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Question
Mark
1
AQA Level 1/2 Certificate
June 2014
2
3
Biology
8401/1
4
5
Paper 1
6
Tuesday 13 May 2014
9.00 am to 10.30 am
7
For this paper you must have:
 a ruler.
You may use a calculator.
8
9
Time allowed
 1 hour 30 minutes
A
10
Instructions
 Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
 Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
 Answer all questions.
 You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write
outside the box around each page or on blank pages.
 Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked.
TOTAL
Information
 The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
 The maximum mark for this paper is 90.
 You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.
 You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in
your answers.
 Question 4 should be answered in continuous prose.
In this question you will be marked on your ability to:
– use good English
– organise information clearly
– use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.
Advice
 In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer.
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Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
1
Figure 1 shows the human digestive system.
Figure 1
Organ A
Organ B
1 (a) (i)
What is Organ A?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
[1 mark]
gall bladder
liver
stomach
1 (a) (ii) What is Organ B?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
[1 mark]
large intestine
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pancreas
small intestine
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1 (b)
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Digestive enzymes are made by different organs in the digestive system.
Complete Table 1 putting a tick () or cross (×) in the boxes.
[2 marks]
The first row has been done for you.
Table 1
Organ producing enzyme
amylase
Enzyme
salivary
glands
stomach
pancreas
small
intestine

×


lipase
protease
1 (c)
The stomach also makes hydrochloric acid.
How does the acid help digestion?
[1 mark]
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1 (d)
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Draw one line from each digestive enzyme to the correct breakdown product.
[3 marks]
Digestive enzyme
Breakdown products
amino acids.
Amylase breaks down
starch into…
bases.
Lipase breaks down
fats into…
fatty acids and
glycerol.
Protease breaks
down proteins into…
sugars.
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2
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Figure 2 shows some cells on the lower surface of a leaf.
Figure 2
X
Stomata
2 (a)
What are the cells labelled X called?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
[1 mark]
guard cells
palisade cells
mesophyll cells
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2 (b)
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Water loss by evaporation from leaves is called transpiration.
A student set up an experiment to investigate water loss from leaves.
The student:

took two leaves, A and B, from a plant

put Vaseline (grease) on both sides of Leaf B; did nothing to Leaf A

wrote down the mass of each leaf

attached the leaves onto a string as shown in Figure 3
Figure 3
2 (b) (i)

left the leaves for 48 hours

wrote down the mass of each leaf again

calculated the percentage (%) change in mass for each leaf.
Give one variable that the student controlled in this investigation.
[1 mark]
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2 (b) (ii) The mass of Leaf A was 1.60 g at the start of the investigation. After 48 hours it
was 1.28 g.
Calculate the % decrease in mass over 48 hours.
[2 marks]
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% decrease = .....................................
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2 (c)
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Vaseline blocks the stomata.
The % change in mass of Leaf B was less than Leaf A after 48 hours.
Explain why.
[1 mark]
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2 (d)
Give three environmental conditions that would increase transpiration.
[3 marks]
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2 .........................................................................................................................................
3 .........................................................................................................................................
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3
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Darwin’s theory of evolution states that all species of living things have evolved from
simple life forms.
Darwin’s theory was published in 1859.
3 (a)
Give two reasons why Darwin’s theory was only slowly accepted.
[2 marks]
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3 (b)
Darwin observed birds called finches on the Galapagos Islands, 1000 km from the
coast of South America.
He saw that the birds were similar to, but not the same as, birds he had seen on the
mainland of South America.
Recent evidence suggests that 13 different species of finch on the islands evolved from
1 species of finch that arrived from the mainland about 1 million years ago.
Describe how a new finch species may have evolved from the original species of finch
that arrived from the mainland.
[4 marks]
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3 (c)
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Figure 4 shows the evolutionary tree for some Galapagos finches.
Figure 4
Present
day
Vegetarian
finch
Small tree
finch
Large tree
finch
Medium
tree finch
Mangrove
finch
Woodpecker
finch
P
S
R
Q
1 million years ago
3 (c) (i)
Common ancestor:
finch from the mainland
Which type of present-day finch is least closely related to all the others?
[1 mark]
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3 (c) (ii) Which branching point, P, Q, R or S, on Figure 4 shows the most recent common
ancestor of all the tree finches?
[1 mark]
Write the correct answer in the box.
3 (c) (iii) Which two finches have the most recent common ancestor?
[1 mark]
1 .........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
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In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising
information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.
The human body is kept at a constant internal temperature of about 37 °C.
Body temperature is monitored and controlled by the thermoregulatory centre in
the brain.
Describe what happens in the body to keep the body temperature constant.
[6 marks]
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ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
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5
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Figure 5 shows a single-celled alga which lives in fresh water.
Figure 5
Flagellum
Light-sensitive spot
Vacuole
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Cell wall
5 (a)
Which part of the cell labelled in Figure 5:
5 (a) (i)
traps light for photosynthesis
[1 mark]
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5 (a) (ii) is made of cellulose?
[1 mark]
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5 (b)
In the freshwater environment water enters the algal cell.
5 (b) (i)
What is the name of the process by which water moves into cells?
[1 mark]
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5 (b) (ii) Give the reason why the algal cell does not burst.
[1 mark]
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5 (c) (i)
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The alga can photosynthesise.
Complete the word equation for photosynthesis.
[2 marks]
Light energy
water + ..................................................
.................................................. + oxygen
5 (c) (ii) The flagellum helps the cell to move through water. Scientists think that the flagellum
and the light-sensitive spot work together to increase photosynthesis.
Suggest how this might happen.
[2 marks]
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5 (d)
Multicellular organisms often have complex structures, such as lungs, for gas
exchange.
Explain why single-celled organisms, like algae, do not need complex structures for gas
exchange.
[3 marks]
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6
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Lichens can be used as air pollution indicators.
Figure 6 shows the number of lichen species found growing on walls and trees at
increasing distances from a city centre.
Figure 6
50
45
40
35
Key
30
Number
of species 25
found
20
Number
of species
on walls
Number
of species
on trees
15
10
5
0
6 (a) (i)
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16
Distance from city centre in km
18
20
How many species of lichen are found on walls 2 km from the city centre?
[1 mark]
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6 (a) (ii) Describe the patterns in the data.
[3 marks]
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6 (b)
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Table 2 shows the concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the air at different distances
from the same city centre.
Table 2
Distance from city centre in km
SO2 concentration in g per m3
0
200
3
160
8
110
13
85
18
65
Suggest how the data in Table 2 could explain the patterns in the graph (Figure 6).
[2 marks]
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6 (c)
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Nitrogen oxides are also air pollutants.
The main source of nitrogen oxide pollution comes from road vehicles.
Different lichen species vary in their tolerance of the levels of nitrogen oxides in the air.
Some lichens can only grow in very clean air where there are low levels of nitrogen
oxides. They are nitrogen-sensitive.
Some lichens grow very well in high levels of nitrogen oxides. They are nitrogen-loving.
Figure 7 shows one lichen species which is nitrogen-sensitive and one lichen species
which is nitrogen-loving.
Figure 7
6 (c) (i)
Nitrogen-sensitive
Nitrogen-loving
Usnea
Xanthoria
Describe how you would investigate the distribution of the two lichens at different
distances into a wood from a main road.
[3 marks]
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6 (c) (ii) Predict the results from the experiment you described in your answer to part (c)(i).
Explain why you made this prediction.
[3 marks]
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7
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A project called Garden Bird Watch counts the UK populations of common birds.
16 000 people count the number of birds in their gardens every week of the year.
The results are analysed by researchers and written up in important scientific
magazines.
7 (a)
Suggest one advantage of this method of collecting data.
[1 mark]
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Table 3 shows the percentage (%) of gardens visited by different bird species in 1995
and in 2011.
Table 3
% of gardens
visited in 1995
% of gardens
visited in 2011
Goldfinch
12
58
Greenfinch
71
54
House sparrow
84
64
Starling
71
42
Woodpigeon
48
80
Bird species
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7 (b) (i)
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Complete the bar chart, (Figure 8), by plotting the data from Table 3 for 2011.
Some have been done for you.
[2 marks]
Figure 8
90
80
70
Key
60
% of gardens
visited in 1995
50
% of
gardens
visited 40
% of gardens
visited in 2011
30
20
10
0
Goldfinch Greenfinch
House
Starling Woodpigeon
sparrow
Bird species
7 (b) (ii) In this survey, the results from 16 000 gardens were sent in.
How many gardens were visited by woodpigeons in 2011?
[2 marks]
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7 (b) (iii) Which bird species has increased the most from 1995 to 2011?
[1 mark]
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7 (c)
The change in the number of woodpigeons may be partly because they have spread to
towns and cities.
Suggest why this increase in woodpigeons in towns and cities might have occurred.
[1 mark]
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8
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Figure 9 shows a cross-section of a plant root. The transport tissues are labelled.
Figure 9
A
Phloem
8 (a) (i)
What is tissue A?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
[1 mark]
cuticle
epidermis
xylem
8 (a) (ii) Name two substances transported by tissue A.
[2 marks]
1 .........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
8 (b)
Phloem is involved in a process called translocation.
8 (b) (i)
What is translocation?
[1 mark]
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8 (b) (ii) Explain why translocation is important to plants.
[2 marks]
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8 (c)
Plants must use active transport to move some substances from the soil into root
hair cells.
8 (c) (i)
Active transport needs energy.
Which part of the cell releases most of this energy?
Tick () one box.
[1 mark]
mitochondria
nucleus
ribosome
8 (c) (ii) Explain why active transport is necessary in root hair cells.
[2 marks]
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9
Some infections are caused by bacteria.
9 (a)
The genetic material is arranged differently in the cells of bacteria compared with
animal and plant cells.
Describe two differences.
[2 marks]
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9 (b)
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by bacteria.
Table 4 shows the number of cases of TB in different regions of southern England
from 2000–2011.
Table 4
Number of cases of TB per 100 000 people
9 (b) (i)
Year
London
South East
South West
2000
37
5
3
2001
36
6
4
2002
42
6
6
2003
42
7
4
2004
42
7
5
2005
49
8
5
2006
44
8
3
2007
43
8
5
2008
44
8
5
2009
44
9
6
2010
42
9
5
2011
45
10
5
How does the number of cases of TB for London compare with the rest of southern
England?
[1 mark]
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9 (b) (ii) Describe the pattern in the data for cases of TB in the South East.
[1 mark]
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9 (b) (iii) Describe the pattern in the data for cases of TB in the South West.
[2 marks]
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9 (c) (i)
On the graph paper in Figure 10:

plot the number of cases of TB in London

label both the axes on the graph

draw a line of best fit.
[4 marks]
Figure 10
50
45
40
35
30
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
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9 (c) (ii) Suggest why a student thought the value for 2005 in London was anomalous.
[1 mark]
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9 (d)
People can be vaccinated against TB.
Suggest how a vaccination programme would reduce the number of people with TB.
Details of how a vaccine works are not required.
[2 marks]
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10 (a)
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Describe three ways in which large-scale deforestation in tropical areas has increased
the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
[3 marks]
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10 (b)
Suggest two reasons why deforestation also causes a reduction in biodiversity.
[2 marks]
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10 (c)
Scientists are thinking of new ways to try to repair the damage done by deforestation.
One way is by carbon sequestration.
10 (c) (i)
What is carbon sequestration?
[1 mark]
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10 (c) (ii) Suggest one way in which carbon can be sequestered.
[1 mark]
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Acknowledgement of copyright-holders and publishers
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders have been unsuccessful and
AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements in future papers if notified.
Question 2 (Figure 2)
Question 6c (Figure 7)
Photograph © Getty Images
© Natural History Museum, London
Copyright © 2014 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
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