The Gotlandic Merchant
Republic and its
Medieval Churches
Tore Gannholm
The Gotlandic Merchant Republic and its Medieval Churches
Contents
Foreword
The history of the Baltic Sea area
Gotlandic trading Emporiums
The Russian rivers
Varangians
The Rus’ Khaganate
Kingdom of Khazaria
The Christian time before Church building on Gotland
MiklagarSr, the Godander’s name for Constantinople
The official Christianization of the Gotlandic Varangians
Trade agreement in MiklagarSar
Kievan Rus’
Primary Chronicle
First churches on Gotland
Cemetery finds
Archbishop Unni and the Danish church
The church building period
Guta Saga and Guta Lagh
Shift in Religion in 1164. The Godandic Church makes a deal with
Pope Christianity
Early Byzantine churches in wood
Eke wooden church
Hemse wooden church
Are the Gotlandic crucifixes the earliest wooden crucifixes in natural size?
Origin of the Latin Cross
The Tree of Life (lignum vitae)
Light Cross
Gemstone Beaded Cross
Outline of the Latin Cross with a ring during the fist millennium
The master who made the Viklau Madonna
Gotland’s monumental medieval wooden crucifixeswith rings or discs
The Crucifix in Lokrume
The Crucifix in Hejnum
The Crucifix in Hablingbo
The Crucifix in Lau
The Crucifix in Alva
The Crucifix in Fide
The Crucifix in Barlingbo
9
11
13
15
16
18
20
20
23
25
26
28
28
29
30
30
31
33
36
38
40
43
46
55
63
66
68
72
81
90
90
92
92
95
97
99
99
Tore Gannholm
The Crucifix in Eskelhem
The Crucifix in Sanda
The Crucifix in Stanga
The Crucifix in Oja
The Crucifix in Burs
The Crucifix in Frojel
The Crucifix in Sundre
The Crucifix in Tingstade
The Crucifix in Ardre
The Crucifix in Sproge
The Crucifix in Bal
The Crucifix in Nas
The Crucifix in Hamra
The Crucific in Rone
The Crucifix in Bjorke
The Crucifix in Rute
The Crucufix in Etelhem
The Crucifix in Klinte
Lennart Karlsson writes in “Kyrkornas O 2012-2013”
Byzantine paintings
Romanesque stone churches
Early Scandinavian churches
Professor Johnny Roosval writes
Romanesque stonemasters
Godandic Romanesque churches
Iconic churches
Hejnum old church from 1029, nave and choir
Fardhem old church from 1029
Vate Romanesque Church (1050)
Sanda Romanesque Church (1058)
Vange Romanesque Church (1058)
Reliefs in Grotlingbo Church (1090)
S:t Lars Church in Visby (1046)
S:t Olof Romanesque Church
Baptismal fonts
The Hegwaldr lodge
The Harwest Miracle and motifs with agrarian connections
Comparison of the foot on the fonts
Christ Pantocrator
4
100
104
104
105
108
110
115
115
116
116
117
118
119
122
122
123
123
123
124
125
139
140
144
145
148
149
153
154
159
164
166
171
173
175
176
178
215
228
239
The Gotlandic Merchant Republic and its Medieval Churches
The Hablingbo Tympanum frieze
Fonts by the Majestatis lodge
Christ Pantocrator motifs in Skane
The gravestone in Dalhem
The Semi-Byzantios’ fonts
Byzantios’ lodge and its models
The Sighrafr lodge
The font in Aakirkeby
Thorn-extractors in the Godandic Romanesque art in the 1000s
Calcarius ’ lodge
Later Romanesque sculpture
The Globus lodge
Cistercian abbey churches and monasteries
Jesters and devils during the earlier Middle Ages
Mural paintings
I. Ashlar painting
Group 1. Simple ashlar painting
Group 2. Ashlar painting with simple ornamental additions
Group 3. Arches with ornately transformed decoration
Group 4. Ashlar decoration with marbling
II. Wrought iron style, Halvard’s style
III. Paradise vaults
IV. The “classic” vault decoration or Lafrans style
The Boge “Spiralgeometriker”
The Rone group or “The Cobweb Vaults”
Variations
The “showy” and “naturalistic” vault decoration
Figure Paintings. The Michael Master
The Apostle Master in Larbro
Ekeby Church
The Klinte painter
The Nicolaus Master
Gothem Church
Gothic architecture
The Romanesque Transitional architecture
Gothic stone carving on Gotland. Brief survey
Group I
Group II
Group III
244
247
257
259
261
268
304
310
313
317
326
328
334
335
343
344
345
347
349
350
351
358
362
364
367
375
376
379
394
397
399
402
406
410
413
416
421
428
430
Tore Gannholm
Group IV
Ornamental art
Dating
The nave in Norrlanda
Plaster
Material and Technology
Portals
Windows
The interior
Arches
Tower
Stone mason’s marks
Lye Church
Stanga Church
Grotlingbo Church
Hablingbo Church
Vate Church
Martebo Church
The Gothic portals in Hablingbo
The Hablingbo nave poral
Egypticus - Fabulator - the Martebomaster
The reliefs in Martebo and Stanga
The Stanga portal, an architectural grandeur dream
Reconstruction efforts
Several masters?
The Tower in Larbro and its sculptural decoration
Window
Vault
Larbro Tower Portal
Gargoyles
Building interruption?
Exports from Gotland
Capitals from the monastery in Kolbatz
Capitals
The Devil’s capital
The Apostle capital
The Meals capital
Other capitals
Iconography
6
438
442
442
• 445
446
447
448
450
452
454
455
457
459
460
461
463
464
466
468
474
477
485
487
489
493
494
495
495
496
500
500
501
502
502
503
504
504
505
507
The Gotlandic Merchant Republic and its Medieval Churches
Gammelgarn Church
Horsne Church
The tower portal in Dalhem
Diedrich of Bern
Painted stone sculpture
Gotlandic churches were painted!
Hablingbo and Vange
Brick and tile imitation
Influences of Gothic architecture
The nave portal in Bro
The Martebo Church
The choir bench in Burs
Color in the interior
The art historical position of the Egypticus lodge
The painter in the Egypticus lodge
Lojsta Church
Dalhem Church
Tofta Church
Bunge Church
Stenkyrka Church
The Othem Master
Saints pictures
Late Middle Ages. Brief overview
Grouping and dating
Gotlandic Stained glass
Romanesque Stained glass
The Gotlandic art school has its roots in the Macedonian Renaissance art
Later variants in Italy
The Visby churches
The Middle Dalhem School
Glass painting in Young Gothic style 1170-1200
Scourging
High Gothic
Contra Gothic
Margaret Gothic
The depictions
Adam and Eve
The Annunciation
Mary and ElEabeth’s meeting
511
511
513
515
516
517
518
519
519
520
521
522
523
524
526
533
533
535
536
539
543
546
552
553
554
554
559
560
564
568
575
578
586
591
593
598
598
600
603
Tore Gannholm
The Nativity
Annunciation to the Shepherds
The Adoration by the Magi
The Infanticide in Betiehem
The Flight to Egypt
The Presentation in the temple
Mary’s Coronation
Christ’s public life. The Baptism of Christ
Christ’s Transfiguration
The Wedding in Cana
Christ and Mary Magdalene in the house of Simon the leper
Lazaruz’ awakening
Triumphal entry into Jerusalem
The Holy Communion
Christ’s Suffering, Resurrection, Passover, Passion and Apothesis
Christ’s Prophets
Christ’s Betrayal
The Scourging
The Cross-carrying
The Calvary motif
The Resurrection of Christ
The Ascension
The Face of Christ
Mary, angels and saints in presentation pictures
Frameworks, ornaments and color in the five styles
Frameworks, ornaments and color in Young Gothic
Frameworks, ornaments and color in High Gothic
Frameworks, ornaments and color in the Contra Gothic
Frameworks, ornaments and color in Margaret Gothic architecture
Iconographic directory, Gothic stone sculpture
Bibliography
Glossary
Abbreviations
Gotlandic history by year
Gotlandic Medieval Churches
8
603
606
608
611
612
613
615
616
620
621
623
624
627
628
629
631
634
635
635
636
638
640
643
648
653
660
663
665
668
670
681
687
687
687
692