Grade 11
Unit 10
LANGUAGE ARTS 1110
REVIEWING COMMUNICATION SKILLS
AND LITERATURE
CONTENTS
I.
II.
III.
IV.
ANALYZING WRITTEN WORDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Context Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prefixes and Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dictionary Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WRITING EFFECTIVE SENTENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Main Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Subordinate Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Verbal Phrases and Appositives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sentence Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WRITING EXPOSITORY PROSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Expository Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Research Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Critical Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EXAMINING THE GENRES
OF AMERICAN LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Poetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Novel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonfiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Author:
Editor:
Illustrator:
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74
Carolyn C. Goodwin, M.Ed.
Alan Christopherson, M.S.
Alpha Omega Graphics
804 N. 2nd Ave. E., Rock Rapids, IA 51246-1759
© MM by Alpha Omega Publications, Inc. All rights reserved.
LIFEPAC is a registered trademark of Alpha Omega Publications, Inc.
All trademarks and/or service marks referenced in this material are the property of their respective owners. Alpha Omega Publications, Inc.
makes no claim of ownership to any trademarks and/or service marks other than their own and their affiliates’, and makes no claim of affiliation to any companies whose trademarks may be listed in this material, other than their own.
REVIEWING COMMUNICATION SKILLS
AND LITERATURE
The purpose of this review is to demonstrate how the English language works, particularly the
written English language. The pattern of organization for this summary is a process of moving from the
smallest part to the finished whole—from the simple building blocks of words all the way to the massive
literary structures of novels, plays, and epic poems. This LIFEPAC® will first explain the basic tools of the
English language in detail and then demonstrate how to use those tools in the creation of literature itself.
These skills are vital to everyone in all phases of life because communication, whether written or oral, is
probably the greatest problem in the world today. Mastering these reading and writing skills will enable
you to successfully communicate with others—in the business world, in college, or in social and personal
situations.
The first section concentrates on words themselves, those fundamental building blocks of all languages. This part of the review highlights the use of words in writing (context skills), the origin of words
(prefixes and roots), and lexicography (types, history, and usage of dictionaries).
Section two deals with the sentence, the second step in the writing process, the foundation of all literature that is created from those single building blocks of words. In this segment you will study clauses,
independent and subordinate, and modifying phrases of all types. You will also examine in detail the problem areas commonly encountered in composition and discover how to correct those difficulties.
The third section focuses on the review of technical methods involved in the actual writing of three
kinds of class papers: expository themes, research papers, and critical analyses. These papers are, obviously, the next step in the language process; they are the structures built upon the foundation of the sentence.
The fourth section of this LIFEPAC reviews four genres of American literature and demonstrates how
poets, playwrights, novelists, and other writers throughout our history have used the basic tools of language in their work. The immortal structures these great authors have built with those simple tools—
Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, Wilder’s Our Town, or Frost’s “Birches” are just three examples—
are proof enough of the enormous value of mastering the composition and reading of the English language.
OBJECTIVES
Read these objectives. The objectives tell you what you will be able to do when you have successfully completed this LIFEPAC.
When you have finished this LIFEPAC, you should be able to:
1.
Explain context skills.
2.
Identify prefixes and roots.
3.
Explain lexicography.
4.
Identify main clauses.
5.
Define subordinate clauses.
6.
Explain modifying phrases.
7.
Identify and correct trouble spots within sentences.
8.
Describe the process of writing an objective theme.
9.
Explain how to compose a research paper using a variety of library sources.
10.
Describe the elements of a critical analysis.
11.
Identify, explain, and illustrate the genre of drama.
12.
Define, discuss, and describe the genre of poetry.
13.
Trace the history, development, and elements of the American novel.
14.
Identify, define, and explain the genre of nonfiction.
1
Survey the LIFEPAC. Ask yourself some questions about this study. Write your questions here.
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I. ANALYZING WRITTEN WORDS
Very often in our reading or listening experiences we come across unfamiliar words. In a speech, a
sermon, or any other oral presentation the speaker may provide clues through facial expression or body
language. In written work we are deprived of such physical clues. Of course, we could simply ignore those
unfamiliar words and concentrate on the rest of the meaning. By skipping over unfamiliar words, however, we might misunderstand the rest of the passage. In this section you will review context clues, those
clues a writer may include as explanatory material, and word construction, the meanings of various elements contained within a particular word. You will review the use of the dictionary as a very helpful
method of locating information.
SECTION OBJECTIVES
Review these objectives. When you have completed this section, you should be able to:
1. Explain context skills:
1.1 Identify and use several types of context clues.
1.2 Tell how to determine whether context clues are sufficient or whether it is
necessary to consult a dictionary.
2. Identify prefixes and roots:
2.1 Identify frequently encountered Greek and Latin prefixes and roots.
2.2 Define words through the knowledge of Greek and Latin prefixes and roots.
3. Explain lexicography:
3.1 Discuss the historical method of compiling a dictionary.
3.2 Identify the contributions of Dr. Samuel Johnson, Noah Webster, and the
Oxford English Dictionary to lexicography.
3.3 Explain the purposes of a standard English dictionary.
3.4 Identify a dictionary entry as the source for the correct spelling,
pronunciation, grammar function, and definition of a word.
3.5 Identify other types of reference dictionaries.
2
VOCABULARY
Study these words to enhance your learning success in this section.
annotated bibliography
etymology
synonyms
antonym
lexicography
thesaurus
context
morpheme
unabridged
Note: All vocabulary words in this LIFEPAC appear in boldface print the first time they are used. If you are unsure of the
meaning when you are reading, study the definitions given.
CONTEXT SKILLS
In your reading you may often encounter unfamiliar words. The advice—look up any
word you do not know—certainly is good advice; but it is also time-consuming, sometimes
even unnecessary, because you may already possess the keys for understanding that
word.
Context clue of direct explanation. An important key to discovering the meaning
of a new word is by using context clues, the material around the new word that might
suggest its meaning. Very often a writer will include the definition of a word or phrase as
a direct explanation within an appositive immediately following the unfamiliar word.
Usually the appositive is set off with either commas or dashes. Many textbooks employ
this type of clue.
Example:
Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown” may be read on one level as a
Bildungsroman, or a narrative wherein a young person goes from innocence to experience of the world.
➔
Complete these activities.
1.1
Using this LIFEPAC or any other source of information, find a direct explanation context clue and
write it on the lines provided.
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3
1.2
Using one of the terms in the glossary at the end of this LIFEPAC, compose your own sentence
defining a term by using an appositive phrase.
.
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Synonym as context clue. A second type of context clue involves the use of one or
more synonyms to restate the meaning of the unfamiliar word. In this way a writer may
provide clues to atmosphere or mood, often using the context notes either to summarize or
to expand the original word. The following sentences use synonyms as context clues.
Examples:
The ice pond was coruscant in the starlight; it glimmered, sparkled,
nearly danced with thousands of tiny lights. At midday, the desert was
an inferno, an oven on earth.
➔
Complete this activity.
1.3
Decide on a mood (of carnival, terror, climate, etc.), then check a dictionary or a thesaurus,
looking for an unfamiliar synonym. Now write an original sentence using the word, defining it with
your sentence so that the entire sentence creates a mood. Have a classmate evaluate your context
clue.
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Helper check ____________________________
name
comment: ________________________________________________________________________________
Limitations of context clues. Although context clues may be quite helpful, do not
rely on context clues in all situations. If a word appears frequently and you wish to add it
to your own vocabulary, look up the word for an exact dictionary meaning. If the context
clues are inadequate, you should certainly use a dictionary to clarify the meaning. If the
surrounding words are unfamiliar to you, always consult a dictionary.
➔
Complete these activities.
1.4
List the circumstances under which you should not use context clues.
a. _______________________________________________________________________________________
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b. _______________________________________________________________________________________
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c. _______________________________________________________________________________________
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4
1.5
When should context clues be used?
a. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
1.6
List two types of context clues.
a. _______________________________________
b. ________________________________________
PREFIXES AND ROOTS
In addition to using context clues to determine the meaning of a new word, you may
find some knowledge of morphemes helpful. In this section you will review Greek and
Latin prefixes, or word parts added to the beginning of a word that modify the basic meaning of that word, or root. When you are analyzing a word for its components, morphemes
will help you to understand and to remember an unfamiliar word’s meaning. Many college
placement tests, such as the ACT and SAT, include a section devoted entirely to vocabulary
skills as well as other sections where good reading skills are necessary for a high score.
Greek prefixes. The following chart contains some commonly encountered Greek prefixes. Recognizing them in your reading will help you decipher many words.
When You See
It Means
The Opposite
Prefix is
It Means
ecexexoepihyper-
out of
out from
outside
upon
above, over,
more than
ordinary
enemendohypo-
into
within
within
under,
underneath,
less than ordinary
polysylsymsynenmacro-
many
with,
together
monoantia-, anapodysmicro-
one
against
without
away from
ill
small
good
large, long
Not all Greek prefixes have opposite equivalents in English. Notice the following list
aamphicatadiapro-
not
both
down
through
before
metapanparaperi-
5
across
all
beside
around, near,
enclosing
Intrigued by the world around them, the Greeks developed words describing the universe, its physical and scientific laws, the men who inhabited the earth, their bodies, their
minds, their philosophies, their art, and their societies.
Greek roots. Greek roots are found in many English words used to name or to
describe. The knowledge of prefixes and roots can help solve problems in reading. Their
meanings should be fixed firmly in mind before they are needed. This knowledge of prefixes and roots make deciphering unfamiliar words much easier. Study the following list of
roots.
Root
Meaning
Root
Meaning
autocosmocrypto-graph
gam-, gamoheterohomolithomegabiogenobiblioecclesimartyr
theodemoaristochronohemmacro-
self
world
secret
writing
marriage
different
same
stone
great
life
kind of (life)
book
gathering
witness
god
people
highest
time
half
large
mis-, misonomo-nomy
orthopetrophil-, philo-phobia
phon-, phonosophdermohemodoxlogothanatogeo-crat
anthropoheliohydromicro-
hate, hatred
name
science
straight
rock
love
fear
sound
wisdom
skin
blood
belief
word
death
earth
rule
man
sun
water
tiny
➔
Complete this activity.
1.7
List five words from your vocabulary that contain Greek prefixes.
a. _______________________________________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________________________________
d. _______________________________________________________________________________________
e. _______________________________________________________________________________________
1.8
List five words from your vocabulary that contain Greek roots.
a. _______________________________________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________________________________
d. _______________________________________________________________________________________
e. _______________________________________________________________________________________
6
Latin prefixes. Latin was the language of the early Romans. After they conquered
such neighboring countries as Greece, the Romans spread throughout much of Europe and
Northern Africa, and they conquered nations and extended the Holy Roman Empire.
During the nearly five hundred years of their rule, Roman influence was reflected in terms
relating to war, trade, law, philosophy, social customs, and religion. Look at the following
chart and think of words you already know that contain these Latin prefixes.
Prefix
Meaning
Prefix of
Opposite
Meaning
Meaning
ad
toward,
to
contradis-
opposite,
against
bene-
good
mal-
bad
cocomcon-
with,
together
abdi-
away,
apart from
em-
into
eexef-
out of,
away
magn-
great
mini-
small
neo-
new
sen-
old
preproante-
before,
forward
post-
after
super
above
sub-
under
Not all Latin prefixes have opposite equivalents in English. Study the following list.
circumextrainirinterintra-
around
beyond,
outside of
not
into
between
within
perresesemitransultraun-
through
back again
half
across
beyond, exceeding
not
Latin roots. English is rich in Latin derivatives. Latin was the dominant language for
hundreds of years and had a lasting effect on the entire English language. Study the following list of Latin roots. They appear in many of the words used every day in the course
of normal communication.
7
Latin Root
Meaning
acutus, acumitt-, misspax, pacambulannus, ann-
sharp
to send
peace
to walk
year
portsequspectstrictus, stricstring
tortus, tortvenvid-, vismanus, manvox, voccor-, cordnucleus
credemigr
dicfides, fidterra
scrib-
Latin Root
Meaning
locutio, locutpater, patramor, amoraud-, auditus,
audit-
say, talk
father
love
to hear,
hearing
to carry
to follow
to watch
tight, to tighten
ruptus, ruptsolus, solcognduc-, duct-
break (out)
alone
to know
to lead
twist
to come
to see, to look at
hand
call
heart
center
to believe
to wander
to say, tell
trust, faith
land
to write
fractgradus, gradvivmater, matraqua
lux, luccrux, crucjudic-, jus, jurdomus, domsciensanctus
deus
to break (apart)
step, measure
to live
mother
water
light
cross
law, justice
to rule
knowledge
holy
god
➔
Complete this activity.
1.9
List five words from your vocabulary that contain Latin prefixes.
a. _______________________________________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________________________________
d. _______________________________________________________________________________________
e. _______________________________________________________________________________________
1.10
List five words from your vocabulary that contain Latin roots.
a. _______________________________________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________________________________
d. _______________________________________________________________________________________
e. _______________________________________________________________________________________
➔
Using the prefixes and roots in this section, list three words for each of the following
categories:
1.11
Medical terms:
a. ______________________________________
b. ______________________________________
c. ______________________________________
8
1.12
Legal terms:
a. ______________________________________
b. ______________________________________
c. ______________________________________
1.13
Government terms:
a. ______________________________________
b. ______________________________________
c. ______________________________________
1.14
Scientific terms:
a. ______________________________________
b. ______________________________________
c. ______________________________________
➔
Match these meanings with the proper prefix or root.
1.15
_______
thanato
a. holy
1.16
_______
mono
b. death
1.17
_______
sanctus
c. tiny
1.18
_______
hydro
d. within
1.19
_______
chrono
e. before
1.20
_______
micro
f. earth
1.21
_______
anti
g. one
1.22
_______
pre
h. against
i. water
j. time
DICTIONARY SKILLS
As you have seen, context and morpheme clues can be helpful in understanding new
words. Many times, however, a clearer definition may be required for an unfamiliar word.
Additionally, you may need other information about a word—its spelling, pronunciation, syllable division, grammatical function, history, and various meanings. At these times you will
find a standard English dictionary to be a very important language tool. In this section you
will review briefly the history of dictionaries; the purpose, content, and format of most standard dictionaries; and the use of other reference dictionaries.
History of the dictionary. The most reliable method of research in lexicography is
the historical method, using quotations from the literature of various periods to show the use
of a word in context. From these historical references the meaning of a word may be deduced.
This method was first used by Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), a brilliant essayist and
scholar of the eighteenth century. In 1755 he published A Dictionary of the English Language
listing over forty thousand words. It compiled more references than any previous dictionary
had done, even though there were inevitable omissions of words and historical material.
LIFEPAC 1101 section III, contains samples of Dr. Johnson’s witty style.
9
For many years dictionaries were compiled, printed, and distributed in England with
British English as the standard of usage. In 1806, however, Noah Webster wrote a small
school dictionary, attempting to record and standardize American English. His study, A
Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, is significant because it listed American
words omitted from British dictionaries, and it also distinguished between American and
British definitions whenever necessary. Then in 1828 Webster expanded his study by including more idioms and published An American Dictionary of the English Language, his major
contribution to lexicography.
Another landmark in the growth of lexicography was the first publication of the Oxford
English Dictionary (the OED), in 1928. Hundreds of people worked over seventy-five years
gathering quotations in coordination with Oxford University in England. This dictionary,
currently published in twelve volumes and supplements, illustrates the history of each word
in the English language by providing a quotation from literature for every known meaning
used since A.D. 1150. The OED also shows the various spellings for the word and the
etymology, or history, of the word. Because of its completeness, the OED is the ultimate
authority of the English language.
The historical method is still used to compile dictionaries. Staff-readers search all sorts
of written material—magazines, newspapers, novels, textbooks, and standard reference
books—looking for new words and new usages. The continuous updating is necessary
because the English language is constantly changing.
A big difference, however, between the compilations of earlier lexicographers and present-day researchers has been the reduction of drudgework. Now computers are able to
retrieve stored information and quotes, comparing meanings in a matter of seconds. Another
important difference between pioneer works, such as Dr. Johnson’s, and contemporary works
is the emphasis upon objectivity, a hallmark of all aspects of current scholarship.
➔
Complete these activities.
1.23
Read the preface, or forward, in your dictionary to find what methods were used in compiling the
dictionary. Write them on these lines.
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1.24
List the three major lexicographical studies mentioned in this section.
a. _______________________________________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________________________________
➔
Identify or define these terms.
1.25
a. etymology ____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
b. lexicography __________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
c. OED _________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
10
Purpose of dictionaries. Dictionaries serve at least three purposes for students.
First, they are tools of language study, with entries providing correct (and variant) spelling
and pronunciation, grammatical function, definitions, word origin and history (etymology),
examples of use, as well as synonyms and antonyms. Second, dictionaries help standardize the language eliminating the confusion that might arise from more original approaches to spelling and usage. Third, dictionaries provide information, not only about words but
also about biographies, historic events, and geographical concerns. Often, dictionaries
include information about the history of the English language and its grammatical structure, charts of weights and measures and money changes, lists of universities with their
addresses included, copyreading symbols, and other supplemental miscellany.
➔
Complete this activity.
1.26
Examine the dictionary you use frequently, either your personal copy or a library copy. Look
particularly at the front and back of it. What features do you find that might prove helpful or
useful to you?
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Use of the dictionary. If you are like most students, you have used a dictionary
primarily to check the spelling and the definitions of words. Much more information is
included in a dictionary entry, however. Examine this sample entry.
1 nice (ni¤c), adj., nic er, nic est. 1 that is
good or pleasing; agreeable: satisfactory:
a nice face. 2 thoughtful: kind: They were
nice to us. 3 very fine: minute: subtle: a
nice distinction. 4 able to make very fine
distinctions; exact: precise; discriminating: a nice ear for music. 5 delicately
skillful, requiring care, skill, or tact: a
nice problem. 6 hard to please: exacting:
particular: fastidious; dainty: nice in his
eating. 7 refined: cultured: a nice accent.
8 proper: suitable: nice clothes for a
party. 9 demanding a high standard of
conduct, scrupulous: those of the nicest
virtue. 10 ARCHAIC. affectedly modest;
coyly reserved. [Middle English. simple-minded < Old French, silly < Latin
nescius ignorant < ne- not + scire know]
–nice æly, adv. -nice æness, n.
The boldface entry indicates the syllable divisions, and the preferred pronunciation is
listed in brackets or parentheses. Any alternate pronunciations will follow. The grammatical function and brief etymological data about the word will be included next. The major
portion of the entry will be devoted to the definition of the word with various meanings
listed numerically. Usage notes—such as slang, colloquial, archaic, obsolete, and dialect—
complete most entries.
From Thorndike-Barnhart Advanced Dictionary by E.L. Thorndike and Clarence L. Barnhart.
Copyright 1973 by Scott, Foresman and Company. Reprinted by permission
1
11
➔
Write true or false.
1.27
________
Every word has only one correct spelling and pronunciation.
1.28
________
The boldface entry indicates syllable divisions.
1.29
________
The word etymology refers to the study of the dictionary.
Types of dictionaries. Various types of dictionaries include dictionaries of usage,
synonyms, dialect, and slang. The American-usage dictionaries are particularly helpful for
determining whether a word or a phrase is acceptable in speech or in writing. A thesaurus
is useful for enlarging your vocabulary, for locating the precise word you need, and for finding synonyms and antonyms. The following list of dictionaries is in the form of an
annotated bibliography.
Dictionary of American English. Editors William Craigie and James Hubert.
Referred to in scholarly works as the D.A.E., this dictionary was published
in four volumes from 1933-1944. It is considered to be one of the most
authoritative unabridged dictionaries in the United States.
Fowler, H.W. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. This dictionary of British
English was first published in 1926, then revised by Ernest Gowers and
printed in Oxford. This first edition was the basis of Nicholson’s American
usage dictionary. The emphasis in both works is on standard usage.
Nicholson, Margaret. A Dictionary of American-English Usage. This volume is the
American counterpart to Fowler’s work, emphasizing standard grammatical
usage.
Partridge, Eric. A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. This
dictionary, which catalogs nonstandard speech, must be updated frequently.
It is usually published in two volumes in London.
Roget’s International Thesaurus. This dictionary of synonyms and antonyms is
available in paperback. Different editions arrange the words alphabetically
or by categories. The editions arranged by categories supply an alphabetical
index for use in locating words.
The Shorter Oxford Dictionary. Editor William Little and others. This volume,
printed in Oxford, is a large unabridged dictionary with less emphasis on
etymology than the OED. It is printed in a single volume.
Webster’s Dictionary of Synonyms. This dictionary emphasizes single word
synonyms and phrases. The use of the name Webster does not indicate any
connection with Noah Webster.
Wentworth, Harold. American Dialect Dictionary. This dictionary catalogues the
regional and ethnic differences in American speech.
Wentworth, Harold and Stuart Flexner. Dictionary of American Slang. The American
counterpart of Partridge’s work, this volume, too, must be updated frequently.
12
➔
Match these terms.
1.30
_______
OED
1.31
_______
Roget’s Thesaurus
1.32
_______
Dictionary of American Slang
1.33
_______
Dictionary of Slang and
Unconventional English
a. dictionary of synonyms and antonyms
b. catalog of nonstandard American language
c. 12 volume dictionary
d. catalog of nonstandard British English
e. a counterpart of Fowler’s work
f. a dictionary of standard British usage
1.34
_______
Dictionary of Modern English Usage
g. a one-volume dictionary printed in
Oxford
➔
1.35
Define these terms.
a. annotated bibliography ________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
b. thesaurus ____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
c. unabridged ___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Adult check
___________________
Initial
Date
Review the material in this section in preparation for the Self Test. The Self Test will check
your mastery of this particular section. The items missed on this Self Test will indicate specific
areas where restudy is needed for mastery.
SELF TEST 1
Match these items (each answer, 2 points).
a. a word with a meaning that is the
same as another word’s meaning
1.01
_______ morpheme
b. the base part of meaning for a word
1.02
_______ synonym
c. an unabridged dictionary
1.03
_______ OED
1.04
_______ prefix
1.05
_______ antonym
1.06
_______ etymology
1.07
_______ root
1.08
_______ suffix
d. the history of a word
e. a unit of meaning attached to the end
of a word
f. the most reliable method of dictionary
compilation
g. a unit of meaning attached to the
beginning of a word
h. a word with a meaning that is opposite
the meaning of another word
i. the smallest unit of meaning of a word
13
Write true or false (each answer, 1 point).
1.09
_____________
Only one correct spelling and pronunciation exists for each English word.
1.010 _____________
One type of context clue is direct explanation.
1.011 _____________
Knowledge of Greek and Latin prefixes and roots is a helpful reading skill.
1.012 _____________
A shortened version of a novel or a dictionary is an unabridged version.
1.013 _____________
Dr. Samuel Johnson compiled the first dictionary by using the historical method
of research.
Complete the following statements (each answer, 3 points).
1.014 The ultimate authority on the etymology of a word is the _________________________.
1.015 Very often a reader can determine the meaning of a word by studying ________________________,
as well as the word’s composition.
1.016 The most reliable method of dictionary compilation is the _________________________.
1.017 A dictionary of synonyms and antonyms is _________________________.
Complete the following activities (each blank, 3 points).
1.018 List three purposes of a standard English dictionary.
a. _______________________________________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________________________________
1.019 List the three major efforts toward dictionary compilation.
a. _______________________________________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________________________________
1.020 List three professions whose vocabularies use Greek and Latin words.
a. ___________________________
b. ___________________________
c. ___________________________
48
Score
60
Teacher Check
_______________
___________________
Initial
14
Date