1 COMPRESSED STABILIZED EARTH BLOCKS (CSEB) TO BUILT A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE WHAT ARE CSEB? 2 CSEB are a mix of soil, sand, a stabilizer (often 5% of cement), and water. They are compressed in a press (manual or motorised) and cured during 28 days. They can reach a dry compressive strength of 9 MPa (in Auroville). Top soil is removed and only the deeper soil is extracted. CSEB are used on all continents. CSEB have been a major tool for the renaissance of earth architecture worldwide. It is today the earth technology which is used the most worldwide and in Auroville. The Auroville Earth Institute became one of the world leader for the research and development of CSEB technology. MACHINERY FOR CSEB – WORLDWIDE 3 Many manual or motorised presses have been researched and developed worldwide. Cinvaram Auram 240 Brepak Unata Auram 3000 Altec Pact 500 Terrablock Elson block Master Terstaram Hydraform MACHINERY FOR CSEB – AUROVILLE WITH AURAM EQUIPMENT 4 Auram press 3000. Productivity: 125 B/h – Production of ~ 70 blocks with 18 moulds. 4 MACHINERY FOR CSEB – AUROVILLE WITH AURAM EQUIPMENT 5 Auram Press 4000 and Auramix 5000: Productivity: 300 B/h 5 MACHINERY FOR CSEB – AUROVILLE WITH AURAM EQUIPMENT 6 Auram Press 6000: Productivity: 600 B/h 6 VERSATILITY OF BLOCK TYPES 7 The Auram press 3000 can produce about 70 different blocks with 18 moulds 7 Several series of blocks have been developed for various uses: ¾Hollow blocks for load bearing masonry ¾ Solid blocks for load bearing masonry ¾ Hollow interlocking blocks for disaster resistance ¾ Hourdi for floors & roofs ¾ Round blocks for columns ¾ Tiles and special blocks Variety of blocks produced by the Auram Press 3000 8 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CSEB WITH 5% CEMENT 9 Dry compressive strength σc (After 28 days curing) 5 to 9 MPa Wet compressive strength σc (After 28 days curing) 3 to 4 MPa (after 24 h. immersion) Dry bending strength σb (After 28 days curing) 0.5 to 1 MPa Dry shear strength (After 28 days curing) 0.4 to 0.6 MPa Water absorption by weight (After 28 days curing) 8 to 12 % (after 24 h. immersion) Apparent bulk density (dry) 1,800 to 2,000 kg/m3 572.58 MJ / m3 = 10.7 less than country fired bricks 51.53 Kg / m3 = 12.5 less than country fired bricks Embodied energy per m3 of raw material Pollution emission (CO2) 1 MPa = 10.197 Kg/cm2 All data with Auroville soil, after 28 days curing. These mechanical characteristics are influenced by: - The soil quality, the compression ratio and the force applied by the press. - The quality of manufacturing and especially curing – The quality and percentage of stabilizer. CSEB PROMOTE ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT 10 NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Local authorities and people can manage their own natural resources Quarries resulting from sourcing soil on site can be rehabilitated into: Underground rainwater harvesting tanks, reservoirs Surface rainwater harvesting by percolation and Landscaping features. Wastewater treatment systems Basement floors They are beneficial to the development to the place if well planned. But they can be disastrous if unplanned. Indispensable to foresee first a rehabilitation plan for the quarry. CSEB PROMOTE ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT 11 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Production of CSEB is a job creation opportunities This technology allows unskilled and/or unemployed people to learn a skill. Therefore to get a job and rise in the social values. CSEB production is a labour intensive technology. Labour cost is ~ 40 to 45 % of the block production (manual process). Labour cost is ~ 65% of the building cost (using vaults and domes). Ö Proper human resource management is the first key to sustainable development. CSEB ARE ECO-FRIENDLY 12 ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF CSEB CSEB 240 Concrete Solid Blocks CARBON EMISSIONS OF CSEB 572 1,156 ⇒ x2 Kiln (Wire Cut) 2,247 ⇒ x4 Country Fired Brick 643 6,122 Embodied Energy (Mj/m3 of building units) CSEB limit deforestation ⇒ Firewood is not required to produce CSEB. 51.5 CSEB ARE COST EFFECTIVE 13 CSEB ARE CHEAPER THAN COUNTRY FIRED BRICKS 15 Rs. per block 24 x 24 x 9 cm (2,893 RS./m3) 5 Rs. per fired brick 23 x 10 x 7 cm (3,416 RS./m3) Less and cheaper mortar is needed (1: 4: 8 instead of 1: 4) No need of plaster: saving material and labour The labor is including: preparing the mortar / plaster and laying the bricks / blocks Cost comparison of a fired brick and CSEB wall of 1m2 1m2 of wall with Fired Bricks 351.1 1m2 of wall with CSEB 240 192.4 416 0 200 41 400 107.4 Material Mortar Plaster Labor 426.5 205.8 600 Cost in Rs/m3 Value Auroville, September 2012 800 1000 1200 CSEB CAN BE USED FOR DISASTER RESISTANCE 14 DISASTER RESISTANCE Reinforced masonry with CSEB “MINE” house – Istanbul Æ Built in a week during the City Summit Habitat 1996 Aum House , built in 66 hours with 18 men at New Delhi in 1999 Æ Gold Medal by ITPO Aum House, built in 62 hours with 20 men in Gujarat in 2001 Æ Starting point of the rehabilitation after the earthquake “Tsunami” house – Tamil Nadu built after the tsunami in 2004 Æ First prize of a national contest CSEB CAN BE USED FOR DISASTER RESISTANCE 15 DISASTER RESISTANCE GOVERNMENT APPROVAL The hollow interlocking blocks technology for disaster resistance, developed by the Auroville Earth Institute, has been approved by: The government of Gujarat (GSDMA), India, for the rehabilitation of the zones affected by the January 2001 earthquake in Kutch district. Æ 2 floors buildings are allowed. The government of Iran (Housing Foundation) for the rehabilitation of the zones affected by the December 2003 earthquake in Bam. Æ 2 floors buildings are allowed (8 m). The government of Tamil Nadu (Tsunami Relief and Rehabilitation), India, for the reconstruction of the zones affected by the December 2004 Indonesian tsunami. EARTH BASED BUILDING TECHNIQUES 16 RESEARCH ON STABILISED EARTH TECHNOLOGIES Composite column Stabilised earth waterproofing Stabilised rammed earth walls Composite beams Composite beams Stabilised rammed earth foundation Auroville, Visitors Centre – 1989 to 1992 1992 Hassan Fathy International Award for Architecture for the Poor 17 Pondicherry, Shakti Vihar School – 1992 to 1994 School for day and night classes for 700 children 18 Pondicherry, Shakti Vihar School – 1992 to 1994 School for day and night classes for 700 children 19 Near Auroville, Sri Karneshwar Nataraja Temple – 2006 Pointed cloister dome 6 m span and pyramid 20 Sri Karneshwar Nataraja Temple 21 First prize “2010 Award For Urban Heritage” Al-Turath Foundation, Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, Riyadh – Al Medy Mosque – 2004 420 m2, 18.05 m high minaret, built in 7 weeks 22 CSEB CAN BE USED FOR VAULTED STRUCTURES 23 BUILDING WITH ARCHES, VAULTS AND DOMES (AVD) Egyptian vault Segmental vault, 10.35 m span Equilateral vault Catenary vault Bucket pointed vault House Groined dome Pointed groined vault Dome ∅ 22.16 m Semicircular vault at the Auroville Earth Institute 6 m span, 11 m long, 36.5 to 7 cm thick ~ 40 tons, built in 37 days by 4 masons 24 House at the Auroville Earth Institute, with the equilateral vault 3.6 m span, 3.12 m rise, 34 to 7 cm thick, built in 36 days by 4 masons 25 Segmental vault at Deepanam School, Auroville 10.35 m span, 2.25 m rise, 17.7 & 14 cm thick, ~ 30 tons, built in 3 weeks by 4 masons 26 CSEB ARE LOAD BEARING TO BUILD MULTI-FLOOR BUILDINGS 27 BUILDING MULTI FLOORS WITH CSEB (ENTIRELY LOAD BEARING) Vikas apartments on 4 floors – Walls: 24 cm thick, maximum 13.4 m high – No concrete columns Floors and roofs are built with CSEB vaults and domes Vikas community was a finalist for the “2000 World Habitat Award” (Building and Social Housing Foundation, UK) Auroville, Realization apartments – 2010 & 2011 8 Apartments on three floors 28 Auroville, 13 apartments on 4 floors at Vikas Community – 1997 & 1998 Vikas Community was a finalist for the “2000 World Habitat Award” 29 AUROVILLE EARTH INSTITUTE UNESCO Chair "Earthen Architecture" BASIN South Asia Auroshilpam, 605 101 Auroville, TN India Tel.: +91 (0) 413 - 262 3064 / 262 3330 Fax: +91 (0) 413 - 262 2886 Email: [email protected] Website: www.earth-auroville.com
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz