Trendler’s
PHYSO 2A
Fall 2008
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicholaes Tulp, oil on canvas by Rembrandt van Rijn (1632)
Lecture 1- Slide 1
Introduction
Unit One: Foundations
Pages
1 Major Themes of A&P
24
Two:Orientation
Surviving
Atlas AUnit
General
Pages
7
25 The
Chemistry of Life
Histology
36 Cellular
Form
& Function
Unit
Three:
Moving
The Integumentary
System
33
Pages
22
Joints
497 Genetics
& Cellular Function
Bone Tissue
10 The Muscular
System
Unit Four:
Being
Total
8 The Skeletal System
Atlas B Surface Anatomy
13 The LNS & Somatic Reflexes
11 Muscular TissueTotal
14 The Brain & Cranial Nerves
12 Nervous Tissue
15 The ANS &Total
Visceral Reflexes
28
25
25
63
Pages
122
45
1
28
123
32
46
36
18
160
16 Sense Organs
Total: 16 Chapters
Total
1-2
33
31
46
538 Pages
138
Teri’s Top Ten Topics of Chapter 1
  10 History
  5 Fields of Science
  9 Imaging
  4 Scientific Method
  8 Properties of life
  3 Form & Function
  7 Terminology
  2 Evolution
  6 Organization
  1 Homeostasis
1-3
History
1-4
History
  Universe
  matter & energy
  Living things
  increasingly complex
  Dead white guys
  Us
  The future
1-5
Beginnings of Medicine
  Physicians in Mesopotamia and Egypt
  3000 years ago used herbal drugs, salts and
physical therapy
  Greek physician Hippocrates
  established a code of ethics
  urged physicians to seek causes of disease
1-6
Beginnings of Medicine 2
  Aristotle
  called causes for disease physiologi
  complex structures are built from simpler parts
  Galen (physician to the Roman gladiators)
  saw science as a method of discovery
  did animal dissections since use of cadavers
banned
  wrote book advising followers to trust their own
observation
1-7
Birth of Modern Medicine
  Middle Ages
  little advancement
  medicine was taught as dogma with no new ideas
  Avicenna from Muslim world
  supported free inquiry over dogma
  wrote The Canon of Medicine, used in medical
schools until 16th century
  Vesalius (1543)
  published accurate gross anatomy atlas
  Harvey (1628)
  realized blood flow out from heart and back in
1-8
Birth of Modern Medicine 2
  Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
  invented a simple microscope (200x) to look at fabrics
  Hooke (1665) and Zeiss (1860)
  developed and improved compound microscope
  described plant cell walls in 1665
  Schleiden and Schwann (1839)
  concluded that all organisms were composed of cells
  1st tenet of cell theory
1-9
Living in a Revolution
  Early pioneers were important
  established scientific way of thinking
  replaced superstition with natural laws
  Modern biomedical science
  technological enhancement
 
diagnostic ability and life-support strategies
  Genetic Revolution
  human genome is finished
  gene therapy is being used to treat disease
1-10
Imaging
1-11
Early Medical Illustrations
1-12
Medical Imaging
Microscopy
Just a form of technology
1-13
Props of Life
1-14
Properties of Life
Are these alive?
Only if they…
1-15
Characteristics of Life
  Organization
  Cellular composition
  Excretion
  Metabolism and excretion
  Responsiveness and movement
  Homeostasis
  Development
  Reproduction
  Evolution
1-16
Terms
1-17
Anatomical Terminology
  Medical terms from Greek and Latin roots
  Naming confusion during the Renaissance
  same structures with different names
  structures named after people (eponyms)
  Search for uniform international terminology
  1895 Nomina Anatomica (NA) rejected all eponyms
  each structure = unique Latin name
  Terminologia Anatomica was codified in 1998
1-18
Analyzing Medical Terms
  Terminology based on word elements
  lexicon (Appendix C)
  Scientific terms
  one root (stem) with core meaning
  combining vowels join roots
  prefix modifies core meaning
  suffix modifies core meaning
  Acronyms
  first few letters of series of words
1-19
Useful Tables in Textbook
1-20
Organization
1-21
Hierarchy of complexity
  organism is composed
of organ systems
  organ systems
composed of organs
  organs composed of
tissues
  tissues composed of
cells
1-22
Hierarchy of Complexity 2
  Cells contain
organelles
  Organelles
composed of
molecules
  Molecules composed
of atoms
1-23
Fields of Science????
1-24
Scientific Meth
1-25
Scientific Method
  Bacon (1561-1626) and Descartes (1596-1650)
  new habits of scientific thought
  England and France
  academies of science --still exist today
  Science
  produces reliable, objective and testable
information about nature
1-26
Inductive Method
  Philosopher Francis Bacon
  observations, generalizations and predictions
  anatomy
  Proof in science
  reliable observations
  tested repeatedly
  not falsified by any credible observation
  In science, all truth is tentative
  “proof beyond a reasonable doubt”
1-27
Hypothetico-Deductive Method
  Physiological knowledge
  Test your hypothesis (answer) to a specific question
  Good hypothesis
  consistent with what is already known
  testable and falsifiable with evidence
  Hypotheses are written as If-Then statements
1-28
Proper Experimental Design
  Sample size
  sufficient to prevent chance event
  Control group and treatment group
  identical treatment except for the variable being tested
  Prevention of psychosomatic effects
  use of placebo in control group
1-29
Proper Experimental Design 2
  Experimenter bias
  prevented with double-blind study
  Statistical testing
  difference between control and test subjects was
not random variation
  due to the variable being tested
1-30
Peer Review
  Critical evaluation by other experts in the
field
  done prior to funding or publication
  done by using verification and repeatability
of results
  Ensures honesty, objectivity and quality in
science
1-31
Form & Fxn
1-32
Anatomy - The Study of Form
  Observation of surface structure
  Cadaver dissection
  cutting and separation of organs to study their
relationships
  Comparative anatomy
  study of more than one species to analyze evolutionary
trends
1-33
Anatomy - The Study of Form 2
  Physical examination
  palpation, auscultation, percussion
  Gross anatomy
  visible with naked eye
  Histology
  examination of cells with microscope
1-34
Physiology - The Study of Function
  Study of bodily functions
  using methods of experimental science
  Comparative physiology
  study of different species
  Basis for the development of new drugs and
medical procedures
1-35
Anatomical Variation
  No 2 humans are exactly alike
  variable number of organs
  variation in organ locations (situs inversus, dextrocardia,
situs perversus)
1-36
Physiological Variation
  Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity
  Typical values
  reference man
  22 years old, 154 lbs, light physical activity
  consumes 2800 kcal/day
  reference woman
  same as man except 128 lbs and 2000 kcal/day
1-37
Evil-ution
1-38
Facts, Laws and Theories
  Scientific fact
  information independently verified
  Law of nature
  description of the way matter and energy behave
  results from inductive reasoning and repeated
observations
  written as verbal statements or mathematical formulae
  Theory
  summary of conclusions drawn from observable facts
  it provides explanations1-39
and predictions
Human Origins and Adaptations
  Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
  On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
(1859)
  The Descent of Man (1871)
  Theory of natural selection
  how species originate and change through time
  changed view of “our origin, our nature and our place in
the universe”
  increases understanding of form and function
1-40
Evolution, Selection, and
Adaptation
  Evolution
  change in genetic composition of population
  development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics
  Adaptations
  individuals with hereditary advantages
  produce more offspring under given selection pressures
(harsh climate, predators)
  inheritable characteristics
  genetic change in the population (evolution)
1-41
Animal Relations
  Closest relative = chimpanzee
  difference of only 1.6% in DNA structure
  chimpanzees and gorillas differ by 2.3%
  Study of evolutionary relationships
  chose animals for biomedical research (the animal
model)
  rats and mice used extensively due to issues
involved with using chimpanzees
1-42
Primate Adaptations
  Earliest primates
  squirrel-sized, arboreal, insect-eating mammals
  due to safety, food supply and lack of competition
  Adaptations for aboreal life style
  mobile shoulders
  opposable thumbs manipulate small objects
  forward-facing eyes (stereoscopic vision)
  depth perception for leaping and catching prey
  color vision
  distinguish ripe fruit
  larger brains and good memory
  remember food sources
1-43
Walking Upright
  African forest became grassland
  millions of years ago
  Bipedalism
  standing and walking on 2 legs
  spot predators, carry food or infants
  Adaptations for bipedalism
  skeletal and muscular modifications
1-44
Walking Upright 2
  Australopithecus
  gave rise Homo habilis (2.5mya)
  taller, larger brain volume, speech, tool-making
  Homo habilis
  gave rise to Homo erectus (1.1mya)
  Homo erectus
  gave rise to Homo sapiens (.6 to .2mya?)
  Diseases and imperfections from our evolutionary past
1-45
Primate Phylogeny
1-46
Homeo-stasis
1-47
Homeostasis
  Claude Bernard (1813-78)
  stable internal conditions regardless of external
conditions
  Homeostasis
  Walter Cannon (1871-1945) coined the term
  fluctuates within limited range around a set point
  Loss causes illness or death
1-48
Negative Feedback Loop
  Body senses a change and activates
mechanisms to reverse it
1-49
Negative Feedback, Set Point
  Room temperature does not stay at set point
of 68 degrees -- it only averages 68 degrees
1-50
Human Thermoregulation
  Brain senses change in blood temperature
  if overheating, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins
  if too cold, vasoconstriction1-51
in the skin and shivering begins
Control of Blood Pressure
  Circulatory stretch receptors
  detect a rise in BP
  Cardiac center in brainstem
  sends out nerve signals
  Heart slowed and BP lowered
1-52
Structure of Feedback Loop
  Receptor = senses change
  Integrator = control center that responds
  Effector = structures that restore homeostasis
1-53
Positive Feedback Loops
  Self-amplifying change
  leads to change in the same direction
  Normal way of producing rapid changes
  occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion,
and generation of nerve signals
1-54
Life-Threatening Fever
  Temperature > 108 degrees F
  increases metabolic rate
  body produces heat even faster
  Cycle continues to reinforce itself
  Becomes fatal at 113 degrees F
1-55
Review
1-56
Review of Major Themes
  Cell theory
  activity of cells determine structure and function
  Homeostasis
  maintaining stable internal conditions
  Evolution
  our body evolved by natural selection
  Hierarchy of structure
  levels of complexity
  Unity of form and function
1-57from anatomy
  physiology is inseparable
The end!
  Clap now!
  Any questions?
  What comes next….
  General Info, Handouts (Syllabus & Schedule)
  Start Lab Activities 1-4, because all through 6 must be
done by Monday
1-58