Glencoe Science
Chapter Resources
Waves
Includes:
Reproducible Student Pages
ASSESSMENT
TRANSPARENCY ACTIVITY MASTERS
✔ Chapter Tests
✔ Section Focus Activity
✔ Chapter Review
✔ Teaching Transparency Activity
✔ Assessment Transparency Activity
HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES
✔ Lab Worksheets for each Student Edition Activity
Teacher Support and Planning
✔ Laboratory Activities
✔ Content Outline for Teaching
✔ Foldables–Reading and Study Skills activity sheet
✔ Spanish Resources
✔ Teacher Guide and Answers
MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS
✔ Directed Reading for Content Mastery
✔ Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish
✔ Reinforcement
✔ Enrichment
✔ Note-taking Worksheets
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
Waves
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below.
reflection
medium
incidence
energy
mechanical
space
that need a
1.
are called
are
obey the
law of
repeating
disturbances
2. ____________
that transfer
which states that
4.
the angle of
3. ____________
waves
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Meeting Individual Needs
Waves
5. ____________
through
matter or
6. ____________
equals
the angle of
reflection
Directions: For each of the following write the letter of the phrase that best completes the sentence.
7. The high point of a transverse wave is __________ .
a. a rarefaction
b. the frequency
c. the crest
8. The less dense region of a compression wave is called __________.
a. a rarefaction
b. the frequency
c. the crest
9. The number of wavelenghts that pass a fixed point each second is
__________ of a wave.
a. a rarefaction
b. the frequency
c. the crest
Waves
19
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Section 1 The Nature of Waves
Section 2 Wave Properties
■
■
Directions: Determine if each statement is true or false. If it is false, change the italicized word(s) to correct the
sentence.
___________________________ 1. Waves transfer matter as they travel.
___________________________ 2. A wave will travel only as long as it has energy
to carry.
___________________________ 4. All waves need a medium in order to travel.
___________________________ 5. Transverse and congressional waves are the two
types of mechanical waves.
___________________________ 6. In a compressional wave the matter in the
medium moves back and forth at right angles
to the direction that the wave travels.
___________________________ 7. In a transverse wave the matter in the medium
moves back and forth in the same direction
that the wave travels.
___________________________ 8. In a transverse wave, the peak of the wave is
the crest and the lowest spot is the trough.
___________________________ 9. The refraction of a wave is how many wavelengths pass a fixed point each second.
___________________________ 10. The speed of a wave is determined by multiplying the wavelength by the frequency.
___________________________ 11. In a compressional wave, the denser the
medium is at the compressions the smaller
its amplitude.
___________________________ 12. In a transverse wave, the higher the amplitude, the more energy it carries.
20 Waves
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Meeting Individual Needs
___________________________ 3. Anything that moves up and down or back
and forth in a rhythmic way is vibrating.
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Section 3 The Behavior of
Waves
■
Directions: The illustration below represents the law of reflection. Copy the letters from the illustration next to
the terms they stand for.
1. ______ normal
2. ______ angle of reflection
c
3. ______ reflected beam
d
a
e
4. ______ incident beam
Meeting Individual Needs
b
5. ______ angle of incidence
Directions: Answer the questions in the space provided.
6. If you are picking up a coin on the bottom of the pool, can you just reach for
where the coin appears to be? Why or why not?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. What causes waves to bend?
8. What are the two types of interference and how do they work?
a.
b.
9. What is a standing wave?
Waves
21
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Key Terms
Waves
Directions: Match the term in Column I with the correct definition in Column II by writing the correct letter in
the space to the left.
Column I
Column II
Meeting Individual Needs
1. amplitude
a. a repeating disturbance that transfers energy
through matter or space
2. compressional
b. highest point of a wave
3. crest
c. bending of a wave as it moves from one
medium to another
4. diffraction
d. a material that a wave transfers energy through
5. frequency
e. lowest point of a wave
f. bending of a wave as it passes around a barrier
6. interference
7. medium
g. matter moves at right angles to the direction
the wave travels
8. rarefaction
9. refraction
i. when two or more waves overlap and combine
to form a new wave
j. matter moves in same direction as wave travels
10. resonance
11. standing wave
12. transverse
22 Waves
k. distance between one point on a wave and the
nearest point just like it
l. when waves continuously interfere with each
other
13. trough
m. how many wavelengths pass a fixed point each
second
14. wave
n. ability of an object to vibrate by absorbing
energy at its natural frequency
15. wavelength
o. measure of the energy in a wave
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
h. spread apart portion of a compressional wave
Name
Date
1
Reinforcement
Class
The Nature of Waves
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What is a wave?
Meeting Individual Needs
2. What travels on a wave?
3. How is a wave created?
4. What is a mechanical wave?
5. List the two types of mechanical waves and define them.
a.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
b.
6. What type of wave is a sound wave?
7. How does sound travel through a medium?
8. Describe the motion of something floating in water waves.
9. What causes ocean waves?
10. What are seismic waves?
Waves
27
Name
Date
2
Reinforcement
Class
Wave Properties
Directions: Study Figure 1, then identify each part by filling in the blanks below.
Figure 1
4.
1.
2.
3.
1.
3.
4.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
5. List three characteristics of a wave that you can measure.
6. What is meant by the frequency of a wave? What is the unit?
7. If the frequency of a given wave increases, what happens to the wavelength?
Directions: Fill out the following table by describing how to measure each of the quantities for the two types
of waves.
Wave
Wavelength
Amplitude
8. transverse
9. compressional
10. What is the velocity of a wave with a frequency of 6 Hz and a wavelength of 2 m?
28 Waves
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Meeting Individual Needs
2.
Name
3
Date
Reinforcement
Class
The Behavior of Waves
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. How is an echo produced?
Meeting Individual Needs
2. When light is reflected, how are the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection related?
3. Compare and contrast refraction and diffraction.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. What happens to the direction of a light wave when it passes from a less dense medium such as
air into a more dense medium such as glass?
5. Why does a tree in the path of sunlight create a shadow instead of the light spreading around
the tree?
6. What happens when two waves approach and pass each other?
7. When is a standing wave produced?
Waves
29
Name
Enrichment
Sonic Booms
You have learned that a sound wave is a
compression wave. A sound wave’s speed is
affected by the medium through which the
wave travels. Temperature also affects the
speed of sound. Higher temperatures
increase the velocity of sound waves. At
room temperature (about 20°C) the speed of
sound is about 343 meters per second.
Meeting Individual Needs
The Sound Barrier
So what would happen if something, like an
airplane, traveled faster than the speed of
sound? For years physicists and engineers
argued about whether it was even possible to
fly faster than sound. Think about this for a
moment. If the plane is making a certain
sound from the roaring of the jet engines,
what would happen when the jet flew faster
than the sound it was making? This point, at
which something is moving as fast as the speed
of the sound it is making, is called the sound
barrier. Some people thought that if a plane
flew faster than the speed of sound it would
explode or break apart from the force it
generated. In 1947 a man named Chuck Yeager
proved this was not true. He was the first man
to fly faster than the speed of sound.
Today all kinds of supersonic jets fly faster
than the speed of sound. When a jet breaks
the sound barrier, a loud noise or sonic boom
is heard. If the plane is close enough to the
ground, the boom can break glass and damage
property. It is a forceful blast of sound. The
reason it is so forceful is because of the
compression waves. As the plane flies faster
and faster, the air molecules begin to compress
on each other. They compress at an increasing
rate. Eventually the energy of compressed
molecules becomes too great and they explode
in all directions. This explosion makes the
sound known as the sonic boom.
In the Mach Cone
The explosion continues to occur as the
plane moves along, but you can only hear it as
it passes over you. You are in what scientists
call the Mach cone. The faster the plane goes,
the narrower the Mach cone becomes. If the
plane is flying high enough you will not be in
the Mach cone and will not hear any boom.
Supersonic planes are told to fly high enough
to avoid causing any damage from their sonic
booms. That’s why we hear fewer sonic booms
these days.
1. What is the sound barrier?
2. Describe what happens when a jet flies faster than the speed of sound.
3. How does a sonic boom happen?
4. What is a Mach cone?
30 Waves
Class
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1
Date
Name
2
Date
Enrichment
Class
Superposition Principle
P
Before
P
During
P
After
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. If two waves with amplitudes of +4 cm and +2 cm pass through point P, what is the maximum
possible displacement of point P? Draw three scale diagrams showing the waves before they
meet, when they meet, and after they meet.
2. The amplitudes of two waves are +5 cm and –3 cm. What is the new wave formed after the two
waves meet? Make a drawing showing the waves before, during, and after their interaction.
3. Two water waves, one with an amplitude of +3 m and another with an amplitude of –3 m
approach and meet each other in a lake. Describe what happens to the waves as they meet each
other.
Waves
31
Meeting Individual Needs
Two water waves are traveling in opposite directions. What happens when they meet? The
amplitudes of the waves add together. At the instant the waves overlap, the amplitudes of each point
in the overlap region is the sum of the amplitudes of the two waves. In other words, a wave with a
2-m amplitude crosses another wave with a 3-m amplitude, making a wave with a 5-m amplitude at
that one instant. Each wave travels through the water making its own contribution to the new wave’s
amplitude. This is true no matter what any other wave is doing. This characteristic of waves is called
the superposition principle. The diagram below shows the superposition of two waves at point P.
Name
Enrichment
Glass, Sound Waves, and
Opera Singers
Meeting Individual Needs
You may have heard that some opera singers
can break a glass with their voice. Maybe you
saw a joke on television about someone
shattering glass with sound? Can this really
happen? Under certain circumstances, sound
waves can have a shattering effect on glass.
It all starts with the glass. Some types are
more easily shattered than others, but in
theory any glass can be broken. When you tap
a glass, say a water glass, you can hear a slight
sound or ringing. That sound is the resonant
frequency of the glass. Each glass has its own
resonant frequency. When tapped, the glass
vibrates back and forth. The thickness and
purity of the glass will determine the rate at
which it vibrates. Fine crystal usually has
resonant frequencies that are easy to hear.
Singing Vibrations
When a singer, or some other sound
source, produces the exact frequency (pitch)
of the glass, it will vibrate. This is resonance,
or one vibration making another vibration.
If the amplitude of the singer’s vibration
frequency increases, the glass vibrations will
also increase.
The problem for the glass is that it is made of
a material that has molecules bound together in
tight positions. Air is like a liquid and can move
freely; the molecules in glass cannot. If the
amplitude and resulting force of the initial
vibration source gets too big it will vibrate the
glass much too hard. The molecules in the glass
cannot move as fast or as far as they are being
pushed. The result is that the glass will shatter.
Yelling Won’t Help
But yelling loudly at a glass most likely will
not break it. The resonant frequencies of glass
are usually very high. It also takes a pure tone,
like the kind opera singers can produce, to
resonate the glass. This is difficult to do. However, if you play an electric musical instrument
with a pure and high note at a loud volume,
it’s possible that an expensive piece of crystal
may shatter.
1. What are some things that determine the resonant frequency of glass?
2. What is resonance?
3. How can a singer make a glass resonate?
4. Why does the glass break from sound?
32 Waves
Class
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3
Date
Name
Date
Note-taking
Worksheet
Section 1
Class
Waves
The Nature of Waves
A. Wave—a repeating disturbance or movement that transfers __________ through matter or space
1. Molecules pass energy on to _______________ molecules.
2. Waves carry energy without transporting __________.
3. All waves are produced by something that ____________.
a. May be solid, liquid, or ________
b. Not all waves need a medium to travel through; example: _______________
B. Mechanical waves—waves that can travel only through __________
1. Transverse waves—matter in the medium moves back and forth _____________________
the direction that the wave travels; example: _______________
2. Compressional waves—matter in the medium moves _________________________ that
the wave travels; example: _______________
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Combinations—not purely transverse or compressional; examples: water waves,
___________ waves
Section 2
Wave Properties
A. Ways waves differ
1. How much __________ they carry
2. How ________ they travel
3. How they look
a. ______________ waves have crests—the highest points, and troughs—the lowest points.
b. Compressional waves have dense regions called ________________ and less dense
regions called ________________.
B. Wavelength—the distance between one point in the wave and
___________________________________
Waves
33
Meeting Individual Needs
4. Medium—a ____________ through which a wave travels.
Name
Date
Class
Note-taking Worksheet (continued)
C. Frequency—how many _______________ pass a fixed point each second
1. Expressed in _______________
2. As frequency increases, wavelength ______________.
3. The frequency of a wave equals the rate of _____________ of the source that creates it.
D. Wave ____________, or v, describes how fast the wave moves forward.
1. ____________ = wavelength ✕ _____________, or v = λ ✕ f.
2. Light waves travel __________ than sound waves.
4. Light waves travel faster in _________ and _______________ than in liquids and solids.
E. Amplitude—a measure of the __________ in a wave
1. The more energy a wave carries, the ___________ its amplitude.
2. Amplitude of _________________ waves is related to how tightly the medium is pushed
together at the compression.
a. The __________ the compressions, the larger the amplitude is and the more energy the
wave carries.
b. The less dense the rarefactions, the __________ the amplitude and the more energy the
wave carries.
3. Amplitude of ______________ waves
a. The distance from the crest or trough of a wave to the ____________________of the
medium
b. Example: how high an ocean wave appears above the water level
Section 3
The Behavior of Waves
A. Reflection occurs when a wave strikes an object and _______________ of it.
1. _______ types of waves can be reflected.
2. The angle of incidence of a wave is always equal to the angle of ________________.
a. Normal—an imaginary line _________________ to a reflective surface
b. Angle of _____________—the angle formed by the wave striking the surface and the
normal
c. Angle of ______________—the angle formed by the reflected wave and the normal
34 Waves
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Meeting Individual Needs
3. Sound waves travel faster in ___________ and __________ than in gas.
Name
Date
Class
Note-taking Worksheet (continued)
B. Refraction—the ___________ of a wave caused by a change in its speed as it moves from one
medium to another
1. The greater the change in speed is, the ________ the wave bends.
2. When a wave passes into a material that slows it down, the wave is bent __________ the
normal.
3. When a wave passes into a material that speeds it up, the wave is bent _____________ the
normal.
1. If the obstacle is ___________ than the wavelength, the wave diffracts a lot.
2. If the obstacle is much __________ than the wavelength, the wave does not diffract much.
3. The larger the obstacle is compared to the wavelength, the ________ the waves will diffract.
D. Interference—the ability of two or more waves to ___________ and form a new wave
1. Waves pass right through each other and continue in ____________________________.
2. New wave exists only while the two original waves continue to ___________.
3. Constructive interference—waves _______ together
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4. Destructive interference—waves ____________ from each other
E. Standing waves—a wave pattern that stays in ______________
1. Form when waves of equal ______________ and amplitude that are traveling in
____________ directions continuously interfere with each other
2. Nodes—the places where two waves __________ cancel each other
F. Resonance—the ability of an object to ___________ by absorbing energy at its natural frequency
Waves
35
Meeting Individual Needs
C. Diffraction—an object causes a wave to change direction and ________ around it
Name
Date
Class
Waves
Chapter
Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Choose the correct term from the list below and write it in the space beside each definition.
amplitude
crest
law of reflection
refraction
transverse wave
compression
diffraction
frequency
medium
rarefaction
resonance
trough
wavelength
compressional wave
interference
reflection
standing wave
waves
1. when a wave strikes an object and bounces off
2. repeating disturbances that transfer energy through matter or space
3. highest point of a transverse wave
4. region where the medium is crowded and dense in a compressional
wave
5. wave that makes matter in the medium move back and forth at right
angles to the direction the wave travels
6. ability of two or more waves to combine and form a new wave
8. material through which a wave transfers energy
Assessment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. lowest point of a transverse wave
9. the bending of waves around a barrier
10. less dense region of a compressional wave
11. ability of an object to vibrate by absorbing energy at its natural
frequency
12. wave in which matter in the medium moves back and forth in the
same direction the wave travels
13. distance between one point in a wave and the nearest point just like it
14. measure of how many wavelengths pass a fixed point each second
15. the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
16. measure of the energy in a wave
17. a special type of wave pattern that forms when waves of equal wavelength and amplitude traveling in opposite directions continuously
interfere with each other
18. the bending of a wave caused by a change in its speed as it moves
from one medium to another
Waves
37
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Review (continued)
Part B. Concept Review
Directions: Use the diagram below to answer questions 1–5.
c
a
A
B
b
d
1. What type of wave is wave A?
2. Which wave carries more energy?
3. What do points a and c represent?
4. What do points b and d represent?
5. How does the frequency of wave B compare with that of wave A?
Directions: Using the equation v = λ ✕ f, find the missing values.
7. A wave with a wavelength of 15 m travels at 330 m/s. Calculate its frequency.
Assessment
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
8. How do scientists know that seismic waves can be either compressional or transverse?
9. Why do surfers like water waves with high amplitudes?
10. Will loud sounds from traffic near a school break glass objects inside the school? Explain.
38 Waves
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. What is the velocity of a wave with a frequency of 760 Hz and a wavelength of 0.45 m?
Name
1
Date
Section Focus
Transparency Activity
Class
Wave to the Camera
Transparency Activities
1. Describe the different waves in this picture.
2. If you are swimming underwater, can you still hear the noises
around you? What does this tell you about sound waves?
3. What does light travel through as it goes from the Sun to the eyes of
an underwater swimmer?
44 Waves
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
How many waves can you pick out in this scene? Is light described as
a wave? If you were there when this photograph was taken, you might
also mention the sound waves.
Name
2
Date
Section Focus
Transparency Activity
Class
Big Fiddle, Little Fiddle
Transparency Activities
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Have you ever heard the instruments below played? If you have,
you probably noticed that the bass produces a much lower sound
than the violin. The difference in the sounds is related to differences
in the waves each instrument produces.
1. Name some muscial instruments. How are the instruments you
named played?
2. A cello is bigger than a violin but smaller than a bass. How do you
think the sound made by a cello compares to the sounds made by
violins and basses?
Waves
45
Name
3
Date
Section Focus
Transparency Activity
Class
Wave Art
Transparency Activities
1. What do the waves look like before they reach the wall? What do
they look like after passing through the opening?
2. Where do the waves in the photograph overlap?
3. What do you think this picture would look like if both holes were
plugged?
46 Waves
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
This artistic picture shows how waves can make fascinating patterns
in water. When waves travelling toward the wall reach the openings,
they pass through them. After passing through the openings, the
waves create new patterns as they overlap on the other side of the wall.
Date
Transparency Activities
Rest position
Teaching Transparency
Activity
Trough
Amplitude
Crest
2
Amplitude
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Name
Class
Amplitude of Waves
Waves
47
Name
Teaching Transparency Activity
Date
Class
(continued)
1. What is the highest point of a wave called?
2. What is the lowest point of a wave called?
3. How is the amplitude of a wave measured?
4. How is wavelength measured?
5. What is frequency?
Transparency Activities
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. What does the amplitude of a wave measure?
48 Waves
Name
Date
Assessment
Transparency Activity
Class
Waves
Directions: Carefully review the table and answer the following questions.
Electromagnetic Waves in Your Life
Shortest
wavelength (cm)
Longest
wavelength (cm)
Radio waves
0.1
10,000,000
Microwaves
0.1
100
Red light
0.000063
0.000076
Green light
0.000049
0.000056
Blue light
0.000045
0.000049
X rays
0.000000001
0.000001
1. Electromagnetic waves of different wavelengths have been given
different names. According to the table, which type of electromagnetic wave can have a wavelength greater than 5 m?
A Radio waves
C Red light
B Microwaves
D Blue light
2. According to the table, which type of electromagnetic wave can
have a wavelength of 0.000046 cm?
F Radio waves
H Red light
G Microwaves
J Blue light
Transparency Activities
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Type of wave
3. If a device were emitting an electromagnetic wave of 0.00000001 cm,
what kind of device would it be?
A Radio
C Flashlight
B Microwave oven
D X-ray machine
Waves
49