Michif – Todd Paquin and Darren R. Préfontaine
Module Objective: The students will learn about Michif – a unique Métis
language. They will also appreciate that the historic Métis were linguistic
specialists whom used a variety of languages and that this skill allowed them to
serve as a broker between First Nations and Europeans and Euro-Canadians.
Finally, they will learn that the Métis faced discrimination for speaking Michif.
As inheritors of First Nations and European lifeways and culture, the Métis
played the preeminent role in bridging the linguistic and cultural gap between
First Nations and Europeans. The ability to speak a diverse range of Aboriginal
languages, as well as French and English, ensured that the Métis would play a
prominent role as fur-trade and treaty interpreters.
These roles provided a
niche that only the Métis could occupy, and it also reinforced and maintained
multilingualism among the Métis for generations.
With such a diverse
background, multilingualism became an important aspect of this identity, and
has been integral to the physical and cultural survival of the Canadian Métis.
With their knowledge of various languages, the Métis developed two mixed
languages: the now extinct Bungi, or Bungee – a mix of Cree and Gaelic and
Michif, Mitif or méchif (maychif).
The Métis also speak Michif French or Métis
French (Manitoba and Lac La Biche, Alberta) and Métis Cree (northern Alberta).
This mastery of communication was never done for reasons of prestige or show,
but rather allowed the Métis, with their mobile lifestyle, to adapt to a variety of
speakers from a broad geographical range.
With such skilled knowledge of
several languages it was common for many Métis to flow back and forth
between them, even in mid-sentence. This is recorded historically by the Earl of
Southesk, who while visiting the prairies in 1870 witnessed, to his astonishment,
a Métis man yelling the following to his idle dog-sled team: "Fox, ye ould sinner,
pren'garde:crapaud that ye aire. Chocolat!michastim!". The use of English,
French and Cree is clearly evident.
1
Indeed, the Métis have always had a talent for combining elements of First
Nations and European culture and synthesizing these into their own distinct
culture. Michif is perhaps the best example of this cultural synthesis since it is a
mixed language based on Cree verb phrases and French (and English) nouns.
Nobody knows why Michif developed a Cree verb structure and a French noun
structure.
Conjecture indicates that Michif was based on the contributions
made to fur trade families by their First Nations mothers and French-Canadian
fathers. The mother did all the work for the family to survive – all the action.
Thus, all verbs in Michif are in Cree. By contrast, the French-Canadian fathers
brought all the material possessions to the family – the nouns.
Michif’s Cree
verbs could then represent First Nations’ communalism and its French nouns
represent European individualism – two competing strains in the Métis persona.
Michif is a historically significant language, which is on the verge of becoming
extinct. The word "Michif" derives from "méstif", an archaic variation of the
French word "métis". Over time, the word came to denote the mixed language
spoken by Métis of largely francophone and Cree heritage.
Michif has been
historically known as métif, méchif, Mechif, métchif, Metchif, Mitchif, MétisFrench, Métis-Cree, Métis-Salteaux, Turtle Mountain Chippewa, Turtle Mountain
Michif, the Red-River Dialect, and Creole.
This language based on Plains Cree
(and Salteaux) verbs and French (and English) nouns was spoken by those Métis
who lived, hunted and traded in what is now the southern Prairie Provinces and
the American Plains.
2
Some linguists argue that adolescent Métis formed the Michif language, as
young people the world over are adept at mixing languages and creating their
own slang. Michif probably spread among those Métis who gathered biannually
for the large, organized bison hunts. The Métis children growing up among the
bison hunters would have learned Michif as their first language. Peter Bakker,
one of the preeminent linguists studying Michif, feels that mixed-languages such
as Michif arise when the grammatical system of the most familiar language is
combined with the vocabulary of another language. The most familiar language
is commonly a regional language or the maternal language of the first
generation of speakers.
For Michif, the grammar and verbs of an Algonquian
language (Plains Cree) are combined with the nouns of an Indo-European
language (French).
Yet, despite its mixed nature, Michif is not a random or haphazard mixture of
languages. Cree verb structures are always combined with French nouns and
noun phrases. Personal pronouns and question words are always Cree while
possessive pronouns are almost always French. Interestingly, many or most
Michif speakers know neither French nor Cree, but are aware of the mixed
nature of the Michif language. Conversely, while French and Cree speakers can
recognize French and Cree phrases in spoken Michif, the language is
unintelligible to them. For instance, to ask, “where is my parka?” in Michif
would be “Tawnday mon kapeau d’hiver?” By contrast, in French, it would be
“òu est mon capote (or manteau) d’hiver?”
3
Michif was spoken from what is now Northwestern Ontario to Great Slave Lake
in the Northwest Territories and down into the northern United States. Today,
Michif speakers largely reside in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, North
Dakota, and Montana. There are regional variations of Michif, in which
Saulteaux or words from other First Nations languages may be added. With any
language, of course, there are regional differences in word choice and
pronunciation.
Michif is no exception. Nevertheless, despite differences in
dialect and other regional variations, there is considerable consistency in
vocabulary, word order, and pitch patterns among Michif speakers throughout
the Prairie Provinces, Montana and North Dakota. Perhaps the best-known and
largest variation of Michif occurs in northwestern Saskatchewan and focuses on
the old fur-trading community of Ile –a-la Crosse.
The form of Michif spoken in
this community is almost entirely in Cree, with a smaller sprinkling of French
verbs than the more common variety. Ile-a-la Crosse Michif developed
independently of the more widely distributed southern Michif. Nevertheless, it
possesses the same Cree verb and French noun structure.
Speaking Michif was also a way for the Métis to proclaim their identity. Since
the 1869-70 Resistance in Manitoba and the 1885 Resistance in Saskatchewan,
Michif, like other aspects of Métis culture, fell into disfavour by the dominant
society.
From the late nineteenth century until recently, missionaries,
educators, state officials and other Euro-Canadians actively tried to force the
Métis to speak either French or English. Children were taught that it was not
socially acceptable to speak Michif. With such stigma, many Métis either hid or
abandoned their identity, language and culture.
4
Among the Métis of St. Laurent, Manitoba, in the 1930s, attempts were made
by missionaries and some francophone families to assimilate the Métis
linguistically. The speaking of Michif French was discouraged in the community
because it was an "incorrect language", while an emphasis was placed on
learning "real" or Canadian French. A hierarchy of languages was established in
which Canadian French became the prestige language introduced by the clerics,
followed by Michif French, which was the corruption of Canadian French, with
the lowest status language being Saulteaux.
In the early 1950s the nuns
teaching at the school adopted the Token System in efforts to stop the children
from speaking Michif French. At the beginning of each week the students
would be given ten tokens.
Every time an individual spoke Michif French
another student was allowed to collect a token from them. At the end of each
week the student with the most tokens would be rewarded a prize, usually a
picture of a holy person decorated by one of the elderly retired nuns at the
convent. Some students did try hard to learn Canadian French, but by and large
the system failed as the majority of students did not see the point in learning
Canadian French – by this time more and more people began speaking English.
With Michif French being portrayed as an inferior language within the
community, a social stigma was placed on being Métis and speaking Michif. A
feeling of shame was associated with Métis identity, an identity in which
language played a very important role. Despite this pressure, however, Michif
French persisted in St. Laurent, as did the unrelenting spirit of the Métis. As a
result of such wide-scale discrimination, the degree to which Michif and Michif
French is spoken in Métis communities varies but most fluent speakers are over
sixty years old. Almost no young Métis today learn Michif as a first language,
and few speak more than English – a fact most Métis deeply lament.
5
Michif or Métis French is a dialect of French, and is spoken in a large area in such
communities ranging from St. Laurent, Manitoba in the east to Lac La Biche,
Alberta in the west. The difference between standard French and Michif French
lies mainly within the phonology (sound system or pronunciation), with some
syntactic (word order) changes as well as semantic distinctions (meanings of
words).
There are four fundamental characteristics of Michif French. The first deals with
the pronunciation of what are known as the dental consonants and frictives.
Dental consonants are those sounds made at the front of the mouth with the
tongue pressed behind the upper incisors such as t and d. In areas of France t
and d are pronounced very clearly as hard consonants. However, in Michif the
sound of these letters are transformed into tch and dj. Therefore "Tu dis"
becomes "Tchu dji". This was evident in what is now Alberta as early as 1860
where a Métis man was known as Butcheesh by the local anglophones, no doubt
a phonetic variation of the name Baptiste. In addition to the transformation of
the dental consonants, frictives are also altered.
These sounds are also
pronounced at the front of the mouth, but with the tongue pressed behind the
lower incisors such as s and z. In Michif these sounds become pronounced ch
and j respectively. These different sound systems concerning the dental
consonants and frictives undoubtedly originated from French dialects imported
to North America. However, they would have been reinforced and systematized
by the coexistence of the Cree language in which the sounds used to pronounce
t, d, s, and z are very similar and almost interchangeable.
6
The second characteristic of Michif French is the raising of the semi-high vowels
e and o. In this instance the French word ble would be pronounced bli in michif.
Likewise, the word “gros”, which in France would be pronounced with a long “O”
sound becomes “grou” as in “shoe”. Again this is the result of certain French
dialects raising the semi high vowels, but it is reinforced by the instability of the
Cree high vowels where e, i, o and ou are often combined in Prairie dialects.
The third characteristic relates to morphology. There is no gender in Cree, no
masculine or feminine words as there are in French. Distinctions based on
gender, therefore, are irrelevant to Cree speakers and this often results in
confusion between pronouns among trilingual and Michif French speaking
Métis. In Michif French il and elle are often interchanged, as well in English he,
she, and it are often interchanged. For example, the following phrase was heard
spoken by a Métis at Lac La Biche, Alberta: "My grandmother, when he died he
was a hundred and five."
The final characteristic of Michif French deals with the Cree influence on the
syntactic expression of possession. In Cree if the possessor is represented by a
possessive adjective, the order is the same as in French or English: /adjective +
object/ such as "his book". However, if the possessor is represented by a noun
the order becomes: /(adjective); noun;/ + /adjective; + object/. For example:
"your son, his book". Such construction does occasionally occur in the French
and English languages, but it is so common among Michif speakers that it must
be considered a normal possessive construct.
7
Recently, Métis cultural and political groups have made great strides to
promote and preserve the Michif Language. The Turtle Mountain Reservation
in North Dakota was the first agency to print a dictionary, curricula and adult
courses in Michif. The Gabriel Dumont Institute has began development of a
video series dedicated to exploring traditional Métis lifeways, Traditional
Knowledge and the Oral Tradition in Michif. Norman Fleury, Michif Languages
Coordinator for the Manitoba Métis Federation, has produced instructional
booklets and dictionaries. The Métis Resource Centre in Winnipeg also offers
Michif language courses.
A Brief Historiography of Michif
Métis languages – syncretistic adaptations based on a dual Aboriginal and
European heritage, despite some scholarly attention – require further study
(and promotion). The Prairie Métis have traditionally spoken a host of First
Nations languages, as well as English and French.
The Métis have long had a
tradition of adapting aspects of First Nations and European culture, to better
suit their needs. Language is no exception. The adapted languages most widely
used by the Prairie Métis were Michif-French, Michif-Cree, Métis-Cree and
Bungee or Bunji. Bungee and Michif-Cree are mixed languages, the former, now
extinct, consisted of Gaelic and Cree and the latter consists of Cree (and some
Saulteaux) verbs and French (and some English) nouns.
There is not a great deal of literature on the development and use of Métis-Cree
and Michif-French. Michif-French or Métis-French is a fading dialect of Canadian
French.
Patrick C. Douaud analyzed the development of Métis-French in
8
northern Alberta and concludes that it is similar to Acadian French.1 Others
contend that Métis-French is very much like joual, the working-class language of
the Québécois. 2 Father Guy Lavalleé has done extensive research on the
development of Métis-French in St. Laurent (in the Inter Lake region of
Manitoba), where missionaries, Bretons and French Canadians, persecuted the
Métis for speaking this old, non-standardized French dialect.3
Father Lavallée’s
prayer book has several prayers in Métis-French.4 Métis-Cree, on the other
hand, has not been a subject of any analysis other than a useful dictionary
compiled by the late Dr. Anne Anderson.5
The Prairie Métis created a distinct and structured language known as “MichifCree” or “Michif”, which consists of Cree, Saulteaux, French and English
components. Michif is not a random mixture of languages; its first speakers
must have been perfectly bilingual.6 It is interesting to note that some Michif
speakers know neither French nor Cree, but are aware of the mixed nature of
the Michif language. Conversely, while French and Cree speakers can recognize
French and Cree phrases in spoken Michif, the language is unintelligible to
1 Douaud, Patrick C. , “Mitchif: An Aspect of Francophone Alberta”, The Journal of Indigenous Studies.
Summer 1989, Vol. 1, No2, (pp. 80-90), p. 86.
2 Bakker, Peter. A Language of Our Own: The Genesis of the Mixed Cree-French Language of the Canadian
Métis. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997, pp. 149-53 and 250-54.
3 Lavallée, Father Guy. The Métis People of St. Laurent, Manitoba: An Introductory Ethnography.
Unpublished M.A thesis. Vancouver: Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, 1988.
4 Lavallée, Father Guy. Prayers of a Métis Priest: Conversations with God on the Political Experiences of the
Canadian Métis, 1992-1994. Winnipeg: Kromar Publishing Limited, 1997, pp. 1, 6, and 38-39.
5 Anderson, Dr. Anne. Dr Anne Anderson’s Metis Cree Dictionary. Edmonton: Metis Nation of Alberta and
Duval House Publishing, 1997.
6 Bakker, A Language of Our Own, p.11.
9
them.7 Despite such extensive adaptations by the Métis, other scholars feel
that Michif is not a language in its own right, but a special dialect of Cree.8
There is little documentation about Michif’s development.
Peter Bakker, a
prominent Dutch linguist, is the leading scholar in the field. Bakker’s analysis of
Michif’s origins is ground breaking. He interviewed dozens of Michif speakers
and carefully constructed his arguments.
The result is the most through
monograph on the Michif language to date.
Bakker postulates that it is
probable that early forms of Michif were spoken in the St. Lawrence Valley and
in the Great Lakes area during the eighteenth century.9 The language probably
spread among the Métis who gathered biannually for the large, organized bison
hunts.10
Today, Michif speakers are mostly found in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta,
North Dakota, and Montana.11 Because of this linguistic diffusion, most Michif
studies are community-based with much focus on the Turtle Mountain
Reservation in North Dakota, and the inter-lake region of Manitoba, southeast/south-central Saskatchewan and northwest Saskatchewan.
The Gabriel
Dumont Institute has produced a series of videos on Michif communities in
Michif including “Li Michif: Kakee-Payshee-Peekishkwaywuk-Oma/ Michif: The
Language of Our Families”, “Crescent Lake: Our Life on the Road Allowance”,
which document the former Michif-speaking of Crescent Lake, Saskatchewan.
Another video on the northern Michif-speaking community of Ile a la Crosse,
7 Ibid.
8 Crawford, John C., “What is Michif? Language in the Métis tradition”, in Peterson and Brown, The New
Peoples, pp. 237-39.
9 Bakker, Peter, A Language of Our Own, pp.269-70.
10 Ibid, p. 279.
10
Saskatchewan entitled “Kitaskînaw î Pî Kiskinoham!a
! koya: The Land Gives Us Our
12
Knowledge“ was also produced .
The survival of Michif has generated a great deal of interest within the Métis
community since most fluent speakers are over sixty years old and few children
learn Michif as their first language. Thus there is a real danger Michif could
become extinct. Therefore, several groups have compiled Michif dictionaries13
and efforts are being made to introduce Michif into the school curricula. Other
useful resources for children to get acquainted with Michif include the
interactive “Kim CD ROM” by the Manitoba Association for Native Languages
which allows children to learn words in Cree, Dene, Dakota, Oji-Cree, Saulteaux,
Ojibwa and Michif. GDI has also published a series of five children's books in
Michif known collectively as The Alfred Reading Series. Finally, Métis Elder Chris
Blondeau Perry speaks her Michif dialect in the read-along companion to the
Alfred Reading Series, “Come and Read With Us” 14.
Pemmican Publications has
also developed a Michif Children’s Series, with the first book by Bonnie Murray
entitled Li Minoush15.
11 Ibid., p. 76. See also: Rhodes, Richard, “Métchif – A Second Look”, Actes du Dix-Septième congrès des
Algonquians. Edites par William Cowan. Carleton University Press, 1986.
12 Crawford, John C., “Speaking Michif in Four Metis Communities”, The Canadian Journal of Native Studies,
III, 1(1983), pp. 47-55. Dorion, Leah. Producer. “ Li Michif: Kakee-Payshee-Peekishkwaywuk-Oma/ Michif: The
Language of Our Families”. Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2000.Dorion, Leah. Producer. “Crescent
Lake: Our Life on the Road Allowance”. Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2002. Troupe, Cheryl.
Producer. “ Kitaskînaw î Pî Kiskinoham!!akoya: The Land Gives Us Our Knowledge”. Saskatoon: Gabriel
Dumont Institute, 2002.
13
Laverdue, Patline, Allard, Ida Rose and Crawford, John C. Editors. The Michif Dictionary: Turtle Mountain
Chippewa Cree. Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications, 1983. Rossignol School, Ile-a-la Crosse School Division #
112, Cree-Michif Dictionary., 1995. Ahenakew, Vince. Michif-Cree Dictionary: Nehiyawewin Masinahikan.
Saskatoon: Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre, 1997. Fleury, Norman. La Lawng: Michif Peekishkwewin.
The Canadian Michif Dictionary. Winnipeg: The Manitoba Métis Federation, 2000.
14
Allard, Ida Rose. Chippewa/Cree language. (First Edition),no date and no publisher. The Manitoba
Association for Native Languages, Kim CD ROM: An Interactive Guide to Seven Aboriginal Languages.
Pelletier, Darrell. Translation by Chris Blondeau Perry. Alfred’s First day at School, Alfred’s Summer, The Big
Storm, The Pow Wow, and Lisa and Sam. Saskatoon: The Gabriel Dumont Institute, 1993. Dorion, Leah.
“Come and Read With Us”, Narration in Michif by Chris Blondeau Perry. Saskatoon: The Gabriel Dumont
Institute, 1998.
15
Murray, Bonnie. Li Minoush. Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications, 2001.
11
There has been very little curriculum development for Michif-language
resources. We know of only 13 Michif-language resources, which can be used by
primary and secondary students.
By contrast, we know that there are at least
61 academic resources on Métis languages and at least 13 reports submitted by
Métis groups regarding the need to preserve this unique language. Obviously, if
the language were to have any chance of surviving, resources are needed for
primary and secondary students since they are the future of the Métis
community.
Questions and Activities:
Fast Facts:
Sample words and phrases in Michif:
Hello – Tawnshi
How are you? – Tawnshi kiya?
We are going to eat at the restaurant – Dan li café meetshoonan.
What is your name? – Tawnshi en shinikawshooyen?
Mother – Ni mawmaw, ma mayr
Father – Ni pawpaw, mon payr
Hair – lee zhveu
Questions and Activities:
1) How is the Michif language unique?
2) Is Michif an example of the Métis adapting cultural attributes from two
parent cultures (Cree First Nations and French Canadian) and making
them their own? Are there other examples of such cultural adaptation in
Métis history?
3) Visit a library or the World Wide Web and search for languages that have
similar origins to Michif. How is Michif similar to these languages such
as Sawheeli, Chinook or Yiddish? How is it different?
4) Consult Cree, French and Michif dictionaries. Then choose a sample of
common words such as “Hello”, days of the week or people. Then look for
these words in each dictionary. Write down or make a chart of the
various spellings. Why are Michif words spelled differently than Cree and
French ones?
5) Why do you think Michif was an ideal language to preserve traditional
Métis cultural and identity?
6) Do orally based, non-written languages such as Michif have a rich folk
culture? Consult Maria Campbell. Stories of The Road Allowance People.
(Penticton, British Columbia: Theytus Books, 1995), or the Gabriel
Dumont Institute’s video Our Life on the Road Allowance for some
traditional Michif stories.
12
7) Write your own story of how the Michif language started. This could
involve a fur trade romance between a Cree woman and a FrenchCanadian voyaguer.
8) Do you think current efforts to preserve and promote Michif will be
successful? Visit the Métis National Council (www.metisnation.ca),
Manitoba Métis Federation (www.mmf.mb.ca) and the Métis Nation –
Saskatchewan (www.metisnation-sask.com/index.html) websites for
political initiatives to promote Michif.
9) Make a map showing the historic distribution of Michif. Does this
territory correspond to other cultural boundaries such as the fur trade or
the historic distribution of the Métis.
10) How is Ile-a-la-Crosse Michif different than the more widely distributed
format? Consult various Michif dictionaries and webstites as outlined in
the bibliography for answers.
11) Was speaking Michif problematic for past generations of Métis? Did the
actions of state and religious authorities in the past imperil the use of
Michif among the Métis?
12) Are other Aboriginal languages in Canada in danger of extinction? Make
a list of Aboriginal languages other than Michif and determine the extent
to which past assimilation policies have effected the preservation of
Aboriginal languages in Canada.
A list of known Michif resources
Curriculum Resources
Ahenakew, Vince.
Michif/Cree Dictionary:
Nehiyawewin Masinahikan.
Saskatoon: Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre, 1997.
Allard, Ida Rose. Learning Michif. Belcourt, North Dakota: Turtle Mountain
Community College Academic Publications, 1992.
Anderson, Anne, Dr. A. Anderson's Métis-Cree Dictionary.
House Publishing, 1997.
Edmonton: Duval
Dorion, Leah. Producer. “Come and Read With Us”. Cassette companion to the
Alfred Reading Series, Elder Chris Blondeau Perry narrates in Michif. Saskatoon:
Gabriel Dumont Institute, 1998.
Dorion, Leah. Producer. “Crescent Lake: Our Life on the Road Allowance”.
Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2002.
Dorion, Leah. Producer.
“Li Michif: Kakee-Payshee-Peekishkwaywuk-Oma/
Michif: The Language of Our Families”. Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute,
2000.
Flammand, Rita and the Métis Resource Centre Inc. Michif: Conversational
Lessons for Beginners. Winnipeg: The Métis Resource Centre Inc., 2003.
Booklet and two compact discs.
Fluery, Norman. La Lawng: Michif Peekishkwewin. The Canadian Michif
Language Dictionary. (Introductory level).
Winnipeg: Manitoba Métis
Federation, 2000.
13
Laverdure, Patline and Allard, Ida. Editors. The Michif Dictionary. Winnipeg:
Pemmican Publications, 1983.
Manitoba Association of Native languages. An Interactive Guide to Seven
Aboriginal languages. (Cree, Dene, Michif, Ojibwe,Dakota, Oji-Cree and
Saulteaux). K.I.M. Interactive CD ROM. Winnipeg: One World Media and
Manitoba Association of Native Languages, 1998.
Pelltier, Darrell. Michif Translation by Chris Blondeau Perry. Ah Mischi
Mahchikeeshikow: The Big Storm, Ah Neemihchik: The Pow-Wow, Ahlfred Soh
Premiere Jour Ta Ye Khol, Alfred's First Day at School, Leesa Aqua Sam: Lisa
and Sam. and Ahlfred Soh Ahnee: Alfred's Summer. Regina: Gabriel Dumont
Institute, 1992.
Rossignol School. Cree-Michif Dictionary. Ile-à-la-Crosse: Rossignol School, Ile-àla-Crosse School Division # 112, 1995.
Troupe, Cheryl. Expressing Our Heritage: Métis Artistic Designs.
Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2003.
Book.
Troupe, Cheryl. Producer. “ Kitaskînaw î Pî Kiskinoham!a
! koya: The Land Gives Us
Our Knowledge”. Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2002.
Academic Studies
Andrella, Orlando. Coexistent Systems: The Evidence from Mechif. M.A. thesis.
Grand Forks: University of North Dakota, 1983.
Bakker, Peter. "Métis Languages". New Breed, Jan./Feb.1988:10.
Bakker, Peter, "Is Michif a Creole Language?" Amsterdam Creole Studies 10,
1989: 40.
Bakker, Peter, "Bibliography of Métis Languages (Michif, Métis French, Métis
Cree, Bunji)." Amsterdam Creole Studies 10, 1989: 41-47.
Bakker, Peter, "Reflexification: The Case of Michif (French-Cree)". Viefalt der
Kontakte. Beiträge zum 5. Essener Kolloquium über Grammatikalisierung:
Natürlichkreit und Systemökonomie. Band II, Ed. Norbert Boretzky, Werner
Enninger, and Thomas Stolz. Bochum: Stuienverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer, 1989:
119-137.
Bakker, Peter, "The Genesis of Michif: A First Hypothesis", in William Cowan,
(Ed.), Papers of the Twenty-First Algonquian Conference. Ottawa: Carlton
University, 1990; 12-35.
Bakker, Peter, "The Ojibwa Element in Michif." In William Cowan (Ed.), Papers of
the Twenty-Second Algonquian Conference. Ottawa: Carlton University, 1991:
11-20.
Bakker, Peter, "Is John Long's Chippeway (1791) an Ojibwe Pidgin?" in William
Cowan (Ed.), Papers of the Twenty-Fifth Algonquian Conference. Ottawa:
Carlton university, 1994: 14-31.
14
Bakker, "Michif, the Cree-French Mixed Language of the Métis Buffalo Hunters
in Canada". In Peter Bakker and Maarten Mous (Eds.), Mixed Languages 15 Case
Studies in Languages Intertwining. Studies in Language of the Canadian Métis.
Studies in Language and Language Use # 13. Amsterdam: IFFOT, 1994.
Bakker, A Language of Our Own: The Genesis of Michif, the Mixed Cree-French
language of the Canadian Métis. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Bakker and Robert A. Papen. "Michif: A Mixed Language Based on French and
Cree". In Sarah G. Thomason, (Ed.), Contact Languages: A Wider Perspective.
Amsterdam: J. Benjamins, 1998.
Blain, E. "Speech of the Lower Red River Settlement", In William Cowan (Ed.),
Papers of the the Eighteenth Algonquian Conference.
Ottawa: Carlton
University, 1987: 7-16.
Blain, "The Bungee Dialect of the Red River Settlement", M.A. Thesis, University
of Manitoba, 1989.
Blain, The Red River Dialect. Winnipeg: Wuerze Publishing, 1994.
Corne, Chris. "Métchif, Mauritian and More: The Creolisation of French." Sam
Weiner Lecture: Voices of Rupertsland. Winnipeg: Voices of Rupertsland
Association, 1995.
Crawford, John C. "Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Relationships in the Michif
Language". Proceedings of the Linguistic Circle of Manitoba and North Dakota,
vol. 13, 1973:18-22.
Crawford, "Michif: A New Language", North Dakota English, Vol. 4, 1976;3-10.
Crawford, "The Standardization and Instrumentalization of Creole Languages:
Standardization of Orthography in Michif".
Conference on Theoretical
Orientations in Creole Studies. St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, 1979
Crawford, "What Sort of Thing is Michif?" Paper presented to the Conference on
the Métis in North America, 1981.
Crawford, "Speaking Michif in Four Métis Communities." Canadian Journal of
Native Studies, (3) 1, 1983: 47-55.
Crawford, "Dialects of Michif: A Beginning." Proceedings of the Linguistic Circle
of Manitoba and North Dakota, Vol. 25, 1985: 14-15.
Crawford, "What is Michif?: Language in the Métis Tradition" in J. Peterson and
J.S.H. Brown (Eds.). The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Métis in North
America. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1985: 131-141.
Douaud, Patrick C., Ethnolinguistic Profile of the Canadian Métis. Ottawa:
National Museum of Canada Mercury Series, Canadian Ethnology Series Paper
99, National Museum of Canada, 1985.
Douaud, "Mitchif: An Aspect of Francophone Alberta", The Journal of
Indigenous Studies,Vol.1, No. 2, 1989: 80-90.
15
Douaud, "Métis: A Case of Triadic Linguistic Economy."
Linguistics, Vol. 22, No.9, 1980: 392-414.
Anthropological
Drapeau, Lynn. "Michif Replicated: The Emergence of a Mixed language in
Northern Québec." Paper presented at the Tenth International Conference on
Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam: July, 1994.
Evans, Donna. "On Coexistence and Convergence of Two Phonological Systems
in Michif". In Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of
North Dakota Session 26, 1982: 158-173.
Hogman, Wesley L. "Agreement for Animacy and Gender in the Buffalo Narrows
Dialect of French/Cree". MASA: Journal of the University of Manitoba
Anthropology Students Association, 7, 1981: 81-94.
Hogman, "The Metchif Dialect of Buffalo Narrows Saskatchewan", Paper
presented to the Linguistics Colloquium. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba,
1983.
Hogman,"The Structure of Words in the Buffalo Narrows Dialect of Mitchif."
Winnipeg: Cree Language Project, University of Manitoba, 1985.
Howard, James. The Plains-Ojibwa or Bungi. (Reprint). Lincoln Nebraska: J. &
L. Reprint Co., 1977.
Lavallée, Guy, OMI. "The Michif language: A Symbol of Métis Group identity at
St. Laurent Manitoba." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian
Anthropological Society. Calgary: May 1990.
Lavallée, Guy. "The Michif Language: Historical Development and Métis Group
Identity and Solidarity in St. Laurent, Manitoba". Native Studies Review, Vol. 7,
No. 1, 1991: 81-93.
Lincoln, Neville J. Phonology of the Métis French Dialect of Saint-Paul Alberta.
M.A. Thesis, Edmonton: University of Alberta, 1963.
Lovell, Larry. " Michif Relative Clauses." Grand Forks: M.A. Thesis, University of
North Dakota, 1984.
Normand, Josée. "Language and Culture of the Métis".
Canada, 1996.
Orser, Lori L. Michif: A Problem in Classification.
Kansas, 1984.
Ottawa: Statistics
M.A. Thesis, University of
Papen, Robert. "On the Possibility of Linguistic Symbiosis: The Case of Michif".
Paper read at Linguistics at UCSD: The First Twenty Years Colloquium. San
Diego: University of California, 1986.
Papen, "Linguistic Variation in the French Component of Metif Grammar." In W.
Cowan (Ed.), Papers From the 18th Algonquian Conference. Ottawa: Carlton
University, 1987: 247-259.
16
Papen, "Can Two Distinct Grammars Coexist in a Single language? The Case of
Metif." In A. M. Kinloch (Ed.), Papers from the 10th Annual Meeting of the
Atlantic Provinces Linguistics Association. Fredericton: University of New
Brunswick, 1987.
Papen, "Le Métif: le nec plus ultra des grammaires en contact." Revue
Québécoise de Linguistique Theorique et Appliques, Tome. 6, No. 2, 1987: 57-70.
Papen, "Sur quelques processus phonologiques et Lexicaux du Métif" in R.M.
Babitch et al. Papers from the 11th Annual Meeting of the Atlantic Provinces
linguistics Association. Shippagan: University of Moncton, 1988:107-115.
Pentland, David H. "French Loanwords in Cree", Kansas Working Papers in
Linguistics, Vol. 7, 1982: 102-117.
Pentland, "Métchif and Bungee: Languages of the Fur Trade." Paper presented
in the series Voices of Rupert's Land: Public Lectures on Languages on Language
and Culture in Early Manitoba. Winnipeg: March 9, 1985.
Peske, Mary. The French of the French-Cree (Michif) Language.
Grand Forks: University of North Dakota, 1981.
M.A. thesis,
Préfontaine, René. "Le parler Métis." In Antoine S. Lussier and Bruce Sealey
(Eds.) The Other Natives: The/Les Métis. Vol. III. Winnipeg: Manitoba Métis
Federation Press, 1980: 162-166, 190-192.
Rhodes, Richard. "French Cree: A Case of Borrowing." In William Cowan (Ed.),
Actes du Huitième Congrès des Algonquinistes. Ottawa: Carlton University,
1977: 6-25.
Rhodes, "Les conte Métif -- Métif Myths". In William Cowan (Ed.), Papers of the
Eighteenth Algonquian Conference. Ottawa: Carlton University, 1987.
Rhodes, "Métchif -- A Second look" In William Cowan (Ed.), Actes du Septième
Congrès des Algonquistes. Ottawa: Carlton University, 1985:287-296.
Rosen, Nicole. Non-Stratification in Michif. Draft – Generals Paper. University
of Toronto: Department of Linguistics, November 27, 2000.
Schindler, Jenny. Introduction.
Author, n.d.
The Turtle Mountain Mitchif.
Belecourt:
Schneider, Mary Jane. "An Adaptive Strategy and Ethnic Persistence of the
Mechif of North Dakota." PhD dissertation, University of Missouri, 1974.
Scott S. Osborne and Mulligan, D.A.
Beaver,December 1951:42-45.
"The Red River Dialect." The
Scott and Mulligan. In J. K. Chambers (Ed.): Canadian English: Origins and
Structures. Toronto: Methuen, 1951: 61-63.
Stobie, Margaret. "Background of the Dialect Called Bungi." Historical and
Scientific Society of Manitoba, Series III, No. 24, 1967/68: 65-75.
17
Stobie, "The Dialect called Bungi." Canadian Antiques Collector, 6(8), 1971:20.
Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrance Kaufman.
"Michif." Chapter 9.6. of
Language Contact. Creolization and Genetic Linguistics Los Angeles: University
of California Press, 1987.
Walters, Frank J. "Bungee as She is Spoke," Red River Valley Historian and
History News. The Quarterly Journal of the Red River Valley Historical Society.
Vol. 3, No.4, 1969/70:68-70
Weston, Lois Orser. "Alternative Structures in Mixed Language: Benefactives
and Dubitatives in Michif." In Francis Ingemann (Ed.), 1982 Mid America
Linguistic Conference Papers. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas, 1985.
Weaver, Deborah. Obviation in Michif. M.A.thesis. Grand Forks: University of
North Dakota, 1982.
Weaver, "The Effects of Language Change and Death on Obviation in Michif". In
Actes du Quatorizième Congrès des Algonquinistes.
Ottawa: Carlton:
University, 1983, 261-268.
York, Geoffrey. "Striving to Save a Dying Language". Toronto: The Globe and
Mail, July 6, 1990.
Reports submitted by the Métis National Council and its affiliates to
government.
Barkwell, Lawrence J.
The Michif, Cree-French and Michif Languages.
Winnipeg: Manitoba Métis Federation, 1998.
Barkwell, "Languages Spoken by the Métis, " Appendix 4. Manitoba Métis
Federation Submission to the Aboriginal Justice Inquiry. Research and Analysis
of the Impact of the Justice System on the Métis, Winnipeg: Métis Federation
Inc., 1989.
Chartrand, Paul. L.A.H., Audreen Hourie and W. Yvon Dumont. The Michif
Languages Project: Committee Report. Winnipeg: Manitoba Métis Federation,
1985.
Community of Ile-à-la-Crosse. Community Michif Retention Project.
Crosse: Unpublished paper, 1990.
Hourie, Audreen. Michif languages Oral History Project Report.
Louis Riel Institute, April 1996.
Il-à-la-
Winnipeg:
Kolson, Bren. "Michif: How Generations Lost the Language". The Métis Voice,
Vol. 1 (1), Fall 1994; 23.
Manitoba Métis Federation, Paul Chartrand, Audreen Hourie, Yvon Dumont and
Louise Chippeway.
The Michif Languages Project: Committee Report.
Winnipeg: Manitoba, Métis Federation Inc., 1985.
Métis Heritage Association. Three Year Michif Project Proposal. Yellowknife:
Métis Heritage Association, January 1994.
18
Métis National Council, "Michif Language" In The State of Research and Opinion
on the Métis Nation of Canada". Intervener Participation Program Brief
submitted a report presented to the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples.
December 1993, 221-224.
Métis National Council. "Métis Kah Ki Yuw Ouyasouwaywin:
Michif
Peekiskwayin Musinahikum Kiskay-Itamou-Win." Métis National Council Michif
Language Study. Ottawa: Métis National Council, 1994.
Métis National Council. "Michif", Métis National Council's General Assembly
Reports. Richmond, B.C.: August 27-29, 1998: Chapter 14.
Métis National Council. “Taanishi Kiya”. Michif Revival Strategy 2000-2002 and
Beyond. Ottawa: Métis National Council, April 2002.
Nichols, John D. "Bibliography of Language in Métis Communities" in Paul L.A.H.
Chartrand, Audreen Hourie and W. Yvon Dumont, The Michif Languages
Project: Committee Report. Winnipeg: Manitoba Métis Federation, 1985: 1115.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, "Arts and Heritage -- Language." In
the Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, Vol. 3, Gathering
Strength. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1996: 602-615.
Internet Resources on Michif
Metis Resource Centre Inc. Michif Lessons. Sessions 1-2 of 10. Taken from the
World Wide Web December 13, 2002.
http://www.metisresourcecentre.mb.ca/language/index.htm
“C’est la Vie” Radio-Canada radio broadcast on Michif, June 9, 2002. Taken from
the World Wide Web December 13, 2002.
http://cbc.ca/insite/CEST_LA_VIE_MONTREAL/2000/6/9.html
“Native Languages of the Americas: Michif Language Links”. Taken from the
World Wide Web December 13, 2002.
http://www.geocities.com/bigorrin/mich.htm
“Rossignol School – Metis” . Taken from the World Wide Web December 13,
2002.
http://www.saskschools.ca/~rossigno/metis.html
“Michif Language”. Taken from the World Wide Web December 13, 2002.
http://www.sbsd.org/front/aboriginal/Projects/carmenweb/michif.htm
“Directory for Michif”. Taken from the World Wide Web December 13, 2002.
http://search.sify.com/Top/Science/Social_Sciences/Language_and_Linguistics/Na
tural_Languages/Algic_Languages/Michif/
“As!â
! mak (Michif, Cree) – David Gold, Rossignol School, Ile a la Crosse”. Taken
from the World Wide Web December 13, 2002.
http://capes.usask.ca/ccstu/units/snowshoes.html
19
“Michif – Michif Audio Samples”. Taken from the World Wide Web December 13,
2002. http://www.schoolnet.ca/ABORIGINAL/audiosam/michif/michif-e.html
“Nicole Rosen – Academic Information”. Taken from the World Wide Web
December 13, 2002.
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~nrosen/work.html
“Personal Home Page of Peter Bakker”. Taken from the World Wide Web
December 13, 2002.
http://www.hum.au.dk/lingvist/linpb/home_uk.htm
Names of Saskatchewan Michif Speakers – Early 1990s
5th Avenue
Ahenakew, Mary
Saskatoon,
(665-0892)
Ahenakew, Vince
Ile a-la Crosse
Alcrow, Josephine
Beauval
Aubichon, Alice
Ile a-la Crosse
Aubichon, Annette
Beauval
Aubichon, Aurele/Shirley
Ile a-la Crosse,
Aubichon, Joesephat (Joe)
Ile a-la Crosse
Aubichon, Rose
Ile a-la Crosse
Aubichon, Susan
Ile a-la Crosse
(833-2125)
Aubichon, Clifford/Vicky
Ile a-la Crosse
(833-2209)
Ausland, Alice
Saskatoon
(382-6912)
Belanger, Buckley/
Ile a-la Crosse
(833-2485)
Belanger, Leo
Ile a-la Crosse
(833-2080)
(833-2052)
(833-2095)
Belanger, Rod/Maureen (Nee: Kypling) 111 Appleby Drive, Saskatoon(978-0229)
Belanger, Shelia (Nee: Ahenakew) Ile a-la Crosse
Barone, Bernadette
Debden
Bishop, Flora
Beauval
Bourassa, Madeline
Lebret
(724-2139)
(332-5804)
20
Bouvier, Alfred/Cecile
Beauval
Bouvier, Sister Josephine
Saskatoon
Bouvier, Louis
Ile a-la Crosse
Bouvier, Mel/Pauline
Ile a-la Crosse
Buffin, Peter/Celina
Beauval
Burnouf, Mary
Beauval
(664-4531)
Caisse, Beatrice (Nee: Lariviere) Saskatoon
Caisse, Bradley
Saskatoon
Corrigal, Yvonne (Nee: Lariviere) 1125 Avenue Y North, Saskatoon (978-4691)
Corrigal, Delphina
Ile a-la Crosse
Corrigal, Don/Leda
Beauval
Corrigal, Judith
Beauval
Corrigal, Therese
Beauval
(833-2155)
Daigneault, Agnes (Nee: Lariviere) Ile a-la Crosse
Daigneault, Margaret (Nee: Belanger) Ile a-la Crosse
Daigneault, Joe/Marlene
Beauval
Daigneault, Lawrence/Rose (Nee: Maurice) Ile a-la Crosse
Daigneault, Daniel/ Victoria
Ile a-la Crosse
Desjarlias, Florence
Fort Qu’Appelle
(332-4804)
Desjarlias, Ovid/Irene (Nee: Johnson) Ile-a-la-Crosse
Desjarlias, Wilbert (Known as Bob) PO Box 1234, Fort Qu’Appelle , S0G 1S0
(332-2988)
Durocher, Delia
Beauval
Durocher, Elizabeth
Ile a-la Crosse
Durocher, Elise
(Nee: Morin) Ile a-la Crosse
Durocher, John/Florence (Nee: Ahenakew)
Durocher, Mike
Ile a-la Crosse
Saskatoon
21
Durocher, Tony/Vicky (Nee: Roy) Ile a-la Crosse
Favel, Dwayne
2710 Main Street, Saskatoon
Favel, Jimmy/Marie
Ile a-la Crosse
Fayant, Shelia
Lebret
Fisher, Armand
Fort Qu’Appelle
Frazer, John
Beauval
Gardiner, Abe
Beauval
(373-8027)
Gardiner, Albert/Irene (Nee: Daigneault) Ile a-la Crosse
Gardiner, Antoine/Toni (Nee: Lariviere) Ile a-la Crosse
Gardiner, Annette
Meadow Lake (236-5490)
Gardiner, Gerry/Rita (Nee: McCallum)
Ile a-la Crosse
Gardiner, Harry/Catherine (Nee: Laliberte) Green Lake
Gardiner, Jeffery/Beatrice (Nee: Caisse) Ile a-la Crosse
Gardiner, Jeremy
Ile a-la Crosse
Gardiner, Johnny/Elizabeth (Nee: Misponas)
Ile a-la Crosse
Gardiner, Louis/
Ile a-la Crosse
Gardiner, Napoleon
Ile a-la Crosse
Goffinet, Theresa (Nee: Jeanotte) 234 Segwen Avenue, Fort Qu’Appelle, S0G
1S0
(332-5294) Cree/French
Hanson, Florence
Beauval
Hanson, George/Marie
Beauval
Hessdorfer, Mary
(763-8968)
1239 17th Street West, Prince Albert, S6V 3Z2
Hodgson, Margaret (Nee: Gardiner) 1815 Avenue B North, Saskatoon, S7L 1H6
(653-0923)
22
Hood, Ann
Beauval
Hood, Eugene/Elizabeth (Morin) Beauval
Huschuk, Celina
Beauval
Johnson, Clarrisse
Beauval
Johnson, Napoleon
Ile a-la Crosse
Kimbley, Gene 205-1804 15th Ave East, Prince Albert (home: 764-9143)Echo
Dynamics (consultant)
(wrk: 953-8900)
Kimbley, Margarurite
Lafleur, Jim
Beauval
Beauval
Lafleur, Leona
Laliberte, Alexina
Beauval
Beauval
Laliberte, Tony/Matilda
Nee: Bouvier
Beauval
Laliberte, Ralph
Beauval
Laliberte, Rick
Beauval
Lariviere, Jimmy
Meadow Lake
Larocque, Clifford and John Joe1427 McCarthy Blvd, Regina, S4T 5T1 (775-2385)
Kypling, Helene (Nee: Lariviere)
Saskatoon
Malbeuf, Charles
Ile a-la Crosse
Malbeuf, Peter
Beauval
Maurice, Maggie
Saskatoon
Maurice, Tina
Beauval
McCallum, Gerry
Ile a-la Crosse
(683-2604)
(384-4636)
McCallum, Margaret (Nee: Lariviere) Ile a-la Crosse
McCallum, Verna
Ile a-la Crosse
McLean, Beverly
Ile a-la Crosse
(833-2455)
Misponas, Christine (Nee: Morin) Ile a-la Crosse
Morin, Denise
Beauval
23
Morin, Georgina
Beauval
Morin, Leon/Clara
Ile a-la Crosse
Morin Frank/Mary Rose (Nee: Iron)
Meadow Lake
Morin, Max
Ile a-la Crosse
Morin, Mary Ann
Beauval
Morrissette, Elcid
Beardy
(467-4558
Pelletier, Harriet
Lebret
(332-6531)
Pelletier, Marie
8-44 26th St. East
(764-0431)
French Metis
Prince Albert, S6V 1T7
Roy, Amable
Ile a-la Crosse
Roy, Dawn
Beauval
Roy, Irene
Prince Albert (764-2692) (wrk: 922-1944)
Roy, Jimmy
Beauval
Roy, Jules
Beauval
Roy, Louis
Beauval
Roy, Louis/Theresa (Nee: Gardiner) Ile a-la Crosse
Roy, Lucy (Nee: Bouvier)
Beauval
(288-4408)
Roy, Mary
Saskatoon
(652-0225)
Roy, Millie
Beauval
Sanderson, Clara
Beauval
Seright, Denise (Nee: Aubichon) 10 Haviland Crescent, Saskatoon (382-7839)
Yew, Mabel (Nee: Roy)
Beauval
(288-4409)
Gabriel Dumont Institute web site submissions 1999-2003
Marcus LaRance-Wright
8733 Siegen Ln #114
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
70810
225-642-9101
225-642-9101
24
Rose Azure Moran
(metis@bigSaskatchewan y.net)
490 6th Ave. E. N.
Columbia Falls, Montana
59912
406 -892- 0287
Aurele Dumont
([email protected])
RR1
Woodlands, Manitoba
R0C 3H0
204-383-5076
Nicole Parenteau
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
306-956-6130
Albert J. Lafferty
([email protected])
Ft. Providence Metis Council
Fort Providence
Northwest Territories
XOE OLO
867-699-4320 Bus. Office
867-699-4319 Office
P.O. Box 27
Fort Providence
N.W.T.
XOE OLO
R.J. Morin
Box 444
La Loche, Saskatchewan
S0M 1G0
306-822-2355
306 822-3038
Jacquie Bouvier
([email protected])
#304-1037 east 8th ave.
Vancouver, British Columbia
V5T 1V1
604-709-9782
Gail Maurice
([email protected])
640 Birch Trail
Frazier Park, California
93225
661.245.2373
Tanya Kyplain
Box 144
25
Ile-a-la-Crosse
SaSaskatchewan atchewan
S0M 1C0
306-833-2124
Darwin Roy
([email protected])
932 Reise Dr.
La Ronge, Saskatchewan
S0J 1L0
306-425-5784
Darlene Auger
([email protected])
422 Dunluce Road
Edmonton, Alberta
T5X 4K9
780-473-1865
Linda St.Cyr
([email protected])
501-3080 Pembina Hwy
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3T 4N1
204-261-1288
Norris Napope
509 19th Street West
Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
S6V 4E2
764 2529
Patty Gauthier
(bahsp@Saskatchewan .sympatico.ca)
P.O. Box 193
Beauval, Saskatchewan
S0M 0G0
306-288-2263
306-288-4502
Ernest Decoteau
([email protected])
12245 3rd SW
Seattle, Washington
98146
206-242-2321
Verna DeMontigny
1438 8th Street
Brandon, Manitoba
R7A 377
204-728 0292
Pearl Belcourt
26
([email protected])
84 main St.
St Eustache, Manitoba
R0H 1H0
204-353-2661
Susan Christie
P.O. Box 7
Fort Providence, Northwest Territories
Morris Amyotte
Lebret, Saskatchewan
S0G 2Y0
306-332-5132
Gisele Nelson
([email protected])
133 3rd Ave. SW
Minnedosa, Manitoba
R0J 1E0
204-867-5564
Walter LaFountaine
R.R. #1
Belcourt, North Dakota
58316-1885
701-244-5830
Michael K. Thunderhawk
([email protected])
P.0. BOX 1885
Belcourt, North Dakota
58316-1885
701-244-5517
Liza Keplin
([email protected])
R.R. 1 BOX 141
Belcourt, North Dakota
58316-1885
701-244-O356
Lilah Morin
3823 Fairlight Drive
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
S7M 5N1
306-683-0698
David Poitra Brien
([email protected])
RR 1 Box 26 B
Saint John, North Dakota
58369
701-477-0675
27
Sheldon Williams
([email protected])
PO Box 2042
Belcourt, North Dakota
58316
701-477-8846
Jacquie Bouvier
([email protected]
#1706-13353-108th Ave
Surrey, British Columbia
V3T 5T5
604-951-6911
604-801-5097
Marlene Brisebois
210 Montreal Ave. North
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
S7L 3N5
306-955-7425
Delmar E. Falcon
([email protected])
410 2nd Street
Trenton, North Dakota
58853
701-572-5166
Jarvis Gray
([email protected])
9408 104 Ave.
Fort St. John, British Columbia
V1J 2J9
250-785-5463
250-261-5750
Ross Tylor
([email protected])
141 de Bresolettes
Boucherville, Québec
J4B 6M7
4506558334
Joel Durocher
([email protected])
P.O. Box 2253
La Ronge, Saskatchewan
SOJ 1LO
306-425-5100
Florence Morrow
Hearthstone Apts. 1020 E Campbell # 124
Medical Lake. Washington
28
99022
509-299 3448
oggrame
([email protected])
682 Paul Terrace
Rockland, Ontario
K4K 1P8
446-3535
Susanne Beaudry - Harding
4550 Meadowlark Road
Prince George, British Columbia
V2K 5V4
250-9625081
Caroline Campbell,
Kelly Lake Métis Settlement,
Kelly Lake, British Columbia
780-356-3122
Marcel Boulard,
([email protected])
229 Graham Road,
RR # 1,
Whitefish, Ontario
P0M 3E0
705-866-0398
Joyce Gardiner
P.O. Box 203
Ile a la Crosse, Saskatchewan
SOM 1CO
(306) 833-2427
Nuno Miguel Ferreira Moniz
([email protected])
35c Tunnard Street
Boston, Lincolnshire, England, United Kingdom
PE21 6PL
Susanne Beaudry - Harding
4550 Meadowlark Road
Prince George, British Columbia,
V2K 5V4
R.J. Normand
([email protected])
#510-6220 Blundell Road,
Richmond, British Columbia
V7C 4P5
(604) 241-0338
Metha Parisien Bercier
P.O. Box 697
29
Belcourt, North Dakota, U.S.A.
58316
701-477-3076
Allen (Spud) Morin
#1 105 Kennedy Dr.
Melfort, Saskatchewan,
S0E 1A0
(306) 752-7298
Paul Chartrand
([email protected])
241- 5th Avenue North, Apt 808
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
S7K 2P3
(306) 244-0675
(306) 966-5900 (f)
30