Role of Non-Renewable and Renewable Energy for Sustainable

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016
5ROHRI1RQ5HQHZDEOHDQG5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\IRU
6XVWDLQDEOH(OHFWULFLW\*HQHUDWLRQLQ0DOD\VLD
+XVVDLQ$OL%HNKHW1RU+DPLVKDP+DUXQ
DQGFRQVXPSWLRQRIHOHFWULFLW\LQGLFDWHVWKDWERWKDUHPRYLQJ
WRJHWKHU DQG ERWK KDYH D VLJQLILFDQW UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK
HFRQRPLF JURZWK )LJ VKRZV WKH ZRUOG JURVV GRPHVWLF
SURGXFW *'3 HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ DQG HOHFWULFLW\
FRQVXPSWLRQ JURZWK UDWH IURP WR 7KH ZRUOG
JURZWK UDWH IRU HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ DQG HOHFWULFLW\
FRQVXPSWLRQ KDV EHHQ DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\
0HDQZKLOH WKH ZRUOG *'3 JURZWK UDWH ZDV 7KHVH
JURZWKUDWHVVKRZWKDWHOHFWULFLW\FRQVXPSWLRQDQGJHQHUDWLRQ
FRQWLQXHGWRJURZWRJHWKHUDQGH[SRQHQWLDOO\
International Science Index, Environmental and Ecological Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005282
Abstract²7KH PDLQ REMHFWLYH RI WKLV SDSHU LV WR JLYH D
FRPSUHKHQVLYH UHYLHZ RI QRQUHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ DQG UHQHZDEOH
HQHUJ\ XWLOL]DWLRQ LQ 0DOD\VLD LQFOXGLQJ K\GURSRZHU VRODU
SKRWRYROWDLF ELRPDVV DQG ELRJDV WHFKQRORJLHV 0DOD\VLD PDLQO\
GHSHQGV RQ QRQUHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ QDWXUDO JDV FRDO DQG FUXGH RLO
IRU HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH WKLV SDSHU SURYLGHV D
FRPSUHKHQVLYH UHYLHZ RI WKH HQHUJ\ VHFWRU DQG GLVFXVVHV
GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ RI HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ DV D VWUDWHJ\ IRU SURYLGLQJ
VXVWDLQDEOH HQHUJ\ LQ 0DOD\VLD (QHUJ\ SROLFLHV DQG VWUDWHJLHV WR
SURWHFW WKH QRQUHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ XWLOL]DWLRQ DOVR DUH KLJKOLJKWHG
IRFXVLQJ LQ WKH GLIIHUHQW VRXUFHV RI HQHUJ\ DYDLODEOH IRU KLJK DQG
VXVWDLQHGHFRQRPLFJURZWK(PSKDVLVLVDOVRSODFHGRQDGLVFXVVLRQ
RI WKH UROH RI UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ DV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH VRXUFH IRU WKH
LQFUHDVH RI HOHFWULFLW\ VXSSO\ VHFXULW\ ,W LV QRZ HYLGHQW WKDW WR
DFKLHYH VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW WKURXJK UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ HQHUJ\
SROLFLHVDQGVWUDWHJLHVKDYHWREHZHOOGHVLJQHGDQGVXSSRUWHGE\WKH
JRYHUQPHQW LQGXVWULHV ILUPV DQG LQGLYLGXDO RU FRPPXQLW\
SDUWLFLSDWLRQ 7KH KRSH LV WR FUHDWH D SRVLWLYH LPSDFW RQ VXVWDLQDEOH
GHYHORSPHQW WKURXJK UHQHZDEOH VRXUFHV IRU FXUUHQW DQG IXWXUH
JHQHUDWLRQV
Keywords²0DOD\VLD QRQUHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\UHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\
VXVWDLQDEOHHQHUJ\
, ,1752'8&7,21
2
1(RIWKHPRVWXUJHQWDFWLRQVZRUOGZLGHLVGHDOLQJZLWK
HQHUJ\ LVVXHV 7KXV PDQ\ UHVHDUFKHUV KDYH GLVFXVVHG
HQHUJ\LVVXHVDQGWKHLUVLJQLILFDQWHIIHFWVRQHFRQRPLFJURZWK
>@>@ 7KH DGYDQFHPHQW RI GLVFXVVLRQ RQ ZRUOG HQHUJ\
SURYLGHVVRFLDODQGHQYLURQPHQWDOEHQHILWVUHODWHGWRWKHWRWDO
HOHFWULFLW\ FRQVXPSWLRQ RI KXPDQ FLYLOL]DWLRQ 7KH UROH RI
HQHUJ\ LQ HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW UHVXOWHG LQ D VLJQLILFDQW
LQFUHDVHLQZRUOGFRQVXPSWLRQRIHQHUJ\
,Q SDUWLFXODU HOHFWULFLW\ LV PRUH IUHTXHQWO\ VWXGLHG
FRPSDUHG WR RWKHU IRUPV RI HQHUJ\ EHFDXVH HQHUJ\
FRQVXPSWLRQ LV VKLIWLQJ DZD\ IURP WUDGLWLRQDO IXHOV DQG
WRZDUG FOHDQHU DQG VDIHU HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV >@>@ 7KHUHIRUH
HOHFWULFLW\ SOD\V D GRPLQDQW UROH LQ WKH ZHOOEHLQJ RI VRFLHW\
DQG WKH VRFLDO SURVSHULW\ RI FRXQWULHV 7KH GHPDQG IRU
HOHFWULFLW\ LV LQFUHDVLQJ DQG WKH WUHQG LV OLNHO\ WR FRQWLQXH LQ
WKH IXWXUH RQ D JOREDO VFDOH ,Q ZRUOGZLGH HOHFWULFLW\
JHQHUDWLRQ ZDV 7:K DQG WKH VKDUH RI UHQHZDEOH
HQHUJ\ 5( LQ WKH ZRUOG¶V HOHFWULFLW\ SURGXFWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ
K\GUR ZDV DERXW >@ $FFRUGLQJO\ ZRUOG JHQHUDWLRQ
)LJ:RUOG*'3HOHFWULFLW\JHQHUDWLRQDQGHOHFWULFLW\FRQVXPSWLRQ
IRUSHULRG>@
,Q 0DOD\VLD HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ DQG FRQVXPSWLRQ DUH
LPSRUWDQW LVVXHV &XUUHQWO\RI 0DOD\VLDQ SHRSOHKDYH
DFFHVV WR HOHFWULFLW\ LQ PDQ\ VHFWRUV VXFK DV KRXVLQJ
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ PDQXIDFWXULQJ FRQVWUXFWLRQ HWF >@
0DOD\VLD VKRZHG FRQWLQXLQJ LQFUHDVH LQ HOHFWULFLW\
FRQVXPSWLRQE\IURPWR)LJ(OHFWULFLW\
JHQHUDWLRQ VKRZV VLPLODU JURZWK DW )LJ 5HDOL]LQJ
WKH LQFUHDVH LQ HOHFWULFLW\ FRQVXPSWLRQ WKH JRYHUQPHQW
FRQWLQXRXVO\ UHYLHZV LWV HQHUJ\ SROLF\ WR HQVXUH ORQJWHUP
UHOLDELOLW\ DQG VHFXULW\ RI HQHUJ\ UHVRXUFHV 7R IXOILOO WKH
HOHFWULFLW\ GHPDQG DOO FRXQWULHV KDYH UHVRUWHG WR WKH XVH RI
HQHUJ\ UHVRXUFHV IRU JHQHUDWLQJ HOHFWULFLW\ WR LQFUHDVH WKHLU
LQVWDOOHGFDSDFLW\
&XUUHQWO\PRVWFRXQWULHVGHSHQGRQQRQUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\
15(WRSURGXFHHOHFWULFLW\'XHWRHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQFHUQV
JRYHUQPHQWV DUH IRUFHG WR FRQVLGHU DSSURSULDWH DOWHUQDWLYH
HOHFWULFLW\ UHVRXUFHV IRU VXVWDLQDEOH HQHUJ\ 5( WHFKQRORJLHV
DUH HVVHQWLDO FRQWULEXWRUV WR VXVWDLQDEOH HQHUJ\ DV WKH\
JHQHUDOO\ FRQWULEXWH WR ZRUOG HQHUJ\ VHFXULW\ UHGXFH
+XVVDLQ$OL%HNKHWLVZRUNLQJZLWK*UDGXDWH%XVLQHVV6FKRRO&ROOHJHRI
*UDGXDWH 6WXGLHV 8QLYHUVLWL 7HQDJD 1DVLRQDO 81,7(1 .DMDQJ 0DOD\VLD SKRQH ID[ HPDLO 3URIKXVVDLQ#
XQLWHQHGXP\
1RU+DPLVKDP+DUXQLVD3K'FDQGLGDWHDW&ROOHJHRI*UDGXDWH6WXGLHV
8QLYHUVLWL 7HQDJD 1DVLRQDO 81,7(1 .DMDQJ 0DOD\VLD HPDLO
+DPLVKDP#XQLWHQHGXP\
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(9) 2016
907
scholar.waset.org/1999.6/10005282
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016
GHSHQGHQFHRQ15(DQGSURYLGHRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUPLWLJDWLQJ
JUHHQKRXVH JDVHV >@ )RU H[DPSOH LQ )UDQFH WKH PDMRU
SOD\HU LQ HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ LV QXFOHDU HQHUJ\ >@
+RZHYHU WKH FRXQWU\ LV DOVR FRPPLWWHG WR WKH FKDOOHQJLQJ
(XURSHDQ8QLRQ(8WDUJHWVRILQFRUSRUDWLQJ5(VRXUFHVLQWR
WKH HOHFWULFLW\ PL[ >@ )XUWKHUPRUH LQ ,QGLD PDQ\ EHOLHYH
VRODUSKRWRYROWDLF39HQHUJ\FDQSURYLGHPRUHHQHUJ\LQWKH
IXWXUHFRPSDUHGWRRWKHUW\SHVRI5(>@2QWKHRWKHUKDQG
WKHUHDUHVRPHFRXQWULHVWKDWXVH5(DVWKHEDFNERQHRIWKHLU
HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ VHFWRU )RU H[DPSOH %UD]LO DSSOLHV
K\GURSRZHU DQG WKLV UHVRXUFH RIIHUV DGYDQWDJHV LQ WHUPV RI
IHZHUJUHHQKRXVHJDV*+*HPLVVLRQV>@
SRZHUVXSSO\
7KLV VLWXDWLRQ LQGLFDWHV WKDW 15( VRXUFHV FDQQRW PHHW WKH
LQFUHDVLQJ HQHUJ\ GHPDQGV DQG WKH VROXWLRQ RI WKLV SUREOHP
OLHV LQ WKH XWLOL]DWLRQ DQG VXVWDLQDELOLW\ RI 5( VRXUFHV IRU
SRZHU JHQHUDWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH FRQFHQWUDWHG HIIRUWV DUH EHLQJ
XQGHUWDNHQWRHQVXUHWKHVXVWDLQDELOLW\RIHQHUJ\VRXUFHV7KLV
VXVWDLQDELOLW\ RI FRQVXPSWLRQ DQG SURGXFWLRQ UHIHUV WR WKH
HIILFLHQW XVH RI OLPLWHG VRXUFHV RI 15( DQG 5( +HQFH WKH
DLP RI WKLV SDSHU LV WR JLYH D FRPSUHKHQVLYH UHYLHZ RI 15(
DQG 5( XWLOL]DWLRQ LQ 0DOD\VLD $OVR LW UHYLHZV WKH SROLFLHV
DQGVWUDWHJLHVIRUPXOL]HGDQGDSSOLHGLQWKHHQHUJ\VHFWRU7KH
SUHVHQW VWXG\ LV RUJDQL]HG DV IROORZV 6HFWLRQ ,, SUHVHQWV WKH
EDFNJURXQG RI WKH HQHUJ\ VHFWRU LQ 0DOD\VLD 6HFWLRQ ,,,
UHYLHZVWKH15(EHLQJXVHGZKLOH5(LVGLVFXVVHGLQ6HFWLRQ
,96HFWLRQ9LQFOXGHVWKHHQHUJ\SROLFLHVDQGVWUDWHJLHVEHLQJ
FXUUHQWO\XVHGLQ0DOD\VLD6HFWLRQ9,VXPPDUL]HVWKHHQHUJ\
SROLF\LPSOLFDWLRQVDQGFRQFOXVLRQ
International Science Index, Environmental and Ecological Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005282
,,29(59,(:2)(1(5*<6(&725,10$/$<6,$
7KH HOHFWULFLW\ VXSSO\ LQGXVWU\ LQ 0DOD\VLD LV YHUWLFDOO\
LQWHJUDWHG LQ D PRQRSROLVWLF QDWXUH ZKHUH D XWLOLW\ FRPSDQ\
KDQGOHV DOO WKH JHQHUDWLRQ WUDQVPLVVLRQ DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ RI
HOHFWULFLW\LQDUHJLRQ7KHPDLQXWLOLW\FRPSDQLHVDUH7HQDJD
1DVLRQDO %HUKDG71% 6DEDK (OHFWULFLW\6GQ %KG 6(6%
DQG 6DUDZDN (QHUJ\ %HUKDG 6(% ZLWK HDFK FRYHULQJ WKH
UHJLRQV RI WKH 3HQLQVXODU 0DOD\VLD 6DEDK DQG 6DUDZDN
UHVSHFWLYHO\(DFKFRPSDQ\LQLWLDOO\VWDUWHGXQGHU%ULWLVKUXOH
EHIRUH WKH QDWLRQ¶V LQGHSHQGHQFH DQG KDV UHPDLQHG VR XQWLO
WRGD\ 6LQFH 6(6% EHFDPH RQH RI WKH VXEVLGLDULHV RI
71% ,Q DOO WKUHH UHJLRQV WKHUH DUH DOVR LQGHSHQGHQW SRZHU
SURGXFHUV ,33V VXSSO\LQJ VRPH SRUWLRQ RI WKH HOHFWULFLW\
VXSSO\ WR WKH XWLOLW\ FRPSDQLHV WR WUDQVPLW WR WKH FRQVXPHUV
>@ ,Q 3HQLQVXODU 0DOD\VLD 0DODNRII LV WKH OHDGLQJ ,33
GRPHVWLFDOO\ZLWKDVKDUHRIWKHJHQHUDWLRQPDUNHW>@
0HDQZKLOH WKH GRPLQDQW SRVLWLRQ RI ,33 LQ 6DEDK DFFRXQWV
IRU D VKDUH RI WKH HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ >@ 7KHUHIRUH
)LJ GLVSOD\V WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ LQ
71%6(6%DQG6(%IRUWKHWRSHULRG(OHFWULFLW\
JHQHUDWLRQ LV GRPLQDWHG E\ 71% DV WKH PDMRU FRQWULEXWRU LQ
0DOD\VLD ,Q HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWHG E\ 71% ZDV *:K RI WRWDO HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ IROORZHG E\ 6(%
DW*:KDQG6(6%DW*:KVHH)LJ
+RZHYHU WKH GHPDQG IRU HOHFWULFLW\ FRQWLQXHV WR LQFUHDVH
DORQJ ZLWK UDSLG 0DOD\VLDQ HFRQRPLF JURZWK ,Q WKH
PD[LPXP HOHFWULFLW\ GHPDQG LQ 3HQLQVXODU 0DOD\VLD VXUJHG
E\IURP0:LQWR0:LQ
>@7KHHOHFWULFLW\VXSSO\LQGXVWU\LVJRYHUQHGE\WKHHQHUJ\
VHFWRU ZKLFK KDV XQGHUJRQH VLJQLILFDQW FKDQJHV VLQFH WKH
V GULYHQ E\ WKH JRYHUQPHQW¶V DLP WR HQKDQFH VXSSO\
VHFXULW\LPSURYHHIILFLHQF\DQGTXDOLW\LQXWLOLW\VHUYLFHVDQG
LQFUHDVH WKH SULYDWH VHFWRU¶V SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH
GHYHORSPHQW 7KH 'HSDUWPHQW RI (OHFWULFLW\ DQG *DV 6XSSO\
DFWDVUHJXODWRUVZKLOHJRYHUQPHQWOLQNHGFRPSDQLHVUHIHUWR
3HWURQDV DQG 71% DV PDMRU SOD\HUV LQ WKH HQHUJ\ VHFWRU
*RYHUQPHQW DJHQFLHV WKDW FRQWULEXWH WR WKH SROLFLHV RI WKH
HQHUJ\ VHFWRU DUH WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI (QHUJ\ *UHHQ 7HFKQRORJ\
DQG :DWHU .H77+$ (QHUJ\ &RPPLVVLRQ 67 DQG WKH
)LJ*'3HOHFWULFLW\JHQHUDWLRQDQGHOHFWULFLW\FRQVXPSWLRQWUHQGV
LQ0DOD\VLD>@
,Q 0DOD\VLD WKH SRZHU V\VWHP PDLQO\ UHOLHV RQ 15( WR
VDWLVI\ LWV HOHFWULFLW\ FRQVXPSWLRQ UHTXLUHPHQWV 7KH
0DOD\VLDQHOHFWULFLW\LQGXVWU\LVFRPSRVHGRIVHYHUDOVRXUFHV
RIJHQHUDWLRQQDPHO\QDWXUDOJDVFRDORLOK\GURVRODU39
ELRJDV DQG ELRPDVV 7KH HOHFWULFLW\ LQGXVWU\ LV UHJXODWHG E\
WKH (QHUJ\ &RPPLVVLRQ LQ 3HQLQVXODU 0DOD\VLD DQG 6DEDK
7KLV (QHUJ\ &RPPLVVLRQ ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG XQGHU WKH (QHUJ\
&RPPLVVLRQ $FW RQ 0D\ DQG EHFDPH IXOO\
RSHUDWLRQDORQ -DQXDU\ ,W LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU HQVXULQJ
WKDWWKHJHQHUDWLRQRIHOHFWULFLW\DQGSLSHGJDVWRFRQVXPHUVLV
VHFXUH UHOLDEOH VDIH DQG VROG DW D UHDVRQDEOH SULFH >@ 7R
JHQHUDWH HOHFWULFLW\ 0DOD\VLD FRQVLGHUHG WKH XVH RI 15(
UHODWHGSURGXFWVWKHQLQFUHDVLQJHQHUJ\GHSHQGHQFH:LWKWKH
LQFUHDVHLQ15(SULFHVDQGJOREDOFRQFHUQIRUUHGXFLQJ*+*
WKHUH LV D JURZLQJ GHPDQG IRU VKLIWLQJ DZD\ IURP FDUERQ
GLR[LGH &2SURGXFLQJ 15( WR 5( VRXUFHV RI HOHFWULFLW\
JHQHUDWLRQ 0DOD\VLD LV DOVR FRPPLWWHG WR LQFRUSRUDWLQJ 5(
VRXUFHV LQWR WKH HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ PL[ 7KH FOLPDWH
HQHUJ\ SDFNDJH DLPV DW PDNLQJ 0DOD\VLD D KLJKO\ HQHUJ\
HIILFLHQWORZFDUERQHFRQRP\E\WDUJHWLQJDUHGXFWLRQLQ
0DOD\VLD &2 HPLVVLRQV DQG DXJPHQWLQJ WKH VKDUH RI
0DOD\VLD HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQ SURGXFHG IURP UHQHZDEOH
UHVRXUFHV >@ :LWK WKH UHFHQW UDSLG GHYHORSPHQW RI
VXVWDLQDEOH HQHUJ\ WHFKQRORJLHV DQG LQFUHDVLQJ GHPDQG IRU
ORZHPLVVLRQ JHQHUDWLRQ WKH XWLOL]DWLRQ RI 5( VKRZV
SURPLVLQJSURVSHFWVIRU0DOD\VLDSRZHUJULGV$WWKDWSRLQWLW
ZRXOGTXLWIHDVLEOHWRVXEVWLWXWH15(ZLWK5(IRU0DOD\VLD¶V
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(9) 2016
908
scholar.waset.org/1999.6/10005282
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016
0DOD\VLDQ (QHUJ\ 6HFWRU 370 ,Q WKH 6XVWDLQDEOH
(QHUJ\ 'HYHORSPHQW $XWKRULW\ 6('$ ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG
7KHVHDJHQFLHVDUHLQYROYHGLQWKHHQHUJ\VXSSO\LQGXVWU\DQG
SOD\ WKHLU UROH LQ RUJDQL]LQJ RSHUDWLRQV WR SURIHVVLRQDO
VWDQGDUGV
RI N9 DQG N9 WUDQVPLVVLRQ SURMHFWV WR UHLQIRUFH WKH
JULG V\VWHPV ZLOO EH FRPSOHWHG WR HQKDQFH WKH VHFXULW\ RI
VXSSO\WRPDMRUORDGGHPDQGFHQWUHV>@
,,, 5(9,(:2)15(
International Science Index, Environmental and Ecological Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005282
$V QRWHG HDUOLHU 0DOD\VLD¶V HQHUJ\ VHFWRU KDV EHHQ
FRQWLQXRXVO\SURJUHVVLQJLQJHQHUDWLRQFDSDFLW\WKURXJK15(
VRXUFHV VXFK DV QDWXUDO JDV FRDO DQG FUXGH RLO ,Q WKH
WRWDO LQVWDOOHG FDSDFLW\ RI SRZHU SODQWV LQ 0DOD\VLD VWRRG DW
NWRH LQ ZKLFK QDWXUDO JDV DFFRXQWV IRU GLHVHO
DFFRXQWVIRUIXHORLODFFRXQWVIRUDQGFRDODFFRXQWV
IRU >@ 7KLV LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH HOHFWULFLW\ VXSSO\ LV
PRUHUHVLOLHQWWKDQLWZDVLQZKHQLWVWRRGDWNWRH
>@)XUWKHUPRUHWKHJURZWKUDWHGHPDQGRIQDWXUDOJDVFRDO
DQGFUXGHRLODUHDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\)LJ
7KLVJUDSKVKRZVWKDWQDWXUDOJDVKDVEHHQDPDMRUFRQWULEXWRU
LQ 0DOD\VLD¶V HQHUJ\ VHFWRU IROORZHG E\ FRDO DQG FUXGH RLO
)LJDOVRKLJKOLJKWVWKHWUHQGRI15(HVSHFLDOO\IRUQDWXUDO
JDV FRQVXPSWLRQ ,W VKRZV WKDW WKH GHPDQG RI QDWXUDO JDV
EHWZHHQ DQG LQFUHDVHG GXH WR WKH LQFUHDVH LQ
HOHFWULFLW\ FRQVXPSWLRQ E\ WKH LQGXVWULDO UHVLGHQWLDO DQG
FRPPHUFLDOVHFWRUV
6LQFH QDWXUDO JDV KDV EHHQ XVHG WR PHHW WKH FRQWLQXRXV
GHPDQG IRU HOHFWULFLW\ 0DOD\VLD EHFDPH D WUDGLWLRQDO OLTXLG
QDWXUDOJDV/1* H[SRUWHUGXH WREHLQJ D VLJQLILFDQW QDWXUDO
JDVSURGXFHU DQG WKHKDYLQJD VWUDWHJLF ORFDWLRQIRU VHDERUQH
HQHUJ\ WUDGH ,Q 0DOD\VLD GHYHORSHG LQWR WKH ZRUOG¶V
VHFRQGODUJHVWH[SRUWHURI/1*DIWHU4DWDU>@+RZHYHULQ
0DOD\VLD VWDUWHG IDFLQJ JDV VKRUWDJH GXH WR GHFOLQLQJ
GRPHVWLFQDWXUDOJDVSURGXFWLRQ)LJDQGKLJKGHPDQGGXH
WR IDVW HFRQRPLF JURZWK ,Q RUGHU WR PHHW WKH JURZLQJ JDV
GHPDQG LQ 0DOD\VLD ZKLFK ZDV D WUDGLWLRQDO /1*
H[SRUWHUWXUQHGWR/1*LPSRUWV,QYHUVHO\LQ
/1*DFFRXQWHGIRU>@RILWVWRWDOH[SRUWHGJDV
'XULQJ WKDW WLPH 0DOD\VLD LPSRUWHG /1* IURP YDULRXV
FRXQWULHVVXFKDV%UXQHL1LJHULDDQG$OJHULD>@
7KH VWDWXV RI 0DOD\VLD DV DQ /1* LPSRUWHU VKRZV WKLV
FRXQWU\¶VGHSHQGHQFHRQ15(IRUHOHFWULFLW\JHQHUDWLRQ7KLV
VLWXDWLRQLVXQGHUO\LQJWKURXJKRXW$VLD7KH\ZLOOFRQWLQXHWR
GRPLQDWH WKH VFHQDULR RI GHSHQGLQJ RQ 15( DQG LV H[SHFWHG
WR PDLQWDLQ D VKDUH RI HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQ XQWLO >@,WDOVRVWDWHGWKDWWKHODUJHVWVKDUHRI15(FRQVXPSWLRQ
LVVXSSOLHGE\FRDOIROORZHGE\RLODQGQDWXUDO
JDV,Q$VLD&KLQDLVWKHODUJHVWHQHUJ\FRQVXPHUDQG
SURGXFHU RI FRDO >@ ,W KDV GHYHORSHG UHVHUYHV RI ELOOLRQWRQVRIFRDOELOOLRQWRQVRIFUXGHRLOELOOLRQ
WRQVRIQRQFRQYHQWLRQDORLODQGWULOOLRQFXELFPHWHUVRI
QDWXUDOJDV>@+HQFHDUDSLGJURZWKRI15(FRQVXPSWLRQ
KDV FDXVHG 0DOD\VLD WR VXIIHU IURP *+* HPLVVLRQV D
FRPEXVWLRQE\SURGXFWRI15(IRUHOHFWULFLW\JHQHUDWLRQWKDW
KDV JURZQ H[WHQVLYHO\ RYHU WKH SDVW WZR GHFDGHV ,W DOVR
FRQVLVWV RI &2 VXOIXU GLR[LGH 62 DQG QLWURJHQ GLR[LGH
12 HPLVVLRQV 7KLV GDWD VKRZV WKDW LI 0DOD\VLD FRQWLQXHV
WR UHO\ RQ 15( WKHUH ZLOO EH DQ LQFUHDVH LQ &2 HPLVVLRQV
7KLVSUREOHPLVGLIILFXOWWRDYRLGXQOHVVWKHFRXQWU\H[SORUHV
DOWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGVWRUHGXFHWKHOHYHORI&2HPLVVLRQVDQG
VWLOOPHHWWKHHOHFWULFLW\GHPDQG
)LJ7RWDO8QLWVRI(OHFWULFLW\*HQHUDWLRQVIRUWKH
SHULRG*:Kµ>@
7KHHIILFLHQWXVHRIHQHUJ\UHVRXUFHVLVRQHRIWKHSULQFLSDO
UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU VXVWDLQDEOH HQHUJ\ 7KHVH HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV
GHSHQGRQ15(DQG5(WRJHQHUDWHHOHFWULFLW\+RZHYHUWKH
RSWLPL]DWLRQRIWKHIXHOPL[DQGH[SORUDWLRQRI5(DUHJLYHQ
SULRULW\ WR UHGXFH WKH QDWLRQ¶V GHSHQGHQF\ RQ 15( IRU
HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ )LJ VKRZV WKH SUHYLRXV FXUUHQW DQG
H[SHFWHG HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ PL[ ,W UHYHDOV WKDW HOHFWULFLW\
JHQHUDWLRQLVQRWIXOO\GHSHQGHQWRQWKH15(IRUWKHQH[WILYH
\HDUVSDUWLFXODUO\IRUQDWXUDOJDV7KLVW\SHRI15(LVVWDUWLQJ
WR UHGXFH IURP WR +RZHYHU WKH
JURZWKUDWHRIFRDOFRQVXPSWLRQLVSURMHFWHGWRLQFUHDVHIURP
WR 7KLV JUDSK DOVR VKRZV WKDW FRDO
QDWXUDOJDVDQGRLOZLOOEHWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQW15(VRXUFHVIRU
HOHFWULFLW\JHQHUDWLRQIRU
)LJ0DOD\VLDQ(OHFWULFLW\*HQHUDWLRQ0L[IRUDQG
>@
)XUWKHUPRUH WKH HIILFLHQF\ DQG UHOLDELOLW\ RI HOHFWULFLW\
JHQHUDWLRQ ZLOO EH IXUWKHU LPSURYHG WKURXJK FRQWLQXHG
LQYHVWPHQW LQ JHQHUDWLRQ WUDQVPLVVLRQ DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ RI
SURMHFWV E\ XWLOLW\ FRPSDQLHV 1HZ LQYHVWPHQW LQ JHQHUDWLRQ
FDSDFLW\ DQG UHLQIRUFHPHQW RI WUDQVPLVVLRQ DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ
QHWZRUNZLOOFRQWLQXHIXUWKHU>@&RQVWUXFWLRQRIQHZSRZHU
SODQWV WR SURGXFH 0: ZLOO EH LQLWLDWHG WR UHSODFH
UHWLULQJSODQWVDQGPHHWWKHJURZLQJSHDNGHPDQG$QXPEHU
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(9) 2016
909
scholar.waset.org/1999.6/10005282
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016
International Science Index, Environmental and Ecological Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005282
LQWHQVLI\ WHFKQRORJ\ GHYHORSPHQW RI 5(V IRU VXVWDLQDEOH
HQHUJ\7HFKQRORJLHVWKDWSURPRWHVXVWDLQDEOHHQHUJ\LQFOXGH
5( VRXUFHV VXFK DV K\GURHOHFWULFLW\ VRODU HQHUJ\ ELRJDV
ELRPDVVJHRWKHUPDOHQHUJ\DQGDOVRWHFKQRORJLHVGHVLJQHGWR
LPSURYH HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ 7KH FRQWLQXRXV GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH
LPSRUWDQFHRI5(GHYHORSPHQWLQ0DOD\VLDKDVEHHQYHULILHG
E\WKH0DOD\VLD3ODQVLQFH
0DOD\VLD LV YHU\ QHZ DW REOLJLQJ 5( JHQHUDWLRQ ZLWKLQ LWV
GRPHVWLFHOHFWULFLW\JHQHUDWLRQPL[+RZHYHUWKHSRWHQWLDORI
5(LQ0DOD\VLDLVYHU\FOHDULQWHUPVRIHQYLURQPHQWDOHIIHFWV
DQG HQHUJ\ VHFXULW\ )XUWKHUPRUH RWKHU $VLD FRXQWULHV VXFK
DV &KLQD ,QGLD DQG -DSDQ VKRZ WKDW WKH\ DUH OLNHZLVH
LQWHUHVWHG LQ 5( SRWHQWLDO DV WKH\ KDYH DOVR QRWLFHG WKH
GHSOHWLRQ RI 15( ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH SURMHFWLRQ RI LQFUHDVHG RU
GHFUHDVHG5(VKRXOGEHOLQNHGWRWKHDGYHUVHHIIHFWRI5(RQ
*+* )RU H[DPSOH WKH (8 VKRXOG NHHS RQ LQFUHDVLQJ WKH
VKDUHRI5(IRUORZHUOHYHOVRI&2HPLVVLRQV>@7KHUHIRUH
WKH ILUVW 5( VRXUFH LQWURGXFHG LQ 0DOD\VLD LV K\GURSRZHU
VLQFH>@7KHHOHFWULFLW\JHQHUDWHGIURPK\GURSRZHULV
UHODWLYHO\ FKHDSHU FRPSDUHG WR RLO DQG QDWXUDO JDV IRU D ORQJ
SHULRG7KHFRVWZLOOQRWEHDIIHFWHGE\FKDQJLQJIXHOSULFHV
ZKLFK DUH FXUUHQWO\ GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO PDUNHW
$GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH 0DOD\VLDQ JRYHUQPHQW LQLWLDWHG RWKHU
SRWHQWLDO 5(V FRQVLVWLQJ RI ELRPDVV ELRJDV DQG VRODU 39
7KHVH 5( VRXUFHV ZHUH LQWURGXFHG VLQFH GXH WR WKH
GHSOHWLRQRI15(DQGDOVRHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQFHUQV
)LJ GLVSOD\V WKH LQVWDOOHG FDSDFLW\ RI HOHFWULFLW\
JHQHUDWLRQE\WRWDODQGGLIIHUHQWVRXUFHVRI5(IRUWKHWR
SHULRG7KHWRWDO5(LQVWDOOHGFDSDFLW\LVLQFUHDVHGIURP
0: WR 0: IRU DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\
+RZHYHU WKH JUDSK VKRZV WKH FRQWLQXRXV GHFUHDVH RI WKLV
WRWDOLQVWDOOHGFDSDFLW\WR0:DQG0:IRU
DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\ >@ 7KLV LV GXH WR PDQDJHPHQW DQG
UHJXODWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH HQHUJ\ VHFWRU DQG LV TXLWH FRPSOH[ ,Q
RUGHU WR REWDLQ WKH LGHDO XVH RI DOO VRXUFHV YDULRXV PHDVXUHV
DQG SROLFLHV DUH DSSOLHG WR HDFK HQHUJ\ VRXUFH 7KXV WKH
DYDLODEOH SRWHQWLDO DQG FXUUHQW VWDWXV RI GLIIHUHQW 5( VRXUFHV
KDYH EHHQ SUHVHQWHG LQ WKLV SDSHU WR LQFOXGH LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU
SROLF\PDNHUVIRUWKHGHVLJQGHYHORSPHQWDQGLQVWDOODWLRQRI
VLWHVSHFLILF5(WHFKQRORJLHV
)LJ7UHQGVRIQDWXUDOJDVFUXGHRLODQGFRDOGHPDQGDQGQDWXUDO
JDVSURGXFWLRQLQ0DOD\VLD>@
)XUWKHUPRUH WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ &2 HPLVVLRQV DQG
15( KDV EHHQ EURDGO\ VWXGLHG WR VKRZ WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO
FRQFHUQVDQGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHUROHRIWKHHQHUJ\VHFWRU
)RUH[DPSOHLQ,QGLDWKHHPLVVLRQRIODUJHTXDQWLWLHVRI62
DQG12 DUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUDFLGUDLQSUREOHPVODUJHO\GXHWR
LWV GHSHQGHQF\ RQ 15( ,I UHOHDVHG XQFRQWUROOHG WKHVH FDQ
DIIHFW KXPDQV YHJHWDWLRQ EXLOGLQJV DQG PRQXPHQWV DQG
DTXDWLF DQG IRUHVW HFRV\VWHPV >@ >@ 6LPLODUO\ GHPDQG
IRU RLO DQG QDWXUDO JDV LV LQFUHDVLQJ GXH WR WKH JURZWK RI
DXWRPRELOHV RQ WKH URDGV DQG HDFK \HDU WKLV SXWV VXEVWDQWLDO
SUHVVXUHRQWKH,QGLDQHFRQRP\OHDGLQJWRFRQWLQXRXVLQFUHDVH
LQ LPSRUW GHSHQGHQFH LQ WKLV VHFWRU >@ >@ ,Q RWKHU
FRXQWULHV OLNH 9HQH]XHOD WKH HOHFWULFLW\ JULG UHOLHV RQ D
K\GURWKHUPDO SRZHU V\VWHP WR UHGXFH WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO
LPSDFWRI&2HPLVVLRQV>@+RZHYHULQ7XUNH\WKHUHVXOW
RIWKHVWXG\SURSRVHGWKDWSROLF\PDNHUVHQFRXUDJHWKHXVDJH
RI HOHFWULFLW\ IURP 15( VRXUFHV WR KDYH VXVWDLQDEOH ORQJ UXQ
JURZWK UDWHV EHFDXVH RQO\ 15( KDV VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW
DQGSRVLWLYHHIIHFWRQHFRQRPLFJURZWK,WLVDOVRHVVHQWLDOWR
SURPRWH WKH LQYHVWPHQW SURMHFWV WR LQFUHDVH WKH HIILFLHQF\ RI
HOHFWULFLW\JHQHUDWLRQIURPQRQUHQHZDEOHVRXUFHVFRQVLGHULQJ
WKHIDFWWKDW7XUNH\LVDQHWHQHUJ\H[SRUWHUFRXQWU\>@$W
WKHFXUUHQWOHYHOVRIUHVHUYHVLQ0DOD\VLDQDWXUDOJDVDQGFRDO
ZLOO QRW EH DEOH WR PHHW WKH SURMHFWHG IXWXUH GHPDQG XQOHVV
QHZH[SORUDWLRQVDUHXQGHUWDNHQ7KHQSUHVVXUHWRLQFUHDVHLWV
HQHUJ\ VXSSOLHV DQG WKH FRQVHTXHQW QHJDWLYH HQYLURQPHQWDO
LPSDFWRI15(KDVOHG0DOD\VLDWRDFRQVFLRXVSROLF\WRZDUG
5(VRXUFHV
,9 29(59,(:2)5(
'XHWRFRXQWOHVVDGYDQWDJHVDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOIULHQGOLQHVV
RI 15( WKH 5( WHFKQRORJLHV FDQ SOD\ D SLYRWDO UROH LQ
VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW 0DOD\VLD OLNH RWKHU FRXQWULHV LV LQ
GLUH QHHG WR LQFRUSRUDWH RXWRIWKHER[ WKLQNLQJ LQ LWV XVH RI
5( VRXUFHV 6LQFH 0DOD\VLD KDV DLPHG WR KDYH PRUH
WKDQ RI LWV HQHUJ\ PL[ FRPLQJ IURP 5( VRXUFHV E\ \HDU
>@)XUWKHUPRUH0DOD\VLD¶VJRYHUQPHQWLVVHHNLQJWR
)LJ,QVWDOOHGFDSDFLW\RI5(IRUWKHSHULRG0:>@
A. Hydropower
$PRQJDOO5(VRXUFHV0DOD\VLDLVEOHVVHGZLWKVLJQLILFDQW
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(9) 2016
910
scholar.waset.org/1999.6/10005282
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016
International Science Index, Environmental and Ecological Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005282
K\GURSRZHU HQHUJ\ SRWHQWLDO 6LQFH WKH K\GURHOHFWULF
SRZHU SODQW KDV VKRZQ UHPDUNDEOH EHQHILW WR WKH 0DOD\VLD
HOHFWULFLW\ LQGXVWU\ +RZHYHU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI D
K\GURSRZHUGDPLVFRPSOH[DQGWKHLVVXHVDUHQRWFRQILQHGWR
WKH GHVLJQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ DQG RSHUDWLRQ RI GDPV WKHPVHOYHV
HQYLURQPHQWDO DQG VRFLDO FRQFHUQV SOD\ D UROH DV ZHOO
7KHUHIRUH)LJLQGLFDWHVDJURZWKUDWHRIK\GURSRZHU
LQVWDOODWLRQV IURP WR +RZHYHU WKLV JUDSK DOVR
VKRZVWKDW0DOD\VLDQK\GURSRZHULVH[SHFWHGWRSOD\DPRUH
SURPLQHQW UROH LQ LQVWDOODWLRQ FDSDFLW\ ,W LV H[SHFWHG WKDW LWV
VKDUHZLOOLQFUHDVHIURPLQWRLQVHH)LJ
)XUWKHUPRUH0DOD\VLDKDVEHHQH[SHULHQFLQJDQH[SDQVLRQ
RI K\GURHOHFWULF SRZHU SODQWV GXH WR WKH SRWHQWLDO ZDWHU
UHVRXUFHV DQG SUR[LPLW\ WR FRQVXPSWLRQ FHQWUHV 7KH
K\GURSRZHUSRWHQWLDOLQ0DOD\VLDLV0:EXWFXUUHQWO\
XWLOL]LQJ RQO\ 0: >@ PHDQLQJ WKDW WKH DYDLODEOH
SODQWVFDQVWRUHWKHZDWHUVXSSOLHGGXULQJWKHUDLQ\VHDVRQDQG
XVHLWDFFRUGLQJWRGHPDQGWKURXJKRXWWKH\HDU)XUWKHUPRUH
WKHVH SODQWV KDYH ORZ JHQHUDWLRQ FRVWV DQG FRQWULEXWH WR
PDLQWDLQLQJVRPHVHFXULW\LQWKHVXSSO\RYHUWKH\HDU
)XUWKHUPRUH WKH PLQL K\GUR SODQWV KDYH EHHQ EXLOW DQG
SRSXODWHG ZLWK WLQ\ FOXVWHUV RI SHRSOH IDU DZD\ IURP PDMRU
ORFDOLWLHV+RZHYHUWKHVH5(VRXUFHVDUHVWLOOODFNLQJDVWKHUH
ZHUH QRW PDQ\ VXFFHVVIXO VWRULHV WR HQFRXUDJH PRUH
LQYHVWPHQWV )RU H[DPSOH D PLQL K\GUR VWDWLRQ K\GUR ZDV
EXLOW DW WKH %LO 5LYHU 7DQMXQJ 0DOLP 3HUDN 7KHUHIRUH
6('$ DUH ZRUNLQJ WR LPSURYH WKH WHFKQRORJ\ IRU WKH VPDOO
K\GUR SODQWV LQVWHDG RI RWKHU 5( VRXUFHV DQG ZLOO HQJDJH
ZLWK YDULRXV LQGXVWU\ SOD\HUV VXFK DV RLO PLOOV SODQWDWLRQ
RZQHUV DQG LQWHUHVWHG IRUHLJQ IXQGV WR VHH KRZ LQYHVWPHQWV
FDQEHPDGHWRJHQHUDWHPRUH5(VRXUFHVLQ0DOD\VLD
B. Solar Energy
)LJ6RODU39,QVWDOODWLRQIRUWKHSHULRG0:Kµ
>@
0DOD\VLD LV DOVR EOHVVHG ZLWK KXJH SRWHQWLDO RI VRODU 39
VHH)LJEHLQJDQRWKHUVRXUFHRIFOHDQHQHUJ\VXSSO\)LJ
FOHDUO\VKRZVWKDWWKHJURZWKUDWHRIVRODU39LQVWDOODWLRQLV
SHUDQQXPZKLFKFDQSRWHQWLDOO\EHXVHGIRUVRODU39
HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ 'XH WR WKH LGHDO ZHDWKHU FRQGLWLRQV LQ
0DOD\VLD VRODU HQHUJ\ LV DSSURSULDWH DQG ZRXOG EH DQ HDVLO\
DYDLODEOH5(VRXUFH,QVRODUHQHUJ\ZDVLQWURGXFHGLQ
0DOD\VLD DQG LV H[SHFWHG WR JURZ LQ WKH IXWXUH GXH WR LWV
ORQJHU OLIHVSDQ DV RSSRVHG WR 15( 7KHUHIRUH WKH VRODU
SRZHUPDUNHWLQ0DOD\VLDLVUDSLGO\JURZLQJGHVSLWHLWVKLJKHU
FRVW )XUWKHUPRUH WKH H[SDQVLRQ RI WKLV DOWHUQDWLYH VRXUFH LV
QRW RQO\ IRU UHGXFWLRQ RI FDUERQ HPLVVLRQV EXW DOVR IRU
SURWHFWLQJ WKH FRXQWU\ IURP IDFLQJ KLJK IXHO SULFHV LQ WKH
LQWHUQDWLRQDOPDUNHW>@$VDUHVXOW0DOD\VLDPD\VXSSO\LWV
HOHFWULFLW\DWDORZHUFRVWRQFHWKHHOHFWULFLW\LVJHQHUDWHGIURP
VRODUHQHUJ\6LPLODUO\RWKHU$VLDQFRXQWULHVDUHIRFXVLQJRQ
WKH SRWHQWLDO RI GHYHORSPHQW IRU VRODU 39 7KHLU JRYHUQPHQW
DUH ZRUNLQJ RQ VWUDWHJLHV WR HQFRXUDJH WKH LQGXVWU\ DQG
FRPPXQLW\ LWVHOI WR XVH VRODU HQHUJ\ DV WKHLU HOHFWULFLW\
VRXUFHV,Q,QGLDWKHJRYHUQPHQWDQGSHRSOHEHOLHYHWKDWVRODU
39HQHUJ\FDQSURYLGHPRUHHQHUJ\LQWKHIXWXUHFRPSDUHGWR
RWKHU IRUPV RI 5( >@ )XUWKHUPRUH ,QGLD LV WKH ODUJHVW
FRXQWU\ KDV D VRODU 39 SRZHU SODQW LQ WKH ZRUOG >@
)XUWKHUPRUH VRODU HQHUJ\ FDQ EH XVHG IRU HOHFWULFLW\
JHQHUDWLRQ RU SURGXFLQJ WKHUPDO HQHUJ\ DQG VRODU HOHFWULFLW\
FDQ EH SURGXFHG XVLQJ RIIJULG RU RQJULG V\VWHPV ,W FDQ EH
XVHG IRU OLJKWLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG RSHUDWLQJ HOHFWULFDO
DSSOLDQFHV RU PDFKLQHV LQ UHVLGHQWLDO FRPPHUFLDO DQG
LQGXVWULDO VHFWRUV 8OWLPDWHO\ WKLV DSSOLFDWLRQ ZLOO EH KLJKO\
EHQHILFLDO LQ UHGXFLQJ WKH HQHUJ\ GHILFLHQF\ RI WKH FRXQWU\
>@ )XUWKHUPRUH WKH FRVW LV IL[HG DQG LW LV SUHGLFWHG WKDW
JRYHUQPHQW VXEVLGLHV ZRXOG EH UHYLHZHG DQG UHGXFHG
)LJ+\GURSRZHU,QVWDOODWLRQIRUWKHSHULRG0WRH>@
7KH K\GURHOHFWULF SRZHU SODQW LV EXLOW RQ D GDP LQ ZKLFK
WKHKHLJKWRIGDPLVXVHGWRFUHDWHSRWHQWLDOHQHUJ\IURPZDWHU
IRU WKH JHQHUDWLRQ RI HOHFWULFLW\ 7KH ODUJHVW K\GURSRZHU
JHQHUDWLRQ VLWH LV %DNXQ 3RZHU 6WDWLRQ 6DUDZDN ZLWK
LQVWDOOHGFDSDFLW\RI0:7KLVK\GURHOHFWULFSRZHUSODQW
LV EXLOW FORVH WR WKH PDLQ GHPDQG FHQWUHV 7KHUHIRUH DERXW
RIWKHJHQHUDWHGFDSDFLW\LVFRQVXPHGE\(DVW0DOD\VLDQ
SHRSOH DQG WKH UHVW LV IRU 3HQLQVXODU 0DOD\VLD ,Q WKH
0XUXP 'DP RSHQHG WR HQKDQFH WKH %DNXQ 'DP WR VXSSO\
DGGLWLRQDO HOHFWULFLW\ WR HQHUJ\LQWHQVLYH LQGXVWULHV VXFK DV
DOXPLQLXP DQG IHUURDOOR\ VPHOWLQJ SODQWV LQ WKH 6DPDODMX
,QGXVWULDO 3DUN LQ %LQWXOX >@ ,WV LQVWDOOHG FDSDFLW\ LV
0:
$SDUW IURP WKDW K\GURHOHFWULF SURMHFWV KDYH DOVR EURXJKW
VRFLDO DQG HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW VXFK DV IORRG FRQWURO
WRXULVP VNLOOV GHYHORSPHQW DQG UXUDO HOHFWULILFDWLRQ )RU
H[DPSOH LQ WKH 7HPHQJJRU +\GUR(OHFWULF 3URMHFW
7HPHQJJRU 3RZHU 6WDWLRQ ZDV EXLOW IRU ZDWHU VXSSO\ DQG
HFRWRXULVPDWWUDFWLRQV7KLVGDPORFDWHGDW3HUDN5LYHUKDV
WKH FDSDFLW\ WR JHQHUDWH 0: RI HOHFWULFLW\ 2Q WKH RWKHU
KDQG WKH .HQ\LU 'DP 6XOWDQ 0DKPXG 3RZHU 6WDWLRQ ZDV
FRQVWUXFWHG ZLWKLQ WKH IORRG PLWLJDWLRQ VFKHPH LQVWHDG RI
K\GURHOHFWULFSRZHU7KLVSRZHUVWDWLRQJHQHUDWHV0:RI
HOHFWULFLW\ DQG LV ORFDWHG DW WKH 7HUHQJJDQX 5LYHU
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(9) 2016
911
scholar.waset.org/1999.6/10005282
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016
International Science Index, Environmental and Ecological Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005282
$GGLWLRQDOO\ RQH RI 0DOD\VLD¶V VWUDWHJLHV LV WR DYRLG
GHSHQGLQJ RQ FRDO HQHUJ\ ZKLFK LV LPSRUWHG IURP ,QGRQHVLD
>@ 7KH OHYHO RI LQWHUHVW LQ LQYHVWLQJ LQ 5( SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ
VRODU39VKDVEHHQHQFRXUDJLQJIRUILQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQVGXH
WRWKHSURYHQUHVXOWV
IUXLW EXQFKHV ()% VKHOOV DQG IUXLW ILEUH 0DOD\VLD KDV
DSSUR[LPDWHO\PLOOLRQKHFWDUHVRIODQGIRURLOSDOPSODQWLQJ
2YHU RI WRWDO DUHD SODQWHG LV ORFDWHG LQ MXVW IRXU VWDWHV
6DEDK -RKRU 3DKDQJ DQG 6DUDZDN 7KH WRWDO DPRXQW RI
SURFHVVHG IUHVK IUXLW EXQFKHV ))% ZDV HVWLPDWHG WR EH PLOOLRQ WRQV ZKLOH WKH WRWDO DPRXQW RI ()% SURGXFHG ZDV
HVWLPDWHG WR EH PLOOLRQ WRQV $URXQG PLOOLRQ WRQV RI
SDOP RLO PLOO HIIOXHQW 320( LV SURGXFHG LQ 0DOD\VLD
DQQXDOO\ >@ )XUWKHUPRUH ELRPDVV LV D VRXUFH WKDW FDQ EH
XVHG WR SURYLGH D VXVWDLQDEOH VXSSO\ RI WKH UHTXLUHG HQHUJ\
WKURXJK ELRJDV YHJHWDEOH RLO ELRGLHVHO DQG SURGXFHU JDV
>@%LRJDVWHFKQRORJ\UHIHUVWRWKHV\VWHPWKDWLVGHVLJQHG
WR WXUQ RUJDQLF ZDVWH SURGXFW LQWR XVDEOH HQHUJ\ %LRJDV
W\SLFDOO\ FRQVLVWV PDLQO\ RI PHWKDQH ZLWK D VLJQLILFDQW
SURSRUWLRQ RI FDUERQ GLR[LGH DQG VPDOOHU TXDQWLWLHV RI RWKHU
JDVHV VXFK DV QLWURJHQ DQG K\GURJHQ 7KH JDVHV PHWKDQH
K\GURJHQ DQG FDUERQ PRQR[LGH FDQ EH FRPEXVWHG 7KLV
HQHUJ\ UHOHDVH DOORZV ELRJDV WR EH XVHG DV D IXHO LQ D JDV
HQJLQH WR FRQYHUW WKH HQHUJ\ LQ WKH JDV LQWR HOHFWULFLW\ DQG
KHDW %LRJDV LV D 5( UHVRXUFH DQG LW TXDOLILHV IRU )HHGLQ
7DULII >@ 7KH JURZWK UDWH RI ELRJDV LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ VKRZLQJDJURZWKUDWHRILQVWDOODWLRQFDSDFLW\DWIRUWKH
WRSHULRG8VLQJELRJDVPDQ\DGYDQWDJHVDULVH,Q
WKHIXWXUHELRJDVFRXOGSRWHQWLDOO\KHOSUHGXFHJOREDOFOLPDWH
FKDQJH ,Q DGGLWLRQ SHRSOH FDQ HQMR\ VDYLQJ IRVVLO IXHOV
SURWHFWLQJIRUHVWVHQDEOLQJHOHFWULFLW\JHQHUDWLRQDQGUHGXFLQJ
DLUDQGZDWHUSROOXWLRQ>@
'XH WR 0DOD\VLD¶V FRQFHUQ DERXW HQYLURQPHQWDO SURWHFWLRQ
DQG JOREDO FOLPDWH FKDQJH WKH FRXQWU\ KDV GHYHORSHG
FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV RI 5( ZLWK 15( 7KH GHYHORSPHQW RI DQ
HQHUJ\ SROLF\ IUDPHZRUN LV VLJQLILFDQWO\ VODQWHG WR LPSURYH
WKHVKDUHRI5(VRXUFHVLQ0DOD\VLD¶VHQHUJ\PL[7KHUHIRUH
JRYHUQPHQW LQFHQWLYHV DQG QDWLRQDO SROLFLHV KDYH EHHQ
GHVLJQHG WR HQFRXUDJH 5( XVDJH RI SRZHU JHQHUDWLRQ LQ
0DOD\VLD
C. Biomass and Biogas
0DOD\VLDLVDOVRFRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHSRWHQWLDORI5(VRXUFHV
WR HQKDQFH WKH JHQHUDWLRQ PL[ )RU WKH WLPH EHLQJ WKH ELR
PDVVDQGELRJDVSRZHUSODQWVKDYHEHHQFRQVLGHUHGEHFDXVH
RI WKH VLJQLILFDQW SRWHQWLDO RI WKHVH VRXUFHV LQ 0DOD\VLD >@
)XUWKHUPRUH DPRQJ WKH YDULRXV VRXUFHV RI 5( ELRHQHUJ\
VHHPV WR EH WKH PRVW SUHYDOHQW VRXUFH LQ 0DOD\VLD 7KH
0DOD\VLDQ)XHO'LYHUVLILFDWLRQ3ROLF\GHWHUPLQHGELR
PDVVWREHWKHµILIWKIXHO¶UHVRXUFH,QWKH1DWLRQDO%LR
IXHO 3ROLF\ ZDV ODXQFKHG DQG HQFRXUDJHG WKH XVH RI
HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ IULHQGO\ VXVWDLQDEOH DQG YLDEOH VRXUFHV RI
ELRPDVV HQHUJ\ +RZHYHU WKH JURZWK UDWH RI ELRPDVV
LQVWDOODWLRQ ZDV RQO\ DERXW IRU WKH WR SHULRG
VHH)LJ
)LJ%LRPDVV,QVWDOODWLRQIRUWKHSHULRG0:Kµ
>@
%LRPDVV LV ELRORJLFDO PDWHULDO GHULYHG IURP OLYLQJ RU
UHFHQWO\ OLYLQJ RUJDQLVPV ,W LQFOXGHV ZRRG ORJJLQJ ZDVWHV
DQGVDZGXVWDQLPDOGXQJDQGYHJHWDEOHPDWWHUFRQVLVWLQJRI
OHDYH FURS UHVLGXHV DQG DJULFXOWXUDO ZDVWH >@ ,W LV DQ
HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ IULHQGO\ VRXUFH DQG 0DOD\VLD KDV D WUDGLWLRQ
LQ DQG VLJQLILFDQW SRWHQWLDO IRU ELRPDVV SURGXFWLRQ IRU
HOHFWULFLW\JHQHUDWLRQ7KXVHOHFWULFDOSRZHUFDQEHJHQHUDWHG
E\ EXUQLQJ ELRPDVV SURGXFLQJ PDQ\ RI WKH VDPH HPLVVLRQV
DV EXUQLQJ IRVVLO IXHOV +RZHYHU JURZLQJ ELRPDVV FDSWXUHV
FDUERQGLR[LGHRXWRIWKHDLUVRWKDWWKHQHWFRQWULEXWLRQRIWKH
F\FOHWRJOREDODWPRVSKHULFFDUERQGLR[LGHOHYHOVLV]HUR>@
0DOD\VLD SURGXFHV DW OHDVW PLOOLRQ WRQV RI ELRPDVV
LQFOXGLQJWLPEHUDQGRLOSDOPZDVWHULFHKXVNVFRFRQXWWUXQN
ILEUHV PXQLFLSDO ZDVWH DQG VXJDU FDQH ZDVWH DQQXDOO\ ,Q
PRUH WKDQ PLOOLRQ WRQV RI RLO SDOP ELRPDVV ZDV
JHQHUDWHG7KHUHIRUHLQ0DOD\VLDZDVWKHZRUOGOHDGLQJ
H[SRUWHU RI SDOP RLO H[SRUWLQJ PRUH WKDQ PLOOLRQ WRQV
RI LW )RU H[DPSOH WKH DWWUDFWLYH HQHUJ\ SRWHQWLDO RI D ELR
PDVVSRZHUSODQWLQ3HUOLVXVHVULFHKXVNDVWKHPDLQVRXUFHRI
IXHODQGJHQHUDWHV0:RISRZHUWRPHHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWV
RI KRXVHKROGV 7KH H[WUDFWLRQ RI SDOP RLO IURP SDOP
IUXLWVUHVXOWVLQDODUJHTXDQWLW\RIZDVWHLQWKHIRUPRIHPSW\
)LJ%LRJDV,QVWDOODWLRQIRUWKHSHULRG0:Kµ
>@
9(1(5*<32/,&,(6$1'675$7(*,(6,10$/$<6,$
7KH LVVXHV RI 15( GHSOHWLRQ DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQFHUQV
KDYH UHVXOWHG LQ VXIIHULQJ RI VXVWDLQDEOH HQHUJ\ 7R DGGUHVV
WKHVHLVVXHVWKH0DOD\VLDQJRYHUQPHQWKDVLQWURGXFHGVHYHUDO
HQHUJ\ SROLFLHV WR HQVXUH WKH VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW RI
HQHUJ\ VHFXULW\ WKURXJKRXW WKH \HDUV 7KHVH HQHUJ\ SROLFLHV
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(9) 2016
912
scholar.waset.org/1999.6/10005282
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016
International Science Index, Environmental and Ecological Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005282
DUH IRUPXODWHG E\ WKH (QHUJ\ 6HFWLRQ RI WKH (FRQRPLF
3ODQQLQJ 8QLW (38 XQGHU WKH 3ULPH 0LQLVWHU¶V GHSDUWPHQW
,W LV UHQHZHG HYHU\ ILYH \HDUV DV SDUW RI WKH )LYH<HDU
0DOD\VLD 3ODQ >@ ,Q WKH 1DWLRQDO 3HWUROHXP 3ROLF\
ZDV IRUPXODWHG WR EULQJ DQ HIILFLHQW XWLOL]DWLRQ RI SHWUROHXP
VRXUFHV IRU LQGXVWULDO GHYHORSPHQW DQG WR HQVXUH WKDW WKH
PDQDJHPHQW DQG RSHUDWLRQ RI WKH SHWUROHXP LQGXVWU\ LV
FRQWUROOHG E\ 0DOD\VLD $OVR WKH 1DWLRQDO 'HSOHWLRQ 3ROLF\
RULJLQDWHGZLWKWKHDLPRIFRQVHUYLQJHQHUJ\VRXUFHV
SDUWLFXODUO\RLODQGQDWXUDOJDV>@+RZHYHURLODQGQDWXUDO
JDV QHHG WR EH XVHG FDUHIXOO\ VLQFH WKH\ DUH ILQLWH DQG QRW
UHQHZDEOH 7KH GHSOHWLRQ RI WKHVH 15( VRXUFHV RFFXUV
WKURXJKRXWWKH\HDUVZKLOHWKHGHPDQGRIHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQ
NHHSVLQFUHDVLQJ7KHUHIRUHWRSURPRWHHIILFLHQWXWLOL]DWLRQRI
HQHUJ\ WKH 1DWLRQDO (QHUJ\ 3ROLF\ ZDV IRUPXODWHG LQ 7KLV SROLF\ DOVR FRQFHUQV WKH IDFWRUV SHUWDLQLQJ WR
HQYLURQPHQW SURWHFWLRQ LQ WKH SURGXFWLRQ DQG XWLOL]DWLRQ RI
HQHUJ\5HDOL]LQJWKDW15(VRXUFHVGHSOHWHRYHUWKH\HDUVWKH
0DOD\VLDQJRYHUQPHQWFRQWLQXHVWRHQKDQFHWKHXWLOL]DWLRQRI
HQHUJ\ E\ LQWURGXFLQJ 5( VRXUFHV 7KHUHIRUH XQGHU WKH WK
0DOD\VLD 3ODQ WKH JRYHUQPHQW EURDGHQHG WKH
)RXU )XHO 3ROLF\ WR WKH )LYH )XHO 3ROLF\ E\
LQFRUSRUDWLQJ 5( DV WKH ILIWK IXHO WR HQKDQFH WKH VXSSO\ RI
FRQYHQWLRQDOHQHUJ\VRXUFHVQDPHO\RLOQDWXUDOJDVFRDODQG
K\GUR 7KLV )LYH )XHO 3ROLF\ ZDV SURPRWHG E\ WKH
6PDOO5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\3RZHU3URJUDP65(3LQDQG
ZDVLQWURGXFHGWRHQFRXUDJHWKHXWLOL]DWLRQRIDOOW\SHVRI5(
VRXUFHV LQFOXGLQJ ELRPDVV ELRJDV PXQLFLSDO VROLG ZDVWH
VRODUPLQLK\GURDQGZLQG)XUWKHUPRUHWKHJRYHUQPHQWKDV
LQWHQVLILHGDQGDFFHOHUDWHGWKHGHYHORSPHQWDQGXWLOL]DWLRQRI
ELRPDVVIRU5(>@
,QVXFKDQLVVXHRIJUHDWSULRULW\LVWKHHQHUJ\XVDJHDQGLWV
UHVXOWLQJ HIIHFW RQ WKH HQYLURQPHQW ,Q RUGHU WR SURWHFW WKH
HQYLURQPHQW WKH 1DWLRQDO *UHHQ 7HFKQRORJ\ 3ROLF\ ZDV LQWURGXFHG 7KLV SROLF\ FRQFHUQV UHGXFWLRQ RI HQHUJ\
XVDJHZKLOHHFRQRPLFJURZWKLVVWDEOH2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWR
HQKDQFH5(XWLOL]DWLRQWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\
LQLWLDWLYHVKDYHEHHQXQGHUWDNHQDFURVVWKUHHVHFWRUVQDPHO\
LQGXVWU\ FRPPHUFLDO DQG UHVLGHQWLDO VHFWRUV 7KXV WKH
1DWLRQDO3ROLF\DQGRQ&OLPDWH&KDQJHZDVLQLWLDWHGWR
KLJKOLJKWWKHUROHRIHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\LQVXSSO\DQGGHPDQG
)XUWKHUPRUH LQ WKH WK 0DOD\VLDQ 3ODQ WKH
JRYHUQPHQWWDUJHWHGPRUHVSHFLILHGSHUFHQWDJHVLQWKHSRZHU
JHQHUDWLRQ PL[ ZLWK RI QDWXUDO JDV RI FRDO RI
K\GURRIRLORIGLHVHODQGRIELRPDVV7KLVJRDO
KDV EHHQ DOPRVW VXFFHVVIXO ZKLFK LV WR LQFUHDVH WKH LQVWDOO
FDSDFLW\ RI 5( IRU HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ )LJ 7KXV WKH
1DWLRQDO 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ 3ROLF\ ZDV IRUPXODWHG WR
HQKDQFH WKH XWLOL]DWLRQ RI 5( VRXUFHV IRU FRQWULEXWLRQ WR
QDWLRQDO HOHFWULFLW\ VXSSO\ VHFXULW\ DQG VXVWDLQDEOH VRFLR
HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH WK 0DOD\VLD 3ODQ
ZDV IRUPXODWHG E\ WKH 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ $FW
7KLVDFWH[SUHVVHVDZLGHUFRQFHUQZLWKWKHLPSRUWDQFH
RI5(LQVWDOODWLRQLQWKHLQGXVWULDODQGFRPPHUFLDOVHFWRUVIRU
HQHUJ\VHFXULW\7KHWK0DOD\VLD3ODQKDVEHHQ
QHZO\LQWURGXFHGDQGIRFXVHVRQJUHHQJURZWKWRLQFUHDVHWKH
VXVWDLQDELOLW\ DQG GXUDELOLW\ RI HQHUJ\ JHQHUDWLRQ IRU FXUUHQW
DQGIXWXUHJHQHUDWLRQV
,QRUGHUWRIXOILOWKH5(SROLF\DFWLRQSODQVDQGVWUDWHJLHV
DUHQHHGHGWRHQFRXUDJHWKHJURZWKRI5(LQVWDOODWLRQVXFKDV
VRODUHQHUJ\7KXV0DOD\VLDKDVLQWURGXFHGWZRPHFKDQLVPV
2QHRIWKHVHPHFKDQLVPVLVFDOOHGD)HHGLQ7DULII)L7DQG
ZDV GHYHORSHG LQ HDUO\ WR DGGUHVV VXVWDLQDEOH HQHUJ\
7KLVUHVXOWHGLQWKHGDZQRIDQHZHUDIRU0DOD\VLDLQDPRYH
WRZDUGV DFKLHYLQJ HQHUJ\ DXWRQRP\ DQG PLWLJDWLQJ FOLPDWH
FKDQJH &XUUHQWO\ WKH )L7 PHFKDQLVP LV DEOH WR JHQHUDWH
DERXW 0: RI HOHFWULFLW\ EHFDXVH LW LV OLPLWHG E\ WKH
5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ )XQG 7KH GHYHORSPHQWV VXUURXQGLQJ 5(
KDYH EHHQ HQFRXUDJLQJ ZLWK 0: RU KDYLQJ EHHQ
FRQQHFWHG WR WKH VRODU SRZHU JULG RXW RI WKH WDUJHWHG
0: LQ >@ 0DOD\VLD¶V )L7 PHFKDQLVP REOLJHV
'LVWULEXWLRQ /LFHQVHHV '/V WR EX\ IURP )HHGLQ $SSURYDO
+ROGHUV )L$+V WKH HOHFWULFLW\ SURGXFHG IURP 5( UHVRXUFHV
DQGVHWVWKH)L7UDWH7KH'/VZLOOSD\IRU5(VXSSOLHGWRWKH
HOHFWULFLW\JULGIRUDVSHFLILFGXUDWLRQ%\JXDUDQWHHLQJDFFHVV
WR WKH JULG DQG VHWWLQJ D IDYRXUDEOH SULFH SHU XQLW RI 5( WKH
)L7 PHFKDQLVP HQVXUHV WKDW 5( EHFRPHV D YLDEOH DQG VRXQG
ORQJWHUP LQYHVWPHQW IRU FRPSDQLHV LQGXVWULHV DQG
LQGLYLGXDOV >@ 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH VHFRQG PHFKDQLVP
WKH XWLOLW\ VFDOH VRODU 866 KDV DOVR EHHQ LQWURGXFHG 7KH
IXQFWLRQRI866LVVLPLODUWR)L7ZKLFKLVWRJHQHUDWHSRZHU
DQGUHGXFHHOHFWULFLW\ELOOV+RZHYHUWKH866FDWHUVWRELJJHU
SOD\HUV ZKR DUH ORRNLQJ IRU JHQHUDWLQJ PRUH WKDQ 0: RI
HQHUJ\ 'XH WR WKH SRWHQWLDO JURZWK RI 5( EHLQJ DGGUHVVHG
WKH 0DOD\VLDQ JRYHUQPHQW KDV DJUHHG WR VFDOH XS JUHHQ
WHFKQRORJ\ E\ DGRSWLQJ RWKHU PHFKDQLVPV VXFK DV WKH
LQFUHDVHGXVHRIVRODUIDUPVWRSURGXFHHQHUJ\DQGWKHXVHRI
OLJKWHPLWWLQJ GLRGHV /('V LQ SODFH RI UHJXODU OLJKWV WR
UHGXFHFDUERQHPLVVLRQV>@
,Q0DOD\VLDZLWQHVVHGDPLOHVWRQH\HDUIRUWKHHQHUJ\
VHFWRU $ QXPEHU RI UHJXODWLRQV DQG DPHQGPHQWV ZHUH
LQWURGXFHG WR VWUHQJWKHQ WKH VHFXULW\ SHUIRUPDQFH DQG
HIILFLHQF\ RI WKH HOHFWULFLW\ DQG JDV LQGXVWULHV QRWDEO\ WKH
DPHQGPHQWVWRWKH(OHFWULFLW\6XSSO\$FWRI(OHFWULFLW\
VXSSO\LVDFUXFLDOSURFHVVRIWKHHQHUJ\LQGXVWU\DQGLWLVRQH
RIWKHUHDVRQVIRUWKH(OHFWULFLW\6XSSO\$PHQGPHQW$FWRI
,W DOVR HQKDQFHG WUDQVSDUHQF\ SODQQLQJ FRPSOLDQFH
PRQLWRULQJDQGHQIRUFHPHQWWRFUHDWHDOHYHOSOD\LQJILHOGIRU
DOOSOD\HUVLQWKHLQGXVWU\DQGWRLPSURYHVDIHW\PDQDJHPHQW
DQG SURWHFWLRQ RI FRQVXPHUV¶ LQWHUHVWV >@ )RU H[DPSOH
HOHFWULFLW\ VXSSO\ LQVWDOODWLRQ LQ WKH 0DQMXQJ &RDO)LUHG
3RZHU3ODQWLQ3HUDNPXVWLPSOHPHQWPHDVXUHVWRHQVXUHWKDW
WKHLU SUHPLVHV DQG VXSSO\ SURFHVVHV DUH VDIH IRU XVH E\
SHUVRQQHO 7KHUHIRUH 0DOD\VLD KDV WR DFKLHYH WKH WDUJHW RI
RYHU0:)LJRIHQHUJ\UHVXOWLQJIURP5(VRXUFHV
E\ IRU WKH SXUSRVH RI HQHUJ\ VHFXULW\ )RU WKDW UHDVRQ
WKH LQVWLWXWLRQV LQYROYHG ZLWK WKHVH SURMHFWLRQV DUH WKH
6XVWDLQDEOH (QHUJ\ 'HYHORSPHQW $XWKRULW\ 6('$ WKH
(QHUJ\ &RPPLVVLRQ 67 DQG .H77+$ HDFK RYHUVHHLQJ WKH
IUDPHZRUN DQG SROLFLHV WKDW ZLOO EH PDGH )RU H[DPSOH WKH
SURMHFWLRQ RI 5( FDSDFLW\ WDUJHWV XS WR KDYH EHHQ
GHYHORSHG E\ 6('$ XQGHU WKH 5( 3ODQ $V QRWHG HDUOLHU
6('$ LV RSWLPLVWLF DERXW DFKLHYLQJ DW OHDVW 0: )LJ
WDUJHWV E\ IROORZLQJ WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI WZR
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(9) 2016
913
scholar.waset.org/1999.6/10005282
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016
International Science Index, Environmental and Ecological Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005282
PHFKDQLVPV FUHDWHG E\ WKH JRYHUQPHQW )LJ DOVR VKRZV
WKDW WKH DLP RI 5( FDSDFLW\ LV H[SHFWHG WR FRQWLQXRXVO\
LQFUHDVHE\0:WKURXJK
JHQHUDWLRQ ZLOO EH PDGH SULRULW\ DQG LV H[SHFWHG WR EH
LQFUHDVHGVXEVWDQWLDOO\LQWKHJHQHUDWLRQPL[0DOD\VLDQHHGV
WKH ULJKW EDODQFH EHWZHHQ HFRQRPLF HQYLURQPHQWDO
WHFKQRORJ\ DGDSWLRQ DQG VRFLDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQV WR HQVXUH DOO
DVSHFWV DUH FRQVLGHUHG EHIRUH LQVWDOOLQJ QHZ FDSDFLW\ $OO
WKHVH SURFHVVHV DQG PHFKDQLVPV ZLOO KHOS UHGXFH &2
HPLVVLRQ DQG FUHDWH D FOHDQHU HQYLURQPHQW IRU IXWXUH
JHQHUDWLRQV
,W LV QRZ HYLGHQW WKDW WR DFKLHYH VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW
WKURXJK 5( HQHUJ\ SROLFLHV DQG VWUDWHJLHV PXVW EH ZHOO
GHVLJQHG DQG VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH JRYHUQPHQW LQGXVWULHV RU
ILUPV DQG LQGLYLGXDOV RU FRPPXQLWLHV ZLWKLQ 0DOD\VLD 7KH
KRSHLVWRFUHDWHSRVLWLYHLPSDFWVRQVXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQW
FRQFHSWWKURXJK5(VRXUFHVIRUFXUUHQWDQGIXWXUHJHQHUDWLRQV
)XUWKHUPRUH D IDYRXUDEOH HQHUJ\ SROLF\ HQYLURQPHQWDO
SROLF\ DQG SXEOLF DZDUHQHVV FDPSDLJQ DUH HVVHQWLDO IRU WKH
GHYHORSPHQWRI5(VRXUFHV,QDGGLWLRQDVXSSRUWLQJVWUDWHJ\
IRU QDWLRQDO PDQXIDFWXUHUV DQG LQYHVWPHQWV LQ UHVHDUFK DQG
GHYHORSPHQW DUH FUXFLDO IRU DFKLHYLQJ IXWXUH WDUJHWV LQ WHUPV
RI HOHFWULFLW\ VXSSO\ VHFXULW\ DQG HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ IULHQGO\
WHFKQRORJLHV7KXVIXUWKHU VWXG\ LV VXJJHVWHG WR PHDVXUH WKH
LPSRUWDQFH RI 15( DQG 5( VHSDUDWHO\ DQG WR LQGLFDWH WKH
DSSURSULDWHQHVV RI 5( XVDJH LQ 0DOD\VLD GXH WR WKH VKRUWDJH
RI 15( )RU H[DPSOH LQ 0H[LFR D UHVHDUFKHU SURSRVHG
PHWKRGRORJ\ GHQRWHG WKDW WKH 0LQLPXP 7RWDO 0L[ &DSDFLW\
070& ZRXOG GHWHUPLQH WKH RSWLPDO PL[ RI 5( DQG 15(
VRXUFHVLQDQHOHFWULFLW\V\VWHP>@
)LJ1DWLRQDO5(7DUJHWVDV5(3ODQIRUDQG
>@
9, 32/,&<,03/,&$7,216$1'&21&/86,216
&XUUHQWO\ RI 0DOD\VLDQ SHRSOH KDYH DFFHVV WR
HOHFWULFLW\ LQ PDQ\ VHFWRUV 7KH GHPDQG IRU HOHFWULFLW\ LV
LQFUHDVLQJ DQG WKH WUHQG LV OLNHO\ WR FRQWLQXH LQ WKH IXWXUH
7KXV HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ FDSDFLW\ WKURXJK 5( VRXUFHV
LQFOXGLQJ ELRPDVV ELRJDV VRODU 39 DQG PLQL K\GUR DUH
WDUJHWHG WR UHDFK HTXLYDOHQW WR 0: RI WRWDO
LQVWDOOHG FDSDFLW\ LQ 3HQLQVXODU 0DOD\VLD DQG 6DEDK E\ >@$VQRWHGHDUOLHUHOHFWULFLW\FRQVXPSWLRQDQGJHQHUDWLRQ
FRQWLQXHWRJURZDORQJZLWKWKH0DOD\VLDQHFRQRP\)LJ
+RZHYHU WKH JUDGXDO WUHQG WRZDUGV HOHFWULILFDWLRQ RI
HFRQRPLHV KDV UDLVHG QHZ FKDOOHQJHV 7KXV WKLV VWXG\ KDV
EHHQ FDUULHG RXW LQ RUGHU WR HYDOXDWH WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI
0DOD\VLDIDFLQJWKHGHSOHWLRQRILWV15(VRXUFHVSDUWLFXODUO\
FRDO DQG QDWXUDO JDV WR JHQHUDWH HOHFWULFLW\ 7KH FUXFLDO
FKDOOHQJHFXUUHQWO\IDFLQJWKHSRZHUVHFWRULQ0DOD\VLDLVDQ
LVVXH RI VXVWDLQDELOLW\ WKDW LV WR HQVXUH WKH VHFXULW\ DQG
UHOLDELOLW\ RI HQHUJ\ UHVRXUFHV DQG WKH GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ RI
YDULRXV HQHUJ\ UHVRXUFHV 15( QDWXUDO JDV FRDO DQG FUXGH
RLODQG5(VRXUFHVK\GURSRZHUVRODU39ELRPDVVDQGELR
JDV KDYH EHHQ GLVFXVVHG ZLWKLQ WKH IUDPHZRUN RI VHFXULQJ
HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV 7KXV GXH WR 0DOD\VLD¶V DZDUHQHVV DERXW
HQHUJ\ LVVXHV WKH FRXQWU\ KDV DGRSWHG GLIIHUHQW HQHUJ\
SROLFLHV DQG VWUDWHJLHV )RU H[DPSOH WKH 0DOD\VLDQ
JRYHUQPHQW KDV LQWURGXFHG )L7 DQG 866 PHFKDQLVPV WR
JHQHUDWH HOHFWULFLW\ XVLQJ 5( VRXUFHV 7KH DGYDQWDJH IRU
LQGLYLGXDOV RU LQGXVWULHV DSSO\LQJ WKHVH PHFKDQLVPV LV WKDW
WKH\ FRXOG UHGXFH HOHFWULFLW\ ELOOV E\ XVLQJ 5( VRXUFHV WR
JHQHUDWHHOHFWULFLW\VXFKDVVRODUHQHUJ\DQGWRLPSURYH&2
HPLVVLRQV )XUWKHUPRUH WKURXJK 6('$ 0DOD\VLD ZLOO
FRQWLQXH WR ORRN LQWR GLIIHUHQW SRVVLELOLWLHV RI 5( VRXUFHV
LQFOXGLQJ VROLG ZDVWH ZLWK PDQ\ ODQGILOOV LQ WKH FRXQWU\ QRW
KDYLQJ EHHQ WDSSHG DQG ZLWK WKH SRWHQWLDO RI JHQHUDWLQJ
HQHUJ\XVLQJWKHULJKWWHFKQRORJ\
7KH JRYHUQPHQW ZLOO HQVXUH WKDW IXWXUH SRZHU SODQWV
LQFRUSRUDWH PRUH VWULQJHQW HPLVVLRQ FRQWURO WHFKQRORJLHV WR
HQVXUHDSURJUHVVLYHUHGXFWLRQRIWKHHQHUJ\LQGXVWU\¶VFDUERQ
IRRWSULQW 8VDJH RI FOHDQ DQG JUHHQ HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV LQ SRZHU
$&.12:/('*0(17
7KHDXWKRUVJUDWHIXOO\DFNQRZOHGJHWKHVFKRODUVKLSIXQGHG
E\ WKH (QHUJ\ (FRQRPLFV &KDLU D SRVWJUDGXDWH VFKRODUVKLS
SURJUDP DGPLQLVWHUHG E\ WKH ,QVWLWXWH RI (QHUJ\ 3ROLF\ DQG
5HVHDUFK DQG VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH 0DOD\VLD (QHUJ\ 6XSSO\
,QGXVWU\ 7UXVW $FFRXQW 0(6,7$ D WUXVW DFFRXQW XQGHU WKH
DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ RI WKH JRYHUQPHQW DQG 0LQLVWU\ RI (QHUJ\
*UHHQ7HFKQRORJ\DQG:DWHURI0DOD\VLD.H77+$
5()(5(1&(6
>@ + +DPGL 5 6ELD 0 6KDKED] ³7KH QH[XV EHWZHHQ HOHFWULFLW\
FRQVXPSWLRQ DQG HFRQRPLF JURZWK LQ %DKUDLQ´ Economic Modelling
YRO38SS
>@ 06KDKED]0$URXUL)7HXORQ³6KRUWDQGORQJUXQUHODWLRQVKLSV
EHWZHHQQDWXUDOJDVFRQVXPSWLRQDQGHFRQRPLFJURZWK(YLGHQFHIURP
3DNLVWDQ´Economic ModellingYROSS
>@ ) .DUDQILO < /L ³(OHFWULFLW\ FRQVXPSWLRQ DQG HFRQRPLF JURZWK
H[SORULQJ SDQHOVSHFLILF GLIIHUHQFHV´ Energy Policy YRO SS >@ ) ,VODP 0 6KDKED] $ 8 $KPHG 0 0 $ODP ³)LQDQFLDO
GHYHORSPHQWDQGHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQQH[XVLQ0DOD\VLDDPXOWLYDULDWH
WLPHVHULHVDQDO\VLV´Economic ModellingYROSS
>@ 1 $SHUJLV - ( 3D\QH ³5HQHZDEOH DQG QRQUHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\
FRQVXPSWLRQJURZWK QH[XV (YLGHQFH IURP D SDQHO HUURU FRUUHFWLRQ
PRGHO´Energy EconomicsYRO, QR SS
>@ 06KDKED]++/HDQ³'RHVILQDQFLDOGHYHORSPHQWLQFUHDVHHQHUJ\
FRQVXPSWLRQ"7KHUROHRILQGXVWULDOL]DWLRQDQGXUEDQL]DWLRQLQ7XQLVLD´
Energy policyYROSS
>@ 7/RUGH.:DLWKH%)UDQFLV³7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIHOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\
IRUHFRQRPLFJURZWKLQ%DUEDGRV´Energy EconomicsYRO, QR.SS
>@ & % -XPEH ³&RLQWHJUDWLRQ DQG FDXVDOLW\ EHWZHHQ HOHFWULFLW\
FRQVXPSWLRQ DQG *'3 HPSLULFDO HYLGHQFH IURP 0DODZL´ Energy
economicsYROQR SS
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(9) 2016
914
scholar.waset.org/1999.6/10005282
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016
International Science Index, Environmental and Ecological Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005282
>@ + $ %HNKHW / / ,Y\<DS ³+LJKOLJKWLQJ HQHUJ\ SROLFLHV DQG
VWUDWHJLHV IRU WKH UHVLGHQWLDO VHFWRU LQ 0DOD\VLD´ International Journal
of Energy Economics and PolicyYROQRSS
>@ $5) $O)DULV ³7KH GHPDQG IRU HOHFWULFLW\ LQ WKH *&& FRXQWULHV´
Energy PolicyYROSS
>@ +$PXVD.$PXVD50DEXJX³$JJUHJDWHGHPDQGIRUHOHFWULFLW\
LQ 6RXWK $IULFD $Q DQDO\VLV XVLQJ WKH ERXQGV WHVWLQJ DSSURDFK WR FR
LQWHJUDWLRQ´Energy Policy, YROSS
>@ (QHUJ\ ,QIRUPDWLRQ $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ (,$ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO (QHUJ\
2XWORRN$YDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZHLDJRYDFFHVVHG-DQXDU\
>@ (FRQRPLF3ODQQLQJ8QLW(380DOD\VLDDWK0DOD\VLDQ3ODQ
$YDLODEOH DW KWWSUPNHSXJRYP\SGI DFFHVVHG 0DUFK
>@ (QHUJ\&RPPLVVLRQ670DOD\VLDD0DOD\VLD(QHUJ\6WDWLVWLFV
+DQGERRN $YDLODEOH DW KWWSZZZVWJRYP\ DFFHVVHG 0D\
>@ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO(QHUJ\$JHQF\,($5HQHZDEOHVLQJOREDOHQHUJ\
VXSSO\
$YDLODEOH
DW
KWWSVZHEDUFKLYHRUJZHEKWWSZZZLHDRUJWH[WED
VHSDSHUVUHQHZDEOHBIDFWVKHHWSGIDFFHVVHG-XQH
>@ 0 % 0EDUHN 5 .KDLUDOODK 5 )HNL ³&DXVDOLW\ UHODWLRQVKLSV
EHWZHHQ UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ QXFOHDU HQHUJ\ DQG HFRQRPLF JURZWK LQ
)UDQFH´ Environment Systems and Decisions YRO QR , SS >@ $ & 0DUTXHV - $ )XLQKDV $ 5 1XQHV ³(OHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ
PL[DQGHFRQRPLFJURZWK:KDWUROHLVEHLQJSOD\HGE\QXFOHDUVRXUFHV
DQGFDUERQGLR[LGHHPLVVLRQVLQ)UDQFH"´Energy PolicyQRSS
>@ 6 . 6DKRR ³5HQHZDEOH DQG VXVWDLQDEOH HQHUJ\ UHYLHZV VRODU
SKRWRYROWDLF HQHUJ\ SURJUHVV LQ ,QGLD $ UHYLHZ´ Renewable and
Sustainable Energy ReviewsQRSS
>@ 5 & GD 6LOYD , GH 0DUFKL 1HWR 6 6 6HLIHUW ³(OHFWULFLW\ VXSSO\
VHFXULW\ DQG WKH IXWXUH UROH RI UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV LQ %UD]LO´
Renewable and Sustainable Energy ReviewsYROSS
>@ (QHUJ\ &RPPLVVLRQ 67 0DOD\VLD D (QHUJ\ 0DOD\VLD
$YDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZVWJRYP\DFFHVVHG$SULO
>@ 7 6 -DODO ³1DWLRQDO (QHUJ\ 3ROLFLHV DQG WKH (OHFWULFLW\ 6HFWRU LQ
0DOD\VLD´ LQ Proc UG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ (QHUJ\ DQG
(QYLURQPHQW,&((0HODND0DOD\VLDSS
>@ 7KRPVRQ5HXWHUV3URMHFW)LQDQFH,QWHUQDWLRQDO3),0DOD\VLDQ
,33 JRHV LQWHUQDWLRQDO $YDLODEOH DW KWWSZZZSILHFRPPDOD\VLDQ
LSSJRHVLQWHUQDWLRQDOIXOODUWLFOHDFFHVVHG-XQH
>@ (QHUJ\ &RPPLVVLRQ 67 0DOD\VLD E 6DEDK (OHFWULFLW\ 6XSSO\
,QGXVWU\ 2XWORRN $YDLODEOH DW KWWSZZZVWJRYP\ DFFHVVHG -XQH
>@ (QHUJ\ ,QIRUPDWLRQ $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ (,$ 2LO 0DUNHWLQJ DQG
7UDGLQJ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 07, 0DOD\VLD RLO PDUNHW RYHUYLHZ $YDLODEOH
DW KWWSZZZRLOPDUNHWLQJFRPLQGH[SKSQHZVHLDPDOD\VLDRLO
PDUNHWRYHUYLHZDFFHVVHG0D\
>@ (QHUGDWD *OREDO (QHUJ\ 6WDWLVWLFDO <HDUERRN $YDLODEOH DW
KWWSV\HDUERRNHQHUGDWDQHWZRUOGHOHFWULFLW\SURGXFWLRQPDSJUDSK
DQGGDWDKWPODFFHVVHG0D\
>@ (QHUJ\ &RPPLVVLRQ 67 0DOD\VLD E 0DOD\VLD (QHUJ\
,QIRUPDWLRQ +XE 0(,+ $YDLODEOH DW KWWSZZZVWJRYP\
DFFHVVHG0DUFK
>@ ,QVWLWXWH IRU (QHUJ\ 5HVHDUFK ,(5 &KLQD :RUOG¶V ODUJHVW
HQHUJ\ FRQVXPHU DQG JUHHQKRXVH JDV HPLWWHU $YDLODEOH DW
KWWSLQVWLWXWHIRUHQHUJ\UHVHDUFKRUJDQDO\VLVFKLQDZRUOGVODUJHVW
HQHUJ\FRQVXPHUDQGJUHHQKRXVHJDVHPLWWHU DFFHVVHG 0D\
>@ / 7ULSDWKL $ . 0LVKUD 'XEH\ & % 7ULSDWKL 3 %DUHGDU
³5HQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ $Q RYHUYLHZ RQ LWV FRQWULEXWLRQ LQ FXUUHQW HQHUJ\
VFHQDULRRI,QGLD´Renewable and Sustainable Energy ReviewsYRO
SS
>@ : . 3RNDOH ³(IIHFWV RI WKHUPDO SRZHU SODQW RQ HQYLURQPHQW´
Scientifics Reviews & Chemical Communications, YROQRSS. >@ 3 *DUJ ³(QHUJ\ VFHQDULR DQG 9LVLRQ LQ ,QGLD´ Journal of
Sustainable Energy EnvironmentYROSS
>@ -$9LGR]D:/*DOOR³3URMHFWLRQRIIRVVLOIXHOVFRQVXPSWLRQLQ
WKH 9HQH]XHODQ HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ LQGXVWU\´ Energy, YRO SS
>@ ( 'RJDQ ³7KH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ HFRQRPLF JURZWK DQG HOHFWULFLW\
FRQVXPSWLRQ IURP UHQHZDEOH DQG QRQUHQHZDEOH VRXUFHV $ VWXG\ RI
7XUNH\´Renewable and Sustainable Energy ReviewsYROSS
>@ (FRQRPLF 3ODQQLQJ 8QLW (38 0DOD\VLD F WK 0DOD\VLDQ 3ODQ
$YDLODEOH DW KWWSZZZHSXJRYP\HQHLJKWKPDOD\VLD
SODQDFFHVVHG0D\
>@ ('RJDQ)6HNHU³'HWHUPLQDQWVRI&2HPLVVLRQVLQWKH(XURSHDQ
8QLRQ 7KH UROH RI UHQHZDEOH DQG QRQUHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\´ Renewable
EnergyYROSS
>@ (QJLQHHULQJ&RQVXOWDQF\)LUP60(&0DOD\VLD7KH)XWXUHRI
+\GURSRZHU
LQ
0DOD\VLD
$YDLODEOH
DW
KWWSZZZVPHFPDOFRPP\FRUSRUDWHSURILOHKWP DFFHVVHG 0D\
>@ 6XVWDLQDEOH(QHUJ\'HYHORSPHQW$XWKRULW\6('$0DOD\VLDE
6WDWLVWLFV DQG 0RQLWRULQJ 5( ,QVWDOOHG &DSDFLWLHV $YDLODEOH DW
KWWSVHGDJRYP\DFFHVVHG-XQH
>@ $*KDIRRU7XU5HKPDQ$0XQLU0$KPDG0,TEDO³&XUUHQW
VWDWXV DQG RYHUYLHZ RI UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ SRWHQWLDO LQ 3DNLVWDQ IRU
FRQWLQXRXV HQHUJ\ VXVWDLQDELOLW\´ Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, YRO,SS
>@ 7KH 6WDU 6DUDZDN (QHUJ\ %HUKDG 6(% ,W ZLOO WDNH XS WR PRQWKV WR ILOO XS 50 ELOOLRQ 0XUXP 'DP -XO\ KWWSZZZWKHVWDUFRPP\DFFHVVHG-XQH
>@ ).KDWXQ0$KDPDG³)RUHLJQGLUHFWLQYHVWPHQWLQWKHHQHUJ\DQG
SRZHU VHFWRU LQ %DQJODGHVK ,PSOLFDWLRQV IRU HFRQRPLF JURZWK´
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews YRO SS >@ + /LPLQJ ³)LQDQFLQJ UXUDO UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ D FRPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ
&KLQDDQG,QGLD´Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, YRO
QRSS >@ 6XVWDLQDEOH (QHUJ\ 'HYHORSPHQW $XWKRULW\ 6('$ 0DOD\VLD 1HZV 0DOD\VLD VHW WR UHFRUG RYHU 0: RI 5( E\ 2FWREHU
$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVHGDJRYP\DFFHVVHG$SULO
>@ %LR(QHUJ\&RQVXOW%(&0DOD\VLD%LRHQHUJ\GHYHORSPHQWVLQ
0DOD\VLD $YDLODEOH DW KWWSZZZELRHQHUJ\FRQVXOWFRPELRHQHUJ\
GHYHORSPHQWVPDOD\VLDDFFHVVHG-XQH
>@ 6XVWDLQDEOH(QHUJ\'HYHORSPHQW$XWKRULW\6('$0DOD\VLDD
%LRJDV$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVHGDJRYP\ELRJDVKWPODFFHVVHG-XQH
>@ + $ %HNKHW ( - 0 6DKLG ³,OOXPLQDWLQJ WKH 3ROLFLHV $IIHFWLQJ
(QHUJ\ 6HFXULW\ LQ 0DOD\VLD¶V (OHFWULFLW\ 6HFWRU´ World Academy of
Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Social,
Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial
EngineeringYROQRSS
>@ (FRQRPLF 3ODQQLQJ 8QLW (38 0DOD\VLD E 7KH 7KLUG 2XWOLQH
3HUVSHFWLYH 3ODQ IRU 233 $YDLODEOH DW
KWWSZZZHSXJRYP\HQWKHWKLUGRXWOLQHSHUVSHFWLYHSODQ
DFFHVVHG0D\
>@ 6XVWDLQDEOH(QHUJ\'HYHORSPHQW$XWKRULW\6('$0DOD\VLDF
2YHUYLHZ RI )L7 6\VWHP LQ 0DOD\VLD $YDLODEOH DW
KWWSVHGDJRYP\RYHUYLHZBRIBILWBFRQFHSWBLQBPDOD\VLDKWPO
DFFHVVHG-XQH
>@ - - 9LGDO$PDUR 3 $ ‘VWHUJDDUG & 6KHLQEDXP3DUGR ³2SWLPDO
HQHUJ\ PL[ IRU WUDQVLWLRQLQJ IURP IRVVLO IXHOV WR UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\
VRXUFHV±7KH FDVH RI WKH 0H[LFDQ HOHFWULFLW\ V\VWHP´ Applied Energy
YROQR
+ $ %HNKHW +XVVDLQ $OL %HNKHW LV D SURIHVVRU LQ
4XDQWLWDWLYH DQDO\VLV LQ DSSOLHG HFRQRPLFV +H LV FXUUHQWO\
SURIHVVRU DW WKH *UDGXDWH %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO *%6 &2*6 RI
8QLYHUVLWL 7HQDJD 1DVLRQDO 81,7(1 0DOD\VLD +H HDUQHG
KLV 3K' LQ ,QSXW2XWSXW 0HWKRGV IURP WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI
.HHOH (QJODQG 8. LQ +H WDXJKW DW %DJKGDG 8QLYHUVLW\ IURP $SULO
WR0D\$O=\DWRRQK8QLYHUVLW\-RUGDQIURP6HSWHPEHUWR
'HFHPEHUDQGMRLQHG81,7(1LQ-XO\XSWRGDWH
+H KDV DOUHDG\ SXEOLVKHG PRUH WKDQ SDSHUV LQ SHHUUHYLHZHG DUWLFOHV
DQG ILYH WH[W ERRNV LQ 0DWKHPDWLFDO (FRQRPLFV (FRQRPHWULFV 4XDQWLWDWLYH
$QDO\VLVIRU%XVLQHVVDQG0RGHOLQJDQGGDWDDQDO\VLVE\6366+LVWHDFKLQJ
DQG UHVHDUFK LQWHUHVWV LQFOXGH WKH 0DWKHPDWLFDO (FRQRPLFV 0RGHOV
(FRQRPHWULFVDQG,QSXW2XWSXW$QDO\VLV2WKHUUHVHDUFKLQWHUHVWVLQFOXGHWKH
&RVW %HQHILW $QDO\VLV 'HYHORSPHQW 0RGHOV 7LPH 6HULHV $QDO\VLV DQG
(QHUJ\(FRQRPLFV+LVILYHSXEOLVKHGUHVHDUFKDUWLFOHVDUHDVEHORZ
06,QGDWLDQG+$%HNKHW$QDO\VLVRI&2HPLVVLRQVUHGXFWLRQLQ
WKH0DOD\VLDQWUDQVSRUWDWLRQVHFWRU$QRSWLPLVDWLRQDSSURDFKEnergy
PolicyYROSS
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(9) 2016
915
scholar.waset.org/1999.6/10005282
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016
International Science Index, Environmental and Ecological Engineering Vol:10, No:9, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005282
+ $ %HNKHW DQG 0 , 0XJDEOHK ³%OXHSULQWLQJ WKH HTXLOLEULXP
UHODWLRQVKLSV EHWZHHQ LQZDUG )', DQG HPSOR\PHQW LQ WKH 0DOD\VLDQ
HFRQRPLF VHFWRUV WLPH VHULHV PRGHOV DSSURDFK´ Global Business and
Economics ReviewYROQRSS
+$%HNKHWDQG5:$O6PDGL³7KHG\QDPLFFDXVDOLW\EHWZHHQ)',
LQIORZ DQG LWV GHWHUPLQDQWV LQ -RUGDQ´ International Journal of
Economics and Business ResearchYROQRSS
//,Y\<DSDQG+$%HNKHW³([DPLQLQJWKHIHHGEDFNUHVSRQVHRI
UHVLGHQWLDOHOHFWULFLW\FRQVXPSWLRQWRZDUGVFKDQJHVLQLWVGHWHUPLQDQWV
(YLGHQFH IURP 0DOD\VLD´ International Journal of Energy Economics
and PolicyYROQRSS
+ $ %HNKHW DQG 1 + % +DUXQ ³(QHUJ\ HVVHQWLDO LQ WKH LQGXVWULDO
PDQXIDFWXULQJ LQ 0DOD\VLD´ International Journal of Economics and
FinanceYROQRSS
3URI +XVVDLQ LV WKH (GLWRULQ&KLHI RI -RXUQDO RI $GYDQFHG 6RFLDO
5HVHDUFK -$65 +H LV WKH 0HPEHU RI ,QSXW2XWSXW $VVRFLDWLRQ ,,2$
9LHQQD$XVWULD
1 + +DUXQ 1RU +DPLVKDP +DUXQ LV D /HFWXUHU RI
(FRQRPLFV DW &ROOHJH RI %XVLQHVV 0DQDJHPHQW DQG
$FFRXQWLQJ &2%$ LQ 8QLYHUVLWL 7HQDJD 1DVLRQDO %HUKDG
81,7(1 0DOD\VLD 6KH LV FXUUHQWO\ SXUVXLQJ D 3K' LQ
%XVLQHVV 0DQDJHPHQW VSHFLDOL]LQJ LQ (QHUJ\ (FRQRPLFV
VWXGLHV
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(9) 2016
916
scholar.waset.org/1999.6/10005282