Mohamad Adada
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/P.5
Packet E
Interaction: Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange is a term used to describe relations, or trading and exchanging goods,
or slaves, to and from the Old World, and New World. The word Colombian, refers to
Christopher Columbus, an explorer who was said to have discovered the New World. Examples
of objects traded from the Old World to the New World include corn, potatoes, squash and
llamas. Examples of goods traded from the New World to Old World are rice, wheat, barley,
and onions, as well as animals like horses. Although these discoveries may seem positive, many
negative exchanges occurred as well. Many diseases were exchanged between the two “worlds”,
including smallpox, typhoid, and yellow fever, all of which killed many people, American and
European. Another Negative aspect of the Colombian Exchange, was the forced transportation of
slaves across the Atlantic to work at plantations in the caribbean, brazil, and elsewhere in the
new world.
Anam Ahmed
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 5
Packet E
Interaction: Smallpox
Smallpox was a virus that has been globally eradicated in 1979. It is one of the
two infectious diseases that has said to be globally eradicated. It was originally known
as the “pox” or “red plague”. It started being called “smallpox” in Britain in the 15th
century to distinguish it from syphilis, which was known as the “great pox”. Smallpox
was one of the diseases spread from the Old World to the New World after European
exploration. In the 9th century, the most definitive descriptions of smallpox was written
by a Persian physician. During the Middle Ages, smallpox appeared periodically in
Europe but was not widespread there until the Crusades, where there was more
population movement and population increase. Smallpox was the disease that
devastated the Native American Indian Population. It was also important in weakening
the Aztecs and the Incas, which was a major factor in leading to their conquest. By the
mid-18th century, smallpox was a pandemic; it was a major endemic disease
everywhere except Australia and in some small islands. It was a leading cause of death
in the 18th century in Europe.
Infection with smallpox starts in the small blood vessels of the skin, specifically in
the mouth and throat, before it spreads. There are rashes on the skin with raised fluidfilled blisters, later in the disease.
Theme 1: Columbian Exchange
The Columbian exchange refers to a period of exchange between the
Old and New World. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and
technology transformed European and Native American ways of life. This
exchange effected social and cultural aspects of both sides. The
Columbian exchange advanced agricultural practices, evolved warfare, and
diffused animals and food previously unknown to each side.
William Block
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History
Packet E
Interaction Packet E
Interaction between the New and Old World occurred during this
period. The natives of the New World interacted with the explorers when
they arrived and were later converted. Diseases went from New world to
Old and Old world to New. Smallpox went from old to new. The Little Ice
Age was a century long period of colder climate. This made trade difficult
and it affected agriculture greatly. There were also many deaths during this
period. Deforestation was still a problem and soil exhaustion was a
problem that was when soil was depleted of its nutrients.
Yasmine Charles-Harris
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History / Period 5
Packet: E
[Interaction]: (Smallpox)
Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by either of two virus
variants, Variola major and Variola minor. The disease is also known
by the Latin names variola or variola vera, derived from varius
("spotted") or varus ("pimple"). The disease was originally known in
English as the "pox" or "red plague"; the term "smallpox" was first
used in Britain in the 15th century to distinguish variola from the
"great pox" (syphilis). The last naturally occurring case of smallpox
(Variola minor) was diagnosed on October 26, 1977. Smallpox is believed to have been acquired
by humans originally as a zoonosis from a terrestrial African rodent between 16,000 and 68,000
years ago, well before the dawn of agriculture and civilization. The earliest physical evidence of
it is probably the pustular rash on the mummified body of Pharaoh Ramses V of Egypt. The
disease killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans annually during the closing years of the 18th
century (including five reigning monarchs), and was responsible for a third of all blindness. Of
all those infected, 20-60 percent, and over 80 percent of infected children, died from the disease.
Smallpox was responsible for an estimated 300-500 million deaths during the 20th century. As
recently as 1967, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 15 million people
contracted the disease and that two million died in that year.
Sofia del Rio
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/Period 5
Packet: E
The Colombian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of goods and ideas from Europe, Africa, and
Asia and goods and ideas from the Americas. It also spread different diseases. It started in 1492
when Christopher Columbus arrived in the West Indies. Foods that had never been seen before
by people became a major part of what the Old World ate. For example, before 1492, no potatoes
were grown outside of South America. By the 1840s, Ireland was so dependent on the potato that
a diseased crop led to the devastating Irish Potato Famine. Italy became famous for its Tomato
sauce, made from New World tomatoes, while coffee from Africa and sugarcane from Asia
became the main crops of very large Latin American plantations. Also the chili and Paprika from
South America was introduced in India by the Portuguese and it is today an important part of
Indian cuisine. The Introduction of beasts of burdens also change amerindian’s lives. The first
European import to the Americas, the horse, changed the lives of many Native American tribes
on the Great Plains, letting them to change to a nomadic lifestyle based on hunting bison on
horseback. Before the Columbian Exchange, there were no oranges in Florida,, no pineapples in
Hawaii, no cattle in Texas, no Chili peppers in Thailand and India, and no chocolate in
Switzerland. Before there was regular communication between the two hemispheres, the
different types of domesticated animals and diseases were much larger in the Old World than in
the New. This partly led to the horrible effects of Old World diseases on Native American tribes.
Smallpox probably caused in the highest death toll for Native Americans. Barely any civilization
on earth stayed the same by this global ecological exchange.
Jose Duran
Mr. Tavernia
Interaction: Deforestation
Since the beginning of time, man has destroyed the environment to exploit its
resources and put them to use. Deforestation is the permanent destruction of
forests in order to make the land available for other uses. Man has always
used this method to create communities, but it has negatively affected the
environment greatly. The main causes for deforestation are: to make more
land available for housing and urbanization, to harvest timber to create
commercial items such as paper, furniture and homes, to create ingredients
that are highly prized consumer items, such as the oil from palm trees, and to
create room for cattle ranching. The main issue with deforestation is that the
more trees humans kill, the less oxygen is produced in the atmosphere. This
puts a lethal risks for the future of mankind and it is a serious problem to
society. To put an end to deforestation, countries like Costa Rica have
established laws that protect the natural environment and the wildlife of its
tropical rainforests.To solve this environmental crisis, companies should
implement a system where for every tree that is killed, one should be planted
to take its place somewhere else.
Sofia Godoy
Mr. Tavernia
Period 5
Packet E: Global Civilizations
Interaction Between Humans and the Environment: Little Ice
Age
Occurring from the early 14th century to the middle of the 19th century, the Little Ice
Age was an era of cooling across many regions of the globe, primarily in the Northern
Hemisphere, following the Medieval Warming Period. Its consequences included a higher
frequency of colder winters and cool, short summers, which lead to famine and lower crop yields
throughout northern and central Europe. Ocean temperatures also dropped, hurting North
Atlantic cod fisheries. Churches, farms, and entire villages in France, Switzerland, and other
nations were also crushed by rapidly approaching Alpine glaciers. Amerindians in the upper
Mississippi River Valley and western prairies suffered under drier conditions. Meanwhile, Norse
settlements in Greenland were defeated by starvation and eventually, deserted. In Europe, the
health of villagers was also affected by cool, wet summers, which facilitated breakouts of a
disease causing hallucinations and seizures, known as St. Anthony’s Fire. The Little Ice Age also
resulted in higher prices of grain and a decline in the collection of tax revenues, which occurred
due to lower property values. Lower property values are attributed to the destruction of
numerous farmsteads thanks to famine, storms, and glacier expansion.
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange was the transfer of plants, animals, culture, and technology
between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European
colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage. The contact between the two
areas circulated a wide variety of new crops and livestock, which supported increases in
population in both hemispheres, although diseases such as smallpox and measles cause a rapid
decline in the numbers of indigenous peoples of the Americas. Traders returned to Europe with
maize, potatoes, and tomatoes, which became very important crops in Europe by the 18th
century. Initially, at least, the Columbian exchange of animals largely went through one route,
from Europe to the New World, as the Eurasian regions had domesticated many more animals.
Horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, large dogs, cats and bees were
rapidly adopted by native peoples for transport, food, and other uses. One of the first European
exports to the Americas, the horse, changed the lives of many Native American tribes in the
mountains. They shifted to a nomadic lifestyle, as opposed to agriculture, based on hunting bison
on horseback and moved down to the Great Plains.
Sydni Josowitz
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P5
4 February 2017
Interaction: Smallpox
Smallpox was introduced to the new world during 1450-1750 during the
Colombian Exchange. While most people in the old world were immune to this
disease, when people living in the new world were faced with it, they were very
susceptible. The disease was carried across the Atlantic Ocean mostly by
infected mosquitoes and rats that lived on the traveling ships. Victims of the
disease are plagued with painful rashes and blisters all over their skin. Many
experience blindness, intense scarring, and limb deformities. It killed over
400,000 Europeans and 80% of the time, if a child contracted it, the child would
die. Anywhere from 300-500 million people have died from smallpox in just the
1900s alone. Luckily, the disease has now been eradicated from the population.
Mark Kava
Tavernia
AP World History/Period 5
Packet E
Interaction Between Humans and The Environment: Deforestation
Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make
the land available for other uses such as agriculture. Deforestation involves
the mass-cutting down of a forest’s trees. Deforestation usually leads to the
land being used for farming, ranching, or developing a new urban area of
residence or a new community. An example of this is in South America. In
South America, tropical rain forests’ trees are often cut down. Deforestation
have detrimental implications; many animals can be displaced from
deforestation which can hurt a species’ population and can hurt the
ecosystem of that region. Deforestation also often leads to soil erosion
which leads to poor farming.
Sloane Knapp
AP World History
02/06/2016
Packet E
Interaction: Columbian Exchange
The Columbian exchange was cross cultural. Many different things such as plants,
animals, diseases, and technologies were exchanged between the old and new world.
This exchange resulted in improved work habits and better diets, as some of these
crops became staple crops. Some examples of things that went from the old to new
world are grapes, sugarcane, melons, wheat, cows, pigs and horses. New world to old
world crops include corn, potatoes, pumpkins, squash, beans, pineapples, and tobacco.
Sadly, along with the influx of crops came an influx of diseases which were harmful to
the people.
Thomas Lovegren
Mr.Tavernia
AP World Geography
Packet E
AP theme: Trade & Commerce
The little ice age was a period of time during the 1500-1750 CE where the earth
experienced a global cooling period. Crops slowed and cities halted with the lower
temperatures.
Elizabeth Matei
Mr. Tavernia
World History AP/Period 5
Packet: E
Interaction Between Humans and the Environment: Smallpox
Smallpox is said to have come from the Ancient Egyptian Empire in the third century
BCE. It also appeared in China in the fourth century, India in the seventh century, and in Asia
Minor in the tenth century. It spread through trade, by people on trade routes. There was an
average of three out of ten deaths for every person who was infected with smallpox. Survivors
were often left with severe scars. Despite its devastating effects, there actually were efforts to try
and stop this disastrous disease. For example, variolation, named after the virus itself (variola),
was the process of taking particles from the sores of infected people and putting them on
uninfected people. This created a “natural” vaccine in which people would very lightly develop
the symptoms of the virus, creating antibodies, and then not being able to die right away if they
acquired the disease. Variolation lowered the number of people infected and thus deaths caused
by smallpox. English doctor, Edward Jenner was the first to think of a vaccination for smallpox
in 1796. Then, in 1959 the World Health Organization made an effort to eradicate smallpox. The
last official person with active smallpox was three year old Rahima Banu, in 1975. Smallpox
used to be a very dangerous and deadly disease. But now with a vaccine, it no longer poses a
major threat.
Alba Minxha
Mr. Travernia
AP World History
Packet E
Theme 1 Interaction Between Humans & the Environment: Little Ice Age
The Little Ice Age was a
century-long period of cool climate caused
by diminished activity in the sun. It
occurred at around the 1300s to 1870s.
During which, Europe and North America
were subjected to much colder winters than
previous years. The effects of the Little Ice
Age were catastrophic at first. The cold
conditions affected agriculture
significantly, trade became difficult along frozen rivers, growing seasons were shortened by two
months, and deaths increased sharply. Over time, people became accustomed to the cold weather
and adapted to it. Crops resilient to the cold were grown, and new positive agricultural
techniques were adopted.
Emily Namm
Michael Tavernia
AP World History/Period 5
Packet: E
[Interaction]: Northwest Passage
The Northwest Passage was an all-water route
through the Americas, either by passing through or
over the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Such a passage
was found not to exist, as the water in that area is
frozen over.
The Northwest Passage would’ve provided an
alternative, much shorter water route to eastern Asia
from western Europe. When compared with traveling around the horn of Africa, a
Northwest Passage would’ve been about 2,500 miles shorter. Recognizing the
value of this in trade, European explorers began looking for such a passage in the
early 1500’s.
The Spanish explorer Francisco de Ulloa, who called the Northwest Passage
the “Straight of Anián,” was one of the first to look for it, starting on the Western
side of the Americas around Baja California and searching northward. England
searched on the Atlantic side of the Americas. English explorers included Martin
Frobisher, John Davis, and Henry Hudson,
Hudson coming the closest in discovering
Hudson’s Bay but ultimately unsuccessful, as
were voyages through the 1600’s and 1700’s.
Recently, due to climate change and
global warming, enough ice had melted to make
the Northwest Passage possible. In 1957, ships
for the first time traveled through in water that
would be deep enough for cargo shipping, and have continued to do so with the
help of icebreakers.
Scott Robins
Mr. Tavernia
APWH P5
Packet E, Interaction
Interaction: Deforestation
The trend of deforestation started in Greece and spread to Palestine to Turkey to Spain. Roman
agricultural economy depended greatly on the process of
deforestation. Unfortunately their society had no conservation
techniques. Deforestation was a major factor in the fall of
Rome’s Empire. The Mediterranean Basin, once a rich end selfsustaining regioon, has steadily deteriorated since the time of
the Greeks and Romans. Another civilization affected by
deforestation is the Peruvian Nazca civilization. Until recently
the collapse of this civilization was believed to be caused by El
Nino, but it is now believed to be caused by deforestation. After
scientists discovered the huarango tree and how the Nazca
people used it f,or food, timber, and fuel; it was obvious that the real cause of the civilizations’
fall was deforestation and that the El Nino floods were actually beneficial for irrigation. A map
of Peru's ancient civilizations, including Nazca. The Mayans’ declined may als o have been fault
of deforestation. Mayas had a drought issue and made the issue worse by cutting down the jungle
canopy for crops and cities. Deforestation played a factor in the drought, which led to the
downfall of the Mayan Empire
Sean Robins
Mr. Tavernia
AP World
Packet E
Interaction: Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange was the cross-cultural exchange of plants,
animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the
world following Columbus’s voyages. The result of the Columbian Exchange led
to changed diets and work habits. Crops, animals, and herbs that went from Old
World to New World were Horses, cows, pigs, wheat, barley, sugarcane, melons,
and grapes. New World to Old World crops, animals, and herbs are corn,
potatoes, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, squash, beans, pineapples,
peppers, tobacco, and chocolate. The Columbian Exchange also led to the spread
of diseases into the New World such as Smallpox, Measles, Typhus, and Cholera.
While New World to Old World only spread Syphilis. Today diseases are spread
globally such as Zika, Aids, and Ebola and they are a result of travel just as the
Columbian Exchange was.
Alejandro Sosa
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P.5
Packet: E
Interaction Columbian Exchange
Millions of years ago, continental drift carried the Old World and New
Worlds apart, splitting North and South America from Eurasia and Africa.
That separation lasted so long that it fostered divergent evolution; for
instance, the development of rattlesnakes on one side of the Atlantic and
vipers on the other. After 1492, human voyagers in part reversed this
tendency. Their artificial re-establishment of connections through the
commingling of Old and New World plants, animals, and bacteria,
commonly known as the Columbian Exchange, is one of the more
spectacular and significant ecological events of the past millennium. When
Europeans first touched the shores of the Americas, Old World crops such
as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips had not traveled west across the
Atlantic, and New World crops such as maize, white potatoes, sweet
potatoes, and manioc had not traveled east to Europe. In the Americas,
there were no horses, cattle, sheep, or goats, all animals of Old World
origin. Except for the llama, alpaca, dog, a few fowl, and guinea pig, the
New World had no equivalents to the domesticated animals associated with
the Old World, nor did it have the pathogens associated with the Old
World’s dense populations of humans and such associated creatures as
chickens, cattle, black​ rats, and ​Aedes egypti mosquitoes. Among these
germs were those that carried smallpox, measles, chickenpox, influenza,
malaria, and yellow fever.
Saaketh Vedantam
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/Period 5
Packet: E
Interaction: Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and
technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages. The
European invasion and settlement of the New World resulted in these transfers that altered
American environments drastically. Soon after this interaction, the domesticated livestock and
major agricultural crops of the Old World spread over the Americas, and the New World’s crops
spread across the Old World. Different diseases wiped out American populations, and opened the
way for colonizing countries to take control.
From the Old World, Europe, Asia, and Africa provided many things for the Americas.
Examples of goods traded from Europe to the Americas included horses, cows, pigs, wheat,
barley, sugar cane, melons, and grapes. Goods that were traded from Africa and Asia to the
Americas included bananas, coconut palms, coffee, sugar cane, goats, and chickens. Diseases
that were transferred from the Old World to the New World were smallpox, measles, diphtheria,
typhus, influenza, malaria, and yellow fever. The diseases transferred as a result of the
unintentional transfer of mosquitoes and rats.
From the New World, the Americas provided many crops that Europeans could use to
improve lifestyles in the Old World. For example, potatoes from the Americas proved incredibly
useful in cold places such as Ireland and Russia. Also, the Mew World provided corn, tomatoes,
sweet potatoes, pumpkins, squash, beans, pineapples, peppers, tobacco, and chocolate. Also,
manioc or cassava was a useful dish in Africa following the exchange. The only major disease
that travelled form the New World to the Old was syphilis. Cash crops, such as sugar, tobacco,
cotton, and coffee, were produced in the New World on plantations through coerced labor and
were exported to Europe and the Middle East.
Daniela Velez
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/ 5
Packet: E
Interaction: Little Ice Age
Imagine the Disney movie, Ice Age, but with dying crops and populations of
people. Depressing, right? The Little Ice Age was much like this, hindering trade and
exploration during the period of globalizing civilizations. It started during the mid-19th
century and decreased average temperatures across the Northern Hemisphere by 0.6
degrees celsius. During the Little Ice Age, mountain glaciers expanded at various
locations such as the European Alps, New Zealand, and Alaska, following the Medieval
Warming Period.
The effects of the Little Ice Age were
mostly seen throughout Europe and
the
North
Atlantic
region. Crop
failures and famines arose due to
frequent cold winters, and entire
farms and villages were razed by
alpine glaciers in Switzerland, France, and other countries in Europe. In addition, rivers
that were once navigable froze completely during the winter. Liking the warm
temperatures of Florida yet?
Isabella Whiting
Mr.Tavernia
AP World Period 5
Packet E
Theme 1- Interaction
There are five themes in AP World geography, the first of which is the interaction
between humans and the environment. This theme encompasses disease, migration,
different patterns of settlement, and technology over time. In this packet the interaction
theme was displayed through the Little Ice Age. The Little Ice Age was a century long
period of cold climate that severely affected agriculture. Growing seasons were cut
down by up to two months and it became much more difficult for farmers to grow their
crops in such a cold climate. The Little Ice Age also negatively affected trade as rivers
and canals that were once easily navigable became frozen solid in with the cool
weather.
Kevin Yeung
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 5
Packet E
Theme 1 - Interaction: Little Ice Age
Starting around the 1300s and ending at about 1870, the Little Ice Age is defined as a period
during which Europe and North America faced significantly colder winters. It can be divided into
two phases, the first from 1300 to the late 1400s, and the second between 1600 and 1800. Average
winter temperatures in affected areas were almost 2°C lower than those in the modern age. Many
rivers in Europe froze over and winters were prolonged, preventing farmers from starting the
growing season by several weeks. As a result, the Little Ice Age would lead to widespread crop
failure, famine, and even population decline.
As a response to lower levels of agricultural output, the prices of various crops, including
grain increased. Even hay crops failed in some of the hardest hit areas and fishing was also affected
negatively as most of the fish migrated in search of warmer waters. Many commercial vineyards
disappeared in England, and Scandinavian farms were destroyed by advancing ice glaciers during the
winter and melting water streams during the summer. Occasionally, dammed lakes burst, annihilating
even more buildings and wiping out towns.
Even with all these hardships upsetting Europe and North America, the culture and economy
of these regions were generally expanding and growing. Regions that had diversified agriculture and
access to interregional trade networks were still able to flourish through these severe weather
conditions. In the couple of decades before the end of the Little Ice Age, people started to understand
the environment. They restored and transformed their surroundings with large scale land reclamation
and agriculture. Pressure from the unfavorable
climate also helped European nations push for
the development of reliable shipbuilding
technology. This discovery would eventually set
forth the maritime expansion of Europe and the
creation of colonial empires. Finally, art and
architecture thrived as well through winter
landscape paintings.
While scientists do not know the exact cause of this phenomenon, research has shown that a
cooler sun could be the culprit. During the Little Ice Age, there is a minimum in the number of
sunspots, dipping down to fewer than ten on some occasions. Another theory presented is that the
change in climate was caused by a Negative NAO Index at the time, which would result in cold
winters. No matter what had caused the Little Ice Age, we do know that it would completely alter the
interaction between humans and the environment. The population in some regions dropped
significantly and people migrated to warmer places. Technology was created as a response to the
phenomenon. It simply shows the fragile relationship we have with the world.