer solves mathematical problems very rapidly. Traditionally, the
computer in business is used to process data. This involves different
administrative functions such as preparation of payrolls, inventory
control in manufacturing, warehousing and distribution operations, customer accounting, billing by banks, insurance companies,
public utilities and mass circulation magazines. Now the computer
takes on new kinds of jobs. It has become more involved in business
UNIT 2. COMPUTERS IN BISINESS
143
operations as an essential tool in making decisions at the highest administrative level.
3. Answer the questions:
1. What does the computer industry include?
2. In what way does a computer operate?
3. How is the computer traditionally used in business?
4. What new kinds of jobs is the computer taking on?
4. Give 3 forms of the verbs:
to sell, to lease, to include, to manufacture, to supply, to solve,
to involve, to bill.
5. Make up your own sentences using the following words and word
combinations:
to sell
to lease
to supply products
to supply services
to write instruction
to solve problems
in business
to make decisions
at the highest administrative level
6. Activate the word combinations in your own situations:
to put data
to give instructions
to solve mathematical problems
to feed the information into the computer
preparation of payrolls
to process data
inventory control
distribution operations
customer accounting
7. Choose the necessary word from the list below and put it in the
sentence:
1. Distribution operations, preparation of payroll are ... functions
that the computer performs for business.
2. Computer is programmed to ... fast and accurately.
3. If a small company cannot afford to buy a computer, it can ...
the services of computer.
4. A programmer feeds the ... into the computer.
5. Many companies use the computers for their... .
6. A computer solves problems by ... information.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
(process data, lease, inventory control, processing, administrative, data and instructions)
8. Read and translate the dialogue:
Simona and Berg work in a large supermarket. Berg is the
Manager and Simona is the Head Buyer.
Berg:
I’m so glad you had this business trip. I also would have
liked to go but it’s a problem for me to get away. Tell me
everything about your business trip.
Simona: It was really great, Berg. It was worth looking over the operations of the store. It’s very well organized and I believe
we should consider adopting some of the methods
Berg:
Is it really so?
Simona: Absolutely, Berg, their computer system is remarkable.
Berg:
Can you tell me more about it?
Simona: Oh, sure. First, they’ve replaced their cash registers with
special terminals.
Berg:
What for?
Simona: They record on tape the department number, classification
of items, amount of sale and name of salesclerk for each
sale.
Berg:
Do you think we really need all that information on tape?
Simona: We put on the same information on our sales checks.
Berg:
Yes, but in cases of exchanges we need to know all that.
Simona: And for other things too.
Berg:
Well?
Simona: For inventory control, for example. During the night, the
tapes containing the information are fed into the computer.
Berg:
And then what?
Simona: Every morning the computer prepares reports on the sales
of the day before, classified by department and buyer.
Berg:
So, it is possible to have almost instant records.
Simona: You are right. The inventory is kept up to date automatically. Imagine, how efficient we could be.
Berg:
It is great. But I think with the help of the computer we
could offer more personal services to our customers.
UNIT 2. COMPUTERS IN BISINESS
145
Simona: What do you mean?
Berg:
Having such up-to-date records and complete inventory
we could keep records of birthdays and anniversaries and
have gift suggestions based on customer records, and a
million of other things.
Simona: Don’t hurry. Let’s get going on first things first.
9. Complete the sentences:
1. The computer industry includes … .
2. The computer in business is used for … .
3. They’ve replaced their … .
4. They record on tape the department number … .
5. The computer prepares reports … .
6. With the help of the computer we could … .
7. Having such up-to-date records and complete inventory we
could ….
10. Change the sentences according to the model.
Model: It was worth looking over the operations of the supermarket.
It was worth looking them over.
1. They picked out the new merchandise.
2. They talked over the new software.
3. The manager tried out new sales checks.
4. She filled out the payroll form.
5. They look down the statistical data.
6. She put off her work.
7. He had to look over the new programme.
11. Translate into English:
1. Деякі компанії не виробляють і не продають комп’ютери,
а здають їх на прокат.
2. Програміст закладає дані в комп’ютер.
3. У бізнесі комп’ютер використовується для обробки даних.
4. Програмне забезпечення дуже дороге.
5. Комп’ютер допомагає приймати рішення на вищому адміністративному рівні.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
6. Комп’ютер використовується для здійснення багатьох
адміністративних функцій, підготовки відомостей, інвентаризаційного контролю, складування товару, операцій
щодо розподілу, розрахунків з клієнтами.
7. Компанії надають послуги людям, які працюють з
комп’ютерами.
12. Retell the dialogue from Exercise 8:
a) in the person of Berg
b) in the person of Simona
13. Read the text carefully and answer the questions below it:
The Role of Computers in Business
When first developed, computers were not used in business. It
was not until the late 1950s and early 1960s that computers began to
be used to organize, store, process, and present vast amounts of business information. In 1954 the first business application of a computer
system was made for the processing of payroll. There has been a rapid increase of computer usage into almost every aspect of business:
factory production, inventory control, warehousing and distribution,
record-keeping, and even assistance in problem-solving and decisionmaking.
By performing data processing tasks such as accounting and
billing, computers are playing an increasingly important role in business.
Computers handle large amounts of data rapidly and can efficiently categorize, process, and report information for a variety of
business operations. Computers, in fact, have a virtually unlimited
capacity for processing business data. However, since computers
cannot think, their role in business is limited to those areas in which
they can process information more effectively and efficiently than
human beings.
The introduction of new computer technology changes the way
businesses compute. First there was centralized computing. Single
mainframes were the centre of the computerized firm. Then came the
PCs that led to a second form of computing: segmented computing.
Each computer performed different activities independently without
interaction with a central system. The PCs had no way of accessing
UNIT 2. COMPUTERS IN BISINESS
147
data stored in a central system other than to re-enter the data on the
individual PCs. This quickly led to the third form of computing: networked computing. PCs are connected to a central computer called a
“host” machine. Data can be transferred from host to PC or vice versa. This saves time and improves efficiency. A computer network is a
group of interconnected computer systems at different locations that
are able to exchange information. The latest in computer networks
are “networks of networks”. Telecommunications advancements such
as the Internet have shown themselves to be extremely useful in business. Using fibre-optic cables, business people may be linked by a
nation wide network of “information superhighways.”
Networks are usually divided into two categories. Local area
networks, or LANs, transmit data throughout a building or sometimes
a number of neighboring buildings. Enterprise networking ties together multiple firms. Producers are able to share their information
with suppliers as quickly as their managers get it. Similarly, manufacturers will be able to share information with distributors rapidly. A
major problem here involves the secrecy and protection of information. Wide area networks (WAN) transmit data from one city or
one country to another.
Electronic funds transfer (EFT) allows organizations to transfer money from one location to another. Financial institutions are the
biggest users of EFT systems, but other organizations also use them
extensively. Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows organizations
to communicate electronically with vendors, customers, and other
parties. A company may send electronic purchase orders to its vendors and receive electronic orders from its customers.
So, computers have become an integral part of day-today business transactions as well as analytic tools for long-range planning,
research, and development. Even a small business can utilize computers by either purchasing a small unit known as a minicomputer,
leasing one, or by time-sharing. In a time-sharing system, each user is
regularly scheduled for time to use the computer system. A wide variety of businesses and individuals participate in time-sharing computer systems.
1. When were computers first used in business?
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
2. What was the first business application of a computer system?
3. What are some aspects of business in which computer systems are used?
4. What capacities do computers have?
5. What can computers do efficiently?
6. Why is the role of computers in business not unlimited?
7. How does a time-sharing computer system operate? What
personal experience have you had using a computer on a
time-sharing basis?
8. If you owned a small business and needed computer time,
would you purchase a minicomputer, lease one, or participate
in a time-sharing system? Explain your reasons for making
this choice.
9. Why does a business need to manage information as a resource?
14. Read and translate the text. Then complete the task that follows.
Software in Business
Many small businesses use computers for accounting, inventory
control, payroll, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and so forth.
Business people most frequently use software for five major purposes:
1. writing (word processors),
2. manipulating numbers (spreadsheets),
3. filing and retrieving data (database),
4. presenting information visually (graphics)
5. communicating.
Using a word processing program, you can correct errors or revise your text quickly and easily. With an automated dictionary, you
can check your text for spelling errors and select the correct spelling
quickly.
Businesses use word processors to increase office productivity.
Standardized letters can be personalized quickly, documents can be
updated by changing only the outdated text and leaving the rest intact, and contract forms can be revised to meet the stipulation of specific customers.
UNIT 2. COMPUTERS IN BISINESS
149
A spreadsheet program is simply the electronic equivalent of an
accountant’s worksheet. A spreadsheet is a table made up of rows and
columns which enables a manager to organize information.
Database programs allow to work with information one normally keep in lists: names and addresses, schedules, inventories, and
so forth. Simple commands allow to add new information, change incorrect information, and delete out-of-date or unnecessary information. Most programs have features that let print only certain information, arrange records in the order you want them, and change
the way information is displayed. Using database programs one can
create reports with exactly the information you want and the way you
want the information to appear.
Computer graphics programs can use data from spreadsheets to
visually summarize information by drawing bar graphs, pie charts,
and line charts.
Communications software makes it possible for different brands
of computers to transfer data into each other. These programs enable
a computer to exchange files with other computers, retrieve information from databases, and send and receive electronic mail (messages by computer).
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the list given below:
Computer _____ consists of a computer, a monitor, a keyboard,
a printer, and their connections. The _____ contains the various
_____ you run on your computer. The most common programs used
in business are those for _____ (writing letters, documents, etc.),
_____ (for budgets and financial analysis), _____ (for keeping names
and addresses of customers), _____ (for bookkeeping), _____ programs (for drawing charts, etc.), _____ (for electronic mail), and
_____ (for producing manuals, catalogues, etc.). The operator _____
the information which can be _____ and _____ at a later date.
Most businesses nowadays use _____ , or PCs, which are often
linked together in a local _____ . This is a big change from the days
when time had to be rented on a _____ . Nowadays these are only
used by very large businesses, universities, or Government departments. The two most popular types of computers currently are those
of IBM and Apple (the Macintosh). It was IBM who set the standard
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
for the PC which others later imitated. That is why, to be able to use
the widest range of software, a computer has to be _____ .
hardware
desktop publishing programs
communications programs
personal computers
mainframe computer
database management programs
saved
network
spreadsheets
software
retrieved
graphics
programs
IBM compatible
word processing
keys in / types in
accounting programs
15. Learn the words:
dimly – невиразно
predominantly – переважно
payment for goods– плата за товари
to obtain – отримувати
purchase – купівля
at jet speed – зі швидкістю реактивного двигуна, з реактивною швидкістю
merchant – торговець, купець
to decline – відхиляти
to approve – схвалювати; затверджувати
cardholder – власник картки
transaction, deal – угода
reward – винагорода
circulation – циркуляція, обіг
to warn, to alert – попереджати, застерігати
excessive – надмірний
16. Read and translate:
TEXT B
IN THE BANK
In a large, dimly lighted room with acoustic walls and ceilings
to deaden sound, about fifty operators – predominantly women – are
sitting at a battery of monitors with a keyboard beneath each. It is
here that holders of the blue, green, and gold credit cards are given or
refused credit.
UNIT 2. COMPUTERS IN BISINESS
151
When a card is presented anywhere in payment for goods or
services, the place of business can accept the card without question if
the amount is below an agreed limit, usually between twenty-five and
fifty dollars. For a larger purchase, authorization is needed, though it
takes only seconds to obtain.
The approval procedures move at jet speed. From whereever
they are, merchants and others dial directly to the credit-card processing center of the bank. Automatically each call is routed to a free
operator, whose first words are, “What is your merchant number?”
As soon as the answer has been given, the operator types the figures,
which appeares simultaneously on the monitor. Next she askes the
card number and amount of credit being bought. They are also typed
and displayed.
The operator presses the key, feeding the information to a computer, which instanly signals “accepted” or “declined”. The first
means that credit is good and the purchase has been approved, the
second that the cardholder is delinquent and credit has been cut off.
The operator informs the merchant, the computer records the transaction. On a normal day fifteen thousand calls come in.
Sometimes a monitor flashes a message from the computer –
“stolen card”. In this situation an operator, speaking calmly, as
trained, has to answer, “The card presented to you has been reported
as stolen. If possible, detain the person presenting it and call police.
Retain the card. The bank will pay you thirty dollars reward for its
return.”
Storekeepers are usually pleased at the prospect to get an easy
thirty dollars. For the bank it is also a good deal, since the card, left
in circulation, can be used fraudulently for a much greater total
amount.
But this system works well only when the bank has got the information and can program the computer. Unfortunately most of the
defrauding happens before a missing card is reported. To avoid this
the computer also warns the operators about excessive purchasing:
when a cardholder makes ten or more purchases during a single
day, the computer alerts an operator. Since an ordinary cardholder
never makes more than six or eight purchases a day, a card showing
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
more than normal use may be fraudulent, even though the owner
might be unaware of its loss.
However, despite all the warning systems, a lost or stolen card,
if used cautiously, is still good for twenty thousand dollars’ worth of
fraudulent purchases in the week or so during which most stolen
cards stayed unreported.
Moreover, there are devices used by criminals to decide whether a stolen card can be used again or if it is hot. A favorite is to pay a
waiter twenty-five dollars to check a card out. He can get the answer
easily by consulting a weekly confidencial warning list issued by the
credit card company to merchants and restaurants.
17. Answer the questions:
1. How many operators are sitting in the room of the credit-card
processing center?
2. Where are holders of credit cards given or refused credit?
3. When is authorization needed? How long does it take to obtain?
4. What questions does a free operator ask merchants or others
who dial directly to the credit-processing center of the bank?
5. What do “accepted” and “declined” mean?
6. How many calls come in daily?
7. What are they supposed to answer in the situation when the
computer is flashing the “stolen card” message?
8. What reward does a storekeeper get for retaining a stolen
card?
9. How many purchases does an odinary cardholder make during a single day?
10. When does the computer alert an operator?
11. What do criminals do to decide if a stolen card can be used
again?
18. Transform the adverbs into adjectives and translate them:
dimly, directly, simultaneously, instantly, usually, fraudulently,
unfortunately, cautiously, easily, confidentially, automatically, calmly.
UNIT 2. COMPUTERS IN BISINESS
153
19. Complete using the sentences from the text. Make up your our
examples.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
However … .
Moreover … .
To avoid this … .
Next … .
If it is … .
Sometimes … .
Despite … .
20. Translate the words and word combinations into English and
activate them in your own situations:
картку викрадено
робити покупку
гарна угода
фірма з випуску кредитних карток
запустити інформацію записувати угоду
приймати картку
у такій ситуації
вільний оператор
приймати дзвінки
бути в обігу
отримувати інформацію на моніторі
далі
виплатити винагороду за повернення
у звичайний день
запускати
винагорода за
не знати про витрати
предоставити картку для
оплати товарів та послуг
21. Complete the disjunctive questions:
1. The computer also warns the operators about excessive purchasing, … .
2. The bank will pay you thirty dollars reward for its return, … .
3. The bank can program the computer, … .
4. The operator informs the merchant, … .
5. For a large purchase, automatization is needed, … .
6. He can get the answer easily, … .
22. Form the Participle II of the verbs and think of word combinations with them:
to approve, to accept, to record, to flash, to present, to report, to
steal, to leave, to miss, to alert, to use, to pay, to get, to issue.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
23. Choose the correct form of the verb and translate the sentences:
1. They (explained, were explained) how to solve this problem
on a computer. 2. The sequence of reasonable operations (has been
performed, has performed) by the computer. 3. These digits (are multiplied, multiply) easily. 4. The experiments on the new computer
(were carrying out, were being carried out) during the whole month.
5. The sequence of reasonable operations (is carrying out, is being
carried out) by this computer now. 6. Many books on computers (had
been translated, had translated) into Ukrainian by the end of last year.
7. By means of instruction any computer (will tell, will be told) what
operations to perform. 8. Your scientific article “An educated man
and the computer” (will be published, will publish) by the end of the
year.
24. Put questions to the underlined words:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Each call is routed to a free operator.
Card numbers are typed and displayed.
Holders are given or refused credit.
As soon as the answer has been given, the operator types the
figures.
5. The card has been reported as stolen.
25. Act out dialogues between an operator of the bank and a cardholder, whose card has been stolen. Use the conversational phrases
you have learned before.
26. Retell the text “In the Bank” as:
a) you are an operator in the bank
b) your relative works as an operator
27. Read, translate and review the texts:
TEXT 1
Formatting a Document
Before you print your document, you can choose how you want
it to look on paper. This is called formatting. Some word-processing
programs ask you to do this before you start writing. Others wait until
you are ready to print your document and then give you a list of
UNIT 2. COMPUTERS IN BISINESS
155
choices. The instructions that you use to tell the computer how to
print your document are called formatting commands.
What are some of the choices that you have for formatting text?
Most word-processing programs allow you to adjust the line spacing
on your document. That means that you can select the amount of
empty space between printed lines. You can print your document
using either single-spaced or double spaced text.
Single-spaced text looks like the type that you are reading now.
Double-spaced text looks like the type that you are reading
now.
Some programs allow you to print your document using triplespaced text as well. You can also choose how much of a margin you
want between your writing and the edges of the paper.
Some word-processing programs have a formatting command
that prints justified lines. Justified lines form straight margins on both
sides of this paper. For example, the text in this book is justified, but
the text in this paragraph is not justified.
Printing a Document
Your word processor and printer work together to carry out
formatting commands. Some printers are capable of performing more
formatting functions then others. For example, your word-processing
program may allow you to print italic type, but if your printer can’t
produce italic type, the command is useless. The reverse is also true.
A printer can’t produce italic type if it’s hooked up to wordprocessing program that won’t allow it.
There are many different kinds of printers. The two most
common types for word processing are dot-matrix printer and letterquality printers.
A dot-matrix printer forms characters.
TEXT 2
Computers in Business, Industry, and Agriculture
Computers have revolutionized the business world. As the cost
of computer technology has decreased, more and more businesses
have “gone computer”. Computers are no longer limited to factories,
banks, and big corporations. Small companies, retail stores, law
firms, employment agencies, supermarkets, and even many farms
now use computers, in fact, according to a recent study, by 1990 four
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
out of every five workers will be using a computer as part of their
jobs.
Computers in the Office
In large and small offices alike secretaries use word processing
to write letters and reports. Managers switch on their desktop
computer to help them prepare spreadsheets and graphics displays.
Accountants and bookkeepers use computer power to help them
manage company finances.
Computer systems are used to manage company records, to
send electronic mail and to tie into data banks. Electronic networks
link computer users who are located in the same building or across
the country.
Robots and other Manufacturing Uses
Computers serve a broad range of manufacturing purposes. For
example, if you were a supervisor in a large factory, you might have з
computerized control system to help you keep track of continuously
running machinery.
Computers are also used to monitor the temperature and
pressure of production processes. For example, in a chemical plant or
power generation station, computers may be connected to regulating
devices. If the temperature or pressure rises or fails too much, the
computer instantly signals the regulating device. The device then
makes the needed adjustment – automatically.
28. Discuss with your classmates:
1. Make a speech in favour of modern electronic equipment
(personal computers, electronic printing aids). Why can’t a
modern enterprise do without them?
2. The technological development of computer hardware and
software has affected the modern world in numerous ways.
Business is one of the areas in which the effect has been the
greatest.
3. Computers in the bank.
4. Characterize the computer applications for business.
5. What do you know about formatting a document?
6. What features do computers provide to business that make
them useful?
UNIT 2. COMPUTERS IN BISINESS
157
7. If you were the manager of a small business, what computer
would you purchase? What factors would influence your decision?
8. The role of computers in industry and agriculture.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
UNIT 3
COMPUTER REVOLUTION
1. Learn the words and word combinations. Then read and translate the text:
to release – випускати (нову продукцію)
to follow the stockmarket – слідкувати за рівнем цін на біржі
bank account – банківський рахунок
“neural network” – нейронна мережа
Silicon Valley – Сіліконова Долина (центр комп’ютерної індустрії, розміщений в районі Сан-Франциско, Каліфорнія)
TEXT A
COMPUTER REVOLUTION
50 years ago, people hadn’t even heard of computers, and today
we cannot imagine life without them.
Computer technology is the fastest-growing industry in the
world. The first computer was the size of a minibus and weighed a
ton. Today, its job can be done by a chip the size of a pin head. And
the revolution is still going on.
Very soon we’ll have computers that we’ll wear on our wrists
or even in our glasses and earrings. Such wearable computers are being developed in the USA.
Japan’s biggest mobile-phone company has just released its
cleverest product so far, the i-mode, a mobile phone that allows you
to surf the Internet as well as make calls. People are already using the
phone to check the news headlines, follow the stockmarket and
download the latest jokes. Soon they will be able to buy cinema tickets and manage their bank accounts.
The next generation of computers will be able to talk and even
think for themselves. They will contain electronic “neural networks”. Of course, they’ll be still a lot simpler than human brains,
but it will be a great step forward. Such computers will help to diagnose illnesses, find minerals, understand and control the world’s
money markets, identify criminals and control space travel.
Computer revolution is changing our life and our language, too.
We are constantly making up new words or giving new meanings to
UNIT 3. COMPUTER REVOLUTION
159
old ones. Most of computer terms are born in Silicon Valley, the
world’s top computer-science centre.
2. Answer the questions:
1. Can we imagine our life without computers nowadays?
2. What is the difference between the first and the last computer?
3. What kinds of computers will be available soon?
4. What product has Japan’s mobile-phone company released?
5. How do people use the phone?
6. What will contain electronic “neural networks”?
7. Using computers will be a great step forward, won’t it? Prove
that.
8. Where are most computer terms born?
3. Consult your dictionary and form all possible derivatives:
to imagine
a product
to manage
a bank
to use
to load
to market
to wear
4. Define the phrases and words, activate them in your examples:
a computer-science centre
a stockmarket
a headline
the news headlines
i-mode
a mobile-phone
a mobile-phone company
to download
a minibus
the fastest-growing industry
5. Write down the compararive and superlative degrees of the adjectives, explain the corresponding rules:
fast, big, clever, late, great, many, simple.
6. Find antonyms:
ago
today
life
the first
to be going on
to develop
to be able to do
simpler
to talk
forward
illness
to find
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
biggest
cleverest
to make calls
to change
constantly
to be born
7. Give English equivalents:
випускати нову продукцію
людський мозок
грошові ринки
слідкувати за рівнями цін на біржі
уявити життя
використовувати мобільні телефони
складати нові слова
центр комп’терної науки
комп’ютерна технологія
телефонувати
змінити життя
8. Make up dialogues comparing computers of first, last and future
generations. Use the conversational phrases you have learned before.
9. Speak about computer technology as the fastest-growing industry. Use the phrases:
to follow a stockmarket
to surf the Internet
to diagnose illnesses
to find minerals
to identify criminals
to check the news headlines
10. Pronounce and learn the following words and phrases:
to apply – застосовувати
weather forecasting – прогнозування погоди
artificial intelligence – штучний розум
accurately – точно
to keep records – вести записи
affairs – справи
as a matter of fact – насправді
to advertise – рекламувати
to set your imagination free – дати волю своїй фантазії
I’d rather – я б...
to manage – керувати, управляти; завідувати; справлятися
position – посада
pressmen – репортери
it’s beyond me – це поза моїм розумінням
I wish I had known it before – шкода, що я не знав цього
раніше
UNIT 3. COMPUTER REVOLUTION
161
11. Read the dialogue:
FANCY SPEAKING TO A COMPUTER
The International Exhibition “Electronic Engineering and Control Equipment” is on show here.
I.
S: Computers, computers!
They’re applied in weather forecasting, medicine, manufacturing and research.
P: The production lines will soon hardly need people.
They’ll become completely automatic.
D: Artificial intelligence!
An electronic brain!
Who could have believed it a century ago!
L: Nevertheless, the computer is a data storage system created by
man.
P: You’re quite right.
A human tells the machine what to do, when to do it and how it
should be done.
S: There’s no magic involved.
The machine is programmed to process data fast and accurately.
P: I wish I had more of them in my lab.
A: How could they help you?
P: They would do a lot of useful operations: they’d do calculations,
they’d keep records of our financial affairs, they’d create diagrams and drawings, they’d process the results of our experiments.
J: As a matter of fact computers do save a lot of energy and time.
S: We’ll soon have to change our ideas of the world.
The age of personal computers is coming fast.
Н: What would you like your personal computer to do?
S: If I could afford I’d like it to help me with different kinds of writing chores.
A: Fancy speaking to a computer!
S: Why not!
Let’s have a look round.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
(The group sees and hears a lot of ads. Every firm advertises its product.)
S: Now, Ladies and Gentlemen, set your imagination free!
Here’s a creature ... ег ... an object ...
Voice (it’s neither a man’s nor a woman’s): Let’s have a talk.
J: I’m ready.
V: What institute did you graduate from?
J: I’m an Oxford graduate.
V: How much do you earn?
J: I’d rather not answer the question.
V: Would you like to find a better job?
J: No, I wouldn’t. I’m fond of my profession.
V:Do you think you can manage a factory or a farm?
J: Oh, no, I’m not sure I could manage such a position.
V: Why not?
Where there’s a will there’s a way.
F: Unbelievable!
I’d rather have a smoke if you don’t mind.
Could you give me a light?
S: Well, we’ve just heard the voice of a robot designed and assembled by our friend, the engineer.
(Our engineer is surrounded by pressmen):
– Can I have a word with you?
– You don’t mind if I take a photo of your machine, do you?
ІІ.
A: It’s beyond me.
A speaking machine and our modest friend!
S: Nothing surprising about it really!
He’s a Nobel prize winner!
J: And you kept it a secret?
S: Why, no! This is something I’ve learnt just now.
W: That’s news to everybody!
J: I wish I had known it before.
B: Still waters run deep!
J: If I had known it before I’d have interviewed the Nobel prize
winner.
UNIT 3. COMPUTER REVOLUTION
163
I’d have taken a photo of him.
I could have written an article about him.
S: It’s never too late.
A: Most astonishing!
Anyway I have seen robots do housework.
B: I have seen them cook.
A: I have watched them assemble devices at plants.
F: I’ve heard them compose music. I’ve watched them play chess.
C: I have even seen robots explore the moon.
But I’ve never heard a robot speak before!
P: Have you ever seen a robot look into your eyes?
Have you ever felt one touch your hand?
H: I haven’t experienced it so far. Have you?
S: Who knows what the future may bring us!
13. Answer the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Where are computers applied?
Who tells the machine what to do?
The computer is programmed to process data quickly, isn’t it?
What operations can computers do?
Have you ever seen computers cook?
Have you ever heard a robot speak or compose music?
What questions can a computer ask?
14. Think of synonyms:
to manufacture
production
intelligence
brain
soon
to create
accurately
a lot of
drawings
fancy
a firm
a product
a profession
a pressman
modest
astonishing
to assemble
affairs
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
15. Consult a dictionary for antonyms:
artificial
useful
to keep
unbelievable
a winner
to assemble
16. Activate the word combinations in your situations:
to be applied
to become automatic
electronic brain
to tell the machine
to process fast and accurately
useful operations
to process the results of smth.
to manage a position
to explore the moon
17. Consult a dictionary to form all possible derivatives and make
up your examples with them:
to apply
a forecast
to manufacture
a product
to keep
to advertise
to imagine
to manage
a research
18. Complete the following with your own ideas:
1. How much … ?
2. Would you like … ?
3. Do you think … ?
4. Where … ?
5. How could (can) … ?
6. Could you … ?
7. Have you ever … ?
8. Who … ?
9. I’d rather (not) … .
10. You don’t mind if … .
19. Illustrate the proverbs and find their equivalents in Russian and
Ukrainian:
If there is a will there’s a way.
Still waters run deep.
UNIT 3. COMPUTER REVOLUTION
165
20. Use the Passive Voice in the sentences:
a) leave out the subject of the action;
b) without leaving out the subject of the action.
Then translate into Ukrainian.
Models: a) They grow wheat here.
Wheat is grown here.
b) Popov invented the radio.
The radio was invented by Popov.
1. They have seen a robot.
2. We’ve watched them.
3. They have explored the moon.
4. We’ve just heard his voice.
5. Have you ever seen a robot?
21. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian and turn them into the
Active Voice:
1. Computers are applied in weather forecasting, medicine,
manufacturing and research.
2. The robot was designed and assembled by our friend.
3. Our engineer is surrounded by a pressman.
4. It is created by man.
5. The computer was programmed by people to process data.
22. Translate into English:
1. Комп’ютери економлять масу енергії та часу.
2. Я б хотів, щоб він допомагав мені в різній чорновій
роботі.
3. Це новина для всіх.
4. Давайте поговоримо.
5. Ви хотіли б знайти кращу роботу?
6. Якщо є бажання щось робити, то є й шлях до його
здійснення.
7. Ніколи не пізно.
8. Кожна фірма рекламує свою продукцію.
9. Вони бачать та чують багато рекламних оголошень.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
10. Комп’ютери можуть виконувати домашню роботу, грати
в шахи, досліджувати Місяць, складати музику та розмовляти.
23. Retell the dialogues “Fancy Speaking to a Computer” using Indirect Speech:
a) as a person who was in the exhibition
b) as a student of the Faculty of Electronic Engineering
24. Read at home and discuss in class:
TEXT 1
Computers Diagnosing Diseases
CADUCEUS is a computer program which, has memorized the
details of more than 500 ailments. It’s intended purpose is to help
physicians throughout the country to diagnose diseases. Not long ago
most doctors would have objected to receiving a diagnosis from a
computer, but times have changed. Medical science is at a stage too
complex for any single human brain to grasp all of it. The CADUCEUS program and other computerized medical diagnosis programs,
are intended to help, not replace, a physician’s judgement. The doctor
must still interpret the information that comes from the computer.
CADUCEUS will be a valuable partner for doctors who want to
confirm a theory or who are looking for leads in a difficult case. That
is why CADUCEUS is perhaps the most ambitious of the new kinds
of computerized diagnosticians. While the other programs are limited
to diagnosing one type of disease, CADUCEUS covers the broad
field of internal medicine, which includes most adult illnesses.
The program begins by recording the available information
about the patient: age, sex, race, personal and family histories, symptoms, medical examination results, and laboratory data. It then consults a library of some 4,000 characteristics connected with the approximately 550 ailments in its memory and adds them up to see
which diseases are the most likely.
It does so by computing a score for each possible diagnosis by
considering several different kinds of information. First it calculates
by “evoking strength”, a number that is a rough measure of the likelihood that someone with a particular medical problem is suffering
from a particular disease. At the same time, the program may subtract
UNIT 3. COMPUTER REVOLUTION
167
points from a diagnosis if, say, an important symptom is missing. The
number of points subtracted is determined by a number called frequency, which is the opposite of evoking strength. Similar numerical
measure are used to rank the importance of various symptoms and to
consider linkages between related diseases.
This first stage often produces several possible diagnoses. At
this point, CADUCEUS asks questions designed to narrow the field,
e. g. Is the patient in a coma? Is the blood pressure low? After each
round of questions, CADUCEUS recalculates the score and may further reduce or change its list of disease possibilities.
A diagnosis is reached as soon as one ailment receives more
points than all the others. When this happens, it crosses the symptoms
and other diagnosed illnesses off its list. Then, returning to the shortened list, it starts over again to see whether the remaining medical
problems indicate a second or third disease. This procedure is repeated until most of the patient’s complaints have been accounted for.
The creators say that their diagnosis system is not ready for routine use in hospitals yet. They need to add 200 more diseases to its
memory to make it more comprehensive. That job is very great as the
data for each disease must be minutely gathered from textbooks,
journals and interviews with specialists. In its present form it also has
one drawback – it cannot recognize a new or unfamiliar illness. The
machine will simply say the disease doesn’t exist.
TEXT 2
Program Structure
Flowcharts
You’ve been writing flowcharts before you write your
programs. This helps ensure that you get all the steps into your
program and get them in the right order. Remember that in writing a
flowchart you plan the logical flow of your program. Once the
flowchart is written, you can translate it into a program by writing
one or more statements for each step in the flowchart.
However, when you begin to plan more complex programs,
you’ll find that the flowcharts also become more complex. When you
have a great many steps and a great many branches, you simply can’t
find a place for all of them on the flowchart. This makes it very hard
to check the flowchart you’ve written to be sure that you haven’t left
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
anything out. To handle more complex programs, you need another
way of planning them.
Modular Design
In engineering, education, programming, and other fields, a
module is a self-contained unit that performs one specific task, which
is needed to accomplish a larger task. For example, the word module
is used in the space program to refer to a part of a spaceship that
performs a specific task. A lunar landing module lands on the moon.
A power module provides power to the ship in space. A wastedisposal module gets rid of garbage. All of these modules are
necessary for getting spaceships to the moon and back.
In a computer program, a module is a self-contained part of the
program that performs a specific programming task. For example, a
program might have an input module and a print module. A program
that is divided into modules in the planning and programming stages
has a modular design.
A modular program is said to have a top-down structure
because when you plan it, you start at the “top” with the most general
module and work your way “down” to include all the modules that
make up that module. This allows you to break a complex program
into parts to make programming more efficient and easier.
TEXT 3
Editing Computer Programs
If, when baking a loaf of bread, you mix in five cups of flour
instead of one cup, the bread you produce will be inedible. When
writing a computer program, however, you always have a chance to
correct your errors. As you may remember, mistakes in programs are
called bugs and part of being a good programmer is being able to find
and fix all the bugs in your program. The program isn’t done until all
the bugs have been corrected.
As you type programs on the keyboard, chances are that you
will make mistakes. The most common mistakes are typing mistakes.
You might type “PIRNT” instead of “PRINT,” for example. This
kind of mistake is called a syntax error. Syntax errors include
mistyping a keyword, leaving out quotation marks, or other misuses
of the computer language.
UNIT 3. COMPUTER REVOLUTION
169
When you make a mistake like this, you can correct it by
moving the cursor back and retyping. If you have already pressed
RETURN or don’t find the error until the program is run, you can
correct the error by retyping the line.
10 PIRNT 7*7
20 PRINT 4*4
30 END
RUN
? SYNTAX ERROR IN 10
When this program is run, the computer would not understand
the word “PIRNT.” Because this is not a BASIC keyword the
computer printed an error message. An error message is put on the
screen by the computer to tell you that something is wrong and it
cannot continue the program. Different computers have different
error messages. The error message “SYNTAX ERROR IN 10” tells
you that you made a syntax error. It even tells you the line in which
the error was made – line 10.
25. Discuss with the classmates:
1.
2.
3.
4.
You are a part of computer revolution. Give your reasons.
Computers diagnosing diseases.
Program structure.
The program isn’t done until all the bugs have been corrected.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
UNIT 4
BENEFITS OF WEBSITE. ELECTRONICS HELPS MAN.
THE VIRTUAL OFFICE
1. Learn the words and phrases:
to raise one’s profile – розширити основний профіль; підвищити діловий рейтинг
franchised outlets – ліцензовані центри роздрібної торгівлі
showroom – демонстраційний зал (вітрина)
encrypted – зашифрований; захищений
e-commerce – електронна торгівля / комерція
staggering – приголомшуючий; що захоплює
to get frustrated – сердитись; викликати незадоволення
to wander off – іти; переходити
customer loyalty – довіра покупців / клієнтів
you’ve talked me round – ви мене переконали
to come up with – приносити; доставляти
2. Read and translate dialogue A:
STYLEHOUSE GOES ON-LINE
Stylehouse (firm) has raised its profile by opening up more
franchised outlets, but it does not yet have a presence on the World
Wide Web. Alex Brown is meeting with Stephen Roberts, a
representative from Elecom’s (company) web design team.
Alex:
Tell me about the benefits of having a website.
Stephen: Well, for one, you need to consider the competition. If the
other guys are doing it, you’re going to be left behind. You
really need to keep ahead.
Alex:
I know Zigmat (company) has just launched a website.
Stephen: You have to look at the cost savings involved. The Web
provides you with a virtual showroom which can be
accessed at any time and from anywhere – a global
presence without opening a single outlet outside the UK!
Alex:
Surely people don’t browse through a website in the same
way as they do in a shop.
Stephen: Not exactly in the same way, perhaps, but a well-designed
and attractive site can still persuade them to buy.
UNIT 4. BENEFITS OF WEBSITE. ELECTRONICS HELPS MAN
171
Isn’t there too much risk involved in buying on-line? I
can’t imagine many people would be happy to provide
their credit card details in this way.
Stephen: On-line security is pretty good these days. Providing the
information is supplied in a securely encrypted format,
it’s as safe as buying in a shop or over a telephone. You
only have to look at the growth of e-commerce to see how
it’s shaping the future. US sales alone are now quite
staggering.
Alex:
I still don’t quite see how it would work. Would we need
to put our entire catalogue on-line?
Stephen: Not necessarily. The important thing with websites is to
consider the audience. If it takes too long to download or if
the site contains too much information or is confusing to
navigate, people will get frustrated and wander off to a
competitor’s site.
Alex:
So it needs to be simple and effective.
Stephen: It’s also a good customer service tool. You can provide
help and tips as well as a frequently asked questions page.
It can also build customer loyalty.
Alex:
I think you’ve talked me round. If you can come up with
a short report on what the likely costs will be, I’ll discuss it
with the board next week and see what kind of budget we
can have.
Alex:
3. Answer the questions:
1. What is Stephen Roberts?
2. What company has just launched a website?
3. Can a well-designed and attractive site persuade people to
buy?
4. What is the important thing with websites?
5. Why will people get frustrated and wander off to a competitor’s site?
6. What can build customer loyalty?
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
4. Arrange the sentences in the appropriate sequence to get the resume of the dialogue:
a) Alex listens to these points but isn’t entirely convinced; he is
worried about credit card security.
b) Stephen responds by explaining that it is a safe method of
buying, as on-line security is quite good nowadays.
c) Alex Brown of Stylehouse is considering the benefits of
having a presence on the World Wide Web.
d) Secondly, he shows how cost savings will be made, as a
website is a virtual showroom, accessible from anywhere in
the world.
e) Stephen tells Alex that firstly, it is important to keep up with
the competition and not get left behind.
f) Stephen Roberts from Elecom ‘s web design team is
explaining to him how a website could raise Stylehouse’s
profile.
5. Match the phrases with their equivalents. Activate them in your
own sentences.
1. виходити в онлайновий простір
2. команда
розробників
вебсайтів
3. запускати сайт
4. віртуальний простір
5. глобальна присутність
6. за межами Великобританії
7. кредитні картки
8. враховувати аудиторію
9. ліцензовані центри роздрібної
торгівлі
a) to consider the audience
b) credit cards
c) to go on-line
d) global presence
e) to launch a website
f) virtual showroom
g) a web design team
h) franchised outlets
i) outside the UK
6. Make up your dialogues using word combinations from Exercise
5.
7. Translate into English:
1. Фірма ще не представлена у Всесвітній Мережі.
2. Вам слід враховувати конкуренцію.
3. Вам дійсно необхідно продовжувати рухатися вперед.
UNIT 4. BENEFITS OF WEBSITE. ELECTRONICS HELPS MAN
173
4. Покупці вибирають товари на веб-сайті Інтернетмагазину не так, як у “звичайному” магазині.
5. Зараз рівень онлайн-захисту достатньо високий.
6. Варто подивитися, як ростуть об’єми електронної комерції, щоб зрозуміти, що за нею майбутнє.
7. Необхідно, щоб сайт був простим і ефективним.
8. Веб-сайт – важливий інструмент сервісного обслуговування клієнтів.
8. Read the text. Pay attention to the new words and phrases. Then
complete the task that follows.
to bear no relation to – відношення; зв’язок / не мати відношення до; не бути зв’язаним з
biscuit barrel (Br.) – кекс барель (міра)
cookie (Am.) – тут: комп’ютерний текстовий файл
to monitor – стежити; відслідковувати; здійснювати контроль
buying habit – стереотип покупця
What Is a Cookie?
Bearing no relation to the biscuit barrel in your kitchen, an
Internet cookie is a text file placed on your computer when you visit
a website. The cookie is then used to monitor the number of times an
individual accesses that website and can also retain personal
information about your buying habits.
Which doesn’t go:
1.
2.
a) allude to
b) bear no relation to
c) refer to
a) come up with
b) be in the red
c) have an overdraft
3.
4.
a) Fire away!
b) You’ve talked me round!
c) Go ahead!
a) disseminate
b) spread
c) encrypt
9. Memorize:
target audiance – цільова аудиторія (клієнтура)
to complement – доповнити (розширити); (до) укомплектовувати
customer option – купівельні (клієнтські) опціони (угоди)
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
to deter (from doing smth.) – утримувати (від); заважати (робити що-небудь)
long-term commitment – довгострокове зобов’язання
10. Read and translate:
TEXT A
WHAT MAKES A GOOD WEBSITE?
It is essential to identify your target audience before starting to
think about designing the website. What will it be used for? Is it
primarily promotional? Should it offer two-way communication so
that your customers can contact you? Will it be used to complement
your existing customer options?
Once you have set your objectives, you need to consider the
content. This is the time to make use of the capabilities offered by the
web – such as inter-activity and dynamism – and not to treat it simply
as another way of reproducing existing brochures.
Web content should be clear and attractive. It should be easy for
users to navigate the site and access the information they need. A site
that takes a long time to download runs the risk of deterring visitors
from staying around.
You should seek to encourage people to visit your site regularly
by keeping the content fresh and up-to-date. A good website is a
long-term commitment!
11. Retell the dialogue “Stylehouse Goes On-Line” including information from Exercises 8, 10:
a) in the person of Alex
b) in the person of Stephen
c) using Indirect Speech.
12. Pronounce and learn:
cycle production – циклічне виробництво
rolled stock production – виробництво прокату
thermal and hydropower plant – теплова гідростанція
to find broad application – знайти широке застосування
electronic data processing system – електронна система обробки інформації
computer technology – електронно-обчислювальна техніка
UNIT 4. BENEFITS OF WEBSITE. ELECTRONICS HELPS MAN
175
13. Read and translate:
TEXT B
ELECTRONICS HELPS MAN
PART 1
Our age has been called a variety of things: the Space Age, the
Electronic Age, the Atomic Age, etc. One of them, however, is very
exact and that is the Age of Automation.
Automation is considered to be the highest stage in the
development of technology. It has made the development of rocket
production and nuclear industry possible. Automation is known to be
very effective in continuous cycle production, rolled stock
production and operation of thermal and hydropower plants.
Automation of production processes is impossible without automatic
control; the required machines based on electronic computation.
Electronic computing techniques find broad application in many
spheres and are a basis for the development of modem programmecontrolled machine tools and the controlling of spaceship flights. The
following can be given as examples of how electronics helps man.
The letters at the General Post Office are now handled by
electronic automats. Not long ago hundreds of women sorted letters
arriving from all the world by hand. Now, one girl sits at a control
panel watching a screen which is like that of a television set. The
address appears on the screen and the girl having read the number of
the post office to which the letter is addressed presses the necessary
button and the envelope is conveyed to the mail bag which is then
taken to the post office indicated on the envelope.
A number of higher learning establishments are installing
electronic data processing systems for the counting of educational
data. Automatic translating machines, computer-based teaching
devices and other different applications of computer technology are
the things which help people in their life, work and study.
14. Answer the questions:
1. What stage in the development of technology is automation
considered to be?
2. What has automation made possible?
3. Why is automation of production processes impossible?
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
4. Electronic computing techniques are a basis for the development of modern programme-controlled machine tools, aren’t
they? Give your examples.
5. Who sorted letters arriving from all the world by hand not
long ago?
6. How are the letters at the General Post Office now handled by
electronic automats?
7. What are higher learning establishments installing electronic
data processing systems for?
8. What applications of computer technology help people in their
life, study and work?
15. Learn:
what used to be called – те, що раніше називалося
provided – якщо, при умові
wrist watch – наручний годинник
to inspect – уважно вивчати, старанно оглядати
figure – цифра, малюнок, схема
other than – крім
ingenuity – винахідливість, майстерність
to bring about – призводити, спричинювати
the reason is twofold – причина двояка
beyond – за межами, на відстані
elaborate – старанно розроблений
concern – відношення, турбота
scope – можливість, простір
to arrange – упорядковувати; пристосувати
16. Read and translate:
TEXT B
ELECTRONICS HELPS MAN
PART 2
Automation may be said to be a modern term signifying the use
of machines to do work that formely had to be done by people. What
used to be called automation.
Any tool is claimed to be a form of automation provided it
helps people work more easily, better, or more quickly. Provided the
tool can do its work without requiring human guidance it is said to be
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177
a higher form of labour saving, for example your self-winding wrist
watch.
A machine language of some sort is the foundation of every
higher form of automation.
The machine that automatically makes, inspects and packs
1,200 cigarettes a minute can do nothing else. It is a one-purpose
machine as many of others are.
But the digital computer seems to be versatile and can be used
as the brains for automating a wide variety of work where figuring,
remembering and making logical choices are required. The computer
proves to be only a very high-speed adding and subtracting machine.
It is unlikely to be the thinking machine as it is sometimes called.
Everything it does other than adding and subtracting is the result of
man’s ingenuity.
The design of newer equipment with greater usefulness and
capabilities is said to be bringing about an ever increasing growth in
the development of control equipment. The reason is twofold.
Firstly automatic controls relieve man of many monotonous activities
so that he can devote his abilities to other occupation. Secondly
modern complex controls can perform functions which are beyond
the physical abilities of man. For example an elaborate automatic
control system operates the engine of a modern jet airplane with only
a minimum amount of the pilot’s attention, so that he is free to fly his
airplane.
Mention should be made that the design and development of
automatic control systems is a principal concern of an engineer. In
recent years we know automatic control systems to have been rapidly
advancing in importance in all fields of engineering. The applications
of control system are known to cover a very wide scope, ranging
from the design of precision control devices such as sensitive
instrument to the design of the equipment used for controlling the
manufacture of steel or other industrial processes. New applications
for arranging automatic controls are continually being discovered.
17. Answer the questions:
1. What is automation?
2. What is the foundation of every higher form of automation?
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
3. What is a one-purpose machine?
4. Can the digital computer be used as the brains for automating
a wide variety of work?
5. What do automatic controls relieve man of?
6. What functions can modern complex controls perform?
7. Do the applications of control system cover a very wide
scope?
8. What is continually being discovered?
18. Arrange the following words in pairs according to the opposite
meaning:
artificial
hard
few
rapid
to lose
high
analysis
to disappear
possible
the same
much
to rise
low
soft
slow
natural
to appear
different
impossible
many
little
to acquire
to go down
synthesis
19. Remember:
lights – освітлення
electronics is not so much a new subject as a new way ... – електроніка не стільки новий предмет, скільки новий погляд
to result from – випливати (з чогось), мати результатом
charge – заряд
tube – трубка, електронна лампа
for the third of a century – протягом трьох століть
sound pictures – кіно
to owe – бути зобов’язаним, завдячувати
incandescent lamp – лампа розжарювання
valve – клапан, електронна лампа
welding – зварювання
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179
20. Read and translate the text. Answer the questions below it.
Electricity and Electronics
“Atomic Age” is the name often applied to the period in which
we live. It is also frequently referred to as the “Air Age”. These terms
emphasize the importance of science and invention in our time. But
we can speak of an age that has prepared the way for these and
includes them all (atomic age, air age) – the “Age of Electricity and
Electronics.”
From the remarkable achievements of nuclear science and the
noticeable progress in aviation to the innumerable discoveries that
have added comfort and convenience to our daily lives, we are
constantly dependent upon electricity and electronics.
It is very difficult to separate the meaning of the two words
“electricity” and “electronics”. The field of electricity is usually
thought of as electricity that is used in magnets, generators, motors,
lights and heaters.
The field of electronics is usually thought of as electricity that is
used in radio, television, and other equipment where electron tubes
and transistors are needed.
Basically electronics is not so much a new subject as a new
way of looking at electricity. All electrical effects are really
electronic because all electric currents result from the movements of
electrons, and all electric charges are due to the accumulation of
electrons.
Electronics is the science or practice of using electricity in
devices similar to radio tubes so as to get results not possible with
ordinary electrical equipment.
Although electronics has received greater attention in recent
years, we have been using electronic equipment for the third of a
century. Radio, television, sound pictures, fluorescent lighting and
long-distance telephone calls owe their existence to electronics. As
most of these familiar pieces of equipment serve to carry or give
information one may say that communication has been the major
purpose of electronics.
Electronics is closely connected with a series of discoveries and
inventions which have revolutionized the life of man in this twentieth
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
century. In 1883 Thomas A. Edison discovered current conduction
through gas in an incandescent lamp. This phenomenon known as
the Edison effect, marked the birth of electronic science. The Edison
effect was followed by the discoveries of electromagnetic waves, Xrays, wireless communication and at last by the invention of the twoelectrode detector or the “valve”. These basic discoveries and a lot of
others have produced what is known as electronics.
Nothing can be done in modern research laboratory without the
aid of electricity and electronics. Nearly all of the measuring devices
used in industry and research are electrically operated. Electronics
has found broad application in industry as a means of automation,
control and inspection, and as a direct means of fulfilling such
operations as melting, cutting of superhard materials and welding.
1. What does term “Age of Electricity and Electronics” emphasize?
2. Are we constantly dependent upon electricity and electronics?
3. Why is it difficult to separate the meaning of “electicity” and
“electronics”?
4. Is electronics a new subject?
5. Why are all electrical effects really electronic?
6. What is electronics?
7. How long have we been using electronic equipment?
8. Do radio, television, fluorescent lighting and long-distance
calls owe their existence to electronics?
9. What phenomenon marked the birth of electronic science?
10.What is electronically operated in industry?
21. Pronounce the words and word combinations correctly and
learn them:
costs involved – витрати (що виникають у зв’язку з чимнебудь: необхідні, неминучі)
equipment – устаткування (тут: комп’ютерне)
to maintain control – здійснювати / зберігати контроль
to measure – вимірювати, виміряти
output – вихід (кінцевий результат); випуск (готова продукція)
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181
work space – робоче місце
to allocate – виділяти; розподіляти
home environment – домашнє оточення (обстановка)
health and safety regulations – правила, норми (охорони праці)
to comply with – відповідати; відповідати вимогам
to contribute towards – вносити; вкладати в що-небудь (частину бюджетних засобів)
insurance costs – витрати на страхування
proposal – пропозиція
survey – аналіз; звіт; огляд
22. Read and translare dialogue B:
THE VIRTUAL OFFICE
All of Elecom plc’s (company) engineers are supplied with the
equipment to allow them complete mobility – a company car, mobile
telephone and a lap-top with a modem. The company is now looking
at ways to extend this mobility to their other employees. Two of
Elecom’s managers are discussing the plans.
Ian: I don’t mind the idea but what about the costs involved?
Dave: Well, if we look at the cost of office space per employee, it is
actually cheaper to provide everyone with the equipment to
work from home.
Ian: How will we maintain control when all our staff are
working at home?
Dave: Most of our work can be measured by output. We would
still need to look at productivity and regular contact should be
maintained – perhaps once a week.
Ian: Surely we need some office space.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
Dave: Yes, of course. We could reduce work spaces by 50% and
still have enough for everyone.
Ian: How do we allocate the remaining 50%?
Dave: That would need to be booked as required. No one would
have their own personal desk any more.
Ian: What about the home environment? It can’t be enough to
provide equipment and a telephone line, surely?
Dave: No, there are other things to consider. Health and safety
regulations will need to be complied with. Elecom will also
have to contribute towards heating and lighting and
insurance costs.
Ian: Surely that makes it more expensive.
Dave: It increases the cost but it is still cheaper than providing
office space.
Ian: What if an employee doesn’t want to work from home? We
mustn’t forget some people may need a break from their kids!
Dave: The home environment may not suit everyone and that is
something the company will have to consider. It would be
interesting to know what staff think of the proposals. A
survey would be useful.
Ian: It would be useful to find out what the rest of the
management feel, too.
23. Answer the questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What allows Elecom plc’s engineers complete mobility?
Does the company need any office space?
Can it be enough to provide equipment and a telephone?
What mustn’t the company forget?
What do staff think of the proposals?
What would be useful?
24. Arrange the statements in the appropriate sequence to get the
resume of the dialogue:
a) Next, Ian asks about the necessary office space.
b) Two of Elecom’s managers, Ian and Dave, are discussing the
possibility of employees working from home.
c) Dave answers that it is actually cheaper to provide staff with
the equipment to work from home.
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183
d) Ian’s final question is regarding those people who may not
actually want to work from home. Dave agrees that it may not
suit everyone and he proposes a survey to find out what the
staff think.
e) Dave reckons that work spaces can be reduced by 50%, the
other 50% would need to be booked as required.
f) Ian begins by talking about the costs involved.
25. Match the phrases with their equivalents. Activate them in your
own situations.
1. to be supplied with smth
2. to extend the mobility
3. to maintain control
4. to look at productivity
5. to maintain contact
6. a personal desk
7. home environment
8. heating and lighting costs
9. office space
10. health and safety regulations
a) розширювати мобільність
b) здійснювати контроль
c) робоче місце
d) правила охорони праці
e) робоче місце в офісі
f) враховувати
продуктивність
праці
g) домашні умови
h) бути забезпеченим чим-небудь
i) підтримувати контакт
j) витрати на опалення і використання електроенергії
26. Use all word combinations from Exercise 25 in your dialogues.
27. Translate into English:
1. Усі інженери компанії забезпечені автомобілем, мобільним телефоном і портативним комп’ютером з модемом.
2. Дешевше забезпечити кожного робочим місцем, обладнаним комп’ютером, у нього вдома.
3. Переважна частина виконаних компанією робіт оцінюється по кінцевому результату.
4. Яким чином ми розподілимо 50% офісної площі, що залишилася?
5. Навряд чи у співробітників буде певне робоче місце.
6. Необхідно буде врахувати норми по охороні праці.
7. Це призводить до збільшення витрат, проте це дешевше
ніж надавати співробітникам робочі місця в офісі.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
8. Не кожен зможе працювати в домашніх умовах.
9. Було б корисно дізнатися про відношення інших менеджерів до даних пропозицій.
28. Remember the new words. Then read and translate the text.
to customise (Br.), to customize (Am.) – виконувати за індивідуальним замовленням
session – комп’ютерний машинний час (користувача); сеанс
(роботи у комп’ютерній мережі)
Providing that Personal Touch!
Some companies in the US have created a new term which they
call hoteling – providing employees with equipped and furnished
work spaces that can be booked by the hour, day or week. To make it
more personal, the electronic desktop is customised with the
individual’s personal photographs or other souvenirs which are then
removed at the end of the session!
Which word doesn’t go?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
collect, customise, gather
measure, fire, sack
complete, entire, virtual
subsidise, attain, obtain
questionnaire, equipment, survey
wide, regular, broad
insurance, link, connection
29. Learn the phrases and words. Then read and translate the text.
redundant – зайвий, надмірний
AT&T – American Telephone and Telegraph
commuting journey – регулярні поїздки на роботу і назад (додому) [робочими потягами]
to benefit – позитивно впливати; приносити користь
overhead costs – накладні витрати
it is not all roses – не все так (добре, гладко; не все без проблем)
telecommuting – виконання роботи за допомогою використання телекомунікаційної системи (телезв’язку)
disruption (to) – занепокоєння, перешкода
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exclusion (from) – відключення (від)
to deal with – вирішувати; справлятися з чим-небудь
to set up – заснувати; засновувати (організовувати)
local satellite office – місцевий офіс із супутниковим зв’язком
benefit – вигода, користь
colleague – колега; співробітник
to keep up-to-date – бути в курсі (останніх новин, подій)
office gossip – плітки, чутки, розмови (що циркулюють в
офісі)
Teleworking
Are technological developments making the formal workplace
redundant? The growth in working from home is being led by
British Telecom and AT&T.
Reducing the number of commuting journeys benefits the
environment and saves on overhead costs to organisations. However,
it is not all roses. For some, telecommuting brings isolation,
disruption to family life and exclusion from the office network.
Some organisations are dealing with these problems by setting
up local satellite offices. Employees still have to commute but the
distance is shorter. Once there, they have the benefit of working with
colleagues and keeping up-to-date with the office gossip.
30. Remember the phrases. Complete the questionnaire.
query regarding ... – питання, пов’язане з … (що відноситься
до … )
artificial light source – штучне джерело світла
pattern of working hours – графік роботи
Elecom plc
In order to help us consider your application for telework, we
would like to ask you a few questions about your plans. If you
have any queries regarding this questionnaire, please contact
Lesley Fradley in Human Resources.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
Health & Safety
Where in your home would you set up your work space?
Separate room □ Shared family room □
Is the main light source:
Natural □ Artificial □
Approximately what percentage of your working week would
you plan to work from home?
100% □ 80% □ 60% □ 40% □ 20% □
Data Protection
Who else is likely to have access to your work area?
No-one else □ Family members □ Visitors □
Working hours
What pattern of working hours would you prefer?
Standard (Mo-Fr) □ Flexible full-time □ Part-time □
About yourself
What are your main reasons for requesting telework?
Reduced commuting time □ Chlldcare/Dependant care □
Increased flexibility □
Thank you for completing this questionnaire.
31. Read and translate the text:
Brain Drain
The U.S. computer industry is reaping benefits from the influx
of Russians. In Berkeley, Calif., Chris Doner, president of Access
Softek, recently hired three Russian emigres for full-time jobs and
took on five part-timers, including one in Moscow, to help develop
software to work with Microsoft Corp.’s Windows. Doner would also
like to hire more Russians in Moscow, where “good, talented people
cost you a couple hundred per month,” but he hasn’t pulled that off
yet, because electronic communications with Moscow are lagging.
When it comes to software development for video games, it’s
hard to rival 36-year-old Alexey Pajitnov, creator of Tetris. A video
game in which geometric shapes must be aligned into solid rows,
Tetris is packaged with each of the 9 million handheld Nintendo
Game Boys sold in the U.S. He is now working at Bullet-Proof
Software in Redmond, Wash. More comfortable working on an old
UNIT 4. BENEFITS OF WEBSITE. ELECTRONICS HELPS MAN
187
IBM 286 computer, Pajitnov has developed a sequel to Tetris, called
Hatris – and has other games in the works.
Bullet-Proof founder and Director Hank Rogers says he likes
using Russian brainpower in developing software for entertainment
and for medical systems. He’s hired 66 employees in Moscow at
bargain prices and says he profits from their more cerebral concept of
entertainment. Rogers’ Russian employees steer clear of the
repetitious stock of shoot-them-up video games and prefer “IQ
improvers,” as he puts it.
32. Translate into English:
1. Комп’ютерна індустрія США отримує вигоду від припливу росіян.
2. Він хотів би найняти росіян у Москві, де “хороші талановиті люди коштують декілька сотень на місяць”.
3. Що стосується розробки програмного забезпечення для
відеоігор та Тетріса, їх створив 36-літній Олексій Пажитнов.
4. Він розробив продовження Тетріса і створює інші ігри.
5. Директору фірми подобається використовувати російський інтелектуальний потенціал при розробці програмного забезпечення для розваг і медичних систем.
6. Він має вигоду від їх концепції розваг, що орієнтована на
розумову діяльність.
33. Retell the dialogue “The Virtual Office” adding information
about hoteling, teleworking and brain drain:
a) in the person of Ian
b) in the person of Dave
c) using Indirect Speech
34. Read the text and answer the questions after it. Tell your friends
about advantages and disadvantages of virtual reality.
Virtual Reality
Not long ago computers were considered as an amazing invention. Today they form part of our everyday life. The latest thing today
is Virtual Reality. A Virtual Reality system can transport the user to
exotic locations such as a beach in Hawaii or the inside of the human
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
body. The Virtual Reality system is still in the early stages of its development. At the moment it is necessary to put a large helmet on
your head to see the simulated world and you have to wear a special
glove on your hand in order to manipulate the objects you see there.
Lenses and two miniature display screens inside the helmet create the
illusion that the screen surrounds you on every side. You can “look
behind” computer-generated objects, pick them up and examine
them, walk around and see things from a different angle.
Already today Virtual Reality is used in medicine. In hospitals,
surgeons can plan operations by first “traveling” through the brain,
heart or lungs without damaging the body. It is also used in police
training schools. In schools pupils can explore the Great Pyramid or
study molecules from the inside. Developers of Virtual Reality say its
potential is powerful.
The word which comes closest to describing Virtual Reality is
“simulator”. Virtual Reality technology resembles the flight simulators that are used to train pilots. But of course there are dangers as
well as benefits. In the wrong hands Virtual Reality can be used for
power fantasies.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is Virtual Reality?
Why do you need to wear helmet and special glove?
What are the possible uses of Virtual Reality?
What are some of the disadvantages of Virtual Reality?
Do you think Virtual Reality is an important invention or not?
35. Read, translate and review the texts:
TEXT 1
Using Data Bases
Imagine getting the information you need by simply entering a
command or two on your computer keyboard. Many people do this.
They use data-base management systems – special software
developed for record keeping – to create electronic files. Then the
computer does all the work of sorting through the files to retrieve
specific information. Sounds intriguing? These texts will give you an
idea of how and why you might put a data-base management system
to work for you. You will also learn how to evaluate and select the
UNIT 4. BENEFITS OF WEBSITE. ELECTRONICS HELPS MAN
189
data-base management software program that will best serve your
specific needs.
Before explaining exactly what a database management system
is and how it works, let’s go back to the concept of a data base. Data,
as you know, are facts or figures. A data base is a source of facts and
figures–it is a collection of related information.
You are already familiar with many data bases. Some such as a
baseball card collection, are ones you developed yourself. But the
data bases you use most often have probably been created by others.
Can you name some of these? A telephone directory is a data base.
So is a dictionary … and a television program guide. These
collections all differ from one another in both content and format. But
each is a data base simply because it is a source of information.
Characteristics of a Good Data Base
A useful data base has four important characteristics.
The more complete a data base is, the more likely it is to have
the information that you need. For example, you’ll find Dave
Winfield’s batting ‘average only if you have his baseball card. You’ll
be able to check your friend Jan’s telephone number only if you’ve
listed it in your address book.
You might organize facts alphabetically, chronologically, or by
topic. How you organize your data base depends on both its content
and its intended use.
The more structured your data base is the easier it is to find
information.
TEXT 2
Setting up a Dbms (Data-Base-Management-System)
Let’s set up a data-base management system in order to learn
how one works. Assume that you are in charge of your school’s video
library. You have access to a microcomputer and are interested in
computerizing your ever-expanding catalogue.
Since you already have a data base – a title and a subject card
catalogue – you have a good idea of the kind of information that
people want and how they can best find it. After consulting with the
computer lab instructor, you buy a DBMS. You’re ready to begin.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
Learning the Jargon
Before turning to the computer, you review the documentation
that accompanies the program and become familiar with the
terminology, or jargon, of a DBMS. You learn three important words:
field, record, and file.
Field. A field is a single category of information in your data
base. It can be made up of numbers, letters, or a combination of
numbers and letters. You look at a catalogue card in your current data
base and identify eleven fields, including type of movie, movie title,
and call number.
Record. A record is a collection of fields. Each catalogue card
with all its entries about a single movie is a record. Since your
catalogue currently consists of title and subject cards, you have two
records for each movie listed in your data base.
File. A file is a collection of related records. Your subject
catalogue is one file; your title catalogue is another. Your DBMS will
eliminate duplicate records and combine the two files.
While every data base consists of fields, records, and files,
some can handle more data than others. Say that this particular
program allows 65 characters in a field, 12 fields in a record, and 300
records in a file. Each letter, number, or space in an entry counts as
one character. You note that in setting up your DBMS you’ll have to
shorten the descriptions of the movies.
TEXT 3
Computerizing a Data Base
As you have seen, you can set up a useful data base manually –
and you do, whenever you create any kind of list or record to
organize information. But what happens when your collection of data
gets really big? You start out with notes on a single index card.
Gradually you accumulate a pile of index cards. You set up an
organizational system and file the cards in a box. Before long there’s
a second box, and then a third. Soon you need an index to your index
cards in order to find information!
That’s where a computer and a database management system
come in handy. A computer, as you know, is an ideal tool for
collecting and manipulating data. A data-base management system,
or DBMS, is a special program designed to enable you to manage
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191
data on a computer in a useful way. With a data-base management
system, you can transfer the contents of your cards, notebooks, and
file cabinets onto disks. Then you can use the computer to retrieve
the data, organize it, update it, and even sort through it for specific
information. Need an alphabetical list of all the players in your
baseball card collection? A list of those players born in 1957? A list
of shortstops? Tell the computer what you want. In seconds it pulls
the information out of your data base and displays it on the screen.
The Advantages of Using Electronic Files
The larger and more complex your collection of data is, the
more likely it is that you should set up electronic files. Using
electronic files, you can store data more efficiently in much less
space. You can retrieve information in much less time with many less
troubles.
To get a better idea of the advantages of using electronic files,
let’s compare what happens when you try to find a book using a
familiar data base – a library card catalogue – and a computerized
data base – a computerized catalogue. Consider the following
situation.
You are interested in finding a book about the history of
Australia. Assume that your library has a closed stack system for
nonfiction books. You cannot just go up to the shelves and browse.
To look at a book, you must fill out a request form, listing the title,
author, and call number. A library clerk then brings the book to you.
The library is often busy and you must wait your turn. Since you can
request only three books at a time, you must select your books
carefully.
36. Discuss with your classmates:
1. Office information systems. They work magic. You can produce errorless letter – quality documents faster than you ever
thought possible. They fit conveniently on your desks. Automatic prints. Discuss the difference between virtual and real
offices.
2. Dangers and benefits of Virtual Reality.
3. How does a database management system work?
4. Advantages of using electronic files.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
5. International links. Human beings can pick each other’s
brains at a distance, using facilities computers offer them.
6. Is it easy to design a website?
7. Remarkable achievements in electronics.
UNIT 5. MAN, MACHINES AND NEW BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
193
UNIT 5
MAN, MACHINES AND NEW BRANCHES OF SCIENCE.
FUTURE OF CYBERNETICS
1. Learn the following:
to speak into a little instrument – розмовляти перед невеликим
апаратом
supersonic plane – надзвуковий літак
tо fly at twice speed of sound – літати зі швидкістю, яка у два
рази перевищує швидкість звуку
sea bed – морське дно
to be help – надавати допомогу
tо be in progress – розвиватися
on the eve – напередодні
stellar worlds – зоряні світи, зоряні системи
to employ – вживати, використовувати
abundance – достаток
2. Read and translate:
TEXT A
MAN AND MACHINES
Press a button on the wall and a dark room is full of light.
Speak into a little instrument and people thousands of miles away
will hear you instantly. Switch on your radio or TV set and you will
hear music, the latest news or see a play even from remote regions of
the globe.
Nowadays people move on land much faster than the speediest
horses. Powerful motors drive cars, diesel engines run trains from one
country to another.
Under water sportsmen swim swifter than the speediest fish.
In air people fly hundred times faster than birds. Supersonic
planes fly at twice the speed of sound. People enjoy these
achievements thanks to the development of science and engineering.
We live in the age of machinery i.e. (that is) in the time when
highly productive machines and up-to-date devices take the place of
men for doing work. In industry and agriculture machines play the
most important role. They lighten man’s labour and do all the hard
work in mills, factories, mines and farms.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
In a number of shops in up-to-date mills and plants automatic
machines entirely replace the work of men.
In mining industry conveyors and remote control devices make
miner’s labour safer and easier. They help to produce more ores, coal,
oil and gas.
In fields tractors and harvest combines replace labour of
hundreds of people and help farmers to gather rich crops.
Machines help not only factory workers and farmers in their
productive labour. They do part of scientists’ and explorers’ research
work as well. They enable scientists to reveal the secrets of the
universe i.e. everything that exists on our globe as well as in the outer
space. Satellites (sputniks) circle the earth, spaceships explore the
outer space. Mooncars (Lunokhods) carry out research programmes
on the Moon.
Underwater robots explore the sea bed at a depth of more than
4,000 metres. By means of remote control devices they change tools
and lift weights.
Electronic instruments – radars, lasers and masers represent the
latest developments of research equipment. They are of great help in
all forms of scientific work.
Great and rapid changes take place in science and engineering.
New branches of science appear: atomic physics, cybernetics, radioastronomy. Big experimental research programmes are in progress
in all countries. Mankind is on the eve of space flights to remote
stellar worlds.
With the development of science and engineering, with the
advancement of progressive ideas a new man will appear – a man
who will use his hands less and less, but employ his brains more and
more.
At this stage of development mankind will seek new ways that
lead to better life, to general abundance. All peoples of the globe
will win freedom and independence. The triumph of Reason and
Progress will bring happiness and universal peace to the human race.
3. Answer the questions:
1. How is the age we live in called?
2. What role do machines play in industry and agriculture?
UNIT 5. MAN, MACHINES AND NEW BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
195
3. Where do automatic machines entirely replace the work of
men?
4. What makes miner’s labour safer and easier?
5. What do tractors and harvester combines replace in fields?
6. How do machines help scientists and explorers?
7. What electronic instruments represent the latest developments
of research equipment?
8. What new branches of science apper?
4. Translate into English:
1. Натисніть кнопку на стіні і темна кімната наповниться
світлом.
2. Сьогодні люди пересуваються по землі набагато швидше
ніж коні.
3. Завдяки розвитку науки та інженерії люди отримують задоволення від таких досягнень.
4. Ми живемо у час, коли високопродуктивні машини і сучасні механізми замінюють людей.
5. Конвейери та пристрої з дистанційним керуванням допомагають видобувати більше руди, вугілля, нафти та газу.
6. На полях трактори й комбайни допомагають фермерам
збирати багаті врожаї.
7. Підводні рóботи досліджують морське дно на глибині
більше ніж 4 000 метрів.
8. Електронні інструменти дуже допомагають в усіх видах
наукової роботи.
9. Великі експериментально-дослідницькі програми розвиваються в усіх країнах.
5. You are probably familiar with the traditional branches of science e.g. chemistry, physics, botany and zoology. But what about
these newer fields? Translate the definitions:
genetic engineering: the study of fhe artificial manipulation of the
make-up of living things
molecular biology: the study of the structure and function of the organic molecules associated with living organisms
cybernetics: the study of the way information is moved and controlled by the brain or by machinery
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
information technology: the study of technology related to the transfer of information (computers, digital electronics, telecommunications)
bioclimatology: the study of climate as it affects humans
geopolitics: the study of the way geographical factors help to explain
the basis of the power of nation states
nuclear engineering: the study of the way nuclear power can be
made useful
cryogenics: the study of physical systems at temperatures less than
183° C
astrophysics: the application of physical laws and theories to stars
and galaxies
6. Here are some of the modern inventions which we are now becoming quite used to. Translate them:
7. The verbs in the sentences below are all useful in scientific contexts. Read and translate:
1. He experimented with a number of different materials before
finding the right one.
2. The technician pressed a button and lights started flashing.
3. When she pulled a lever, the wheel began to rotate.
4. The zoologist dissected the animal.
5. When they were combined, the two chemicals reacted violently with each other.
6. After analysing the problem, the physicist concluded that
there was a flaw in his initial hypothesis.
7. James Watt invented the steam engine and Alexander Fleming, another Scot, discovered penicillin.
UNIT 5. MAN, MACHINES AND NEW BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
197
8. After switching on the computer, insert a floppy disc into the
disc drive.
9. You must patent your invention as quickly as possible.
8. Complete the following list with the name of the specialists in the
particular fields. Consult a dictionary:
science
scientist
chemistry
………………………………………….
physics
………………………………………….
zoology
………………………………………….
genetics
………………………………………….
information technology/……………………………………….
cybernetics
………………………………………….
civil engineering
………………………………………….
9. Below you have some of the amazing achievements of modern
technology. Match the names on the left with the definitions on the
right:
1. video recorder
2. photocopier
3. fax machine
4. tape recorder
5. modem
6. camcorder
7. robot
8. word-processor
9. food-processor
a) a kind of sophisticated typewriter using a
computer
b) a machine which records and plays back
sound
c) a machine which records and plays back
sound and pictures
d) a camera which records moving pictures
and sound
e) a machine for chopping up, slicing, mashing, blending etc.
f) a machine which makes copies of documents
g) a machine which makes copies of documents and sends them down telephone lines
to another place
h) a machine which acts like a person
i) a piece of equipment allowing you to send
information from one computer down telephone lines to another computer
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
10. Write descriptions like those in Exercise 9 for the following objects:
VDU
a stepler
a cordless iron
an answerphone
an alarm clock
a hole puch
a keyboard
a mouse
a printer
a microwave
11. What are the nouns connected with the following verbs?
1. discover 3. rotate
2. invent
4. conclude
5. patent
6. analyse
7. dissect
8. experiment 9. com-
bine
12. What form of the verb comes after the word for? It’s for... Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the verb in
brackets:
Model: It’s for … (keep) your moustache dry.
It’s for keeping your moustache dry.
1. It’s for … (wash) yourself.
2. It’s for … (print) advertisements on the street.
3. It’s for … (serve) food.
13. Say what each of the objects in the pictures below is for. Then
write sentences according to the model.
Model: A bottle opener is for opening bottles.
1. bottle
opener
2. coffee
maker
3. fax
machine
4. camera
UNIT 5. MAN, MACHINES AND NEW BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
199
14. Complete the instructions below with sentences from the box:
Put the money in the slot.
Put the coffee in the cup.
Press the button.
Sign the cheques.
Speak.
Boil the water.
Take the money.
Look through the viewfinder.
Put the film in.
Dial the number.
Go to the cashier’s desk.
Stir.
Give them to the cashier.
Pick up the telephone.
Pour the water into the cup.
Take the lens cap off.
Making a phone call from a public phone box
1. Pick up the telephone.
2. Put the money in the slot.
3.
4.
Making a cup of instant coffee
1. Boil the water.
2.
3.
4.
Taking a photograph
1. Put the film in.
2.
3.
4.
Changing travellers’ cheques
1. Go to the cashier’s desk.
2.
3.
4.
15. Complete the sentences according to the model:
Model: If you can’t hear, (TV) turn the TV up.
1. If it’s too dark, (light)
2. If you’re too hot, (heating)
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
3. If there’s enough water in the bath, (taps)
4. If the music’s too quiet, (radio)
5. If it’s too bright, (light)
16. Match the verbs with the nouns:
1. push down
2. get in
3. get on
4. hold
5. put in / take out
6. press
7. turn
a) a car / a tent / a lift
b) the reins / the handlebars
c) a video / a cassette
d) the pedals / a lever
e) a bell / a button / a switch
f) a knob / a key / a handle
g) a bus / a train / a bike
17. Look at the pictures and complete the instructions:
Model: Get on the bike, hold the handlebars
and push down the pedals.
1
the old film,
the new
film, and
the button.
2
the horse and
reins tightly.
the
3
the video
the ‘play’ button.
cassette,
and
UNIT 5. MAN, MACHINES AND NEW BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
201
4
the lift and
to go down.
the button
18. Write instructions for the use of any invention you remember.
Here are some verbs to help you:
stop
turn
start
turn on
take
put
turn off turn up
reach
send
turn down press
move
19. Can you think of things which we use today that people invented over 100 years ago? Here are a few ideas. Add some more.
telephones
trains
cars
lifts
20. Look at these sentences. Two of them are incorrect (x). What
rule can you make about the position of the noun and the object
pronoun with these two-part verbs?
He turned the radio off.
He turned off the radio.
He turned it off.
He turned off it.
٧
٧
٧
X
She turned the heating up.
She turned up the heating.
She turned it up.
She turned up it.
٧
٧
٧
X
21. Read and translate:
Turn it off.
Turn off the radio.
Turn it up.
Turn up the heating.
22. It is the year 2030. Energy resources are running low. There is
no domestic gas, coal, wood or oil. A new law is announced:
Each private home is allowed no have no more than four
pieces of electrical equipment in addition to lighting. No other
fuel-consuming equipment of any kind is allowed. You live in
a house with three other people and you have to decide together which four pieces of equipment to keep.
1. Work alone and write a complete list of all the household
equipment that you can think of which uses electricity.
2. Discuss your lists in pairs and agree on the most important four.
3. Show your shortlist to another pair and agree on a final list.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
23. Write sentences justifying each piece of equipment.
Model: We’re going to keep the television …
because we will need information from the outside world.
so that we can get information from the outside world.
24. Read and translate:
TEXT B
THE FUTURE OF CYBERNETICS
The new science dealing with the problems of maximum
control and governing of processes, known as cybernetics, occupies a
leading place among the sciences of the future. The objective of this
new science of controlling complicated natural processes and
phenomena of society and industry is to increase the efficiency of
human labour.
The field of research, which has been attracting man’s resources
and efforts for many centuries, is our environment of living nature.
However, progress in biology and medicine has been comparatively
slow for developments in living organism are extremely complicated.
Advances in instrument construction, the theory of information,
mathematical logics, electronics and cybernetics open up great
prospects of accelerating the pace of research in biology and
medicine.
The part played by cybernetics in increasing the efficiency of
those engaged in planning, finance, supply and other spheres of
economic activity will also grow. This field of human endeavour is
becoming increasingly important in our rapidly expanding economy.
We are facing the task of continuous planning and ensuring a well
balanced development of all the branches of the national economy.
At present there are thousands of electronic computers in
operation throughout the world.
The existence of hundreds of computing centres equipped with
learning and rapid acting machines, and connected by automatic
communication lines with industry, supply centres, transport and
organs of finance will fundamentally change national economic
management. Controlled by cybernetics, industrial enterprises will
operate at their most efficient peak. This, in its turn, will effect
tremendous economy of time and resources.
UNIT 5. MAN, MACHINES AND NEW BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
203
Despite the numerous results of research into cybernetics,
opening up breath-taking prospects for science, industry and
economics generally, it is still hard to predict the achievements this
wonderful science may make in the near future, since the pace of
technical progress is exceptionally great and continually increasing.
25. Answer the questions:
1. What is cybernetics?
2. What place does cybernetics occupy among the sciences of
the future?
3. What is the objective of this new science?
4. Does cybernetics open up great prospects of acclerating the
pace of research in biology and medicine?
5. What is becoming increasingly important in our rapidly expanding economy?
6. What task are we facing?
7. What will fundamentally change national economic management?
8. What will effect tremendous economy of time and resources?
26. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:
a) similar meaning – difficult, to transform, to improve,
essential, primitive, demand, hard, important, to make, to turn into, to
use, to lead to, to perfect, to produce, requirement, simple, to result
in, to apply, to change from ... into, to modernize;
b) opposite meaning – dangerous, to appear, to destroy,
strong, to move, inside, to unite, safe, early, to find, to build, heavy,
to stop, weak, to disappear, late, to separate, outside, light, to lose.
27. Discuss “The Future of Cybernetics” in your dialogues. Use the
conversational phrases you have learned before.
28. Prepare a report on the topic “We Live in the Age of Machinery
when Great and Rapid Changes Take Place in Science and Engineering”. Use information about robots and newer fields of science
including cybernetics.
29. Remember:
to take over – захоплювати
to injure – заподіювати зло, шкодити
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
to obey orders – підкорятися наказам
blood vessel – кровоносна судина
cool – тут: сучасний
to fetch – сходити і принести
beady eyes – очі-бусинки
on оnе’s own – тут: один, на самоті
to run out – сідати (про батарейки)
to recharge – перезарядити
to respond (to) – відповідати, відзиватися
obedient – слухняний
to whine – нарікати (на)
infrared – інфрачервоний
to scold – сварити
to frown – супити брови
to make faces – кривлятися
down in the mouth – у зневірі, у поганому настрої
to heal wounds – заліковувати рани
to type up – друкувати
gadget – пристрій, технічна новинка
superpower – наддержава
to disarm – роззброюватися
are waking up to – починають усвідомлювати, розуміти
Green issues – екологічні проблеми
it’s up to us – це залежить від нас; це наша справа
to bang out – відстукувати
artificial intelligence – штучний інтелект
stuff … to prove identity – документи, які засвідчують особу
to bill – виставляти рахунок
throughout history – протягом усієї історії
to be on the way out – виходити з моди, ужитку
to reject – відкидати, відхиляти, відмовлятися від
to sketch – малювати ескіз
UNIT 5. MAN, MACHINES AND NEW BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
205
30. Read, translate and review the texts:
TEXT 1
The Robots Are Coming
They are finally among us – creatures which have a computer
instead of a brain and which are designed to make our life easier – or
at least a lot more fun.
Do you Know?
 The word “robot” is a Czech word for a servant, or slave. It was
invented by the Czech writer Karel Capek in 1920.
 The word “robotics” was first used by Isaac Asimov in 1937 in
a story called Robby. Isaac Asimov also formulated the Three
Laws of Robotics (so that robots wouldn’t be able to take over
the world when they become too smart):
1. A robot may not injure a human being, or allow a human being to come to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders given by human beings except
where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
 The smallest robot in the world is a nano-bot. They are small
enough to travel inside your blood vessels, or float through the
air!
 One of the hardest things to make a robot do ... is walk.
Meet Asimo
Asimo, created by the Honda Motor Corporation, is a humanoid
robot. It has two legs, two arms and red lights for eyes. It can walk,
talk, climb stairs and even dance. It also has cool technology inside
that helps it recognise people’s faces, gestures and voices.
“Meet him once and he never forgets,” says one of Asimo’s
creators. “When he sees you again, he’ll come up to you and say
“Hello” ”.
It took Honda’s engineers 16 years to create Asimo. Today’s
model is 120 cm tall and weighs 43 kg. Asimo is not for sale yet because its creators want it to become even more intelligent. Very soon
Asimo will be able to fetch food and drinks from the fridge and do
lots of other things about the house.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
At your Service
If you are sick and tired of helping your parents about the
house, then a new robot could be the answer.
Wakamaru, made by Mitsubishi, has been designed to make
people’s lives easier. This bright yellow robot with beady eyes can
do different jobs for you and help you remember things you have to
do.
Here are some things Wakamaru can say: “Let me search the
Internet!”, “Welcome back!”, “You are home late!”, “What time will
you be back?”
If Wakamaru is on its own and something seems wrong, it can
e-mail its owner to let him know there is a problem.
It’s so clever that when its batteries run out Wakamaru knows
that it needs to recharge itself, so it does!
A Robot for a Pet (for Children of all Ages)
For those of us who enjoy the company of dogs and/or other
nonhumans, there’s Aibo ($1,500), the virtual dog, designed by Sony.
Aibo can walk, talk and wag its tail. It can express emotions of happiness, sadness, anger, surpise, fear and dislike. You can talk to it and
it will respond! And, unlike ordinary dogs, Aibo can read your email and take pictures.
This puppy is obediend, doesn’t need to be walked and will listen to you whining about your boss attentively. Aibo (his full name is
Aibo ERS-210) comes with most of the senses a self-respecting dog
would need: touch, hearing and seeing (thanks to sensors such as infrared, microphone and touch). Oh, sure, it does tricks (sit, roll over,
ets.), but the most interesting aspect of this absurdly priced toy is that
it learns behaviors as it goes. Scold it, and it’ll avoid making the
same mistake twice. Praise it, and it’ll repeat a behavior to please
you.
You don’t have to clean after it and its feeding is very cheap –
just recharge its batteries.
You can programme Aibo to respond to a specific name. You
can also change its software so that it becomes a puppy, complete
with crying and demanding behaviour.
For people who prefer cats there are robot cats of course.
UNIT 5. MAN, MACHINES AND NEW BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
207
Just Like you and me
American scientist David Hanson, who used to work for Disney, has invented a robot face that looks exactly like a human one.
Called the K-bot, the face has 24 special motors under its rubber skin.
It means that it will be able to smile, laugh, frown and even make
faces.
Don’t Worry!
Would you like to have a robot that could understand how you
feel, maybe even help you if you felt a bit down in the mouth?
US robot maker Nilanjan Sarkar and psychologist Craig Smith
are building just such a machine.
They want it to be as sensitive to our moods and emotions as
humans are themselves.
It won’t have emotions of its own but it should be able to respond to its owner’s mood.
So, if you’re a bit down in the mouth the robot will move forward and ask if it can help you.
Of course it’s not an easy job because everyone shows emotions
in quite different ways.
Robot Soldier
US scientists are working on a mechanical super-soldier that
will be able to jump from buildings, kill enemies, heal his own
wounds and even become invisible!
The world-famous Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) is putting millions of dollars into research for the soldier of the
future.
TEXT 2
Life in the 21st Century
We’ve entered a new era: the twenty-first century. Of course,
it’s exciting and we are trying to predict what our life will be like in
the future.
It will certainly become better – I’m sure of it.
Robots will do all the dangerous and dirty work for us and our
daily life will become easier. They’ll sweep the floor, dust the furniture, wash the dishes and even cook! It doesn’t mean we’ll become
lazier, no. When everything is automated, we’ll be able to do more
creative jobs.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
We’ll be able to call our friends on a videophone and type up
homework by talking to a small gadget that understands the human
voice.
Scientists (or probably computers?) will find solutions to our
most urgent problems. People will stop dying from cancer and AIDS
and will live to be 150 years old.
There will be no more famine on our planet and no more hungry
children.
Our cities will become cleaner, greener and safer. We’ll drive
electric cars and live in houses with lots of plants and special aircleaning gadgets.
Atmospheric pollution will be stopped and our planet will be
saved.
There will be no more wars, no more criminals and no more
terrorists. People will learn to live in peace and understand each
other.
We’ll have more free time and longer holidays. We’ll be able to
travel in space and – who knows? – one day we’ll be able to spend
our holidays on Mars.
I’m really optimistic about the future. After all, we are
becoming wiser. The superpowers are disarming, governments are
waking up to Green issues ...
Anyway, it’s up to us to look after our planet and try to make it
a better place to live.
TEXT 3
Looking into the Future
In 1977, Bill Gates still banged out business correspondence on a
typewriter and most people had never seen a personal computer. But
James Martin looked into the future and saw the Internet, as well as
computers in everyone’s pockets. In his book The Wired Society, he
predicted that by the end of the 20th century, computers and other
electronic gadgets would allow millions of people to exchange
electronic mail, work at home, take classes, plan holidays and
entertain themselves. So when James Martin makes a prediction,
people listen. That’s why his new book, After the Internet: Alien
Intelligence, has become a best-seller.
UNIT 5. MAN, MACHINES AND NEW BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
209
Here are some of James Martin’s predictions for the next ten
years.
There will soon be almost two billion teenagers on the planet.
About half of them will have access to television sets or other
gadgets connected to the Internet. A billion kids in cyberspace
will create a youth culture that will surprise us in many ways. It
will be the planet’s first global culture.
English will become a global language. Esperanto never caught
on; the Internet did. Two to three billion people around the planet
are now trying to learn or improve their English because it is the
language of global news, most pop songs and most of the
interesting stuff on the Internet.
We will have machines that are a billion times more intelligent
than we are, but only in narrow, specific ways. In the 1960s and
1970s, the artificial-intelligence people kept telling us over and
over again that in 20 years computers would be as intelligent as
people. Yet nothing like that has happened. Computers will never
be intelligent in the ways that we are. We cannot programme a
computer to do what a mosquito does, certainly not what a human
being does. Machines will do what they are good at and people
will do what they’re good at. Humans will do the creative tasks,
leaving the boring ones to computers.
Our life will become more comfortable. There will be
technology to keep your house tidy and the grass in your garden
green. Televisions will be able to study your emotional reactions
to different shows and suggest programmes to make you laugh
(or, if you prefer, cry).
Internet television will become a major instrument of
commerce, used for shopping, advertising, games, news, e-mail
and education.
All the stuff we need at present to prove our identity will
disappear: credit cards, driving licences, and so on.
Computer programmes will be able to recognize our unique
appearance. Doors will open, cars will start, pay phones will
automatically bill you.
Safety will improve. Criminals and terrorists will be easily
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
identified.
Medicine will prevent illness rather than provide remedies.
The megarich of ten years from now will not be oil sheikhs,
bankers or great military conquerors, as in the past. Great wealth
will come from the mind!
Amazing Predictions
Throughout history, many predictions for the future have turned
out to be laughably wrong. Here are some predictions that people
wish they hadn’t made:
“There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their
home.”
Ken Olson, President of Digital Equipment Corporation
“I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.”
Th. Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943
“The guitar is on the way out.”
Head of Decca Records when they rejected the Beatles
“Who the hell wants to hear actors talk?”
H.M. Warner Brothers, 1927
“Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible.”
Lord Kelvin of the Royal Society, 1895
“Airplanes are interesting toys but of no military value.”
M.F. Foch, Professor of Strategy, Ecole Superieure de Guerre
“Everything that can be invented, has been invented.”
Charles H. Duell, Head of the US Patents Office, 1899
But not every attempt at predicting the future has been so
laughable. Here are just a few examples:
Leonardo da Vinci sketched a helicopter 400 years before its
invention.
Science-fiction writer Jules Verne described a submarine more
than 30 years before it appeared.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky predicted space flight and designed a
rocket long before Yuri Gagarin flew into space.
31. Answer the questions:
1. Are you optimistic about the future?
2. Do you believe that robots will do all the dangerous and dirty
work for us?
UNIT 5. MAN, MACHINES AND NEW BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
211
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
What will robots do for us?
Do you think children will go to school in the future?
What’s the difference between a telephone and a videophone?
Will writing by hand become the thing of the past?
Why do you think people will become healthier?
Will our planet become cleaner or more polluted?
Pessimists say that one day we’ll have to pay for clean air just
like we do now for clean water. Do you think it’s possible?
10. Will there be wars in the future?
11. Have you ever seen an electric car?
12. Do you think the world will become more democratic?
13. Do you agree with James Martin’s predictions for the next ten
years?
32. Translate into English:
У Японії продаватимуться роботи
Робот, який розпізнає до десяти обличь та розуміє 10 тисяч
слів, незабаром буле запропонований японським споживачам,
котрі шукають високотехнологічного домашнього помічника.
Гуманоїд Вакамару, заввишки один метр, рекламується як механічний сторож будинку та секретар. Японська фірма
“Міцубіші” очікує, що перші роботи надійдуть у продаж у вересні 2005 року. “Це – початок нової епохи співіснування людей
та роботів”, – сказав представник компанії.
Роботи можуть наглядати за домівкою, поки власники у
від’їзді, і попереджати їх про можливе пограбування. Також, за
повідомленнями, робот має здатність стежити за станом хворої
людини. Відповідно до заяви “Міцубіші”, робот може діяти як
секретар, занотовуючи інформацію про зустрічі й нагадуючи про
них власникам. Робот Вакамару важить 30 кілограм; як очікується, він коштуватиме приблизно 14 тисяч доларів.
На думку “Міцубіші” це перший робот з функцією спілкування, який продаватиметься для домашнього вжитку. Він живиться від батарей з підзарядкою і рухається на колесах.
(Вільне слово. – 2005. – №33 (149)
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
33. Translate into English:
Мікроробот самостійно очистить стінки артерій та вен
Учені південнокорейського університету Хоннам винайшли
мікроробот, який уводять у судину людини за допомогою простої ін’єкції, щоб очищати стінки артерій і вен.
Зовні мікроробот схожий на краба з шістьма лапами. Це дозволяє йому безперешкодно пересуватися по річищу судини зі
швидкістю 55 метрів за тиждень.
Робот постачається енергією, яка виробляється за рахунок
хімічного перероблення цукру, що міститься у крові. Це забезпечує його повну автономію.
Коли мікроробот зустрічає на своєму шляху перешкоду, наприклад, атеросклеротичну бляшку – він починає виділяти хімічну речовину, яка розчиняє це патологічне утворення. Як наслідок – відновлюється просвіт артерії і зміцнюються її стінки.
Вчені сподіваються, що в такий спосіб можна буде значно знизити ризик розвитку серцево-судинних захворювань і запобігти
пов’язаним з ними ускладненням.
Єдина проблема, що турбує нині вчених, – як “обдурити”
імунну систему пацієнта. Адже вона може сприйняти робота як
стороннє тіло і зруйнувати мікроапарат ще до того, як він почне
виконувати свою лікувальну функцію.
(Пульс. – 2007. – №45.)
35. Discuss with your classmates:
1. So the robots are finally among us. But will they really help
us create a more pleasant way of life or will they cause problems?
2. What does the future hold? What is our life going to be like in
the 21st century? Some people are rather optimistic about the
future, others predict the end of the world.
UNIT 5. MAN, MACHINES AND NEW BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
Here is what pessimists
say.
213
Here is what optimists
say.
• Our planet will be invaded
by aliens. Those who
survive will become their
slaves.
• People will be able to travel in
space, They will be able to
spend their holidays on other
planets.
• There will be a nuclear war
and our planet will become
uninhabitable.
• We'll be stronger and
healthier. Scientists will invent
antiageing pills and people will
live much longer than now.
• Atmospheric pollution will
be so awful that people will
have to live in underground
cities.
• Air pollution will be stopped.
Special underground pipes will
carry smoke and fumes from
factories to air-cleaning plants.
• People will be replaced by
robots. There will be more
unemployed. Life will be
harder.
• Robots will do all the
dangerous and dirty jobs. Our
working hours will be shorter
and our holidays will be longer.
• There will be more
criminals. Terrorist groups
will be more powerful. It
will be dangerous to go out.
People will be killed by
remote control.
• There will be no more wars,
no more criminals. The world
will become more democratic.
• Our simple pleasures will
become a thing of the past.
We'll take food in the form
of capsules, tablets and pills.
• Our daily life will become
easier. Everything will be
automated. We'll shop, pay our
bills and even cook with the
help of computers.
And what do you think of the future?
3. Make your own predictions for the next ten years.
4. The future of cybernetics.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
UNIT 6
COMPUTERS IN PRESENT STUDYING AND MODERN
HOMES
1. Before reading, look at the newspaper headline GIRLS JUST
WANT TO HAVE FUN WITH LEARNING, BUT BOYS WILL BE
GAME BOYS. What do you think the article tells us about computer use among teenage girls and boys?
2. Read the article and check your answer to Exercise 1. What reasons are given for the differences in computer use between the sexes? What are the possible effects of these differences?
TEXT A
GIRLS JUST WANT TO HAVE FUN WITH LEARNING, BUT
BOYS WILL BE GAME BOYS
GIRLS need much more encouragement from their parents if
they are not to be left behind by the Information Technology revolution, a report from the National Council for Educational Technology
suggests. Girls are thirteen times less likely than boys to have access
to a computer at home.
The research shows that children who use a computer at home
become more confident and enthusiastic about IT at school, but that
advantage is especially marked among girls. Using a computer at
home has a positive effect on girls’ attitudes to IT in all areas.
Parents need to be aware that girls react differently to the IT
revolution. They are not attracted by many of the video games that
obsess the boys and they particularly dislike the violence and sexual
stereotyping of some of the games.
Girls are attracted by the most useful aspects of IT – by word
processors and databases. Given the right software at home, they can
increase their capability and enthusiasm and may be able to redress
some of the imbalance between the sexes on higher-level computing
courses at schools and colleges.
3. Read correctly:
setting – декорація, обстановка
prehistoric – доісторичний
absorbed – захоплений
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN PRESENT STUDYING …
215
violent – повний насильства
to be in circulation – бути в обігу
storyboard – сценарій
to scroll – рухатися по екрану
collaboration – співробітництво; співпраця
to edit – редагувати, робити монтаж
to recoup – повернути витрати
to run over – переїхати
to crunch – хрустіти
a pool of blood – калюжа крові
to spatter – розкидати
bullet – куля
pedestrian – пішохід
to rack up – набирати (бали)
obvious – явний, очевидний
glee – веселість, радість
disgusting – огидний
4. Read, translate and answer the questions below the text:
Video Games
Everybody’s tried them at least once. Sitting in front of a screen
you can make cars go very fast or move strange little green men
about as they escape from dangerous enemies.
You do it with video games, the electronic toys which are loved
by young people and grown-ups alike. Some people prefer space
settings, others prehistoric scenes and still others realistic situations
in the present. With only a little money and a lot of skill, you can
pass several hours absorbed in new and unexpected situations.
But, experts say, excessive use of these screens can be bad for
your health.
And some very violent video games are now in circulation.
So, video games can be bad for you if you don’t limit the time
you spend in front of the screen or choose intelligent programmes
which don’t contain violence.
Often players forget reality and start to live the adventures of
imaginary “heroes”.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
However, there are also educational video games. These can
stimulate imagination or help with the study of history, geography
and natural sciences.
How to Make a Video Game
If you like video games, you should know just how difficult it is
to make one. Dan Harnett, of Acclaim Entertainment Inc., in New
York, explains the process.
“Basically, it’s like making a film. You start with the idea for
the story. It can be an original concept, or it may come from a movie
or sport. Then you have to create a storyboard, which looks like a
cartoon. It includes all the different levels, the characters, the rooms,
perhaps the weapons. The storyboard also specifies if it’s a first- or
third-person game, and if the game will be horizontal or vertical, that
is, if the image will scroll horizontally or vertically – or both.
“Then you are ready to start programming. We often do that in
collaboration with the creator of the original, if the game is based on
a movie or a cartoon. For example, for Batman Forever we worked
with Warner Brothers .
“There are a lot of people involved in the programming process
– music programmers, graphic designers, and computer people.
When they think they have something that looks good, the editing
process begins. Editing is a long process. There are many new
“codes”, or versions, before the editors feel like they have a playable
code.
“Then the game is given to the game analysts. Their job is to
find all the mistakes. “All in all, the process usually takes about 1218 months. Bigger games – the ones with more levels and more
moves – can take longer. And the total investment, including
development, programming and marketing, can be about 50-60
million dollars. But nowadays video games are more profitable than
movies. Mortal Kombat, for example, recouped its $50-million
dollar investment in one week. For the movie it probably took
months, or more.
IF you Play the Game, you’re in the Game
Are video games just harmless fun? Not all parents think so.
When Margaret Harman came into the living room, her sevenyear-old son Terry and two friends were glued to the television. They
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN PRESENT STUDYING …
217
were playing a video game called Grand Theft Auto. Standing behind
the boys, Margaret watched the action. Terry had chosen the role of a
crazed gangster. He stole a car, then ran over a group of terrified
young girls. Their bodies crunched under his wheels, leaving a pool
of blood.
His gun spattering bullets in every direction, Terry killed a
policeman, then ran over yet more pedestrians, racking up hundreds
of points. “I’ve killed them!” he cried happily to his friends. Shocked
by their obvious glee, Margaret ordered the boys to stop playing.
“This game is disgusting,” she said sternly. “It should be banned.”
1. Can video games be bad or good for children and grown-ups?
2. Is it easy to make a video game?
3. Do you agree with Margaret? Do you think violence in
computer games can lead to aggressive behaviour?
4. Are video games harmless fun? What do you and your parents
think of them?
5. Read and translate this report on a survey of computer use in a
group of young people:
TEXT B
AT HOME WITH COMPUTERS
This report presents details of home computer use by a sample
group of young people. It is a common belief that teenagers today
know about computers and are familiar with using them in all aspects
of their lives. We decided to try to find out if this was true.
We questioned thirty young people between 14 and 18. All the
teenagers we chose said they had computers at home. We asked them
how much time they spent on their computer in an average week, but
we were most interested in what they used their computers for.
The average time spent on a computer in a week was about 12
hours, with the highest user averaging 32 hours and the lowest user
only 5 hours. There was no significant difference between boys and
girls.
All of the people questioned said they regularly used the computer to play games. Fourteen told us they did some word-processing
at home, but not very much. Only 2 of the respondents said that com-
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
puters helped them with their studies, while 8 people told us they
kept addresses and telephone numbers on their computers or used
them as diaries. Only 3 people said they were learning to program
computers, and nobody consulted databases (other than their address
lists). None of the people used their computer for any other purpose.
The chart gives the overall results in detail.
The results indicate that average computer use is quite high
amongst 14-18 year olds. They also show quite clearly that computers are seen by most young people as little more than games machines. The only other significant uses are for word-processing and
organising address lists. It seems to us that, although computers are
common in the homes of British adolescents, they have not yet become useful tools in the routine of everyday life.
6. Match these titles to the paragraphs above:
RESULTS 1
CONCLUSION
SULTS 2
INTRODUCTION
CARRYING OUT THE SURVEY
RE-
7. What questions were people asked? Draw up a questionnaire.
8. What do the different bars in the chart show? There is one mistake in the chart. What is it?
9. Look back at the report. Which tense of the verb is used:
a) when the subject is the report, the results or the chart?
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN PRESENT STUDYING …
219
b) to describe how the survey was carried out?
c) to report results?
d) to present conclusions?
10. How many different words and phrases does the writer use to
refer to the people who were questioned during the survey? Why do
you think the writer uses different expressions in the report? Work
out a dialogue to the text.
11. Work in small groups. Look at the questionnaires from Exercises 5, 7.
1. You are going to carry out a survey of home computer use by
people in your class. Are there any questions you would like
to change or add? Do you, for example, need to ask about
work rather than studies?
2. Use copies of your questionnaire to interview your classmates. Then return to your group and assemble your results.
12. Write a report presenting your findings. Use the same structure
as the report “At Home with Computers”. After writing your first
draft:
1. Check that the structure of the report matches the one in the
report.
2. Try to improve the vocabulary you have used. If you can,
avoid repeating the same words and phrases.
3. Check the grammar of your sentences, particularly where you
have used reported speech.
13. Read and translate the dialogue:
Fiona Davis, a future secondary school teacher, is talking to
Ken Hopkins, her computer teacher.
Fiona: Ken, excuse me, there are several things I didn’t catch. Can
you spare me some of your time?
Ken: With pleasure. What’s the problem?
Fiona: You know, these awful computer terms like bits and bytes.
What’s it all about?
Ken: You see, microcomputer’s software has only two options to
distinguish between 0 and 1. Inside the computer everything is
translated into a code out of these binary 0s and 1s. What I
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
mean is that special computer language has been invented for
this purpose to do the translating. Do you understand?
Fiona: Not quite. What I’m trying to ask is what these bits and bytes
stand for?
Ken: I see. Each individual 1 or 0, on or off, is called a bit. A group
of eight bits is known as a byte. Basically, like Morse, the bits
are grouped together and a byte is enough for a single letter of
the alphabet. All I mean is that bundles of 0s and 1s are kept in
chips that make so-called “words”. What I’m trying to say is
that everything you want to get is already mapped out across
the surface of a silicon wafer. More than 250 separate chips
can be there. Are you with me?
Fiona: Yes.
Ken: That’s to say, chips are designed to act as a computer’s main
memory. And the decisions are taken by the pre-set rules of
logic that I’ve been explaining today. OK now?
Fiona: Yes. Now I understand. Thank you very much.
14. The following expressions are used to make sure that you are
properly understood. Classify them into formal and informal. Think
of the antecedent [ænt ´si:dәnt - попередній] statements to which
these expressions can be added.
1. D’you see? 2. Is that reasonably clear? 3. Right? 4. Get it?
5. Have I made myself clear? 6. If you take my point. 7. Are you
there yet? 8. OK? 9. If you understand my meaning. 10. Know what
I’m getting at? 11. Do you understand? 12. Are you with me? 13. If
there is anything you haven’t understood, please say so. 14. Yeah?
15. I trust I make myself clear. 16. Have you got the message yet?
15. Translate the sentences into English. Use expressions given in
Exercise 14:
1. Я упевнений, що потрібен координований підхід до використання комп’ютерів у школах. Розумієте? Хоча в даний час
багато шкіл оснащені комп’ютерами, можливості комп’ютерів
використовуються не повністю. Чи не так? Для того щоб поліпшити цю ситуацію, необхідно створити комп’ютерний методичний центр. Крім того, необхідно видавати журнал, що висвітлює
дану проблему. Сподіваюся, я висловився досить ясно. 2. Джейн,
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN PRESENT STUDYING …
221
я щось не розумію, навіщо нам удома потрібен комп’ютер. Річ
дорога, жили ми без нього раніше. – Ну знаєш, без комп’ютера
зараз нікуди. Ти, наприклад, ніколи не умів рахувати гроші.
Хтось у родині повинен уміти це робити. Ясно? – І це все? – Ні,
любий. Ти збираєшся дати дітям пристойну освіту, чи не так?
Цікаво, як це в тебе вийде без комп’ютера. По-моєму, тобі просто лінь самому навчитися ним користуватися. Так? – Зовсім ні. –
А я думаю – так. Тому я записала тебе в “комп’ютерний гурток”
(computer user group).
16. Describe the situation:
As a member of educational board you are explaining the role
of computers in secondary and higher education.
17. Make up dialogues:
1. Two computer teachers are discussing the current provision of
education in training engineers (secondary school teachers) in
information technology (IT).
2. After you’ve explained the importance of computers in adult
education, especially in respect to overcoming the generation
gap, make sure that you are properly understood.
3. A lot of computer games are very bad. There is a lot of shooting and killing. These games are worse than on TV. You see
bad things on TV, but in computer games you do bad things. It
can’t be good for you.
4. Computer games are great! They are better than TV. On TV
you can watch a space ship, but in a computer game you can
fly a space ship!
5. Many teenagers in Ukraine are able to use computers at home.
What do they use them for?
18. Retell the dialogue from Exercise 13 using Indirect Speech.
19. Speak on the topic: “Computers in Class and it Home”. Include
the information given in the unit.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
20. Remember:
smug – самовдоволений
to overtake – наздогнати
to mess about – розм. ледарювати
admittedly – за загальним визнанням
swot – розм. зубрило
vague – непевний
sensible – розсудливий
concern – занепокоєння, хвилювання
to catch up (caught) – наздогнати
21. Read, translate and review the texts:
TEXT 1
While Girls do their Homework, Boys Get Lost in Cyberspace
If you’re female, you’re going to read this article and feel smug.
If you’re male, you might feel a desire to use the article to wrap up
your old chewing gum or just get annoyed and play a computer game
...
According to a recent report, in Britain girls are overtaking
boys at school. They are even beating them in subjects such as
science and maths, which people used to think were subjects that
boys were naturally better at. Surveys show there could be several
reasons for this. Boys and girls behave very differently from each
other both in and out of school.
In school, statistics show boys mess about more and get into
trouble more. Admittedly, they put up their hand to answer questions
more but they often have the wrong answer. The girls who were
interviewed said they often knew the correct answer but didn't like to
put up their hand if they weren't absolutely sure. The survey also
showed girls spent much longer doing homework and checking it
with each other. Boys may argue that these things do not make girls
more intelligent than boys and in some boys’ opinions may even
make many girls look like swots. However, these things do show that
girls have a different attitude to school than boys. Girls are becoming
much more competitive and ambitious.
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN PRESENT STUDYING …
223
Computer Studies?
Experts believe that some boys in Britain are spending so much
time playing computer games and watching violent films that they are
living in a fantasy world. When girls talk about using home
computers, they often discuss different types of software that they use
for learning. Boys simply talk about computer games. When 14-yearold girls were asked what they would like to do in the future, they
mentioned realistic jobs such as vet, teacher or doctor. The boys’
answers were either very vague such as, “I just want to be happy and
have lots of money” or unrealistic and they said things such as, “I
want to be a fighter pilot.” Their answers were considered worrying
because they did not seem very sensible and did not show any
concern about unemployment. However, some people might believe
that 14 is too young to worry anyhow. Also, the truth is that the
majority of “top jobs” in England are still done by men so many
might not see the need to worry. The good news is that after the age
of 17, many boys become interested in school again and their exam
results show that they have caught up. The problem is just keeping
them interested until then …
The statements below were other results of the survey. Write G if
you think the statement might refer to girls and B if you think it
could refer to boys.
1. Learn to speak earlier □
2. Get nervous if there is a pause in the conversation between
friends □
3. Take more risks □
4. Are spoken to more by parents □
5. Normally get more praise at school if they do something well □
6. Smoke more □
(See answers on page 228)
If you conducted the same survey in Ukrainian schools, what
results would you get?
TEXT 2
Computers and Jobs
The 1981 launch of the microcomputer towards every one of
Britain’s schools was accompanied by a wave of uncritical
224
PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
enthusiasm and a flood of rhetoric for its vocational significance.
That optimism for the vocational significance of the computer
permeated into many households which subsequently acquired
computers. The unquestioned belief in the vocational significance of
information technology also deeply affected both the thinking and the
publicity associated with the innovations in vocational education. The
continuing emphasis on “high-technology” industry in 1980s leads to
the belief that future employment prospects will be greater in
information technology.
This is a belief which requires thorough and critical
investigation. The links between information technology in education
and information technology in employment should be fully and
critically examined.
TEXT 3
Advertisement
To help in the development of computer software in association
with BBC Education broadcasts for schoolchildren and adults.
Based in the Educational Broadcasting Services Department,
you will work closely with television and radio production staff
providing them with information and advice on opportunities for the
development of software. You will therefore be expected to establish
and maintain contact with individuals and agencies involved in
software creation and keep closely in touch with emerging patterns of
use, both in educational establishments and in the context of distance
learning.
We look for a thorough knowledge of educational methodology
in different sectors of education, and the ability to relate this to the
facilities offered by micro-computers commonly used for educational
purposes. Also essential will be organising software trials, and the
ability to provide presentations to groups of teachers to demonstrate
BBC educational software.
Contact us immediately for application form (+ address).
TEXT 4
www.abroad.ru
Life’s hectic, and we know it better than anyone. We also know
that many of you want to study abroad but either can't find the time
or don’t want the headache of making endless inquiries, writing to
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN PRESENT STUDYING …
225
dozens of schools, filling in applications, or dealing with visas and
“red tape”. If this describes you, then you probably need help – help
from professionals who can do all this for you.
WWW.ABROAD.RU is here to help you. ABROAD.RU is an
all-Russian portal designed to help you get the educational opportunities that you are seeking abroad. So if you’re surfing the Net looking
for a great study abroad opportunity, then look no further. Welcome
to www.abroad.ru!
How does ABROAD.RU differ from other sites?
ABROAD.RU is independent and does not represent any particular school or agent. Therefore, any foreign school or university
can feel free to place its programs on this site and thus you have a really great choice of offers from different schools, colleges and universities from more than 20 countries. To make it more convenient
for you, all offers are categorized by both country and type of the
program being offered.
The programs are: Academic year for students and school children, Distance Learning, Foreign language study, Learning vacations,
Colleges and Universities, Post-graduate schools, Work and study,
Internship, MBA programs and Au Pair. Once you have chosen a
program, you will be able to contact a school or university directly
and send your inquiries. If you fail to find the program of your
choice, don’t give up. Instead, place a request on the Message Board,
specially designed for viewing by both educational organizations and
agents. If they are able to fulfill your request, they will respond directly to you.
In addition to the offers, you will find useful information concerning the countries where you are thinking to study: systems of education, academic advice and practical recommendations, Internet
resources, grants and scholarship, and an archive of articles that you
are guaranteed to find extremely helpful. And finally, though of no
less importance, all offers on this site are printed in both Russian and
English.
But don’t take it from us; after all, the “proof of the pudding is
in the tasting”. We invite you to browse the site and compare it with
the others on the web. To find out what ABROAD.RU can do for
YOU, click on www.abroad.ru.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
22. Review the article at home then discuss it in class:
Вплив комп’ютерів на підростаюче покоління
Усім давно відомо про шкідливий вплив на організм людини статичного струму й електромагнітного поля. Довготривалий
час, проведений біля комп’ютера (робота, ігри), негативно впливає на здоров’я користувача. В першу чергу на центральну нервову систему, на зір, слух, що може слугувати причиною тяжких порушень функцій цих органів і розладів психіки. Крім того,
висока психоемоційна напруга, яка поглиблюється тим, що користувач знаходиться в режимі постійної напруги в одному положенні. Це обумовлює дискомфорт, стрес, що призводить до
психічних зривів, депресії. Головний біль, втомлюваність, загострення хронічних захворювань, загострене сприйняття
зовнішнього середовища може спровокувати навіть суїцидальну
спробу, особливо в підлітковому віці.
Тому державні санітарні норми регламентують час безперервного перебування за монітором: не більше 6 годин з перервою 5-10 хвилин протягом кожної години. Але це нормативи для
дорослої людини.
Підліток, що навчається у 8 класі, може безперервно
працювати за комп’ютером не більше 20 хвилин. Норма роботи
для учнів 9 класів – 25 хвилин, 10-11 класів – 30 хвилин. Цих
норм дотримуються в навчальних закладах, але в домашніх умовах батьки не завжди в змозі контролювати час перебування
своєї дитини біля персонального комп’ютера, в комп’ютерних
клубах цій проблемі взагалі не приділяють уваги.
Захоплення підлітків комп’ютерною грою може перерости
в особливу небезпеку. Дитина забуває про час. Справа в тому,
що в “грі” свій відлік часу, своя швидкість подій, у результаті
чого повністю втрачається відчуття реального. Ця ситуація дещо
нагадує читання цікавої книги. Сучасні мами та татусі так само
не можуть відірвати своє дитинча від монітору, як і їх батьки, що
знаходили колись у них том К. Дойля та ліхтарик під ковдрою.
Про зміст безпосередньо комп’ютерних ігор написано чимало і зважаючи на те, що сюжети багатьох із них містять погоні
та вбивства, а в ролі жертв виступають люди, виникає ситуація
зняття психологічного бар’єру на подібні вчинки, зниження від-
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN PRESENT STUDYING …
227
чуття відповідальності в реальному світі з реальними законами.
У віртуальному світі і відповідальність віртуальна.
У клубі більшість підлітків проводять по 3-4 години, а найчастіше по 6-8 годин поспіль. Виникає низка питань. По-перше,
звідки у підлітків стільки вільного часу? По-друге, звідки у них
гроші? Звичайно, можливо заощадити на тістечках у школі, а
комусь гроші на комп’ютерні клуби дають батьки. Звісно, ці суми малі порівняно з тим, скільки коштують наркотики. Залежність від гри в багатьох випадках є теж майже наркотичною. Але
чим більше часу займає гра, тим більше грошей витрачається. На
жаль, знайомства, які можуть бути небажаними, а можливо і
згубними для вашої дитини, виникають саме в клубах такого типу. І наслідки можуть бути невтішними. Взагалі, на наш погляд,
ситуація, що склалася навколо комп’ютерних клубів, потребує
невідкладного втручання влади та лікарів.
Підсумовуючи, слід наголосити, що в першу чергу батьки
повинні не забувати як про користь, так і про шкідливість
комп’ютера. Тому потрібно намагатися виконувати існуючі
гігієнічні нормативи роботи з ним. Не забувайте про те, що чудовий світ літератури, заняття спортом, прогулянки на свіжому
повітрі у поєднанні з дозованим підходом до використання
комп’ютера дійсно принесуть користь вашій дитині та радість
вам.
(Пульс-НОРМА. – 2007. – №27.)
23. Review the article at home then discuss it in class:
Комп’ютер спричиняє у дитини стрес і погіршення зору
Почнемо
з
позитивних
моментів.
Використання
комп’ютерів на уроках у школі (якщо йдеться про школяра)
сприяє активізації розумової діяльності, розширює світогляд дитини, створює позитивний настрій. Але, з іншого боку, виникає
тривога: чи не завдасть шкоди тривале сидіння перед дисплеєм?
Втеча від реальності
З точки зору психології, комп’ютерні ігри – це якоюсь
мірою втеча від реальності. І справді, у грі краще, цікавіше, там
кожен – герой, сильний, спритний, і, найголовніше: якщо щось
не вдається, завжди можна спробувати розпочати знову, бо в грі
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
є змога “прожити” кілька життів. А в реальній дійсності дитина
робить помилки, які виправити буває неможливо.
Але книги також завжди були втечею від справжнього життя. Життя в книгах – цікава річ, і з героєм себе можна ототожнювати. Отже, завжди є метод знайти собі “замінник” реальності, якщо цього дуже захотіти. Гірше, коли цей замінник – алкоголь чи наркотики.
Першим страждає зір
Найбільш вразливою під час роботи з монітором є система
зору. Майже всі, хто працює за дисплеєм, після тривалої роботи
скаржаться на втому очей, біль у них, “пісок”, сльозотечу. Тривала робота за дисплеєм часто є причиною зниження гостроти
зору. Пам’ятаючи про це, просто треба обмежити час роботи за
комп’ютером, особливо якщо це гра, яка вимагає великого зорового напруження (дрібні деталі, яскраві кольори). Варто уникати
захоплення залами комп’ютерних ігор, де здебільшого закуповуються найдешевші дисплеї, що найбільше шкодять зору. Під
час роботи дисплея реєструється незначне рентгенівське, ультрафіолетове, інфрачервоне, мікрохвильове випромінювання,
низько- і ультранизькочастотні електромагнітні поля. Загальна
доза опромінення, навіть у разі щоденної восьмигодинної роботи, становить 0,5% дози, що отримує людина з різних джерел
(флуоресценція, сонячне світло, радіохвилі тощо). А ось комплексний вплив усіх випромінювань, які йдуть від дисплея, вивчений мало. Є дані, що під час роботи з дисплеєм упродовж 2-6 і
більше годин на день виникає екзема (захворювання шкіри), яку,
можливо, спричиняє наявність електростатичного та електроагнітного полів.
Шестирічним можна займатися по 15 хвилин через день
У дошкільному віці організм маляти швидко змінюється,
продовжує формуватися кісткова система, кисть руки ще перебуває в стадії розвитку, тому спочатку спостерігається швидка
втома після роботи з клавіатурою. Навантаження на зір у цьому
разі надзвичайно сильне – погляд фіксується то на дисплеї, то на
клавіатурі. Це може призвести до порушення акомодації очей,
тобто розвитку втоми очних м’язів. У цьому віці тривалість перебування за комп’ютером не повинна перевищувати 10-15 хви-
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN PRESENT STUDYING …
229
лин і, крім того, через день. Якщо комп’ютерна кімната є в садочку чи школі, то такого режиму, звичайно, дотримуються. А
вдома? Сумнівно, що ваше чадо покине страшенно захопливу
гру через 15 хвилин. До того ж, якщо ви плануєте розпочати
ознайомлення свого малюка з усіма можливостями комп’ютера,
почніть з відповідних ігор. Звичайно, до кожної гри подається
інформація про те, для якого віку вона підходить. Якщо йдеться
про малюка шестирічного віку, гра не повинна включати дрібних предметів, бути надто яскравою, містити багато чорних і
червоних кольорів.
Пам’ятаймо, що робота з комп’ютером буває значним
стрес-фактором для дитини. Це виявляється в тому, що малюки
після таких занять під вечір стають збудженими, напруженими,
дратівливими. I коли дитина врешті-решт засинає, то спить погано, постійно прокидаючись. Ось кілька заходів, які допоможуть попередити перевтому малюка:
– обмежте тривалість роботи дитини за комп’ютером;
– навчіть доньку чи сина робити гімнастику для очей;
– правильно обладнайте робоче місце;
– використовуйте комп’ютери високих характеристик;
– обирайте високоякісні програми чи ігри, які відповідають віку дитини (вік звичайно вказується на диску з
грою).
(Субота. – 2007. – №18.)
24. Review the article at home then discuss it in class:
“Хвороба дисплея”
Якщо у вас у сім’ї школяр, зверніть увагу на те, як він реагує на заняття з комп’ютером у школі. У більшості дітей після
такої роботи знижується артеріальний тиск, болить і паморочиться голова, настає втома. Існує навіть термін “хвороба дисплея”, яка виявляється у відчутті тривоги, дратівливості та депресії. Пам’ятайте, що найбільше втомлює дитину ігровий
варіант занять. Це пояснюється тим, що гра вимагає постійного
напруження, швидкої реакції, викликає хвилювання та зміни
настрою.
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
Найбільше несприятливих реакцій дітей внаслідок роботи з
комп’ютером було виявлено в школярів 1-го (6-7 років) і 5-го
(11-12 років) класів, що можна пояснити найбільшими труднощами адаптації до такого виду роботи.
Як обладнати робоче місце дитини
Зробити це зовсім не складно, а ось попередити негативний
вплив на організм сина чи доньки певною мірою можна. Візьміть лінійку чи сантиметрову стрічку і, як справжній кравець,
зробіть вимірювання. Стілець, за яким буде сидіти ваша дитина,
обов’язково повинен бути зі спинкою. Сидіти син чи донька мають на відстані не менше 50-70 см від дисплея (чим далі, тим
краще), впираючись поглядом безпосередньо в центр екрана.
Сидіти треба з прямою спиною або ж трохи нахилившись уперед. Між корпусом тіла і краєм стола повинен залишатися вільний простір приблизно 5 см. Руки повинні вільно лежати на
столі. Під ноги можна поставити підставку, щоб вони були
зігнуті в колінних та кульшових суглобах приблизно під прямим
кутом. Стіл повинен стояти в добре освітленому місці, але так,
щоб на екрані не було виблискування.
Подбайте про здоров’я: розташуйте комп’ютер у кутку або
ж задньою поверхнею до стіни; щоденно виконуйте вологе прибирання приміщення, де розташований ваш комп’ютер; до і
після роботи протріть екран спеціальною ганчіркою або губкою;
частіше провітрюйте кімнату; для збільшення вологості в
приміщенні заведіть акваріум або прилаштуйте інший посуд із
водою.
(Субота. – 2007. – №18.)
25. Review the article at home then discuss it in class:
Робота на ком’ютері має небезпечні й шкідливі фактори
Небезпечні і шкідливі виробничі фактори при виконанні
робіт на персональному комп’ютері:
a) фізичні
– збільшений рівень електромагнітних випромінювань;
– збільшений рівень рентгенівського випромінювання;
– збільшений рівень ультрафіолетового випромінювання;
– збільшений рівень інфрачервоного випромінювання;
UNIT 6. COMPUTERS IN PRESENT STUDYING …
231
– збільшення рівня статичної електроенергії
б) хімічні
– збільшення рівня в повітрі робочої зони двоокису вуглецю, озону, аміаку, фенолу, формальдегіду
в) психофізіологічні
– напруження зору;
– напруження уваги;
– інтелектуальна напруга
г) біологічні
– збільшений вміст у повітрі робочої зони мікроорганізмів.
Тому до самостійної роботи на персональних комп’ютерах
допускаються особи, які пройшли попередній медичний огляд і
не мають медичних протипоказань.
Жінки з моменту встановлення вагітності та в період годування материнським молоком до виконання всіх видів робіт,
пов’язаних з використанням персонального комп’ютера, не допускаються.
Площа на одне робоче місце з персональним комп’ютером
для дорослих користувачів повинна складати не менше 6 кв. м, а
об’єм – не менше 20 куб. м.
Для збільшення вологості повітря в приміщенні з персональним комп’ютером повинні застосовуватися зволожувачі повітря, слід проводити вологе прибирання.
Приміщення з персональним комп’ютером повинні бути
обладнані аптечкою та вуглекислотним вогнегасником.
Режим роботи: 40-45 хв. роботи на комп’ютері та 15-20 хв.
перерви.
Безперервний час роботи на персональному комп’ютері не
повинен перевищувати 2 год.
(Романівський вісник. – 2007. – №56-57.)
26. Discuss with your classmates:
1. What percentage of teenagers in Ukraine do you think are
able to use computers at home? What do they use them for?
List all the possibilities. Prove them.
2. While girls do their homework, boys get lost in cyberspace,
don’t they?
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PART II. ADDITIONAL TASKS
3. Experts believe that some boys in British schools are spending so much time playing computer games and watching violent films that they are living in a fantasy world. When girls
talk about using home computers, they often discuss different
types of software that they use for learning. Boys simply talk
about computer games. Is it the same in Ukraine?
4. Computers are bad for your health. In the past, children ran
around and played sports. Now they just sit at home.
5. A lot of children spend too much time with computers. They
start playing and then they can’t stop. They don’t talk to anyone, they just sit and look at the computer for hours and
hours.
6. Some people don’t think children learn much from computers. They can’t learn about life from a computer. And they
can’t do their homework if they play computer games all the
time.
7. A lot of computer games are very bad. There is a lot of shooting and killing. These games are worse than on TV. You see
bad things on TV, but in computer games you do bad things.
It can’t be good for you.
8. Computer games are great! They are better than TV. On TV
you can watch a space ship, but in a computer game you can
fly a space ship!
9. Computers in education. Compare their role in schools and in
universities, especially in teaching IT students. What do you
know about the development of new educational methodology in Great Britain and Ukraine?
10. Advantages of ABROAD.RU.
11. Will computers solve the unemployment problem in Ukraine
and other countries?
12. Influence of computers upon pupils’ (teenagers’) health.
13. Dangerous and harmful factors of computers.
PART III. FINAL TESTS. BASIC COURSE
233
PART III
FINAL TESTS
BASIC COURSE
Do the tests to check your knowledge of the units studied.
TEST I
Choose the right word or phrase:
1. The word computer comes from a Latin word which means
_____ .
A) to compile
B) to compute
C) to compose
D) to count
2. The first computer was designed in _____ century.
A) the 17th
B) the 18th
C) the 19th
D) the 16th
3. The second calculating device used was _____ .
A) the abacus
B) the slide rule
C) the logarithm table
D) calculus
4. The first _____ computer was built using vacuum tubes.
A) analogue
B) digital
C) analytical
D) hybrid
5. The third generation of computers used _____ .
A) transistors
B) tiny integrated circuits
C) microminiaturization
D) single chips
6. If you want to programme your own computer you have to
learn its _____ .
A) level
B) language
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PART III. FINAL TESTS. BASIC COURSE
C) mathematical formulas
D) problems
7. A digital computer is a system composed of _____ distinct elements.
A) three
B) four
C) six
D) five
8. _____ computers could solve complicated problems faster
than current supercomputers.
A) regular
B) molecular
C) hybrid
D) mainframes
9. _____ is designed for business uses.
A) COBOL
B) FORTRAN
C) ASSEMBLY
D) BASIC
10. People are realizing that sending and receiving information
electronically offers several _____ .
A) advantages
B) disadvantages
C) problems
D) data
TEST II
Choose the right word or phrase:
1. Your computer may stop working if there is not enough
_____ .
A) information
B) hardware
C) experience
D) memory
PART III. FINAL TESTS. BASIC COURSE
235
2. The basic job of computers is _____ of information.
A) the accepting
B) the keeping
C) the processing
D) the replacing
3. Computers have _____ which can make decisions.
A) aircraft navigation systems
B) terminals
C) circuits
D) speed
4. To use hardware effectively we need _____ .
A) a back-up copy
B) applied thoughts
C) network
D) electric pulses
5. Digital and analogue computers work on _____ principles.
A) the same
B) new
C) different
D) modern
6. Scientists found that computers made _____ mistakes.
A) fewer
B) no
C) more
D) many
7. Computers have _____ features that make them unique machines.
A) two
B) four
C) five
D) three
8. The product of computer processing is called _____ .
A) output
B) input
236
PART III. FINAL TESTS. BASIC COURSE
C) a program
D) an instruction
9. A word processor is really _____ computer.
A) a dedicated
B) a general-purpose
C) a special-purpose
D) a cheap
10. A computer is _____ tool.
A) a memory
B) a single
C) a bug
D) an all-purpuse
TEST III
Choose the right word or phrase:
1. Interrupts can be generated by software or _____ .
A) a floppy disk
B) a CD-ROM
C) hardware
D) a database
2. The computer can follow the instructions in _____ , but it
cannot change them.
A) data
B) RAM
C) ROM
D) Microsoft
3. _____ with the symptoms you describe has just hit the net.
A) an illness
B) a failure
C) a disease
D) a virus
4. Computer _____ vary in impact.
A) viruses
B) villains
C) systems
D) data
PART III. FINAL TESTS. BASIC COURSE
237
5. Many PC users _____ Friday 13th virus.
A) know
B) fear
C) don’t fear
D) check
6. We can _____ computer trespassing.
A) program
B) prevent
C) protect
D) change
7. One law _____ people from using a computer system without
permission.
A) keeps
B) prohibits
C) helps
D) finds
8. A cartridge contains _____ program.
A) no
B) a permanent
C) a temporary
D) a pocket
9. RAM offers random _____ to stored data.
A) access
B) input
C) output
D) capacity
10. The operating system of a microcomputer is _____ .
A) easy
B) simple
C) complicated
D) outside
238
PART III. FINAL TESTS. BASIC COURSE
TEST IV
Choose the right word or phrase:
1. The Internet appeared due to the additional influence of
_____ .
A) the US Economics Department
B) the Stanford Research Institute
C) the US Defence Department
D) the University of California
2. The main use of the Internet is _____ .
A) to find information
B) to read newspapers and magazines
C) to play games
D) to buy from your favourite shop
3. The most mentioned male on the Internet is _____ .
A) President Bill Clinton
B) President George Bush
C) President Barak Obama
D) President Abraham Lincoln
4. The Internet was designed to _____ .
A) obtain up-to-date information
B) survive during the Gulf War
C) use e-mail
D) survive a nuclear war
5. To be able to send information through the telephone line
your computer needs to have _____ .
A) packet switching
B) a rout
C) a modem
D) a special device
6. The most popular Internet service today is _____ .
A) telnet
B) e-mail
C) FTP
D) USENET
PART III. FINAL TESTS. BASIC COURSE
239
7. Computers directing data travelling through many different
networks towards its destination are called _____ .
A) host computers
B) routers
C) micros
D) desktop computers
8. The entire electronic domain is known as _____ .
A) cyberspace
B) Internet
C) World Wide Web
D) e-mail
9. _____ is a collection of newsgroups covering any topic.
A) telnet
B) the world wide web
C) electronic mail
D) usenet
10. The Internet can be accessed not only via computers but also
via _____ .
A) a satellite dish
B) cellular phones
C) clogs
D) answering machine
TEST V
Choose a right word or a phrase:
1. Initially e-mail was used by _____.
A) university communities
B) academics
D) defence contractors
C) anyone owing a computer
2. Snail mail is _____ .
A) traditional envelope mail
B) e-mail
C) air mail
D) telephone mail
240
PART III. FINAL TESTS. BASIC COURSE
3. For confidentiality e-mail users receive _____ .
A) a mailbox number
B) a password
C) messages
D) an e-mail address
4. The part of an e-mail address which represents the particular
computer that receives and delivers the message is called ____ .
A) the body
B) userid
C) the domain
D) a personal handle
5. _____ works to find misspelled words in your document.
A) a spelling checker
B) a word-processing program
C) a spreadsheet
D) a dictionary
6. Before you have access to e-mail, you will need _____ .
A) an envelope
B) a powerful computer
C) a cellular phone
D) a satellite dish
7. By the 80s, academics were using e-mail for _____ .
A) testing students
B) doing projects
C) entertaining
D) professional collaboration
8. _____ is a device of converting signals into text.
A) a modem
B) a mailbox
C) a password
D) a terminal
9. The part of an e-mail address to the left of the @ sign is called
_____.
A) the body
B) userid
PART III. FINAL TESTS. BASIC COURSE
241
C) the domain
D) a personal handle
10. The part of an e-mail message that includes the date, the
writer’s name, the addressee’s name and the subject is _____ .
A) the domain
B) the heading
C) the body
D) the copy
TEST VI
Choose the right word or phrase:
1. Kathleen’s mother has been experimenting with new ways to
_____.
A) mow a lawn
B) write literature
C) design a program
D) analyse a novel
2. Kathleen’s mother was a _____ .
A) computer
B) teacher
C) lawyer
D) doctor
3. Margie hated school because of _____ .
A) the mechanical teacher
B) tests in geography
C) the time-table
D) her grandfather
4. Today’s computers are of little value in _____ .
A) teaching English
B) translating literature
C) doing bank-transactions
D) weather forcasting
5. In the schools area _____ makes it ideal for creative writing.
A) spread-sheet
B) e-mail
C) word processing package
D) a spelling-checker
242
PART III. FINAL TESTS. BASIC COURSE
6. _____ will prove invaluable in any Math class.
A) spread-sheet
B) e-mail
C) word processing package
D) a spelling-checker
7. New electronic technology is potentially the greatest educational _____ .
A) suspicion
B) innovation
C) alarm
D) drama
8. The big need for classroom computers is for more _____ .
A) software
B) hardware
C) innovation
D) invention
9. Resistance among teachers as for using computers in class is
____ .
A) growing
B) increasing
C) booming
D) declining
10. Once Kathleen’s mother terrorized the whole neighbourhood
when a _____ she had invented went berserk.
A) lawnmower
B) door opener
C) program
D) robot
PART III. FINAL TESTS. ADDITIONAL TASKS
243
ADDITIONAL TASKS
TEST I
Choose the right word or phrase:
1. When you start Word you see a menu of commands _____ of
the screen, this screen is the main menu.
A) at the top
B) at the bottom
C) at the back
D) at the front
2. Word help system is _____ any time you need it.
A) profitable
B) reliable
C) capable
D) available
3. You can quickly get specific help about a command or command _____ .
A) field
B) area
C) sphere
D) file
4. When you use the arrow _____ to highlight a command name
in the command area, Word displays a brief description.
A) buttons
B) switches
C) keys
D) shifts
5. The central processor of the micro, called the microprocessor,
is built as a single semiconductor _____ .
A) device
B) tool
C) plate
D) circuit
6. The available range of microcomputer systems is _____ more
rapidly than minicomputer.
A) applying
B) using
244
PART III. FINAL TESTS. ADDITIONAL TASKS
C) evolving
D) moving
7. The first home personal computers appeared in _____ .
A) 1974
B) 1983
C) 1978
D) 1981
8. In 1980, Gates bought a small company which produced an
operating system called _____ .
A) SOS
B) DOS
C) SOD
D) ODS
9. Microsoft also _____ about 50 percent of the world’s software applications.
A) takes
B) supplies
C) provides
D) uses
10. A single silicon _____ can be the entire central processing
unit of a microcomputer.
A) chip
B) board
C) circuit
D) surface
TEST II
Choose the right word or phrase:
1. The operator writes instructions which _____ the mathematical operations on information.
A) decide
B) delete
C) determine
D) differentiate
PART III. FINAL TESTS. ADDITIONAL TASKS
245
2. A computer network is a group of _____ computer systems at
different locations.
A) interacted
B) interpreted
C) improved
D) interconnected
3. EFT allows organizations to transfer _____ from one location
to another.
A) accounts
B) money
C) bills
D) cash
4. A company may send electronic purchase ______ .
A) orders
B) invitations
C) letters
D) requests
5. A wide variety of businesses and individuals _____ in timesharing computer systems.
A) penetrate
B) perform
C) postpone
D) participate
6. Businesses use word processors to increase _____ productivity.
A) office
B) warehouse
C) window
D) connection
7. Using database programs one can create reports with _____
the information you want.
A) extremely
B) extraordinary
C) extra
D) exactly
246
PART III. FINAL TESTS. ADDITIONAL TASKS
8. Some word-processing programs have a formatting command
that _____ justified lines.
A) prints
B) types
C) uses
D) puts out
9. Some programs _____ you to print your document using triple-spaced text as well.
A) present
B) provide
C) allow
D) support
10. Electronic networks link computer _____ who are located in
the same building or across the country.
A) professionals
B) crackers
C) hackers
D) users
TEST IІІ
1. The first computer was the size of _____ .
A) a book
B) a minibus
C) a minicar
D) a desk
2. A mobile phone allows to _____ as well as make calls.
A) to surf the Internet
B) to control the money markets
C) to identify criminals
D) to diagnose illnesses
3. The computer is programmed to process data fast and _____ .
A) quickly
B) completely
C) accurately
D) constantly
PART III. FINAL TESTS. ADDITIONAL TASKS
247
4. I have watched robots _____ .
A) interview the Nobel prize winners
B) write articles
C) take pictures
D) assemble devices at plants
5. Many computerized medical diagnosis programs are intended
_____ a physician’s judgement.
A) to receive
B) to help
C) to replace
D) to change
6. CADUCEUS covers the broad field of internal _____ , which
includes most adult illnesses.
A) medicine
B) theory
C) program
D) computer
7. The creators of CADUCEUS say that their diagnosis system
is _____ ready for routine use in hospitals yet.
A) already
B) at last
C) not
D) still
8. In writing a flowchart you plan the logical _____ of your program.
A) flow
B) statement
C) way
D) stage
9. Writing a computer program you always have a chance to correct your _____ .
A) tasks
B) errors
C) details
D) results
248
PART III. FINAL TESTS. ADDITIONAL TASKS
10. Mistakes in programs are called _____ .
A) errors
B) syntax errors
C) common mistakes
D) bugs
TEST IV
Choose the right word or phrase:
1. A _____ that takes a long time to download runs the risk of
deterring visitors from staying around.
A) sight
B) site
C) side
D) set
2. Automation of production process is impossible without automatic _____ .
A) control
B) content
C) contrast
D) consideration
3. Automation may be said to be a modern term signifying the
use of _____ to do work that formely had to be done by people.
A) cars
B) tools
C) machines
D) instruments
4. All electrical effects are really electronic because all electric
_____ result from the movements of electrons.
A) currents
B) flows
C) streams
D) waterfalls
5. Not long ago computers were considered as an amazing
_____ .
A) invention
B) invitation
PART III. FINAL TESTS. ADDITIONAL TASKS
249
C) inventories
D) innovation
6. The word which comes closest to describing Virtual Reality is
_____ .
A) “software”
B) “stimulator”
C) “semiconductor”
D) “simulator”
7. Imagine getting the information you need by simply entering
a command or two on your computer _____ .
A) monitor
B) keyboard
C) microprocessor
D) output
8. The more _____ your data base is the easier it is to find information.
A) selected
B) strong
C) strict
D) structured
9. A record is _____ of fields.
A) a collection
B) a connection
C) a compilation
D) a construction
10. You _____ an organizational system and file the cards in a
box.
A) get up
B) start up
C) set up
D) give up
250
PART III. FINAL TESTS. ADDITIONAL TASKS
TEST V
Choose the right word or phrase:
1. People _____ on land nowadays much faster than the speediest horses.
A) go
B) move
C) fly
D) walk
2. We live in the time when highly _____ machines take the
place of men for doing work.
A) active
B) industrial
C) productive
D) modern
3. The machines _____ of scientists’ research work.
A) do part
B) take place
C) to be help
D) employ
4. Big experimental research programms are _____ in all countries.
A) in order
B) in progress
C) in time
D) on the eve
5. The word “robot” was invented by _____ .
A) Capek
B) Newton
C) Smith
D) Mann
6. One of the hardest things to make a robot do is _____ .
A) dream
B) walk
C) fly
D) think
PART III. FINAL TESTS. ADDITIONAL TASKS
251
7. Some robots can read your _____ and take pictures.
A) newspaper
B) books
C) dictionary
D) e-mail
8. When everything is _____ we’ll be able to do more creative
jobs.
A) made
B) produced
C) automated
D) controled
9. There will be no more wars, _____ and terrorists.
A) criminals
B) doctors
C) scientists
D) parents
10. English will become a _____ language.
A) local
B) independent
C) global
D) active
TEST VI
Choose the right word or phrase:
1. Video games can be bad for you if you don’t _____ the time
you spend in front of the screen.
A) limit
B) correct
C) divise
D) devolve
2. You can _____ intelligent programms which don’t contain
violence.
A) close
B) scroll
C) choose
D) limit
252
PART III. FINAL TESTS. ADDITIONAL TASKS
3. Kombat recouped its _____ -million dollar investment in one
week.
A) 5
B) 50
C) 250
D) 500
4. All of the people said they _____ used the computer to play
games.
A) sometimes
B) usually
C) regularly
D) periodically
5. Only _____ of the respondents said that computers helped
them with their studies.
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
6. Boys and girls _____ very differently from each other both in
and out of school.
A) believe
B) behave
C) bellow
D) befall
7. Boys _____ about more and get into trouble more.
A) mess
B) merit
C) merge
D) mend
8. The girls said they often knew the _____ answer but didn’t
put up their hand if they weren’t absolutely sure.
A) different
B) clever
C) correct
D) computer
PART III. FINAL TESTS. ADDITIONAL TASKS
253
9. The girls discuss different types of software that they use for
____ .
A) health
B) dream
C) learning
D) playing
10. After the age of 17, many boys become _____ in school
again.
A) problem
B) pleased
C) troubled
D) interested
ANSWERS
254
ANSWERS:
While Girls do their Homework, Boys Get Lost in Cyberspace
1. G
2. G
3. B
4. G
5. B
6. G
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английский язык. –
английский язык. –
английский язык. –
английский язык. –
английский язык. –
английский язык. –
английский язык. –