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Chapter 3 Study Guide
Study Tip
For each section of the chapter, have
students read the Key Concepts that
are listed. Then, have them review
the chapter text for any concepts
that they do not fully understand.
Next, students can define each
Vocabulary term in their own words
and check their definitions against
the text’s definitions. Tell students
that when they check the text, they
should read all the related text, not
just the sentence that defines the
highlighted, boldface Vocabulary
term.
Thinking Visually
1. Autotroph or Producer
2. Consumer or Carnivore
3. Decomposer
Chapter 3 Study Guide
3–1 What Is Ecology?
Key Concepts
• To understand the various relationships within
the biosphere, ecologists ask questions about
events and organisms that range in complexity
from a single individual to a population, community, ecosystem, or biome, or to the entire
biosphere.
• Scientists conduct modern ecological research
according to three basic approaches: observing,
experimenting, and modeling. All of these
approaches rely on the application of scientific
methods to guide ecological inquiry.
Vocabulary
ecology, p. 63
biosphere, p. 63
species, p. 64
population, p. 64
community, p. 64
ecosystem, p. 64
biome, p. 64
3–3 Cycles of Matter
Key Concepts
3–2 Energy Flow
Key Concepts
Chapter 3 Assessment
Reviewing Content
1.
2.
3.
4.
c
b
c
b
5.
6.
7.
8.
c
c
a
d
9. d
10. d
• Sunlight is the main energy source for life on Earth.
In a few ecosystems, some organisms rely on the
energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds.
• Energy flows through an ecosystem in one
direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds
to autotrophs (producers) and then to various
heterotrophs (consumers).
• Only about 10 percent of the energy available
within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level.
Understanding Concepts
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Chapter 3
• Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is
recycled within and between ecosystems.
• Every living organism needs nutrients to grow and
carry out essential life functions. Like water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the
environment through biogeochemical cycles.
Vocabulary
biogeochemical cycle, p. 74
evaporation, p. 75
transpiration, p. 75
nutrient, p. 76
nitrogen fixation, p. 78
denitrification, p. 78
primary productivity, p. 80
limiting nutrient, p. 80
algal bloom, p. 80
Thinking Visually
Using information from this chapter, complete the following flowchart:
Herbivore
1
Solar Energy
2
3
Nutrients
CHAPTER RESOURCES
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• Computer Test Bank, Chapter 3 Test
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11. The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between
organisms and their environment
12. Individual organism, population,
community, ecosystem, biome,
biosphere
13. Scientists use models to gain
insight into ecological changes that
are too complex or too long-range
to study directly.
14. Sunlight is the ultimate source of
energy in most ecosystems.
15. The process in which producers
use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates
16. Autotrophs, such as plants, make
their own food using the energy in
sunlight or chemical bonds.
Heterotrophs, such as animals, must
rely on other organisms for energy
and food.
17. A heterotroph that breaks down
organic matter; bacteria, fungi
18. Autotrophs (producers)
Vocabulary
autotroph, p. 67
producer, p. 67
photosynthesis, p. 68
chemosynthesis, p. 68
heterotroph, p. 68
consumer, p. 68
herbivore, p. 69
carnivore, p. 69
omnivore, p. 69
detritivore, p. 69
decomposer, p. 69
food chain, p. 69
food web, p. 70
trophic level, p. 70
ecological pyramid, p. 72
biomass, p. 72
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Chapter 3 Assessment
Interactive textbook with
assessment at PHSchool.com
Reviewing Content
Choose the letter that best answers the question or
completes the statement.
l. All of life on Earth exists in a region known as
a. an ecosystem.
b. a biome.
c. the biosphere.
d. ecology.
2. Groups of different species that live together in a
defined area make up a(an)
a. population.
b. community.
c. ecosystem.
d. biosphere.
3. Autotrophs are organisms that
a. rely on other organisms for their energy and
food supply.
b. consume plant and animal remains and other
dead matter.
c. use energy they take in from the environment
to convert inorganic molecules into complex
organic molecules.
d. obtain energy by eating only plants.
4. The series of steps in which a large fish eats a
small fish that has eaten algae is a
a. food web.
b. food chain.
c. pyramid of numbers.
d. biomass pyramid.
5. Which of the following organisms is a decomposer?
8. In the nitrogen cycle, bacteria that live on the
roots of plants
a. break down nitrogen compounds into
nitrogen gas.
b. denitrify nitrogen compounds.
c. change nitrogen gas into plant proteins.
d. change nitrogen gas into ammonia.
9. Which biogeochemical cycle does NOT involve a
stage where the chemical enters the atmosphere?
a. water cycle
b. carbon cycle
c. nitrogen cycle
d. phosphorus cycle
10. When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient
that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, this
substance is called a(an)
a. nitrogen compound.
b. organic phosphate.
c. biogeochemical cycle.
d. limiting nutrient.
Understanding Concepts
11. What is the definition of ecology?
12. Name the different levels of organization within
the biosphere, from smallest to largest.
13. How do scientists use modeling to study
ecological changes?
14. How is sunlight important to most ecosystems?
15. What is chemosynthesis?
16. Distinguish between autotrophs and
heterotrophs. Give an example of each.
c.
a.
17. What is a decomposer? Provide an example.
18. Which group of organisms is always found at the
base of a food chain or food web?
b.
19. What is an ecological pyramid? Describe the three
different types of ecological pyramids.
d.
6. The total mass of living tissue at each trophic level
can be shown in a(an)
a. energy pyramid.
b. pyramid of numbers.
c. biomass pyramid.
d. biogeochemical cycle.
7. Nutrients move through an ecosystem in
a. biogeochemical cycles.
b. water cycles.
c. energy pyramids.
d. ecological pyramids.
20. Why is the transfer of energy and matter in a food
chain only about 10 percent efficient?
21. What is a biogeochemical cycle?
22. List two ways in which water enters the atmosphere in the water cycle.
If your class subscribes to the
iText, your students can go
online to access an interactive
version of the Student Edition
and a self-test.
(Continued from page 82)
19. An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the relative
amounts of energy or matter
contained within each trophic level
of a food chain or food web. An
energy pyramid shows the amount
of energy available from one trophic
level to the next. A biomass pyramid
shows the total amount of living
organic matter at each trophic level.
A numbers pyramid shows the relative number of individual organisms
at each trophic level.
20. Organisms use most of the energy they consume for life processes,
and some is released into the environment as heat.
21. A repeating series of processes
that passes the same molecules
around again and again within the
biosphere
22. Evaporation, transpiration
23. Bacteria that live in the soil and
on plant roots called legumes convert nitrogen gas into ammonia.
24. In both cycles, the atmosphere is a
major reservoir. Both cycles involve
plants as transformers of the nutrients.
25. If a nutrient is in short supply, the
ecosystem’s growth will be limited.
23. Explain the process of nitrogen fixation.
24. What are some of the similarities between the
carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle?
25. What is meant by “nutrient limitation”?
HOMEWORK GUIDE
1, 2, 11–13
Section 3–2
3–6, 14–20, 27, 30, 32
Save
7–10, 21–26,
28, 29, 31
e
Section 3–3
Tim
Questions:
Section 3–1
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Section:
The Biosphere
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Chapter 3 Assessment
Page 84
Chapter 3 Assessment
Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking
26. The fertilizer was carried into the
stream with runoff and promoted the
growth of algae. The algae depleted
oxygen in the water. Without oxygen, the fishes died.
27. Accept all food chains that begin
with a producer and end with the
student.
28. Students’ answers should be logical and should provide some insights
into the importance of water conservation.
29. As the rainfall amount increases,
plant productivity also increases.
Other factors that affect plant
growth are the amount of sunlight,
the types and amounts of nutrients
in the soil, and the number of herbivores eating the plants.
30. Earthworm: detritivore; bear:
omnivore; cow: herbivore; snail:
detritivore; owl: carnivore; human:
omnivore
31. Students’ flowcharts may vary,
depending on the organisms included in the food chain. A typical
marine food chain might be similar
to that shown in Figure 3–7, which
begins with algae and ends with a
shark. Students should also show
that when the top-level carnivore in
the chain dies, decomposers break
down the dead organic matter and
continue the biogeochemical cycle of
nitrogen.
32. Several different food chains are
possible. Make sure students identify
a producer at the first level, an herbivore at the second level, and a
carnivore at the third level.
26. Formulating Hypotheses Ecologists discovered that trout were dying in a stream that ran
through some farmland where nitrogen fertilizer
was used on the crops. How might you explain
what happened?
Biogeochemical cycles pass molecules of essential nutrients among
Earth’s atmosphere, land, oceans and
other bodies of water, and living
organisms. In these cycles, complex
substances are broken down into
simple materials, transformed into
forms that living organisms can use,
and again assembled into complex
substances such as proteins and
carbohydrates.
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Chapter 3
32. Using Models Create flowcharts that show four
different food chains in the food web shown below.
27. Using Models Describe a food chain of which
you are a member.
28. Problem Solving Water is a vital commodity.
What are several ways in which you see water
being wasted in your community? Can you offer
some suggestions that will help limit the amount
of water wasted? Can water consumption be
reduced without a change in lifestyle?
29. Analyzing Data The graph below shows the
effect of annual rainfall on the rate of primary
productivity in an ecosystem. What happens to
productivity as rainfall increases? What factors other
than water might affect primary productivity?
Rate of Plant Tissue Production (g/m2 per year)
The Effect of Rainfall on
Plant Productivity
Matter and Energy Describe how biogeochemical
cycles provide organisms with the raw materials necessary to synthesize complex organic compounds. Refer
back to Chapter 2 for help in answering this question.
3000
2500
2000
Write a grammatically correct paragraph that
(1) names and defines the levels of organization that
an ecologist studies; (2) identifies the level that you
would study if you were an ecologist; (3) describes
the method you would use to study this level; and
(4) gives a reason for your choice of a method.
1500
1000
500
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Average Annual Rainfall (mm)
30. Classifying Classify each of the following as a
herbivore, a carnivore, an omnivore, or a detritivore: earthworm, bear, cow, snail, owl, human.
31. Applying Concepts Using a flowchart, trace
the flow of energy in a simple marine food chain.
Then, show where nitrogen is cycled through the
chain when the top-level carnivore dies and is
decomposed.
Performance-Based Assessment
Make a Poster With a piece of string, mark off an
area of about 4 m2 in the schoolyard or in your own
backyard. Create a poster that shows a food web of
the organisms that you identify in the ecosystem you
have sectioned off. Present your poster to the class.
For: An interactive self-test
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: cba-2030
riting in Science
Answers may vary. All students should name and
define the levels of organization, including individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome,
and biosphere. Students might choose any of the
levels to study. Once that choice is made, students should describe how observing,
experimenting, or modeling would be used in
studying that level. The reason given for choice of
method should be logical and supported in a way
that suggests an understanding of that method.
Performance-Based
Assessment
Make sure each food web begins with
producers and includes several consumers.