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6XFK D GHYHORSPHQWZRXOGIDFLOLWDWHEHWWHUXVHRIWKHNQRZOHGJHFRQWDLQHGRQWKH:HE 4GHGTGPEGU %HUQHUV/HH7+HQGOHU-/DVVLOD7KH6HPDQWLF:HE6FL$P %LJXHQHW-&]HMGR%%LJXHQHW-´&UHDWLQJ.QRZOHGJH'DWDEDVHVIURP80/'LDJUDPVµ 3URFHHGLQJV RI &RQFXUUHQW (QJLQHHULQJ 5HVHDUFK DQG $SSOLFDWLRQV &RQIHUHQFH 'DOODV -XO\ %RRFK*5XPEDXJK--DFREVRQ,7KH8QLILHG0RGHOLQJ/DQJXDJH8VHU*XLGH$GGLVRQ :HVOH\5HDGLQJ0$ &]HMGR%0DSSXV50HVVD.7KH,PSDFWRI80/'LDJUDPVRQ.QRZOHGJH0RGHOLQJ 'LVFRYHU\DQG3UHVHQWDWLRQV-RXUQDORI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\,PSDFW9RO &]HMGR%%LJXHQHW-%LJXHQHW-´0HWDSKRU0RGHOLQJRQ6HPDQWLF:HEµ3URFHHGLQJVRI &RQFHSWXDO0RGHOLQJ(5&RQIHUHQFH:RUNVKRSV7XFVRQ2FW 'HOWHLO$)DURQ&$*UDSK%DVHG.QRZOHGJH5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ/DQJXDJH3URFHHGLQJVRI WKHWK(XURSHDQ&RQIHUHQFHRQ$UWLILFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH(&$,/\RQ)UDQFH 'RUL'5HLQKDUW]%HUJHU,6WXUP$23&$7³$%LPRGDO&$6(7RROIRU2EMHFW3URFHVV %DVHG 6\VWHP 'HYHORSPHQW 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,((($&0 WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFHRQ(QWHUSULVH,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHPV,&(,6$QJHUV)UDQFH ZZZ2EMHFW3URFHVVRUJ *HQQDUL0$0XVHQ5:)HUJHUVRQ:(*URVVR0&UXEH]\+(ULNVVRQ1)1R\ 6 : 7X 7KH (YROXWLRQ RI 3URWpJp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www.intechopen.com Semantic Web Edited by Gang Wu ISBN 978-953-7619-54-1 Hard cover, 310 pages Publisher InTech Published online 01, January, 2010 Published in print edition January, 2010 Having lived with the World Wide Web for twenty years, surfing the Web becomes a way of our life that cannot be separated. From latest news, photo sharing, social activities, to research collaborations and even commercial activities and government affairs, almost all kinds of information are available and processible via the Web. While people are appreciating the great invention, the father of the Web, Sir Tim Berners-Lee, has started the plan for the next generation of the Web, the Semantic Web. Unlike the Web that was originally designed for reading, the Semantic Web aims at a more intelligent Web severing machines as well as people. The idea behind it is simple: machines can automatically process or “understand” the information, if explicit meanings are given to it. In this way, it facilitates sharing and reuse of data across applications, enterprises, and communities. According to the organisation of the book, the intended readers may come from two groups, i.e. those whose interests include Semantic Web and want to catch on the state-of-the-art research progress in this field; and those who urgently need or just intend to seek help from the Semantic Web. In this sense, readers are not limited to the computer science. Everyone is welcome to find their possible intersection of the Semantic Web. How to reference In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following: Jonathan Biguenet, Bogdan D. Czejdo and John Biguenet (2010). Metaphor and the Semantic Web, Semantic Web, Gang Wu (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-7619-54-1, InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/semantic-web/metaphor-and-the-semantic-web InTech Europe InTech China Slavka Krautzeka 83/A No.65, Yan An Road (West), Shanghai, 200040, China University Campus STeP Ri 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Phone: +385 (51) 770 447 Fax: +385 (51) 686 166 www.intechopen.com Unit 405, Office Block, Hotel Equatorial Shanghai Phone: +86-21-62489820 Fax: +86-21-62489821
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