DBQ Review
• Today, we will work through the DBQs on Industrialization with an
emphasis on:
• Argument throughout your response
• Contextualization vs. “Document 8”
• You will then grade one of your peer’s responses.
Monday
February 22, 2016
Quiz: Chapter 30
• You know the drill!
Unit 5: Struggling for Justice at Home and Abroad
1901-1945
• Chapter 28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt, 1901-1912
• Chapter 29: Wilsonian Progressivism in Peace and War, 1913-1920
• Exam: Chapters 28-29, Friday, February 19th
• Chapter 30: American Life in the “Roaring Twenties”, 1920-1929
• Chapter 31: The Politics of Boom and Bust, 1920-1932
• Chapter 32: The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1933-1939
• Exam: Chapters 30-32, Friday, March 4th
• Chapter 33: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War, 1933-1941
• Chapter 34: America in World War II, 1941-1945
• Exam: Chapters 33-34, Friday, March 18th
• Unit Essay Theme: America in the World
Chapter 30
American Life in the "Roaring
Twenties,” 1920–1929
“America’s present need is not heroics but healing; not nostrums but
normalcy; not revolution but restoration; . . . not surgery but serenity.”
-Warren G. Harding, 1920
I. Seeing Red
• Bolshevik Revolution (1919): Communism in
Russia
• A small Communist Party emerged in U.S.
• Blamed for labor strikes in Seattle
• Bomb blasts on Wall Street
• Red Scare (1919-1920) – led by Attorney General
A. Mitchell Palmer
• Conservatives used the red scare to break the backs of
the fledgling unions: “Sovietism in disguise” vs. the
American Plan
• Anti-redism & anti-foreignism were exemplified by the
conviction of Sacco & Vanzetti (1921)
• Communist deportations to “worker’s paradise” of
Russia
Bomb Blast on Wall Street, September
1920
Facing of the Red Scare: (L to R) A. Mitchell Palmer, Bartolomeo
Vanzetti, Nicola Sacco
II. Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK
• A new Ku Klux Klan emerged in the 1920s.
• More nativist than antiblack
• It was antiforeign, anti-Catholic, antiblack, antiJewish, antipacifists, anti-Communist, antiinternationalist, anti-evolutionist, antibootlegger,
antigambling, anti-adultery, and anti-birth control.
• Anti-Diversity, Anti-Modern
• It was pro-Anglo-Saxon, pro-“native” American, and
pro-Protestant.
• It spread rapidly in the Midwest and the Bible Belt
South where Protestant Fundamentalism thrived.
• Collapsed rather suddenly in the late 1920s.
Klanswomen on Parade, 1928
III. Stemming the Foreign Flood
• Post-WWI: isolationist America again turned
against immigration – forget freedom and
opportunity.
• Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act
1921: immigrants restricted to a regionial
quota – national-origins quota system
• Immigration Act of 1924 replaced Emergency
Act
• Southern European Quota was cut from 3 to 2%
• Stopped Japanese immigration completely
The Only Way to Handle It
Annual Immigration and the Quota Laws
IV. The Prohibition “Experiment”
• Prohibition—last cause of the progressive reform
movement
• Eighteenth Amendment (1919): authorized the issue
of prohibition, which was then implemented by the
Volstead Act (1919)
• West/South supported 18th, eastern cities did not.
• Difficult enforcement: Weak control by the
central government, especially over private lives,
doomed the 18th.
• Gripes against Prohibition: masses ignored, soldiers
were “over there,” workers relied on alcohol to get
through their harsh lives
• Corner saloons were replaced by speakeasies.
No More Moonshine
Federal agents gloat over a captured still in
Dayton, Ohio, in 1930.
V. The Golden Age of Gangsterism
• Prohibition spawned shocking crimes.
• Profits of illegal alcohol led to bribery of police.
• Violent wars occurred in big cities between rival gangs,
EX: Chicago
• 1925 “Scarface” Al Capone began six years of gang warfare
• After serving eleven years for income tax evasion, he was
eventually released
• Gangsters moved into other areas: prostitution,
gambling, narcotics
• Merchants were forced to pay “protection money.”
• Racketeers invaded the ranks of local labor unions as
organizers and promoters.
• Criminals sank to new depths in 1923: Lindberg
Baby
Gangster’s
Paradise:
Chicago,
1920
NOTE: The following slides have
not yet been organized for the
current school year.
VI. Monkey Business in Tennessee
• American Education, Science, Healthcare made
great strides in the 1920s.
• Change in educational theory was led by John
Dewey.
• Progressive Education: “learning by doing”
• Believed the workbench was as essential as the
blackboard
• Science and progressive education were not
accepted by Fundamentalists.
• Numerous attempts were made to secure laws
prohibiting the teaching of evolution.
• Scopes “Monkey Trial” (1925)
• John T. Scopes was indicted for teaching evolution.
• Prosecutor William Jennings Bryan was made to appear
foolish by the famed criminal defense lawyer Clarence
Darrow
The Battle over Evolution
Opponents of Darwin’s theories set up shop at
the opening of the famed “Monkey Trial” in
Dayton, Tennessee, in 1925.
The Major Players: (L to
R) Scopes, Darrow, Bryan
Darrow and Bryan, 1925
"You have given considerable study to the Bible, haven't you,
Mr. Bryan?"
"Yes, sir; I have tried to ... But, of course, I have studied it more as I
have become older than when I was a boy."
"Do you claim then that everything in the Bible should be
literally interpreted?"
"I believe everything in the Bible should be accepted as it is given
there ..."
Darrow continued to question Bryan on the actuality of Jonah
and the whale, Joshua's making the sun stand still and the Tower
of Babel, as Bryan began to have more difficulty answering.
Q: "Do you think the earth was made in six days?"
A: "Not six days of 24 hours ... My impression is they were periods
..."
Q: "Now, if you call those periods, they may have been a very
long time?"
A: "They might have been."
Q: "The creation might have been going on for a very long
time?"
A: "It might have continued for millions of years ..."
XIII. The Dynamic Decade
• Women in the 1920s:
• Women continued to find employment in the cities.
• An organized birth control movement was led by Margaret
Sanger.
• Campaign for an Equal Rights Amendment was led by Alice
Paul’s National Woman’s party
• Young women’s clothing and styles changed: the flapper
• In Church, the Fundamentalists lost ground to the
Modernists.
• Advertisers exploited sexual allure to sell everything.
• New racial pride blossomed in the northern black
communities such as Harlem Renaissance (NYC) – the
“New Negro.”
• Poets like Langston Hughes & Zora Neale Hurston
• Marcus Garvey of the United Negro Improvement
Association (UNIA) promoted resettlement of black
Americans in their own “African homeland.”
This picture brought to you by young
people.
Young People: Proudly destroying tradition
since the 1920s!
L to R: Marcus Garvey, Zora
Neale Hurston, Langston
Hughes
XIV. Cultural Liberation
• Literature and the arts looked to a new, younger generation of creative
minds.
• Modernism & the “Lost Generation” questioned social conventions and traditional
authorities.
• H.L. Mencken exemplified modernism in criticizing marriage, patriotism,
democracy, prohibition, etc.
• F. Scott Fitzgerald—This Side of Paradise (1920) & The Great Gatsby (1925)
• Gatsby: a brilliant commentary on the illusory American ideal of the self-made man.
• James Gatz reinvented himself as tycoon Jay Gatsby only to be destroyed by the
power of those with wealth and social standing.
• Ernest Hemingway—The Sun Also Rises (1926) & A Farewell to Arms (1929)
• His attention to realism typified postwar writing, but his literature was much deeper.
Giants of the Lost Generation (L to R):
Mencken, Scott, Hemingway
XIV. Cultural Liberation (cont.)
• Not all American writers were radicals.
• Many continued the familiar regionalist style.
• Robert Frost wrote hauntingly about the nature and folkways of his adopted
New England.
• Carl Sandburg extolled the working classes of Chicago.
• William Faulkner focused on the displacement of the agrarian Old South by a
rising industrial order.
• American composers and playwrights made valuable contributions.
• Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein’s Show Boat (1927) America’s first
“musical play”
• Eugene O’Neill’s Strange Interlude (1928) laid bare Freudian notions of sex
and the subconscious in a success of dramatic soliloquies.
The Not-As-Lost Generation (L to R):
Frost, Sandburg, Faulkner
VII. The Mass-Consumption Economy
• Before beginning a small project, let’s make sure we all understand
the following:
• Advertising
• Busying on credit
• Standardization
VII. The Mass-Consumption Economy (cont’d)
• Prosperity and expansion were the words of the
decade.
• WWI and Secretary Mellon’s pro-business tax policies
helped.
• Productivity levels continued to rise with new machines.
• Assembly-line production reached perfection.
• Big Question: Could consumption keep up with
production?
• Big Answer: advertising.
• Bruce Barton published his best seller, The Man Nobody
Knows, which argued that Jesus Christ was the greatest
adman of all time.
• Sports became big business in the consumption
economy.
• Heroes like George H. (“Babe”) Ruth & boxer Jack Dempsey
were far better known than most politicians.
• Buying on credit came into existence: “Possess today
and pay tomorrow”.
VIII. Putting America on Rubber Tires
• Automobile brought forward a new industrial
system.
• Henry Ford and Ransom E. Olds developed the American
automobile industry.
• Detroit became the motorcar capital of America.
• Henry Ford’s Model T (“Tin Lizzie”)
• Cheap, rugged, and reasonably reliable, though rough
and clattering
• Scientific Management
• Stopwatch efficiency techniques of Frederick W. Taylor
• Sought to eliminate wasted motion
Nice Wheels!
IX. The Advent of the Gasoline Age
• Economic impact of the automobile was
tremendous.
• A gigantic new industry emerged, dependent on steel.
• Employing 6 million people directly or indirectly.
• Thousands of new jobs created by supporting
industries: rubber, glass, and fabrics, highway
construction, petroleum, service stations and garages.
• Railroads were now hard hit—competition of passenger
cars, buses, and trucks.
• Speedy marketing of perishable foodstuffs was
accelerated
• New prosperity enriched outlying farms which were
connected with new roads/highways.
• Automobiles were agents of social change.
• At first a luxury, they rapidly became a necessity for
freedom/equality.
Slow down you crazy kids!!!
The Cost of a Model T Ford, 1908–1924
International Comparison of Number of
Automobiles
X. Humans Develop Wings
• Gasoline engines provided the power that
enabled the improvement of airplane design.
• 1903: The Wright brothers, flew at Kitty Hawk, NC
• Airplanes were used for:
• Various purposes during the Great War, 1914-1918
• Private companies operated passenger lines
• Used to transport mail
• Charles A. Lindbergh: first solo flight in Spirit of St.
Louis to conquer the Atlantic (1927).
• Impact on the American psyche:
• Gave new direction/dimension to American spirit.
• It gave birth to a giant new industry.
• By the 1920s and 1930s travel by air on regularly
scheduled airlines was significantly safe.
• Railroads took another hit.
“Lucky Lindy”
XI. The Radio Revolution
• Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless
telegraph in the 1890s.
• Next came the voice-carrying radio –
pioneered by KDKA in Pittsburgh (1920).
• By late 1920s national programming replaced
local programming – standardization.
• Advertisers took advantage of this new ability
to reach consumers.
• Everything (sports, entertainment, politics,
news) was affected.
• Later: transatlantic wireless phonographs,
radio, telephones, and television
An image from the first “but I wanna listen to
my music!” fight in history.
XII. Hollywood’s Filmland Fantasies
• Movies were developed by several different
groups in the late 1800s.
• 1903 was the birth of the first story sequence the
screen: The Great Train Robbery in the five-cent
theaters, popularly called “nickelodeons.”
• First full-length classic was D.W. Griffith’s Birth of a
Nation (1915)
• 1927—the success of the first “talkie”—The Jazz
Singer
• Hollywood was attacked for vulgarity, so they
began self-censorship.
• Radio, movies, etc. contributed to the
standardization of America’s different
ethnicities.
XV. Wall Street’s Big Bull Market
• Economic conditions of the 1920s
• Several hundred banks failed annually.
• Speculation ran wild on the stock market.
• Possibility of quick profits was such that few
heeded the warnings that this kind of prosperity
could not last forever.
• Little was done by Washington to curb overspectulation.
• Secretary of the Treasury Mellon reasoned that high
taxes forced the rich to invest in tax-exempt stocks
rather than in the factories that provided
employment for the middle class.
• Mellon helped to engineer a series of tax reductions
from 1921 to 1926.