RELIGION
- Although Maryland was founded by a Catholic proprietor, and many larger towns like New York & Boston attracted some
Jewish settlers, the majority of colonists belonged to different ________________________ denominations
- Presbyterians were well represented in _______________ & the Dutch in ___________ attended the Dutch Reformed Church
- Lutherans, Mennonites, and Quakers were the most common Protestant sects in _________________________
Protestant Dominance
- In the 17th century, certain colonial governments had taxed people to support one of the Protestant denominations
- Churches financed in this way were known as _________________________ churches
- There were two such established churches in the early colonies:
1. The Church of England (or Anglican Church) in ________ 2. The Congregational Church in Massachusetts Bay & __________
- As immigrants increased religious diversity of the colonies, the gov'ts gradually changed policies on tax-supported churches
- By 1775 in Mass. & Conn., members of other established religions were exempt from supporting the ______________ Church
- Some direct tax support remained until the _________ century
- In Virginia, all tax support for the Anglican Church ended shortly after the Revolution in _______________
Anglicans
- Members of Church of England tended to be _____ farmers & merchants in NY & plantation owners in Virginia & the Carolinas
- There was no Anglican bishop in America to ordain ministers & the absence of leadership hampered the church's development
- Because the Church of England was headed by the ____________, it was viewed as a symbol of English control in the colonies
Congregationalists
- As successors to the Puritans, members of the Congregational Church were found mainly in ________________________
- Protestant critics of this church thought its ministers were ______________________ & its doctrine overly complex
The Great Awakening
- In the 1730s, a dramatic change occurred that swept through the colonies with the force of a hurricane
- This was the Great Awakening, a movement characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among ______ of people
- The movement was at its strongest during the ________ & _________
Jonathan Edwards
- In a Congregational church in Massachusetts, the Reverend Jonathan Edwards initiated the _______ ____________ with a
series of sermons, notably one called "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" (1741)
- Invoking the Old Testament Scriptures, Edwards argued that God was rightfully angry with human _________________
- Each individual who expressed deep penitence could be saved by God's ___________, but the souls who paid no heed to
God's commandments would suffer eternal damnations
- Edwards' influence was largely limited to the __________________________ colonies
George Whitefield
- Another preacher, George Whitefield, came from _______ in 1739 and traveled from one end of colonial America to the other
- Whitefield ignited the Great Awakening with his rousing sermons on the hellish torments of the damned
- He preached in barns, tents, & fields, sometimes attracting an audience of ______________people
- He said God was all-powerful & would save those who openly professed belief in Jesus, those who didn't would be cast to hell
- He said people who had faith & sincerity could understand the Christian Gospels without depending on _______ to lead them
Religious impact
- The Great Awakening had a profound effect on _________________ practice in the colonies
- As sinners confessed their guilt & then exulted in being saved, ______________ became a common part of Protestant services
- Ministers lost some of their former authority among those who studied the Bible in their own homes
- The Great Awakening caused a division within churches such as the _________________ & ___________________
- More evangelical sects such as the ________________ & __________________ attracted large numbers
- As a result, there was competition to attract followers, increased religious diversity, & a call for separation of _____ & ______
Political influence
- For the first time, the colonists (regardless of their national origins) shared in a common experience as ______________
- It changed the way people viewed ______________
- If the common people could make their own religious decisions without relying on the "higher" authority of ministers, then
might they also make their own political decisions without deferring to the authority of the great landowners & merchants?
- This idea was not expressed in the 1740s, but _________later, it would challenge the authority of a king & his royal governors
CULTURAL LIFE
- In the early 1600s, the chief concern of most colonists was __________________ survival
- People had neither the time nor the resources to pursue ___________ activities or create works of art and ________________
- 100 years later, the arts could flourish at least among the well-to-do southern planters & merchants of the northern cities
Achievements in the Arts & Sciences
- In coastal areas, as fear of Indians faded, rich people could display their success by adopting architectural styles from _______
Architecture
- In the 1740s, the Georgian style of London was imitated in colonial houses, churches, and public buildings
- Brick homes built had a symmetrical placement of windows & a center hall flanked by two fireplaces
- Such homes were found only on or near the ____________ ________________
- On the frontier, a one-room ____________________ was the common shelter
Painting
- Many colonial painters were artists who wandered the countryside in search of families that wanted their portraits painted
- Before 1775, two American artists (Ben West & ____________) went to England for training & money to establish themselves
Literature
- Most authors wrote on serious subjects, chiefly _____________ & __________________
- There were widely read religious tracts by two Massachusetts ministers, Cotton Mather and ________________________
- In years before the Revolution, many political essays attempted to draw a line between American rights & English authority
- Writers of this important literature included: John Adams, James Otis, John Dickinson, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson
- The most successfully American writer of the 18th century was _________________________
- His witty advice was collected in "Poor Richard's Almanack", a best-selling book that was annually revised from 1732 to 1757
- The poetry of ___________________________ is noteworthy both for her triumph over slavery & the quality of her verse
Science
- Most scientists such as John Bartram of Philadelphia were __________________________
- ____________ work with electricity & developments of bifocal eyeglasses & the Franklin stove brought him international fame
Education
- Basic education was limited & varied greatly among the colonies
- Formal efforts were directed to males, since females were to be trained only for ________________________
New England
- The Puritans' emphasis on learning the Bible led them to create the first __________________________schools
- A Massachusetts law in 1647 required towns with over ________________________to establish primary schools for boys
- Towns with over 100 families were required to establish grammar schools to prepare ___________ for ______________
Middle Colonies
- Schools were either _____________________ or _______________ & often, teachers lived with the families of their students
Southern Colonies
- Parents gave their children whatever education they could & on plantations, ______ provided instruction for the owners' kids
Higher education
- Harvard, the first colonial college, was founded at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1636 in order to give candidates for the
_________________ a proper theological and scholarly education
- Two other early colleges were William & Mary in Virginia (1694) & Yale in Connecticut (1701)
- Like Harvard, both were sectarian, meaning they existed to promote the doctrines of a particular ________________ sect
- William and Mary was founded by Anglicans…Yale was founded by Congregationalists
- The ________________________________ prompted the creation of 5 new colleges between 1746 and 1769:
1. College of New Jersey (Princeton), 1746…Presbyterian
2. King's College (Columbia), 1754…Anglican
3. Rhode Island College (Brown), 1764…Baptist
4. Queens College (Rutgers), 1766…Dutch Reformed
5. Dartmouth College, 1769…Congregationalist
- Only one nonsectarian college was founded during this period (College of Philadelphia) future University of ______________,
had no religious sponsors. On hand for the opening ceremonies in 1765 were the college's civic-minded founders, chief among
them Philadelphia's leading citizen, ______________________________