•  Dictator:Leaderwithabsolute
power
Whowasinpowerin
Europe/Asiabefore •  MussoliniinItaly
WWII?
–  FoundedFascistPartya6erWWI
•  Aggressivena;onalism
– Buildmilitary&expandborders
•  Na;onoverindividual
•  HitlerinGermany
–  ProminentmemberofNaziParty
•  Verysimilartofascism
–  Fascistshatecommunists
•  MilitaristsinJapan
Whowasinpowerin
Europe/Asiabefore
WWII?
–  Military(notgov’t)invaded
ManchuriainChinaforresources
–  SeizedcontrolofJapanesegov’t
•  StalininUSSR
–  Seizedpowerin1926a6er
Lenin’sdeath
–  Toleratednoopposi;on
•  Hadtensofmillionsofhis
ownpeoplekilled
•  Readandcompletenotes
forthesec;on,America
TurnstoNeutralityon
HowdidtheUSreact
page587-588
torisingtensionsin
Europe?
–  FocusonEuropeanalliances
&Americanpolicytowards
them
Whatwasthe
Holocaust?
•  Holocaust:genocide—masskilling
—ofJews,communists,
homosexuals,Romani,physically
andmentallydisabled
•  NazispassedNurembergLaws
–  Restric;onsonmarriage,vo;ng,
employment,andtravel
•  Kristallnacht,ornightofbroken
glass,in1938
–  Usedasjus;fica;onforGestapo,
orspecialNazipolice,toarrest
Jews
•  Nazi’sFinalSoluAonforJews
Whatwasthe
Holocaust?
–  HealthysenttoconcentraAon
campsasslavelabor
–  Sick,old,youngsentto
exterminaAoncampstobe
executed
•  ManyAmericanssupported
isolaAonism
–  Stayoutofinterna;onalaffairs&
avoidwar
HowdidAmericans
•  PassedtheNeutralityActof
feelaboutthe
tensionsinEurope? 1935
–  Illegaltosellarmstona;onsat
war
•  PassedtheNeutralityActof
1937
–  “Cash-and-carry”fornon-military
goods
•  Payupfrontandpickupwith
ownships
•  Rooseveltsupported
internaAonalism
HowdidAmericans
feelaboutthe
tensionsinEurope?
–  Tradebetweenna;onshelps
everyoneandpreventswar
Weareassembledheretonightbecausewebelieve
inanindependentdes;nyforAmerica.Sucha
des;nydoesnotmeanthatwewillbuildawall
aroundourcountryandisolateourselvesfrom
contactwiththerestoftheworld.Butitdoesmean
thatthefutureofAmericawillnotbe;edtothese
eternalwarsinEurope.ItmeansthatAmericanboys
willnotbesentacrosstheoceantodiesothat
EnglandorGermanyorFranceorSpainmay
dominatetheotherna;ons.
AnindependentAmericandes;nymeans,onthe
onehand,thatoursoldierswillnothavetofight
everybodyintheworldwhopreferssomeother
systemoflifetoours.Ontheotherhand,itmeans
thatwewillfightanybodyandeverybodywho
afemptstointerferewithourhemisphere.
-CharlesLindbergh
•  USaidtoBri;sh&China
WhydidtheUSA
enterthewar?
–  NeutralityActof1939—sellingarms
again
–  Lend-LeaseActs—$40billionin
armstoBri;sh/Chinaoncredit
–  DestroyersforBases—warshipsfor
militarybases
•  USsanc;onsagainstJapan
–  Oil,metal,otherrawmaterials
•  Ac;onsangeredAxisPowers
(Japan,ITA,GER)
•  Japanenterspeacetalksw/US
–  Interceptedmessage—Japantowar?
WhydidtheUSA
enterthewar? •  SurpriseafackonPearlHarbor,
navalbaseinHawaii,inDec.1941
–  200+ships/airplanesdestroyed,and
3,500+casual;es
•  FDRasksCongressforwar
–  Congresseagertovoteyes
•  HitlerdeclareswaronUS
Howwas
propagandaused
duringWWII?
•  Variousmediatoincreasesupport
forthewar
–  Financialsupportwithwarbonds
–  Recruitmenttomilitary
–  Maketheenemylookfoolish
–  Conserveorra;onfood/supplies
–  Preventespionage
–  Encouragedcivilianstojoineffort
onhomefront
•  AfackedgesofGermanEmpire
–  InvadeNorthAfrica—Pafonv.Rommel
HowdidtheAllies
(“DesertFox”)
plantowinthe
–  BaMleonAtlanAc
west-ernfront?
•  Convoystoprotectships
•  Factoriesathomefronttoreplacethem
•  Technology(radar,sonar,depth
charges)tocontrolseas
–  DestroyGermaneconomy
•  Bombstarge;ngrailroads&factories
•  Turningpoint—Stalingrad,winterof
1942-1943
•  NorthAfricatoSicilytoItaly
–  Mussoliniarrested,removedfrom
powerin1943
HowdidtheAllies
plantowinthe
•  ConferenceinTehran,Iran
west-ernfront?
–  BigThree:FDR,Stalin,Churchill
–  Threemaingoals
•  Opentwo-frontwar
•  SplitGERa6erwar
•  Createorgtohelpkeeppeace
•  Gen.Eisenhower(Ike)inchargeof
invasion
Howdidthewarin
–  1.5millionAlliedtroopsinGB
Europeend?
–  Hitlerdidn’tknowwhen/where
•  D-DayonJune6,1944
–  InvasiontobreakthroughGERlines,
pushNazisbackintoGermany
•  BaMleoftheBulge
–  Hitler’slastmajoroffensive
–  USA:“Nuts!”
–  Americanstrapped,rescuedbyPafon
•  Allies&SovietsbothonGermansoil
!Berlin
Howdidthewarin
•  Hitlercommitssuicideinbunker
Europeend?
–  KarlDoenitzassuccessor
–  Nego;atesuncondi;onalsurrenderon
May7,1945
•  VictoryinEurope—VEDayonMay
8,1945
•  JapanafacksPhilippines
–  Gen.MacArthurevacuated
Whatstrategydid
–  80,000AmericanPOWtakenonBataan
USAadoptin
DeathMarch
PacificTheater?
•  DooliMleRaids—firstbombs
droppedonTokyo
•  BaMleofMidway—Hawaiiancode
breakerspreventsurpriseafackon
USfleet
•  NewUSstrategy:islandhopping—
islandbyisland
•  FDRsuffersstroke&dies,
succeededbyHarryTruman
Whatstrategydid
•  IwoJima—closeenoughtobomb
USAadoptin
PacificTheater? Japan
–  Usednapalm—flammablejellylikeliquid
—tosetTokyoonfire
•  Okinawa—closeenoughtoinvade
–  Japanrefusedtosurrender
•  ManhaManProject—topsecret
gov’tprogramtobuildnuclear
HowdidUSAforce
bomb
Japanto
surrender?
–  LedbyJ.RobertOppenheimer
–  FirstsuccessfultestinNewMexico
codenamedTrinitytest
•  August6,1945:LifleBoydropped
onHiroshima
–  Morethan50,000instantlykilled
•  August9,1945:FatMandropped
onNagsaki
•  ManhaManProject—topsecretgov’t
programtobuildnuclearbomb
HowdidUSAforce –  LedbyJ.RobertOppenheimer
–  FirstsuccessfultestinNewMexico
Japanto
codenamedTrinitytest
surrender?
•  August6,1945:LifleBoydroppedon
Hiroshima
–  Morethan50,000instantlykilled
•  August9,1945:FatMandroppedon
Nagasaki
•  Japansurrenderswithinaweek
–  VictoryinJapan(V-JDay)onAugust14,
1945
•  Forma;onoftheUnitedNaAons
Whathappened
aDerthewar?
–  Poli;calorganiza;onwherecountries
coulddiscuss,voteon,andpeacefully
solveissues
•  NurembergTrials
–  USA,Britain,France,andSovietUnion
triedNazisforwarcrimes
•  ManyNaziandJapaneseleaders
executed