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STALKING IS A
CRIME CALLED
CRIMINAL
HARASSMENT
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
64
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STALKING IS A
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HA
Published by authority of the Minister of Justice
and Attorney General of Canada
Government of Canada
by
Communications Branch
Department of Justice Canada
Ottawa, Ontario
K1A 0H8
This pamphlet contains legal information only. For legal
advice, contact a lawyer.
You may photocopy this booklet without the permission of
the Department of Justice, provided that the material is
accurately reproduced and acknowledgement of the source
work is included. Written permission of the Department is
required for the use of the material in any other format.
© Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Canada,
represented by the Minister of Justice, 2003
Printed in Canada
National Library of Canada cataloguing in publication data
Main entry under title:
Stalking is a crime called criminal harassment
Rev. ed.
Issued also in French under title: Traquer quelqu’un est un
crime appelé harcèlement criminel.
Issued also on the Internet.
ISBN 0-662-33420-5
Cat. no. J2-140/2003E
1. Stalking – Canada.
I. Canada. Dept. of Justice.
HQ809.3S72 2003
345.71’025
C2003-980041-5
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
CRIMINAL HARASSMENT
Are you worried about your safety because
someone is:
■
following you everywhere…
■
contacting you over and over…
■
watching your home or office…
■
making you or your family feel threatened?
You may be experiencing
criminal harassment!
It’s a crime! You can get help.
1
STALKING IS A CRIME CALLED CRIMINAL HARASSMENT
What You Should Know About Criminal
Harassment
What is criminal harassment?
Criminal harassment is an offence in the Criminal
Code. It is harassing behaviour that includes stalking.
The behaviour must give you good reason to fear for
your personal safety and it must have no legitimate
purpose. Generally, the behaviour must happen not
just once but repeatedly. However, where the behaviour
is overtly threatening, a single incident may be
considered criminal harassment. It is not an excuse
for the person to claim that he or she did not intend
to frighten you.
Remember, though, some people do have a lawful
reason to contact you repeatedly. For example, a debt
collector may call you several times. Although you may
not like this contact, it is lawful when done according
to laws regulating collections.
Here are some examples of criminal harassment:
■
■
■
■
■
calling you over and over again, and perhaps
hanging up whenever you answer the phone
contacting you on the Internet or through constant
e-mail messages
following you, your family or friends
leaving threatening voice messages
sending you gifts you do not want
watching you or tracking where you go
threatening you, your children, family,
pets or friends
These are common examples. Such unwanted
behaviour can be frightening and cause emotional
distress. You can take action if this is happening to you.
Contact the police to discuss your options.
■
■
2
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Is criminal harassment something new?
Harassment and stalking have been around for a long
time, but the specific Criminal Code offence of “criminal harassment” was only created in 1993. In the past,
the police would charge a person with an offence like
trespassing at night, loitering or uttering threats. These
crimes still exist and may still be charged. However,
since 1993 the police usually address this type of
conduct through a charge of criminal harassment.
Who stalks and why?
Stalkers have a variety of personalities and characteristics. Some may have a mental disorder. Experts have
described many types of stalkers, but they mostly fit
into two basic categories:
■ Stalkers obsessed with a stranger: Some stalkers
fixate on a stranger, sometimes a celebrity. They
may believe their conduct will eventually win the
love of their victim. Or they may have delusions
that the victim already loves them but cannot return
their affection because of some external influence.
In Canada, about 12% of victims of criminal harassment are harassed by a stranger.
■ Stalkers obsessed with someone they know:
Many stalkers know their victims and are trying to
control them, whether they are ex-partners, spouses,
acquaintances, co-workers or close friends. About
88% of criminal harassment victims fall into this
category. In many cases, the stalking is an extension
of family violence.
Criminal Harassment
legislation is a response
to the increasing
violence against
women, especially
women leaving a
marriage or intimate
relationship.
Although anyone can
be a victim of criminal
harassment, Statistics
Canada data show
that about 8 out of
10 victims are women,
and 9 out of 10 stalkers
are men.
Will the stalker become violent?
It is hard to know if the person harassing you will
become violent. You should ask the police to help
you assess the risk. Less than 1% of criminal harassment cases involve injury to the victim. However,
when criminal harassment is a continuation of a family
violence situation the risk of violence is greater. It is
always a good idea to find ways to increase your safety.
3
STALKING IS A CRIME CALLED CRIMINAL HARASSMENT
Why me?
Being harassed or stalked is not your fault. The person
may claim to love you, but he or she really wants to
control you. You have the right to reject a friendship,
separate from a spouse, or break up with a partner. Just
because you know the person does not mean that you
must put up with the harassing behaviour. You are not
to blame if someone repeatedly bothers you or follows
you around. Remember, what they are doing is NOT
love. It is against the law and you can take action.
Taking Action
What can I do if someone is stalking or harassing me?
■ Think about your safety and get help. The first thing
to do is call the police.
■ Dial 911 if you are in immediate danger.
■ Call the regular police number to discuss other
criminal harassment offences.
■ Tell the police what is happening.
■
■
Be sure to get the police
file number for your
case and use it whenever
you call the police.
4
Let the police know that you fear for your safety or
for the safety of someone you know.
Ask for support and information to help you cope.
How can the police help me?
■ Your safety is important to the police. The police
can suggest ways to stop unwanted contact and
improve your safety. They can put you in touch
with others who can help. This might include victim
service workers, transition houses, or crisis and
counselling services. They may also suggest safety
measures such as getting an unlisted phone number.
■ The police will investigate the complaint.
They will ask about the harassment and collect as
much evidence as possible. They may take photographs of damaged property and ask for any written
records. The officer will write a report about the
incident and ask you to prepare a written statement
of your complaint.
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
What kind of information do the police need?
The police need as much evidence as possible, so try to
keep the following:
■ Any relevant details that you know about the person.
For example, does he or she have a gun, a criminal
record, or an existing court order not to contact you?
■ Written records with details about every contact.
These records will help if you go to court. (Try to
include dates, times, places and what the person
said or did.) Ask your friends to keep records too if
the person is contacting them.
■ Things the person sent you, such as notes, gifts, or
phone messages.
■ A list of witnesses, including names and telephone
numbers.
Will the police charge the person who is harassing me?
If there is enough evidence of an offence, the police
will charge the person. In some provinces, the police
must consult with the Crown prosecutor before they
lay charges. However, if the police do not charge the
person, it does not mean that they do not believe you.
There may not be enough evidence to support a charge
and the police may suggest other legal options such
as a peace bond, restraining order or protection order
(see pages 7 and 8 for definitions).
What would the police charge the person with?
Depending on what has happened and the type of
evidence, the police might charge the person with one
or more Criminal Code offences, such as:
■
■
■
■
■
criminal harassment
trespassing at night
assault
uttering threats
intimidation
5
STALKING IS A CRIME CALLED CRIMINAL HARASSMENT
Will the person harassing me be arrested
and sent to jail?
The answer is not simple. It depends on the facts and
the seriousness of the behaviour. The police will assess
each situation and take the appropriate action under
the circumstances. For example, if the police do not
arrest the person, they may require him or her to sign a
“promise to appear” in court to answer the charge. Tell
the police and victim services if you still fear for your
safety. If the police do make an arrest, ask them to let
you know if they release the person from custody. If the
person goes before a judge or a Justice of the Peace,
which usually happens within hours, he or she might be:
■ released on an “undertaking” (a promise that usually
has conditions to stay away from the victim and
other related persons);
■ released on bail after signing a “recognizance”
(a promise to appear in court which includes a
financial penalty for not showing up and perhaps
restrictions like promising not to contact you); or
■ kept in jail until the trial. This might happen if the
crime was serious and the court believes the person
may not show up, or will commit another offence
before the trial.
Will I have to go to court?
If charges are laid, the police will turn the file over to
the Crown prosecutor’s office. The Crown prosecutor is
responsible for taking the case to court. If the accused
person pleads guilty, you may not have to go to court.
If he or she pleads not guilty, the Crown prosecutor
would summon you as a witness at the trial to prove
that the person committed the crime. Ask for help from
victim services. A victim service worker can answer
questions about what will happen in court, and keep
you updated on the status of your case. They can also
make sure you have an interpreter in court if you need
one. You can contact the Crown prosecutor in your
case if you have questions about the evidence you will
present in court.
6
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
What happens if the person is found guilty?
If the accused person pleads guilty or is found guilty, the
judge will decide the sentence. Before sentencing, you
can give the court a written victim impact statement
describing how the crime affected you. If you wish,
you may read the statement at the sentencing hearing.
The sentence for a criminal harassment conviction
may range from jail in the most serious cases (up to
10 years) to probation in less serious cases. Probation
orders can include conditions such as no contact.
The court can also impose a fine. The exact sentence
depends on many factors – whether violence was used,
whether the person already has a criminal record,
whether drugs and alcohol were involved, and so on.
Other Legal Options
Peace bond
■ This is a court order under the Criminal Code
made by a provincial court judge, or an agreement
the person makes with the court, for a period up to
12 months.
■
■
■
■
It can include reasonable conditions such as not to
visit you, not to contact you, your children or family,
not to have guns, and so on.
You may wish to consider a peace bond if you have
good reason to feel that someone like an ex-partner
will harm you, your children or property.
To request a peace bond, go to the nearest police
station. You may need a lawyer. In some provinces a
Crown prosecutor or victim services will make the
application for you. A peace bond may take several
weeks to get, and it applies only in the province that
issued it.
If the person breaks any conditions, call the police
immediately. This person may be charged for breaking conditions, and if convicted, he or she could be
sent to jail or fined, or both, and would also get a
criminal record.
What You Should
Know About
Court Orders
Court orders do not
guarantee your safety.
Some people ignore
court orders!
■
Ask the court for
a copy of any order
it makes.
■
Give copies to your
local police, your
children’s day care
or school, your
workplace and
so on.
■
Never contact the
person or break the
conditions yourself.
■
Continue to
take care.
7
STALKING IS A CRIME CALLED CRIMINAL HARASSMENT
Restraining order
■ A restraining order is not a criminal order. It is a
family court order made under provincial civil law. It
forbids a spouse or partner from molesting, annoying, harassing you or communicating with you and
the children, except as set out in the order.
■ It serves basically the same function as a peace bond
but does not necessarily carry the same penalties
if the person disobeys it. To get a restraining order,
you may need a lawyer to make an application to
the court.
■ A judge can give a restraining order even if you are
not afraid for your personal safety. If the person
ignores the order, your lawyer has to start a civil
contempt proceeding in court. The police do not
enforce civil orders. The person would have to
explain to the court why he or she broke the conditions of the order. The judge could order that the
person be fined or go to jail until he or she obeys the
court order.
Protection order
This is a civil court order issued under provincial family
violence legislation. Not all provinces have such legislation. Where it exists, it provides various emergency and
long-term orders to protect victims of family violence.
A protection order may give temporary custody of children and the home to the victim, while ordering the
abusive person out of the home. It can include conditions such as not allowing any contact.
Ways to Increase
Your Personal Safety
Some of the following tips apply if a stranger is stalking
you, others if an ex-partner is bothering you. You
should not use this information in place of seeking
police assistance.
8
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Tell others
■ Tell your supervisor and co-workers. Your workplace
may have programs to help deal with harassment.
They may be able to screen calls or prevent delivery
of unwanted parcels or mail. Ask them never to give
out your personal information.
■ Tell your child’s school or day care, and give them
copies of any orders that prohibit the non-custodial
parent from contacting the child. If a stranger is
stalking you, provide a description of the person,
the car, the licence plates and so on.
■ Let all of these people know if you have a court order
or peace bond and what conditions apply.
Keep personal information private
■ Do not use your social insurance number except
for banking and income tax forms. It could help
someone track you down.
■ Remove personal details from things you throw out
or recycle.
■ At work, remove your nameplate and other personal
information, if possible.
Be safe on the telephone
■ Consider an unlisted phone number.
■ Carry a cell phone for emergency calls.
■ Tell your telephone company about your situation.
Ask about tracing calls and security and privacy
features like blocking personal information from
call displays.
Be sure family and
friends know what
is happening. Ask
them to keep written
records and to let you
know if the person
contacts them.
Take your name off
your mailbox or
consider getting a post
office box.
Never agree to meet
the person who is
harassing you.
9
STALKING IS A CRIME CALLED CRIMINAL HARASSMENT
Practise Internet safety
■ Be careful about posting personal or
private information.
■ Check the harassment policies of your Internet
Service Provider (ISP).
■ Do not use your full name for your user ID, and
change your password often.
■ Report harassing e-mail or chat room abuse to your
ISP. If you know the ISP of the person, tell that ISP
too. They can cut off the person’s account if it is
being used to harass others. Ask about tools to block
unwanted communication.
■ Do a Web search on cyberstalking. You will find
many sites with tips and information. Some can help
track down harassers, document their origin and
send reports to you or the police.
Do a home security check
■ Ask the police to help you do a home security check.
■ Be sure your windows and doors are always locked
and use deadbolts.
■ Change your locks if the person is an ex-partner.
■ Consider security features like motion detectors and
an alarm system.
10
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Always be alert and have a plan
■ Always think about your safety.
■ Ask the court for a copy of any restrictions in
a court order.
■ If possible, do not walk alone and stay on
well-lit streets.
■ If you are being followed on foot, go somewhere safe
(like the nearest store) and call for help.
■ Always look around and be aware of what
is happening.
■ Keep paper and pen on you at all times so you can
write down a licence number or other details.
■ Sit near others when travelling on a bus or subway,
and try not to arrive at your stop early. If you do have
to wait around, stay in well-lit areas.
■ When travelling in your car, always lock the doors.
Plan alternative routes and know how to get to the
police or fire station.
■ If you are being followed in a car, drive somewhere
safe and honk until someone comes to help you.
■ Change the route you travel to work or home often.
Make an emergency
escape plan. Keep a
packed bag and some
money in your car or
workplace. Let your
family know about
your plan.
11
STALKING IS A CRIME CALLED CRIMINAL HARASSMENT
Getting Information, Help and Support
Information about your case
■ Check the status of your case by contacting
the police.
■
■
Be sure to use the police file number assigned
to your case.
Stay in touch with the police, victim services and the
Crown prosecutor and let them know of any changes
to your address or telephone number.
Community Resource List
Create your personal community resource list. In addition to the police, there are a variety of organizations
that can offer support or helpful information. Look
in the white, yellow or blue pages of your telephone
book for contact numbers for the following local or
provincial agencies (opposite page):
12
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Helpful Resource
Telephone Number
Police
Can help you assess your safety and
take action against someone committing a crime.
(911 in an emergency)
Public Legal Education and
Information
Can share general information about
the law, the legal system and your rights.
Victim Services
Can refer you to counselling and tell
you about programs and services for
victims of crime.
Crisis Line
May be able to help with crisis intervention and refer you to helpful services.
Transition House
Can provide shelter, information and
referrals for women who are stalked by
partners or ex-partners.
Mental Health Office
Can offer information or counselling
on depression, stress and mental
health issues.
People you trust
Family, friends, doctor, or religious
adviser may be able to offer emotional
support.
Other
Look for other resources. You may be
able to get help from a local women’s
centre, a sexual assault centre, a gay/
lesbian support group, and so on.
13
STALKING IS A CRIME CALLED CRIMINAL HARASSMENT
Notes:
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