LESSON TITLE: OPIUM AND THE TWO ANGLO-CHINESE WARS, 1839-1842 and 1856-1860
CLASS AND GRADE LEVEL
10th grade AP European History
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
This lesson is designed to test AP European History students’ ability to work with and understand
historical documents.
At the lesson’s conclusion, students will be able to:
a) read, interpret and understand primary source historical documents.
b) analyze primary documents by explicitly grouping them in at least three appropriate ways.
c) construct a thesis statement that presents a clear, defensible argument.
d) write a DBQ (Document Based Question) essay that supports the thesis through an
interpretation of a majority of the
documents.
e) defend the stated thesis by addressing all parts of the question.
f) take into account both the sources of the documents and the authors’ points of view.
g) discuss a majority of the documents individually and specifically.
TIME REQUIRED / CLASS PERIODS NEEDED
Two block schedule periods of ninety (90) minutes each.
PRIMARY SOURCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
PRIMARY DOCUMENT #1
Columbia University, (2009). Asia for Educators. Retrieved May 13, 2014,
from Excerpts from the Treaty of Nanjing, 1842
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/china/nanjing.pdf
PRIMARY DOCUMENT #2
Fordham University, (1998). Modern History Sourcebook. Retrieved May 14, 2014,
from Commissioner Lin Zexu’s Letter to Queen Victoria, 1839
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1839lin2.asp
also available with questions at: http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/com-lin.html
Lin Zexu was a scholar and the imperial official in Canton, China. He was instructed by the Emperor
to deal with the
growing opium problem.
-1PRIMARY DOCUMENT #3
Family members living in Canton, China, smoking opium circa 1839
PRIMARY DOCUMENT #4
Decree of the Emperor – 1810
“Opium has a very violent effect. When an addict smokes it, it rapidly makes him extremely excited
and capable of doing anything he pleases. But before long, it kills him. Opium is a poison,
undermining our good customs and morality. Its use is prohibited by law. Now the commoner, Yang,
dares to bring it into the Forbidden City. Indeed, he flouts the law! He …. should be tried and
severely sentenced.”
“However, recently the purchases and eaters of opium have become numerous. Deceitful merchants
buy and sell it to gain profit. …. As to … the provinces from which opium comes, we order their
viceroys, governors, and superintendents of the maritime customs to conduct a thorough search for
opium, and cut off its supply.”
PRIMARY DOCUMENT #5
Decree of the Emperor – 1811
“This item, opium, spreads deadly poison. Rascals and bandits indulge in it and cannot do without it
even for a second. They do not save their own earnings for food and clothes, but instead exchange
their money for the pleasure of this narcotic. Not only do they willingly bring ruin upon their own
lives, but they also persuade friends to follow their example. There is no doubt that opium will harm
the morality of our people.”
“Previously, We decreed its prohibition, yet treacherous merchants still buy and sell it. Its use is
widespread chiefly because the maritime customs have not uncovered it diligently enough, but have
tolerated the smuggling!”
“We order the superintendents of all maritime customs to enforce the strict prohibition of opium. ….
If any ships bring in opium with other goods, the merchants should be immediately arrested and
punished according to the law. If officers or clerks have accepted bribes from smugglers, they should
be severely punished. If the smugglers dare to smuggle opium into the Interior and are discovered,
then the officials are ordered to question thoroughly as to where the opium came from and from
whom the smugglers bought it. Since the smugglers cannot pretend they bought it from an unknown
ship, [then the dealer of opium must be discovered eventually]. The superintendent of maritime
customs who failed to discover this contraband is to be punished.”
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PRIMARY DOCUMENT #6
Viceroy of Liang-Kwang, to the emperor, 1811
“. . . . Opium is the greatest evil harming our Kwangtung [Canton] people. It has been strictly
prohibited by the Imperial edict. This item comes from the ships of foreign barbarians who smuggle
it in, after which it spreads throughout the country. If we wish to stop the use of opium, we should
cut off the supply. Your servant thereupon gave the barbarians oral instructions as follows:
“When you people of various European countries trade in Kwangtung, you should follow the
established rules and sell only useful commodities. Then you will not only gain profits, but will also
obtain the blessing of your God. Otherwise, you commit great wrong. Take, for instance, the item of
opium which no Chinese knows how to prepare. You brought it to Kwangtung and prepared it by
mixing it with tobacco. When people smoke it, they may be incited to do all sorts of evil. When
smoking becomes a habit, then they cannot stop even though they want to. Thus they bankrupt
themselves and even lose their lives. Reflect on this matter--you build your fortune on the loss of the
property and lives of others. This action of yours will certainly invoke the anger of Heaven, and
eventually you will assuredly be punished by Heaven and suffer bankruptcy and other consequences
worse even that those which befall the opium addicts. You should write to your country to cooperate
with us in prohibiting this smuggling of a poisonous contraband. Then you may escape from the
disaster [which Heaven will inflict on you].”
“The barbarians unanimously reported that they all knew that opium was a contraband, and they
dared not ship it to China. However, the petty merchants of the country ships frequently smuggled it
in to gain profit. They added:
Now after Your Excellency has instructed us, We shall obey Your order and send letters to our
countries to have them examine the cargoes, so that they may not violate the regulations and engage
in the smuggling of contraband goods.
After they finished their speech, they looked rather ashamed and fearful. . . . . . “
PRIMARY DOCUMENT #7
This woodcut shows an addict’s wife being sold to support his habit.
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PRIMARY DOCUMENT #8
Sir Charles D'Oyly seated at a table, smoking a hookah, his clerks seated nearby, watching opium
being
watching opium being weighed in the 1820’s.
PRIMARY DOCUMENT #9
Heu-naetse, Vice-President of the Department of Imperial Government, to emperor, 1836
“When any one is long habituated to inhaling it, it becomes necessary to resort to it at regular
intervals, and the habit of using it … is destructive of time, injurious to property, and yet dear to one
even as life. Of those who use it to great excess, the breath becomes feeble, the body wasted, the face
sallow, the teeth black: the individuals themselves clearly see the evil effects of it, yet cannot refrain
from it. . .”
“In the first year (1796) of (emperor) Chia Ch'ing , those found guilty of smoking opium were subject
only to the punishment of the pillory and bamboo. Now they have, in the course of time, become
liable to the severest penalties; … [even] death after the ordinary continuance in prison. Yet the
smokers of the drug have increased in number, and the practice has spread throughout almost the
whole empire. . . . In the reign of Chia Chíng, there arrived, it may be, some hundred chests [each
holding some 120 lbs. of the drug] annually. The number has now increased to upwards of 20,000
chests . . .”
“The barbarian ships, being on the high seas, can repair to any island … and the native sea-going
vessels can meet them there; it is then impossible to cut off the trade. . . .”
“. . . the more complete the laws are, the greater and more numerous are the bribes paid to the
extortionate underlings.. . . There are carrying boats plying up and down the river…. They are well
armed with guns and other weapons, and are manned with some scores of desperadoes…. All the
custom-houses and military posts which they pass are largely bribed. If they happen to encounter
any of the armed cruising boats, they are so audacious as to resist, and slaughter and carnage
ensue. . . . The dread of the laws is not so great on the part of the common people, as is the anxious
desire of gain, which incites them to all manner of crafty devices; so that sometimes, indeed, the law
is rendered wholly ineffective. . . “.
“Since then, it will not answer to close our ports against [all trade], and since the laws issued against
opium are quite inoperative, the only method left is to revert to the former system, to permit the
barbarian merchants to import opium [as was done when used for medicinal purposes] paying duty
thereon as a medicine, ….”
“Seeing that the prohibitions against opium serve but to increase the prevalence of the evil, and that
there is none found to
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represent the facts directly to your Majesty, and feeling assured that I am myself thoroughly
acquainted with the real state of things, I dare no longer forbear to let them reach your Majesty's ear.
…. With impossible awe and trembling fear, I reverently present this memorial and await your
Majesty's commands.”
PRIMARY DOCUMENT #10
Choo-tsun, member of the Council and of the Board of Rites, to emperor, 1836
“I would humbly point out, that wherever an evil exists, it should be at once removed; and that the
laws should never be suffered to fall into disuse…. In regard to opium … laws relating thereto are
not wanting in severity; but there are those in office who, for want of energy, fail to carry them into
execution. Hence the people's minds gradually become callous; and base desires springing up among
them, increase day by day … spread over the whole empire. These noisome weeds having been long
neglected, it has become impossible to eradicate. And those to whom this duty is entrusted are, as if
hand-bound, wholly at a loss what to do. . . .”
“It is apparent, that, if the great officers in charge of the provinces do … in sincerity search for the
drug, and faithfully seize it when found, apprehending the most criminal, and inflicting upon them
severe punishment . . will the people, however perverse and obstinate they may be, really continue
fearless of the laws? No. The thing to be lamented is instability in maintaining the laws--the vigorous
execution thereof being often and suddenly exchanged for indolent laxity”.
“ . . And though the law should sometimes be relaxed and become ineffectual, yet surely it should
not on that account be abolished …. Local officials, when discussing the subject of opium, being
perplexed and bewildered by it, think that a prohibition which does not utterly prohibit, is better
than one which does not effectually prevent, the importation of the drug. Day and night I have
meditated on this, and can in truth see no wisdom in the opinion.”
“. . . In introducing opium into this country, their (English) purpose has been to weaken and
enfeeble the Central Empire. If not early aroused to a sense of our danger, we shall find ourselves …
on the last step towards ruin. . . . But, reverently perusing the sacred instructions of your Majesty's
all-wise progenitor [K'ang-hsi], I find the following remark by him dated (1717):--"There is cause for
apprehension, lest, in centuries or millenniums to come, China may be endangered by collision with
the various nations of the West, who come hither from beyond the seas." . . . And now, within a
period of two centuries, we actually see the commencement of that danger which he apprehended. . .
.”
“Besides, if the people be at liberty to smoke opium, how shall the officers, the scholars, and the
military be prevented? . . . For the great majority of recruits are men of no character or
respectability, and, if while they were among the common people they were smokers of opium, by
what bands of law shall they be restrained when they become soldiers, after the habit has been
already contracted, and has so taken hold of them that it is beyond their power to break it off? . . .
And if the officers, the scholars, and the military, smoke the drug in the quiet of their own families,
by what means is this to be discovered or prevented? . . . A father, in such a case, would no longer
be able to reprove his son, an elder brother to restrain his junior, nor a master rule his own
household. Will not this policy, then, be every way calculated to stir up strife? . . . From this I
conclude, that to permit the people to deal in the drug and smoke it, at the same time that the
officers, the scholars, and the military, are to be prohibited the use of it, will be found to be fraught
with difficulties.”
“. . . I feel it my duty to request that your Majesty's commands may be proclaimed to the Governors
and Lieutenant-Governors of all the provinces, requiring them to direct the local officers to redouble
their efforts for the enforcement of the existing prohibition against opium; and to impress on every
one, in the plainest and strictest manner, that all who are already contaminated by the vile habit
must return and become new men,--that if any continue to walk in their former courses, strangers to
repentance and to reformation, they shall assuredly be subjected to the full penalty of the law….”
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PRIMARY DOCUMENT #11
Capt. Elliot to the opium traders, March 27, 1839
“I, Charles Elliot, Chief Superintendent of the trade of British subjects to China, presently forcibly
detained by the provincial government, together with all the merchants of my own and the other
foreign nations settled here, without supplies of food, deprived of our servants, and cut off from all
communication with our respective countries . . . have now received the commands of the High
Commissioner . . . to deliver into his hand all the opium held by the people of my own country.”
“Now I . . . do hereby, in the name and on the behalf of Her Britannic Majesty's Government, enjoin
and require all Her Majesty's subjects now present in Canton, forthwith to make a surrender to me
for the service of Her said Majesty's Government, to be delivered over to the Government of China, all
the opium under their respective control: and to hold the British ships and vessels engaged in the
opium trade subject to my immediate direction: and to forward me without delay a sealed list of all
the British owned opium in their respective possession. And I . . do now in the most full and
unreserved manner, hold myself responsible for, and on the behalf of Her Britannic Majesty's
Government, to all and each of Her Majesty's subjects surrendering the said British owned opium
into my hands, to be delivered over to the Chinese Government. And I . . .do further caution all Her
Majesty's subjects here present in Canton, owners of or charged with the management of opium the
property of British subjects, that failing the surrender of the said opium into my hands at or before
six o'clock this day, I, . . hereby declare Her Majesty's Government wholly free of all manner of
responsibility in respect of the said British owned opium.”
PRIMARY DOCUMENT #12
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PRIMARY DOCUMENT #13
Chinese Tribute Money Entering the Mint. The Illustrated London News (12 November 1842)
PRIMARY DOCUMENT #14
Ho Kuei-ch’ing, emperor’s negotiator, to the emperor, written while foreign fleets lay at Tientsin
awaiting the signing of treaties, 1858
“Now the barbarians have repudiated treaties, occupied our (provincial) capital city [i.e., Canton],
abducted our high official and every red-blooded man is gnashing his teeth in bitter anger, wanting
to eat their flesh and use their hide for blankets.”
“Someone has said that if we seize their Hong Kong [British territory since 1842] lair, we would not
have to worry about their restoring the provincial capital, so your officials made a careful inquiry.
Hong Kong is suspended in the open sea and the barbarians' patrol and defense are rigorous. If our
troops go with rifles and cannon, they will intercept them with steamers and warships and certainly
prevent their landing; and if they go empty-handed, how are they to meet rifles and cannon? …”
“Now the English, American, French, and Russian barbarians have joined masts and come to
Shanghai, and their prowess is very great. … Under the circumstances their going to Tientsin can
hardly be prevented, but kowtowing at the gate and asking for Imperial Edicts is the common
practice of outside barbarians begging mercy. It is humbly requested that Your Majesty's Heavenly
Favor condescend, as His officials have requested, to appoint an Imperial Commissioner to meet
them, flatter them a little so that they will have no quarrel to pick, settle general conditions by
negotiation to get them to cease hostilities and restore the (provincial) capital, and then tell them to
return to Canton and discuss treaty provisions separately, in order to relieve the immediate crisis.
When internal banditry is somewhat settled and provisions are abundant, after sleeping on firewood
and sipping gall [so as not to forget vengeance], and selecting and training naval forces, then will be
the time to seize an opportunity to overcome our country's enemies and mete out Heavenly
punishment. . . . . .It is noted that the Russian barbarians' previous presentation of a
communication to the Grand Council was enclosed in American barbarian papers and not in the
English barbarian papers. This is clear evidence that the English and Americans cannot get along
and that the Russians have left the English and approached the Americans. As dogs and sheep are
naturally inconstant, it should not be hard to separate them and, using barbarians to control
barbarians, sow mutual disaffection and gradually weaken them.”
-7“If we used only this means of controlling them, the fall of one would mean the certain ascendancy of
another, so this is not a good policy. What the barbarians rely on are strong ships and efficient
cannon. Our government ships can hardly meet them in battle. We have only to seize what they rely
on and turn it to our advantage, to be able to determine their life or death. Since these barbarians
care only for profits, even their strongest and most effective things should not be hard to buy for a
heavy price. If, when our innate vigor is adequate, we use the plan of playing one against another
and buying their ships and cannon, supporting the weak ones so that they will help us, weeding out
the strong so that they will not dare run wild, then barbarian troubles will be quieted and frontier
strife suppressed.”
PRIMARY DOCUMENT #15
Feng Kuei-Fen, advisor to emperor, 1861
“. . . Yet we are shamefully humiliated by the four nations [England, Russia, U.S., France], not
because our climate, soil, or resources are inferior to theirs, but because our people are inferior . . .
Now, our inferiority is not something allotted us by Heaven, but is rather due to ourselves. . . Since
the inferiority is due to ourselves, it is a still greater shame, but something we can do something
about. And if we feel ashamed, there is nothing better than self-strengthening . . .”
“Why are the Western nations small and yet strong? Why are we large and yet weak? We must
search for the means to become their equal, and that depends solely upon human effort. With regard
to the present situation, several observations may be made: in not wasting human talents, we are
inferior to the barbarians; in not wasting natural resources, we are inferior to the barbarians; in
allowing no barrier to come between the ruler and the people, we are inferior to the barbarians; and
in the matching of words with deeds, we are also inferior to the barbarians. The remedy for these
four points is to seek the cause in ourselves. They can be changed at once if only the emperor would
set us in the right direction . . .”
“We have only one thing to learn from the barbarians, and that is strong ships and effective guns . . .
Funds should be allotted to establish a shipyard and arsenal in each trading port. A few barbarians
should be employed, and Chinese who are good in using their minds should be selected to receive
instruction so that in turn they may teach many craftsmen . . . Our nation's emphasis on civil
service examinations has sunk deep into people’s minds for a long time. Intelligent and brilliant
scholars have exhausted their time and energy in such useless things as the stereotyped
examination essays, examination papers, and formal calligraphy. . . . We should now order one-half
of them to apply themselves to the manufacturing of instruments and weapons and to the promotion
of physical studies. . . . There ought to be some people of extraordinary intelligence who can have
new ideas and improve on Western methods. At first they may take the foreigners as their teachers
and models; then they may come to the same level and be their equals; finally they may move ahead
and surpass them.. . . we should use the instruments of the barbarians, but not adopt the ways of
the barbarians. We should use them so that we can repel them.”
“Some have asked why we should not just purchase the ships and man them with [foreign] hirelings,
but the answer is that this will not do. … In the end the way to avoid trouble is to manufacture,
repair, and use weapons by ourselves. . . . only thus can we become the leading power in the world;
only thus can we restore our original strength, redeem ourselves from former humiliations, and
maintain the integrity of our vast territory so as to remain the greatest country on earth.
. . . during the past twenty years since the opening of trade, a great number of foreigners have
learned our written and spoken language, and the best of them can even read our classics and
histories. They are generally able to speak on our dynastic regulations and civil administration, on
our geography and the condition of our people. On the other hand, our officers from the governors
down are completely ignorant of foreign countries. In comparison, should we not feel ashamed? The
Chinese officers have to rely upon stupid and preposterous interpreters as their eyes and ears. The
mildness or severity of the original statement, its sense of urgency or lack of insistence, may be lost
through their tortuous interpretations. Thus frequently a small grudge may develop into a grave
hostility. At present the most important political problem of the empire is to control the barbarians,
yet the pivotal function is entrusted to such people. No wonder that we understand neither the
foreigners nor ourselves, and cannot distinguish fact from untruth. Whether in peace negotiations or
in deliberating for war, we are unable to grasp the essentials. This is indeed the underlying trouble
of our nation.”
-8PRIMARY DOCUMENT #16
Li Hung-chang, statesman, to military commander Tseng Kuo-fan, 1863
I have been aboard the warships of British and French admirals and I saw that their cannon are
ingenious and uniform, their ammunition is fine and cleverly made, their weapons are bright, and
their troops have a martial appearance and are orderly. These things are actually superior to those
of China. …. I feel deeply ashamed that Chinese weapons are far inferior to those of foreign
countries. Every day I warn and instruct my officers to be humble-minded, to bear the humiliation,
to learn one or two secret methods from the Westerners in the hope that we may increase our
knowledge .. . If we . . . . . cannot make use of nor take over the superior techniques of the
foreigners, our regrets will be numerous.
Chinese scholars and officials have been indulging in the inveterate habit of remembering stanzas
and sentences and practicing fine model calligraphy, while our warriors and fighters are, on the
other hand, rough, stupid, and careless. . . .In peace time they sneer at the sharp weapons of foreign
countries as things produced by strange techniques and tricky craft, which they consider it
unnecessary to learn. In wartime, then, they are alarmed that the effective weapons of Western
countries are so strange and marvelous, and regard them as something the Chinese cannot learn
about. They do not know that for several hundred years the foreigners have considered the study of
firearms as important as their bodies and lives….
PRIMARY DOCUMENT #17
Wang T’ao, scholar and journalist, 1870
“I know that within a hundred years China will adopt all Western methods and excel in them . . .
Even if the Westerners should give no guidance, the Chinese must surely exert themselves to the
utmost of their ingenuity and resources on these things.”
“… Heaven opens the minds of the Westerners and bestows upon them intelligence and wisdom;
their techniques and skills develop without bound; they sail eastward and gather in China. This
constitutes an unprecedented situation in history, and a tremendous change in the world. The
foreign nations come from afar with their superior techniques, contemptuous of us in our
deficiencies. They show off their prowess and indulge in insults and oppression . . . Under these
circumstances, how can we not think of making changes?”
“If China does not make any change at this time, how can she be on a par with the great nations of
Europe, and compare with them in power and strength? Nevertheless, the path of reform is beset
with difficulties. What the Western countries have today are regarded as of no worth by those who
arrogantly refuse to pay attention. Their argument is that we should use our own laws to govern the
empire, for that is the Way of our sages. They do not know that the Way of the sages is valued only
because it can make proper accommodation according to the times. If Confucius lived today, we may
be certain that he would not cling to antiquity and oppose making changes. . . .”
“… The complex and multifarious laws and regulations should be changed. . . . The government
should reduce the mass of regulations and cut down on the number of directives; it should be
sincere and fair and treat the people with frankness and justice. . . .”
“. . . But the most important point is that the government should exercise its power to change
customs and mores while the people below should be gradually absorbed into the new environment
and adjusted to it without their knowing it. This reform should extend to all things….”
“Formerly we thought that the foundation of our wealth would be established if only Western
methods were stressed, and that the result would be achieved immediately. . . . Now in various
coastal provinces there have been established special arsenals to make guns and ships. Young boys
have been selected and sent to study abroad. Seen from outside, the effort is really great and
impressive. Unfortunately, we are merely copying the superficialities of the Western methods, getting
only the name but very little substance. …. They are merely mediocrities who accomplish something
through the aid of others.”
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“Therefore, the urgent task of our nation today lies primarily in the governance of the people, and
next in the training of soldiers. And in these two the essential point is to gather men of abilities.
Indeed, superficial imitation in concrete things is not so good as arousing intellectual curiosity. The
forges and hammers of the factories cannot be compared with the apparatus of the people’s minds”.
OTHER RESOURCES USED
Brendon, Piers. The Decline and Fall of the British Empire 1781-1997. (Vintage 2007)
Columbia University, (2009). Asia for Educators. Retrieved May 13, 2014, from “Reading for
Students:
The Opium War and Foreign Encroachment.” Web Site
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1750_opium.htm
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China (Cambridge Press 2000)
Fairbank, John King, and Goldman, Merle (eds.), China: A New History (Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press
1998)
Schama, Simon. A History of Britain, Volume II: The Fate of the Empire 1776-2000 (Talk Miramax
Books 2001)
Victorian Web: Literature, History and Culture in the Age of Victoria
http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/opiumwars/opiumwars1.html
REQUIRED MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES
Internet access
VOCABULARY
Qing Dynasty
Emperor Tao-Kuang
The Middle Kingdom
Celestial Empire
Lord Palmerston
Queen Victoria
Lord Macaulay
Lord George Macartney
W.E. Gladstone
chinoiserie
kowtow
Treaty of Nanjing (1842)
Manchu Dynasty
Canton
Hong Kong
extraterritoriality
East India Company
Macao
Fan Qui
barbarians
Dragon Throne
Guangzhouu
Lin Zexu (Lin Tse-Hsu)
Beijing
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Begin this lesson by having students read the following summary for general background
information about the Opium Wars:
The Opium War and Foreign Encroachment.”
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1750_opium.htm
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2. Show the following two and a half minute video clip of episode 4, from YouTube depicting
Britain’s insatiable thirst for Chinese tea, and the subsequent English policy of selling illegal opium to
China for silver which makes a fortune for British businessmen , but sparks a war with the Chinese
emperor.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTBjKBWkya0
3. Allow students to play the interactive video game, High Tea,:
http://hightea.wellcomeapps.com/
Students can role play characters of smugglers and traders before, during and after the Opium
Wars.
4. Direct students to synthesize all of the information and evidence that they have been given in
this lesson to write a DBQ essay in which they must DEFEND,
CHALLENGE or QUALIFY the following statements:
“Following their conquest of India, the British were correct to invest massively in the
manufacture and
distribution of opium to China. The British were justified to sell opium as a way to solve
the problem of their
balance of payments with China. It was a proper business transaction---the British wanted
silver, the Chinese
needed opium.”
ASSESSMENT / EVALUATION
Students will be assessed by the score they achieve on their essays, using the AP European History
Free-Response Scoring Guidelines---a generic core scoring rubric for AP European History
Document-Based Question (DBQ).
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