Summary of native bat, reptile,
amphibian and terrestrial
invertebrate translocations
in New Zealand
Science for Conservation 303
Summary of native bat, reptile,
amphibian and terrestrial
invertebrate translocations
in New Zealand
G.H. Sherley, I.A.N. Stringer and G.R. Parrish
Science for conservatioN 303
Published by
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Department of Conservation
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Cover: Male Mercury Islands tusked weta, Motuweta isolata. Originally found on Atiu or Middle Island in
the Mercury Islands, these were translocated onto six other nearby islands after being bred in captivity.
Photo: Ian Stringer.
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C ont e nts
Abstract
5
1.
Introduction
6
2.
Methods
7
3. Results
9
4.
5.
3.1 Bats
11
3.2 Reptiles
11
3.3 Amphibians
11
3.4
12
12
12
12
13
Invertebrates
3.4.1 Mollusca
3.4.2 Insecta
3.4.3 Chilopoda
3.4.4 Araneae
Discussion 13
4.1
An historical perspective
13
4.2
Outcomes of translocations
14
4.3
Other considerations when translocating species
4.3.1 Genetics
4.3.2 Pre-release surveys
15
15
16
Recommendations
17
5.1
Monitoring
17
5.2
Genetics
18
5.3
A Standard Operating Procedure
18
6.
Conclusions
19
7.
Acknowledgements
19
8.
References
20
Appendix 1 Transfers of native New Zealand bats, reptiles, frogs and invertebrates 28
Summary of native bat, reptile,
amphibian and terrestrial
invertebrate translocations
in New Zealand
G.H. Sherley 1,2, I.A.N. Stringer 1 and G.R. Parrish 3
1
Department of Conservation, PO Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand
Email: [email protected]
2
Current address: United Nations Environment Programme, Private Mail Bag,
Matautu Uta, Apia, Samoa
3
154 Lewis Road, Karaka, RD1, Papakura 2580, Auckland, New Zealand
A bstract
Records of translocations are incomplete or non-existent for many taxa in
New Zealand, yet such records are essential for understanding biogeography
and providing context for ecological restoration. Here we summarise all known
translocations of native bats, reptiles, amphibians and terrestrial invertebrates,
based on written records and first-hand verbal accounts. This report lists details
of 183 translocations: 2 with bats, 86 with reptiles, 10 with amphibians and
85 with invertebrates (including 44 molluscs, 39 insects, 1 centipede and
1 spider). We acknowledge the likelihood that there are additional translocations
we are unaware of and recommend improvements for recording future
translocation events and their outcomes in New Zealand by following the Standard
Operating Procedure for translocations that is being developed by DOC wherever
possible. We also recommend that consideration be given to the minimum number
of individuals for release, to limit loss of genetic variation.
Keywords: translocation, transfer, supplementation, conservation, monitoring,
tuatara, gecko, skink, Mollusca, Insecta, Chilopoda, Araneae
© Copyright April 2010, Department of Conservation. This paper may be cited as:
Sherley, G.H.; Stringer, I.A.N.; Parrish, G.R. 2010: Summary of native bat, reptile, amphibian and
terrestrial invertebrate translocations in New Zealand. Science for Conservation 303.
Department of Conservation, Wellington. 39 p.
Science for Conservation 303
5
1. Introduction
Native species have long been deliberately moved around New Zealand by
humans. The first settlers, Mäori, are thought to have moved food species such
as the giant landsnails Placostylus hongii and Placostylus bollonsi (Pulmonata:
Bulimulidae) and karaka trees (Corynocarpus laevigatus) (Climo 1973; Best
1976; Haywood & Brook 1981). Early translocations by Europeans were made by
Quinton MacKinnon, who moved käkäpö (Strigops habroptilus, Aves: Psittacidae)
to Centre Island, Lake Te Anau, and by Sir Walter Buller, who moved tuatara
(Sphenodon punctatus, Reptilia: Rhynchocephalidae) and a variety of native
birds to an island in Lake Papaitonga, near Levin (Hill & Hill 1987; Galbreath
1989). The first official translocations for conservation purposes were made from
1894 to 1908 by Richard Henry, after it became evident that many native birds
were likely to go extinct on the mainland following the introduction of predatory
mammals, especially stoats (Mustela erminea). Richard Henry moved at least
474 and possibly up to 700 birds (käkäpö, little spotted kiwi Apteryx owenii and
brown kiwi A. australis) to Resolution Island and nearby islands in Fiordland, but
this attempted rescue failed after stoats swam to the islands from the mainland
(Hill & Hill 1987; Thomas 2002). Since then, numerous translocations have
been documented in scientific papers, unpublished reports and government file
notes; however, many others have gone unrecorded. Atkinson (1990) published
the first compilation of translocations of indigenous New Zealand fauna and
this was followed by summaries of translocations for some snails (Parrish et al.
1995), wëtä (Watts et al. 2008a; Watts & Thornborrow 2008), frogs (Bell 2006;
Germano & Bishop 2009), reptiles (Gaze 2001b; Towns et al. 2001; Germano
& Bishop 2009) and birds (Girardet 2000). Gaze & Cash (2008) summarised all
translocations in the Marlborough Sounds area and McHalick (1999) provided a
compilation of the information held in the Department of Conservation (DOC)
translocation database.
Here we summarise the information available to us about the translocations of
bats, reptiles, amphibians and terrestrial invertebrates other than parasites 1 that
have been carried out in New Zealand up to October 2008, to provide a central
reference for future workers before more data are lost, particularly anecdotal
information. Such data are essential for understanding the distribution of native
species, as well as allowing us to understand the effects of anthropogenic actions
on natural distributions of native taxa. They may also provide information for
improving translocation methods. We conclude by making some recommendations
on best practice for undertaking translocations.
1
6
We have not attempted to document translocations of parasites for the following reasons. Firstly,
most translocations of New Zealand fauna have included their parasites because usually no attempts
were made to remove them (K. McInnes, DOC, pers. comm.; C. Reed, Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry, pers. comm.). Secondly, we know of few cases where the parasites present on translocated
fauna were documented—examples include ticks and mites that were translocated with some
tuatara and lizards (e.g. Towns & Parrish 1998; McKenzie 2007; van Winkel 2008). Thus, we can only
acknowledge that numerous potential translocations of parasites have or could have occurred.
Sherley et al.— Translocations of New Zealand fauna
Definitions
In the literature, various terms have been used to refer to translocations
of animals for conservation purposes, resulting in some confusion
(Hodder & Bullock 1997; JNCC 2003). We use the original definitions of the
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as outlined in the
1987 IUCN position statement, following Armstrong & Seddon (2007). Thus,
a translocation is any movement of a living organism from one area to another;
an introduction is the movement of an organism outside its historically known
range; a reintroduction is an intentional movement of an organism into part of
its native range from which it has disappeared or become extirpated in historical
times; and re-stocking is movement of individuals to build up an existing
population. Most translocations for conservation purposes are reintroductions
or re-stockings. However, there is often uncertainty about the native ranges of
most invertebrates and many herpetofauna in New Zealand, because their ranges
became restricted after the arrival of humans and there is often no evidence
of their former distributions. The usual aims for translocating such fauna have
therefore been to release them into localities where they were likely to have
been present in the past.
2. Methods
For the purposes of this summary, we consider a translocation to include all
movements of organisms resulting in the release of an intended number of
individuals at a site. Thus, for our purposes, a single translocation may involve
multiple releases at one site over several months or years. This has occurred, for
example, when multiple capture occasions were required to obtain sufficient
individuals or when it was desirable to remove smaller numbers from the source
population on several occasions to prevent harming the source population
(e.g. Parrish 2005a; Stringer & Chappell 2008).
Most of the information on translocations in New Zealand was obtained from a
literature search that included scientific papers, books, unpublished documents
of government departments and agencies, and newsletters, such as the Newsletter
of the Society for Research on Amphibians and Reptiles in New Zealand, the
Oceania Newsletter of the Reintroduction Specialist Group of IUCN, and
Rare Bits—the newsletter about threatened species work published by DOC.
Some data were also obtained from interviewing people who were either
involved with translocations or who remembered details about them. In some
cases, particularly for invertebrates, the latter was the only available information
source because there is no requirement to keep records for species that are not
legally protected by the Wildlife Act 1953.
Tuatara were the first species to be legally protected in New Zealand
(New Zealand Gazette 1895), followed by bats (Animals Protection and Game
Act 1921–22; Oliver 1953). Some invertebrates, including Placostylus and
Powelliphanta snails and some wëtä, were given legal protection in 1980. All
lizards except for four common species were afforded protection in 1981, and
Science for Conservation 303
7
all native reptiles became protected in 1996 (Wildlife Act 1953). Legal protection
also applies to all fauna and flora on legally protected land (now administered
by DOC). DOC has been responsible for keeping records for these species since
its formation in 1987. However, the majority of native invertebrates have never
been protected by law and some invertebrates of interest were translocated
by entomologists and conchologists, both amateur and professional, without
documentation.
Much of the information reported here is anecdotal, so it is likely to be inaccurate
or incomplete because details have been forgotten or people are now reluctant
to provide them. Nevertheless, we have included it to ensure that it is not lost
over time. It includes accounts from members of the public who have moved
invertebrates or have known of others who have moved them.
Where information is lacking or unsubstantiated, we have included it only if it is
likely that the translocation was intentional rather than unintentional. We have
not included many instances where species are found outside their normal range
and assumed to be a result of human activities, because we do not know if these
were intentional translocations. For example, the wëtä Hemideina crassidens
occurs in Anderson’s Bay, Dunedin, where it is well separated from Fiordland,
the nearest location within its known natural range (Harris 2009). Transportation
by humans seems most likely but we do not know whether this was intentional or
not, and so we did not include it. The same applies to Hemideina femorata, which
occurs in and around the village of Akaroa, where it is surrounded by Hemideina
ricta and hybridises with it where the two species meet (Morgan-Richards &
Townsend 1995). Again, H. femorata is likely to have been transported there by
humans, but in this case it is thought to have been accidentally introduced with
firewood (Townsend 1995).
Information on bird translocations (used for comparative purposes) was obtained
from summary information in Atkinson (1990), McHalick (1999) and Girardet
(2000), together with more recent information contained in the translocation
databases held by DOC and IUCN (IUCN/RSG 2008).
8
Sherley et al.— Translocations of New Zealand fauna
3. Results
We are aware of the following numbers of translocations of New Zealand native
terrestrial fauna excluding birds and parasitic invertebrates: 2 involving bats,
86 with reptiles, 10 with amphibians and 85 with invertebrates (Table 1). We
have not included three unsubstantiated translocations that might have occurred
prior to 1800, before Europeans arrived in New Zealand—possible releases of
the flax snail Placostylus hongii to the Poor Knights Islands, Great Barrier Island
(Aotea Island) and Fanal Island by the Mäori people (Atkinson 1990). We have
included three translocations of snails and one each of a gecko and spider that
were moved short distances for experimental purposes. Three of these involved
moving the snails Placostylus ambagiosus michiei, P. a. paraspiritus and
Placostylus hongii up to 83 m between scattered food plants to investigate
their site fidelity and to determine if they could return to their original locations
(unpubl. data). The fourth involved jewelled geckos (Naultinus gemmeus) that
were moved 78–160 m into the Every Scientific Reserve, Otago Peninsula, to test
the effectiveness of an enclosure built to reduce mammalian predation and also
to document the subsequent movements of the geckos (Shaw 1994). The fifth
was a translocation of katipö spiders to test a method for future translocations
(M. Bowie, Lincoln University, pers. comm.).
Overall, 63% of the information we obtained was from publications
(60% for invertebrates, 65% for vertebrates) and the remainder was from personal
communications. The majority of published accounts of translocations involved
species that were protected by law when they were moved: such legal protection
involved 76% of the invertebrate species and 99% of the vertebrate species
translocated (excluding birds and parasites) for which the translocation date
was known. Where translocation records were incomplete (54% overall; 41% of
invertebrate records, 64% of vertebrate records), they most often lacked details
about the numbers and/or composition of the animals translocated (e.g. numbers
T abl e 1 .
N umb e r of translocation e v e nts of nati v e N e w Z e aland t e rr e strial animals .
Note: the table does not include one lizard of unknown species translocated before 1960 or parasites translocated with their hosts.
transfer completion date
Date Before
unknown 1960
1960–
1964
1965–
1969
1970–
1974
1975–
1979
1980–
1984
1985–
1989
1990– 1995–
1994 1999
2000– 2005–
2004 2008
Total
Molluscs
8
7
2
0
2
3
3
0
5
6
3
5
44
Arthropods
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
6
13
15
41
Frogs
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
5
10
Tuatara
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
5
17
Skinks
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
8
8
25
46
Geckos
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
5
12
22
Bats
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
Birds*
–
> 176
55
54
30
27
65
45
20
88
103
60
> 723
* Minimum numbers from Atkinson (1990), McHalick (1999) and Girardet (2000), supplemented by data from DOC and IUCN.
Science for Conservation 303
9
of males and females or adults and juveniles that were moved were not recorded)
(40% invertebrates, 64% vertebrates). However, in some cases the precise year
when the transfers took place was missing (21% invertebrates, 4% vertebrates),
or the source population was unknown or not given (11% invertebrates,
2% vertebrates).
In 45.1% of all translocations, the outcome was unknown or the translocation was
too recent for the outcome to be known, whereas in 7.4% of recent translocations
the animals were seen after being released. Breeding was confirmed in 10.6% of
translocations, and in 21.9% the animals either survived a long time or their
populations expanded. In 15.0% of cases, translocations were known to have
failed or no live individuals were found when last monitored.
On a proportional basis, there were almost twice as many vertebrate translocations
with unknown outcomes as invertebrate translocations. This was largely due to
salvage operations, where geckos and skinks were only moved short distances
and therefore no monitoring was considered necessary (Table 2). Invertebrate
translocations resulted in a higher percentage of long-term survival and population
expansion compared with vertebrate translocations, but breeding was confirmed
much more frequently after vertebrate translocations than after invertebrate
translocations.
T abl e 2 . K nown outcom e s for translocations of nati v e bats ,
h e rp e tofauna and in v e rt e brat e s in N e w Z e aland .
Outcome of translocationVertebrate
Unknown
Recent, not seen since release
21.2%
4.1%
12.9%
Recent, seen since release 12.4%
10.6%
Breeding confirmed
26.8%
5.9%
Population known to have survived for long
period but in low numbers
0%
14.1%
Population has survived long-term and expanded
7.2%
21.2%
Either all dead or none found last time surveyed
12.4%
14.2%
97
85
Number of translocations
10
40.2%
Invertebrate
Sherley et al.— Translocations of New Zealand fauna
3 . 1 B ats
Two translocations of the endangered short-tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) are
documented. One of these was from one island to another and the other was from
the mainland to an island (Appendix 1). Both translocations were carried out for
restoration purposes and to increase the species’ range. Both were unsuccessful.
3 . 2 R e ptil e s
The first reptiles to be translocated were tuatara, which were released onto a small
island in Lake Papaitonga by Sir Walter Buller in 1892–1893. This translocation
was carried out to protect birds that had previously been translocated there
from ‘Mäori depredations’ (Buller 1893). There is an anecdotal report of lizards
(unknown species) being translocated from Manawatawhi/Three Kings Islands to
Mount Camel, Houhora, in the early 1960s (J. Marston, amateur naturalist, pers.
comm.). However, the first documented translocation of lizards was carried out
in 1988 (Oligosoma whitakeri; Towns 1994), and this was closely followed by
the second, also in 1988 (Oligosoma acrinasum; Thomas & Whitaker 1995).
In total, there were 46 translocations of skinks involving 15 taxa, 22 translocations
of geckos involving 13 taxa, and 17 translocations of tuatara. There was also one
additional early translocation, for which the species of lizard was not given. The
translocations of reptiles included 45 island to island, 28 mainland to mainland,
nine mainland to island and two island to mainland translocations; the source
locations for two tuatara translocations were unknown (Buller 1893; W. Dawbin,
unpubl. data). The majority of translocations were undertaken for ecological
restoration purposes only (20), for species conservation purposes only (29;
criteria 2–5 in Appendix 1) or for both (31). Translocations carried out for species
conservation purposes included 27 salvages associated with road or construction
work and six supplementations. One translocation was made to deter the hunting
of birds (Buller 1893) and the reasons for four others were not given. Details of
only two of the translocations of native reptiles were from hearsay information
(J. Marston; Appendix 1). We are aware that post-release monitoring was carried
out or is planned for 56% of the translocations.
3 . 3 A mphibians
The first native frogs (Anura: Leiopelmatidae) were translocated to Kapiti Island
from the Coromandel area in 1924/1925 for unknown reasons; this was unlikely
to have been for protection from mammalian predators because two species of rat
were present on Kapiti Island (Bell 1996, 2006). Overall, the ten translocations
of native frogs that we know of involved all four species (Appendix 1). One
translocation was from the mainland to an island, as mentioned above, five were
between islands, three were between mainland sites and one was from an island
to the mainland. Six of these translocations were undertaken to extend the range
of a threatened species and three of these were also for ecological restoration
purposes, two were salvage operations, and one was for disease risk mitigation
(A. Haigh, DOC, pers. comm.). The frogs were monitored following release after
all translocations except that to Kapiti Island.
Science for Conservation 303
11
3.4
I n v e rt e brat e s
3.4.1
Mollusca
The first published terrestrial invertebrate translocation in New Zealand
was made in 1934 and involved the large land snail Placostylus hongii
(Powell 1938). This was also the first documented translocation of a native
invertebrate in New Zealand. The reason for this translocation was not stated,
but it could not have been carried out to save the snails from predation because
they were taken from Archway Island, Poor Knights Islands, which was rat-free,
and released onto Motuhorapapa Island, Noises Islands, where rats were present.
We know of 43 further translocations of molluscs that have occurred since then,
involving 19–21 taxa. In total, 24 of these translocations were between mainland
sites, five were from the mainland to an island, five were between islands and
one was from an island to the mainland (Appendix 1). All translocations involved
large species (> 20 mm shell or body length). The reasons for undertaking
18 of the translocations that were carried out informally by conchologists and
the general public were unknown. Of the remaining 26 translocations, 11 were
carried out for species conservation only (criteria 2–5, Appendix 1), 3 were
for ecological restoration, 2 were for both species conservation and ecological
restoration, 5 were experimental, 2 were both experimental and for species
conservation, 2 were translocations by the general public for aesthetic reasons,
and 1 was to provide food and calcium for another snail species.
3.4.2
Insecta
The wëtä Deinacrida rugosa (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae) was the first
insect taxon to be translocated for conservation purposes in New Zealand
(Appendix 1). This occurred in 1977, when 43 individuals were translocated from
Mana Island to Maud Island (Te Hoiere) (Watts et al. 2008a). Since then, a further
38 translocations of insects have been made, of which 71% have been wëtä.
The translocations involved 22 between islands, seven between mainland sites,
nine from the mainland to an island and 2 from an island to the mainland. Most
translocations were carried out purely for ecological restoration (17), species
conservation only (6) or a combination of ecological restoration and species
conservation (12). One was carried out for both ecological restoration and
general interest, and one was to provide food for tuatara; no reasons were given
for the remaining two translocations. We have minimal anecdotal information for
the translocations involving cave wëtä, stick insects and preying mantis, whereas
more detail was supplied for the other ten unpublished translocations by the
people who did them (Appendix 1).
3.4.3
Chilopoda
One salvage translocation of the centipede Cormocephalus rubriceps
(Scolopendromorpha) was undertaken in conjunction with a salvage translocation
of a skink, Oligosoma ornatum (Appendix 1). These centipedes were translocated
from one mainland site to another before road construction work began
(S. Chapman, Boffa Miskell Ltd, pers. comm.).
12
Sherley et al.— Translocations of New Zealand fauna
3.4.4
Araneae
One spider, Latrodectus katipo (Theridiidae), was translocated from one
mainland site to another for experimental reasons (M. Bowie, Lincoln University,
pers. comm.) (Appendix 1).
4. Discussion
4.1
A n historical p e rsp e cti v e
In the past, the translocation of terrestrial native fauna in New Zealand for
conservation purposes focused predominantly on birds, although increasing
numbers of reptiles and invertebrates are now being translocated (Table 1).
When Europeans arrived, birds were the most obvious native terrestrial animals
in New Zealand, and were recognised and collected because of their unusual
features. As a result, the reduction in the numbers of many native bird species
that followed the introduction of predatory mammals was noticed, leading to
the first translocations of birds to predator-free islands in the late 19th century.
These translocations, which were the first practical attempts at conserving the
fauna of New Zealand, were made by concerned individuals and the Government
(King 1984; Hill & Hill 1987; Atkinson 1990). However, the entire terrestrial
fauna of New Zealand is unusual (e.g. Diamond 1990), and bats, reptiles, frogs
and many of the larger invertebrates were also adversely affected by the arrival of
predatory mammals (King 2005). Initial efforts to conserve many of the species
in these groups were made by interested individuals, and again often involved
translocations to mammal-free islands.
Increasing numbers of translocations of native birds were made from the 1960s
onwards, as interest in their conservation increased. Atkinson (1990) recorded
only two translocations of invertebrates on New Zealand islands since 1800 (one
of the giant wëtä Deinacrida rugosa and one of the snail Placostylus hongii)
and two of lizards (Fiordland skink and Whitakers skink), compared with
106 indigenous bird species to islands involving more than 176 releases. Since
1960, there have been a total of 81 translocations of reptiles, 9 of native frogs and
at least 67 of invertebrates that we are aware of (Table 1). This followed a growing
awareness of the importance of such taxa that accompanied an increasing wider
interest in conservation (Young 2004).
The overall pattern of translocations for conservation purposes in New Zealand,
whereby herpetofauna and invertebrates lagged behind the effort invested in
birds, has followed the general pattern elsewhere in the world (Pyle et al. 1981).
Worldwide, the conservation of invertebrates can be traced back to 1835, but has
developed primarily since the 1970s. Thus, it followed well behind conservation
of birds and mammals (Lyles & May 1987; Mikkola 1989; Bonnet et al. 2002; Seddon
et al. 2005). Butterflies are the exception to this, as they have had a relatively
long involvement with conservation including translocation, especially in Britain
and North America. This has partly been due to specialist interest groups such as
Science for Conservation 303
13
the Xerces Society (USA) and Butterfly Conservation (UK) (Oates & Warren 1990;
New et al. 1995). Translocations of herpetofauna have a similar history to those
of invertebrates in that most have occurred since the 1970s (Dodd & Seigal 1991;
Germano & Bishop 2009). However, worldwide, translocation projects involving
invertebrates have suffered from taxonomic bias (9% of projects v. 77% of species)
whereas those involving amphibians and reptiles have been approximately
in proportion to the number of species (17% and 5% of projects v. 14% and
10% of species) (Seddon et al. 2005). If we take 21 500 as an estimate of the
number of indigenous terrestrial species in New Zealand—103 birds, 60 reptiles,
4 frogs and 20 000 arthropods and land snails (Watt 1976; Barker 1999; Gibbs
2006; Miskelly et al. 2008)—to compare the relative proportions of species
with the proportions translocated since 1960, then invertebrates are underrepresented (10.1% of translocations v. 99.3% of species), whereas frogs, reptiles
and bats are over-represented (1.4%, 12.9% and 0.3% of translocations v. 0.02%,
0.28% and 0.002% of species, respectively). These proportions of translocations
were slightly lower than reported worldwide for invertebrates and reptiles
over the same period (13.8% and 14.9%, respectively) and were much lower for
amphibians and mammals (5.1% and 36.7%, respectively), although the latter have
much lower proportional numbers of species in New Zealand compared with
world averages (Seddon et al. 2005). However, the situation in New Zealand has
changed since 1990 and the relative proportion of translocations for all groups
other than birds has increased (17.5% for invertebrates, 1.9% for frogs, 15.5% for
reptiles and 0.3% for bats).
4.2
O utcom e s of translocations
One of the most contentious issues relating to moving animals is deciding when a
translocation has been successful. Success has been defined in a variety of ways,
but the ultimate objective of any translocation is to establish a self-sustaining
population (Griffith et al. 1989; Dodd & Seigal 1991). However, confirming this
may take a long time, especially in the case of long-lived species and species with
low fecundity, as is the case with the New Zealand herpetofauna (e.g. Cree 1994;
Towns & Parrish 1999; Nelson et al. 2002; Gibbs 2006).
Germano & Bishop (2009) used evidence of a substantial recruitment to the adult
population (resulting from reproduction at the translocation site) obtained by
monitoring for at least a period equal to the developmental time of the species
as the criterion for a successful herpetofauna translocation. They reported that
of three New Zealand indigenous frog translocations, one was a success, one was
a failure and one was of unknown outcome, whereas of five New Zealand skink
and one tuatara translocation, four were successful and two, including the tuatara
translocation, were of unknown outcome. Certainly the outcomes we were aware
of were unknown for 43% of all reptile translocations in New Zealand. This was
largely due to salvage translocations, where lizards were moved short distances
and were not monitored. Five percent of unknown outcomes related to releases
that were too recent for any assessment to be made (Appendix 1).
Assessing the success of most invertebrate translocations in New Zealand is
made easier because their life spans are generally shorter than 3 years, with the
exception of some of the large landsnails (Stringer & Grant 2007). Thus, numbers
14
Sherley et al.— Translocations of New Zealand fauna
increased considerably after 21% of translocations and the species survived
for many generations but in low numbers after another 16% of translocations.
However, it can be difficult to be sure if any invertebrates remain alive after
a translocation if none are found because of their small size and often cryptic
behaviour, particularly if they also disperse after being released. In such cases,
it may be many years before invertebrates reappear after being released. For
example, the first Mimopeus opaculus beetles were seen 4–6 years after their
release on Korapuki Islands (C. Green, DOC, pers. comm.). We therefore
acknowledge that at least some of the 12% of cases we have assessed as failed
may eventually prove to be successful.
Whatever the definition of success, its determination requires post-translocation
monitoring to determine whether the species survived and what the population
status is. Where such monitoring has been carried out, it has varied from casual
observations of presence or absence (mostly with invertebrates) to carefully
designed procedures. Recent developments in monitoring New Zealand reptiles
and invertebrates include the use of artificial cover objects for katipö spiders,
footprint tracking tunnels for giant wëtä, skinks and frogs, ‘Gee-minnow’
fish traps for lizards, and closed foam sheets around tree trunks for geckos
(e.g. Lettink & Patrick 2006; Subair 2006; Frost 2008; van Winkel 2008; Watts
et al. 2008b; Barr 2009; Jamieson, H. 2009; Bell in press). In one case, artificial
refuges were used for collecting and then transporting individuals of a tree wëtä
to the release site and for subsequently monitoring them in both the source
population and release site (Green 2005). However, in many cases no monitoring
has been undertaken at all to our knowledge (Appendix 1), despite the universal
call for it (e.g. Hodder & Bullock 1997; IUCN/SSC RSG 1998; Atkinson 1990;
Fischer & Lindenmayer 2000; JNCC 2003).
4.3
O th e r consid e rations wh e n translocating
sp e ci e s
4.3.1 Genetics
Genetic considerations are now a primary concern when translocating any
New Zealand bat, frog or reptile due to the geographic variation that is now
known to occur amongst these vertebrates (R. Hitchmough, DOC, pers. comm.).
We are aware of only one recent study (Miller et al. 2009) where the maintenance
of genetic material in translocated populations of New Zealand skinks was
specifically studied. There is, however, much genetic information about other
New Zealand terrestrial vertebrate groups that suggests that many species show
fine genetic variation over their geographical ranges; e.g. bats (Winnington 1999;
Lloyd 2003), geckos (Pringle 1998; Jones 2000), skinks (Greaves et al. 2007;
Miller et al. 2009), tuatara (MacAvoy et al. 2004; Hay & Lambert 2007; Hay et al.
2009), and frogs (Gemmell et al. 2003; Green 1994).
Potential genetic spatial variation is also now taken into consideration for
translocations of protected invertebrate species or when the translocation
involves land administered by DOC, by using location as a surrogate in the
absence of genetic information. This is because invertebrates can be expected
to show more complex levels of genetic spatial structure. For example, Chappell
Science for Conservation 303
15
(2008) found distinct genetic differences between populations of the ground
wëtä Hemiandrus pallitarsus (Anostostomatidae) separated by about 7 km.
However, nothing is known about the population genetics of most invertebrates
that have been translocated in New Zealand. A small genetic difference linked to
geographic location in the snail Powelliphanta augusta was taken into account
when this snail was translocated (Trewick et al. 2008; K. Walker, DOC, pers.
comm.; S. Trewick, Massey University, pers. comm.), and there is evidence from
both genetics and chromosomal race studies of the spatial variation amongst tree
wëtä and some giant wëtä. The latter variation has been related to present and
past geographical isolation (Morgan-Richards & Gibbs 2001; Morgan-Richards et
al. 2001; Trewick & Morgan-Richards 2004). Marked genetic structure in relation
to geographic range has also been reported for a variety of other New Zealand
invertebrates, including two species of Paryphanta snail (Spencer et al. 2006),
a peripatus (Gleeson et al. 1998), various species of wëtä (King et al. 2003;
Chappell 2008) and cockroaches (Chinn & Gemmell 2004). Even native insects
that fly can show marked genetic differences over their range. Examples include
a mayfly (Smith et al. 2006) and a cicada (Hill et al. 2009).
4.3.2
Pre-release surveys
Prior to any translocation, with the exception of restocking for genetic purposes,
it is essential that the absence of the species from the release site is confirmed to
preserve genetic identity. This is especially important if the only animals available
for translocation are located a large distance from the proposed release site.
The survey methodology must account for the difficulties in detecting individuals
when they occur at low densities. Careful pre-release surveys may show that a
species thought to be absent is in fact present and a translocation is unnecessary.
For example, it became apparent that an intended release of Hochstetter’s frogs
(Leiopelma hochstetteri) into Maungatautari Scenic Reserve was unnecessary
after the completion of a predator-proof fence and eradication of introduced
mammals because this species was found there incidentally during an invertebrate
survey (Baber et al. 2005).
If translocations follow a pest eradication operation, sufficient time must be
allowed to elapse to allow species that were present at undetectable levels to
reach detectable numbers. This is especially important for cryptic species and
species with low fecundities and long developmental periods (Towns & Ferreira
2001). We exemplify this with the following seven examples involving lizards.
In each case, species that were believed to be absent were found 6–12 years
after predatory mammals were eradicated from islands. The species were copper
skink (Oligosoma aeneum) on Whatupuke Island (Whitaker & Parrish 1999),
brown skink (Oligosoma zealandicum) on Mana Island (A. Tennyson, Te Papa
Tongarewa, pers. comm.), speckled skink (Oligosoma infrapunctatum) on
Mokoia Island (K. Owen, DOC, pers. comm.) and on Chetwode Islands in 1998
(Studholme et al. 1998), common gecko (Hoplodactylus maculatus) on Tiritiri
Matangi Island in 2006 (M. Baling, Auckland University, pers. comm.), forest
gecko (Hoplodactylus granulatus) on Motuara Island (Studholme et al. 1998)
and the Pacific gecko (Hoplodactylus pacificus) on Lady Alice Island. In the
latter example, the Pacific gecko was rediscovered at two sites well away from
the release site 6 years after release (Parrish 2003).
16
Sherley et al.— Translocations of New Zealand fauna
Even large animals can be missed. For example, a tuatara was found on a small
island (Mauitaha Island) many years after the species was thought not to exist there
(Tennyson & Pierce 1995). Similarly, a previously undetected and unidentified
large land snail was found on Red Mercury Island (Whakau) in 2008, 16 years
after kiore (Rattus exulans) were eradicated (C. Watts, Landcare Research Ltd,
pers. comm.). Large native land snails can also have low fecundities and long
developmental periods and, like lizards, can be hard to detect at low densities
(e.g. Stringer et al. 2003; Stringer & Grant 2007).
The time lag before species become apparent will depend on the characteristics
of individual species and their habitats, so we cannot prescribe a minimum
period before they are likely to become detectable. However, we suggest that
6 years would be an appropriate minimum.
5. Recommendations
5 . 1 monitoring
Given the variation in the quality of monitoring (from occasional casual searches
to regular, formal, structured monitoring regimes involving large investments of
time and energy), it is difficult to know how successful many of the reported
translocations were, notwithstanding the difficulties of defining a successful
translocation. Monitoring for an appropriate time after release is required to
determine whether a species has become established (e.g. Dodd & Seigal 1991;
Towns & Ferreira 2001). A well-designed post-release monitoring programme
can also provide additional information on how the animal behaves after being
released and how it responds to the new environment. Both can be valuable
when designing further releases. The monitoring programme should also include
genetic assessments, in case supplementations are required to optimise the genetic
diversity of new populations (see section 5.2). We emphasise the importance
of including a research component in all translocations, as recommended by
Sarrazin & Barbault (1996), IUCN/SSC RSG (1998) and Seddon et al. (2007). In
time, less intensive monitoring may be necessary for a particular species, once
sufficient is known about how to translocate it and how it responds after release.
While the decision that this point has been reached will always be debatable, it is
better to make this decision after a consideration of all the evidence rather than
have it arbitrarily imposed when resources become restricted and monitoring is
no longer affordable.
Science for Conservation 303
17
5.2
G e n e tics
To limit loss of genetic variation, we recommend that consideration be given to
the minimum number of individuals for release, as stated by Jamieson, I.G. (2009),
in a review dealing with New Zealand birds. However, the relevant information is
lacking for most invertebrates and this is urgently needed. We note that obtaining
genetic samples from rare or threatened invertebrates without killing them may
sometimes be possible. For example, small samples can be taken from the foot
of snails (D. Gleeson, Landcare Research Ltd, pers. comm.) and research has
commenced on the genetics of past and future translocations of some species of
wëtä using small sections of antennae (T. Buckley, Landcare Research Ltd, pers.
comm.; R. Hale, Lincoln University, pers. comm.).
5.3
A S tandard O p e rating P roc e dur e
We recommend following the Standard Operating Procedure for translocations that
is being developed by DOC wherever possible, even though, legally, it applies only
to protected species or species inhabiting land administered by DOC (P. Cromarty,
DOC, pers. comm.). The Standard Operating Procedure is comprehensive and
includes assessing the effects of a translocation on both the source population
and the release area, disease screening and hybridisation risk, and considering the
probable natural biogeographic range of a species. The process involves submitting
a proposal for approval to a senior manager who makes a decision following advice
from his/her technical staff. The Standard Operating Procedure also calls for the
proposer to provide details on translocation methods and subsequent monitoring
programmes. However, in New Zealand, many translocations of non-protected
species are made by the general public and by community conservation groups,
and these translocations are not formally recorded or reported.
We recommend that a simplified translocation protocol be developed for such
situations where there is strong reluctance to follow the Standard Operating
Procedure because of the effort required in obtaining the information. We
recommend that the simplified protocol would involve recording the following:
the species if known, the numbers translocated and details such as sex or age class
if known, the dates of the translocations, the source and destination (preferably
GPS grid references), the persons responsible for the translocations, and a brief
explanation of why the translocations were made. Recording such information
about translocations is a usual requirement elsewhere (e.g. JCCBI 1986; IUCN/SSC
RSG 1998; JNCC 2003). The protocol could encourage the collection of genetic
samples and, in the case of invertebrates, voucher specimens. We recommend that
a similar simplified system is developed for unexpected salvage operations when
they are required at short notice. Furthermore, we recommend that a centralised
system be established for maintaining records of all translocated taxa, such as is
done in Britain (IUCN/SSC RSG 1998). Data held in this system, including the results
of any monitoring, will represent essential biogeographic information available
for future use, such as when planning restoration projects. We strongly urge
relevant public institutions and private sector groups to cooperate in developing
centralised record keeping. The need is urgent because of the increasing numbers
of translocations being made and the accompanying risks of losing information.
18
Sherley et al.— Translocations of New Zealand fauna
Lastly, we agree with the recommendations of other authors that translocations
should be published, or at least written up in some accessible form, so that others
can learn from the results (e.g. JCCBI 1986; IUCN/SSC RSG 1998).
6. Conclusions
While we have endeavoured to provide a comprehensive summary of all known bat,
herpetofauna and invertebrate translocations in New Zealand, more information
is likely to emerge in the future, especially anecdotal accounts of unrecorded
translocations by members of the public. During the course of this review, we
became aware of a huge amount of additional information on translocations of
native New Zealand freshwater fish—often carried out during the course of land
developments—and of native avifauna. Clearly, comprehensive compilations
of these translocations are needed. We emphasise that the numbers of bird
translocations we present here are incomplete and these are included only to
serve as a coarse comparison with other taxa.
7. Acknowledgements
We thank David Towns (DOC) for providing access to his reptile translocation
database, and Alison Cree (University of Otago) for sharing results of a search of
tuatara transfers. We are also grateful to the following for providing unpublished
information or helping us find it: Lynn Adams, Mike Aviss, Ben Barr, Andy Bassett,
Tony Beauchamp, Rhys Burns, Bill Cash, Rob Chappell, Warren Chinn, Pam
Cromarty, Phred Dobbins, Peter Gaze, Chris Green, Amanda Haigh, Joanne Hoare,
John Heaphy, Halema Jamieson, Marieke Lettink, Brian Lloyd, Shane McInnes, Ian
Millar, Dave Milward, Colin O’Donnell, Oliver Overdyck, James Reardon, Anita
Spence, Brent Tandy and Kath Walker (all DOC); Marleen Baling (University of
Auckland); Trent Bell (Landcare Research Ltd); Cathy and Peter Mitchell, and
Gerry Brackenbury (Friends of Matakohe/Limestone Island, Whangarei); Mike
Bowie (Lincoln University); Simon Chapman (Boffa Miskell Ltd); Frank Climo,
Murray Douglas, John Marston, and Dave Roscoe (Wellington); Fred Brook
(Whangarei); Nicola Nelson (Victoria University of Wellington); John McLennan
(Havelock North); Alan Tennyson (Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa)
and Tony Whitaker (Motueka). Pam Cromarty and Amanda Todd provided helpful
criticism. This research was funded by DOC Science Investigation No. 4034.
Science for Conservation 303
19
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Science for Conservation 303
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Appendix 1
T ransf e rs of nati v e N e w Z e aland bats ,
r e ptil e s , frogs and in v e rt e brat e s
Dates = transfer completion dates.
Composition: A = adult (or for snails, individuals with fully developed shells),
J = juvenile, M = male, F = female.
Reason for transfer: 0 = not known, 1 = ecological restoration, 2 = increasing
numbers and range of species, 3 = salvage, 4 = other protection (e.g. disease risk
reduction), 5 = supplementation, 6 = protection of other species, 7 = research,
8 = general interest (e.g. aesthetic), 9 = food for other species.
Outcome: 0 = unknown, 1= recent, 2 = recent but seen since release, 3 = breeding
confirmed, 4 = survived long-term in low numbers, 5 = population expanded and
survived long-term, 6 = status uncertain—survived long-term in low numbers but
surveyed > 10 years ago, 7 = all dead or none found during last surveys.
28
Sherley et al.— Translocations of New Zealand fauna
Science for Conservation 303
29
Codfish I.
Ulva I., Stewart I./Rakiura
1, 2
7
(Whenuahou)
1, 2
Matapia gecko
Hoplodactylus sp. “Matapia”
Sept 2008 –
15
Unknown
Cape Reinga, State Highway Cape Reinga area, 1 realignment, Northland
Northland
Motuopao I., Northland
3
1, 2
0
6
Matapia I., Northland
Matapia gecko
Hoplodactylus sp. “Matapia”
Apr 1997
41
16 M, 20 F, 3 JM, 2 JF
Stephens I. (Takapourewa), Whakaterepapanui I.,
1
2
Cook Strait & via captivity Rangitoto Is.
Marlborough green gecko Naultinus manukanus
2003
44
27 A, 17 J
Motuara I., 1
0
Marlborough Sounds
1
Arapawa I., Marlborough Sounds
7
Marlborough green gecko Naultinus manukanus
1997–1998
14
5 M, 6 F, 3 J
Jewelled gecko
Naultinus gemmeus
Sept 1994
16
7 AF, 4 AM, 5 JEvery Scientific Reserve, Every Scientific Reserve, Otago Peninsula
Otago Peninsula
Continued on next page
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
Parrish & Anderson 1999
Rutledge et al. 2003;
Gaze & Cash 2008
Gaze 1999; Cash & Gaze
2000; Gaze & Cash 2008
Shaw 1994
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
0
Forest gecko
Hoplodactylus granulatus
2005–2006
70
10+ M, 25+ F
Orewa-Puhoi
3
Morrison 2006;
A. Morrison, pers. comm.
Forest gecko
Hoplodactylus granulatus
2006
33
Unknown
Wellington via captivity
Matiu/Somes I., Wellington
1
2
Tawharenui Regional Park, North Auckland
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
0
Kereru Grove Reserve, Auckland
Forest gecko
Hoplodactylus granulatus
2003
44
Unknown
3
van Winkel 2008;
M. Baling, pers. comm.
Tiritiri Matangi I., 1, 2
3
Hauraki Gulf
Duvaucel’s gecko
Hoplodactylus duvaucelii
2006
19
9 AM, 1 JM, 9 AF Korapuki I., Mercury Is.
Greenhithe, State
Highway 18, Auckland
van Winkel 2008;
M. Baling, pers. comm.
Duvaucel’s gecko
Hoplodactylus duvaucelii
2006
20
10 AM, 10 AF
Korapuki I., Mercury Is.
Motuora I., Hauraki Gulf
1, 2
3
Jones et al. 2001
A. Basset, pers. comm.
Lettink 2006, 2007
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
Reed et al. 1998;
Jones et al. 2001;
A. Whitaker, pers. comm.
0
0
2
0
0
L. Adams and B. Lloyd,
pers. comm.
B. Lloyd, pers comm.;
C. O’Donnell, pers. comm.
References
Duvaucel’s gecko
Hoplodactylus duvaucelii
2001
40
Unknown
North Brother I.,
Mana I., Wellington
1, 2
3
Cook Strait
Mana I., Wellington
Duvaucel’s gecko
Hoplodactylus duvaucelii
Feb 1998, Nov 1998 21, 19
Unknown
North Brother I., Cook Strait
1
Common gecko
Hoplodactylus maculatus
2007
2
UnknownEast CapeEast I. (Whangaokeno I.), East Cape
3
3
3
Kaituna Quarry, Banks Peninsula
Tawharenui Regional Park
Kereru Grove Reserve, Auckland
Birdlings Flat, Canterbury
6+ M, 6+ F
Canterbury gecko
Hoplodactylus sp. “Canterbury” 2006
101
Unknown
22
Orewa-Puhoi
2005–2006
Auckland green gecko
Naultinus elegans elegans
Greenhithe, State
Highway 18, Auckland
Auckland green gecko
Naultinus elegans elegans
2003
10
Unknown
Geckos: Reptilia: Lacertilia: Gekkonidae
Short tailed bat
Mystacina tuberculata
Feb 2005, Feb 2006
23
J
Tararua Range
Kapiti I., Wellington
1, 2
7
Short tailed bat
Mystacina tuberculata
Sept 1994
50
A
Bats: Mammalia: Chiroptera: Microchiroptera
Common name
Species
Year(s) No. Composition Source
Release site
Reason Out-
releasedreleasedcome
30
Sherley et al.— Translocations of New Zealand fauna
Wellington
Unknown
9
Wellington green gecko
Withers Road, Kaurilands, Withers Road, Kaurilands, Auckland
Auckland
Scott Road, Whangaparaoa Peninsula
Army Bay, Whangaparaoa Peninsula
Copper skink
Oligosoma aeneum
2007
2
Unknown
Copper skink
Oligosoma aeneum
2007–2008
1
Unknown
Copper skink
Oligosoma aeneum
2007–2008
72
Unknown
Jonkers Road, Waitakere
1
3
Copper skink
Oligosoma aeneum
2007–2008
25
Unknown
Great North Road, Vitasovich Esplanade
Henderson
Reserve, Henderson
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Copper skink
Oligosoma aeneum
2007–2008
25
Unknown
Awaroa, HendersonVitasovich Esplanade
Reserve, Henderson
Shakespear Regional Park, Whangaparaoa Peninsula
Scott Road, Whangaparaoa Peninsula
Stanmore Bay, Whangaparaoa Peninsula
Jonkers Road, Waitakere
Stanmore Bay, Whangaparaoa Peninsula
2
Unknown
2007
Copper skink
Oligosoma aeneum
2007
2
Unknown
Oligosoma aeneum
Otanerua Road subdivision, Otanerua Road subdivision, Hatfields Beach
Hatfields Beach
Copper skink
Oligosoma aeneum
2006–2007
8
Unknown
Whewell’s Bush Reserve, Hamilton
Smith’s Bush, Northcote, Auckland
Kereru Grove Reserve, Auckland
The Neck, Stewart I./Rakiura Ulva I., Stewart I./Rakiura
Norton Road, Hamilton
via captivity
Unknown
Copper skink
Oligosoma aeneum
2006
107
Unknown
62
Smith’s Bush, Northcote,
Auckland
2005–2006
Copper skink
Oligosoma aeneum
2005
24
Unknown
Copper skink
1
3
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
2
Awaiti I., 1
0
Marlborough Sounds
Greenhithe State Highway
18, Auckland
Oligosoma polychronum
Maud I. (Te Hoiere), Marlborough Sounds
via captivity
Copper skink
Oligosoma aeneum
2003
1
Unknown
Common skink
Matiu/Somes I., Wellington
Cape Reinga, State Highway Cape Reinga area, 1 realignment, Northland
Northland
1
3
Brown skink
Oligosoma zelandicum
19 May 2001
30
7 M, 7 F, 12 J,
4 unknown
Skinks: Reptilia: Lacertilia: Scincidae
Yellow lipped gecko
Naultinus sp.
Sept 2008 –
8
Unknown
2007
Wellington,
Mana I., Wellington
1
2
some via captivity
8 M, 4 F, 10 unknown
Wellington green gecko
Naultinus elegans punctatus
1997–2001
22
Naultinus elegans punctatus
Pupuha I., Hen and
Chickens Is., Northland
Pacific gecko
Hoplodactylus pacificus
1997–1998
30
15 M, 15 F
Lady Alice I., Hen and
Chickens Is., Northland
Cape Reinga, State Highway Cape Reinga area,
1 realignment, Northland
Northland
North Cape gecko
Hoplodactylus sp. “North Cape” Sept 2008 –
25
Unknown
Continued on next page
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
Goodman et al. 2006
Gaze 2001a;
Gaze & Cash 2008
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
A. Morrison, pers. comm.
Reed et al. 1998;
A. Whitaker pers. comm.
Parrish 2000, 2005a
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
0
Cape Reinga, State Highway Cape Reinga area, 1 realignment, Northland
Northland
New species
Hoplodactylus sp.
Sept 2008 –
2
Unknown
3
References
Common name
Species
Year(s) No. Composition Source
Release site
Reason Out-
releasedreleasedcome
Appendix 1—continued
Science for Conservation 303
31
Wellington via captivity
Motutara Road, Muriwai
Cape Reinga, State Highway Cape Reinga area, 1 realignment, Northland
Northland
Ornate skink
Oligosoma ornatum
Sept 2008 – Oct 2008
7
Unknown
3
3
3
3
1, 5
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Apr 1997
30
27 A, 3 J
Motuopao I., Northland
Oligosoma alani
Matapia I., Northland
Robust skink
1
Shore skink
Oligosoma smithi
2005–2007
250–300
UnknownEast CapeEast I. (Whangaokeno I.), East Cape
1
1, 2
1
Tawharenui Regional Park, Motuora I., Hauraki Gulf
North Auckland
Shore skink
Oligosoma smithi
Dec 2006
40
21 AF, 12 AM, 7 J Tawharenui Regional Park, Tiritiri Matangi I., North Auckland
Hauraki Gulf
Shore skink
Oligosoma smithi
Dec 2006
40
26 AF, 14 AM
3
3
3
3
Continued on next page
A. Basset, pers. comm.
M. Baling, pers. comm.
M. Baling, pers. comm.
Parrish & Anderson 1999
Towns 1999; D. Towns,
pers. comm.
Kawhitu or Stanley I., 1, 2
5
Mercury Is.
Atiu or Middle I., Mercury Is.
3
Robust skink
Oligosoma alani
1995
30
Unknown
1, 2
Towns 1999
Red Mercury I. (Whakau), Mercury Is.
Atiu or Middle I., Mercury Is.
Robust skink
Oligosoma alani
1994–1995
30
Unknown
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
Towns & Ferreira 2001;
D. Towns, pers. comm.
0
Parrish 2008; R. Parrish,
unpubl. data
Maitland 2009
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
A. Morrison, pers. comm.
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
Riddell & Parrish 2001;
Parrish 2004b
Robust skink
Oligosoma alani
1992–1993
14
5 M, 7 F, 2 J
Green I., Mercury Is.
Korapuki I., Mercury Is.
1, 2
5
3
Limestone I. (Matakohe), 1
0
Whangarei Harbour
Whatupuke I., Hen and
Chickens Is., Northland
Motutara Road, Muriwai
Ornate skink
Oligosoma ornatum
Nov 2008
30
10 M, 20 F
3
Rodney District Council’s Shakespear Regional Park, wastewater plant, Waiwera Whangaparaoa Peninsula
2007–2008
Unknown
Oligosoma ornatum
Arkles Bay, Whangaparaoa Peninsula
Matiu/Somes I., Wellington
Smith’s Bush, Northcote, Auckland
Whangaparaoa Peninsula
Whangaparaoa Peninsula
Whatupuke I., Hen and
1, 2
3
Chickens Is., Northland
Ornate skink
Oligosoma ornatum
Feb 2008
62
Unknown
Ornate skink
Arkles Bay, Whangaparaoa Peninsula
Ornate skink
Oligosoma ornatum
2006/2007
13
Unknown
8 M, 11 F, 6 J, + unknown
Ornate skink
Oligosoma ornatum
Nov 2006
31 or 37?
Whangaparaoa Peninsula
Smith’s Bush, Northcote, Auckland
Unknown
Ornate skink
Oligosoma ornatum
2005
1
Unknown
13
71
Whangaparaoa Peninsula
2004–2005
2004–2005
Sail Rock, Hen and
Chickens Is., Northland
Unknown
Oligosoma moco
Oligosoma ornatum
Moko skink
Ornate skink
15 M, 12 F, 3 unknown
Parrish 2003, 2005a
McGregor’s skink
Oligosoma macgregori
Mar & Dec 2000
30
3
16 M, 19 F, 4 large J
McGregor’s skink
Oligosoma macgregori
Mar 1997, Dec 1997
39
1, 2
Towns & Ferreira 2001;
D. Towns, pers. comm.
14 A, 11 J sex
Green I., Mercury Is.
Korapuki I., Mercury Is.
1, 2
3
unknown
Marbled skink
Oligosoma oliveri
Nov 1992, Mar 1993
25
Lady Alice I., Hen and
Chickens Is., Northland
Thomas & Whitaker 1995;
Thomas 2002
Fiordland skink
Oligosoma acrinasum
1988
40
Unknown
Wairaki I., Fiordland
Hawea I., Fiordland
1
3
Sail Rock, Hen and
Chickens Is., Northland
References
Common name
Species
Year(s) No. Composition Source
Release site
Reason Out-
releasedreleasedcome
Appendix 1—continued
32
Sherley et al.— Translocations of New Zealand fauna
C. and P. Mitchell,
pers. comm.
Shore skink
Oligosoma smithi
2007
29
Unknown
Mimiwhangata, Northland
Gaze & Cash 2008;
W. Cash, pers. comm.
Speckled skink
Oligosoma infrapunctatum
2004
40
Unknown
Green I., Mercury Is. Korapuki I., Mercury Is.
1
5
via captivity
“Middle Stack”, Hen and
Chickens Is., Northland
“Middle Stack”, Hen and Chickens Is., Northland
Muriwhenua I., Hen and
Chickens Is., Northland
Muriwhenua I., Hen and
Chickens Is., Northland
Suter’s skink
Oligosoma suteri
Mar 2001
83
J
Town’s skink
Oligosoma townsi
Jan 2002
30
15 M, 14 F, 1 J
Town’s skink
Oligosoma townsi
2002
30
Unknown
Town’s skink
Oligosoma townsi
Jan 2005
31
14 M, 17 F
Town’s skink
Oligosoma townsi
Mar 1997, Dec 1997
30
15 M, 15 F
Mt Camel, Houhora, Northland
0
0
North Brother I., Titi I., Cook Strait
1, 2
3
Cook Strait via captivity
Tuatara (Brothers Is.)
Sphenodon punctatus
1995
68
J
2
Stephens I. (Takapourewa), Karori Sanctury, Wellington
Cook Strait
Tuatara (Cook Strait)
Sphenodon punctatus 2005, 2007
130
Unknown
1, 2
Stephens I. (Takapourewa), Whakaterepapanui I., 1, 2
2
Cook Strait & via captivity Rangitoto Is. Cook Strait
Manawatawhi/Three
Kings Is., Northland
Tuatara (Cook Strait)
Sphenodon punctatus 2003
422
89 A, 333 J
Tuatara: Reptilia: Rhynchocephalia
Unknown species
UnknownEarly 1960s
Unknown
Large number
Continued on next page
Nelson et al. 2002;
Gaze & Cash 2008
McKenzie 2007
Gaze 2005b; Rutledge et al.
2003; M. Aviss, pers. comm.
J. Marston, pers. comm.
Towns 1999; D Towns,
pers. comm.
Whitaker’s skink
Oligosoma whitakeri
1995
30
Unknown
Atiu or Middle I., Mercury Is. Kawhitu or Stanley I., 1, 2
0
Mercury Is.
Unknown lizard species: Reptilia
Towns 1999; D Towns,
pers. comm.
Parrish 2003, 2005b
Parrish 2005a,b, 2007
Parrish 2002, 2007
Whitaker’s skink
Oligosoma whitakeri
1994–1995
14
Unknown
Atiu or Middle I., Mercury Is. Red Mercury I., 1, 2
2
(Whakau), Mercury Is.
6
2
2
Towns 1994; Towns &
Ferreira 2001; D. Towns,
pers. comm.
1, 2
1, 2
1, 2
Riddell & Parrish 2001;
Parrish 2004b
Whitaker’s skink
Oligosoma whitakeri
Feb 1988 – Mar 1990
28
8 M, 5 F, 15 J
Atiu or Middle I., Mercury Is. Korapuki I., Mercury Is.
1, 2
5
Lady Alice I., Hen and
Chickens Is., Northland
Lady Alice I., Hen and
Chickens Is., Northland
Coppermine I., Hen and
Chickens Is., Northland
Whatupuke I., Hen and
1, 2
3
Chickens Is., Northland
Towns & Ferreira 2001;
D. Towns, pers. comm.
Green I., Mercury Is. Korapuki I., Mercury Is.
1
5
via captivity
Suter’s skink
Oligosoma suteri
Mar 1992
30
10 M, 20 F
Towns & Ferreira 2001;
D. Towns, pers. comm.
Griffiths 1999; Adams 2004;
A. Whitaker, pers. comm.
Spotted skink
Oligosoma lineoocellatum
Feb 1998, Nov 1999
50
Unknown
Matiu/Somes I., Wellington Mana I., Wellington
1
3
Stephens I. Maud I. (Te Hoiere), 1
3
(Takapourewa), Cook Strait Marlborough Sounds
Adams 2004; Aikman et al.
2004; Gaze & Cash 2008;
A. Whitaker, pers. comm.
Speckled skink
Oligosoma infrapunctatum
2004
40
Unknown
Stephens I. Mana I., Wellington
1
3
(Takapourewa), Cook Strait
Limestone I. (Matakohe), 1
0
Whangarei Harbour
References
Common name
Species
Year(s) No. Composition Source
Release site
Reason Out-
releasedreleasedcome
Appendix 1—continued
Science for Conservation 303
33
Gaze & Cash 2008;
M. Aviss, pers. comm.
Tuatara (Brothers Is.)
Sphenodon punctatus
Nov 2007
55
J
Roxburgh & Marshall 2003;
R. Chappell, pers. comm.
6
1, 2, 5
1, 2
7
1
2
Sphenodon punctatus
c. 1949
> 2
Unknown
Unknown
0
7
0
Unknown
Whareorino Forest, Waikato Nth Pureora Forest, Waikato
4
0
A. Haigh, pers. comm.
Hochstetter’s frog
Leiopelma hochstetteri
2004
28
Unknown
Brynderwyn Hills, Northland Brynderwyn Hills, Northland
3
6
Continued on next page
Parrish 2004a,b
Bishop 2005; Tocher et al.
2006; Gaze & Cash 2008;
M. Aviss, pers. comm.
70
W. Dawbin, unpubl. notes
J. Marston, pers. comm.
Hamilton’s frog
Leiopelma hamiltoni
2004–2006
71
Unknown
Stephens I. (Takapourewa), Nukuwaiata I. Chetwode Is., 1, 2
3
Cook Strait
Cook Strait
2006
0
Brown 1994; Tocher &
Brown 2004; Germano
2006; Gaze & Cash 2008
Leiopelma archeyi
Kapiti I., Wellington
Moleta area, D’Urville I., Cook Strait
Hislop 1920;
Thomson 1920
Buller 1893
R. Chappell, pers. comm.
J. Heaphy, pers. comm.
Hamilton’s frog
Leiopelma hamiltoni
1992
12
Unknown
Stephens I. (Takapourewa), Stephens I. 2
2
Cook Strait
(Takapourewa), Cook Strait
Archey’s frog
Frogs: Amphibia: Anura Tuatara
Sphenodon punctatus
c. 1963
Unknown
Unknown
Trios Is., Cook Strait
Tuatara
Tuatara
Sphenodon punctatus
c. 1920
Unknown
Unknown
Island in Bay of Plenty
Mokopuna I., Wellington
0
7
Tuatara
Sphenodon punctatus
1892–1893
3
Unknown
Unknown
Island in Lake Papaitonga, Levin
Cuvier I. (Repanga I.)
Tuatara (northern)
Sphenodon punctatus Oct 2008
2
Unknown
Cuvier I. (Repanga I.) via captivity
Mayor (Tuhua) I., Bay of Plenty
Tuatara (northern)
Sphenodon punctatus Oct 2007
30
15 F, 15 M
Karewa I., Bay of Plenty
0
S. McInnes, pers. comm.
5
Tuatara (northern)
Sphenodon punctatus 2006
140
J
Hauturu I., Hauraki Gulf
Brandon et al. 2003;
Roxburgh & Marshall 2003;
R. Chappell, pers. comm.
Tuatara (northern)
Sphenodon punctatus May 2003 – Dec 2004
15
2 M, 4 F,
Kawhitu or Stanley I., Kawhitu or Stanley I., 1, 2, 5
0
9 unknown
Mercury Is. via captivity
Mercury Is.
Hauturu I., Hauraki Gulf via captivity
Jack et al. 2004;
R. Chappell, pers. comm.
Tuatara (northern)
Sphenodon punctatus Oct 2003
60
30 F, 30 M
Atiu or Middle I., Mercury Is. Tititiri Matangi I., 1, 2
0
Hauraki Gulf
Cuvier I. (Repanga I.), 1, 2, 5
0
Coromandel
Tuatara (northern)
Sphenodon punctatus Nov 2001, June 2003
18
Cuvier I. (Repanga I.), Coromandel via captivity
Ussher 1997, 1999; Towns
et al. 2001; R. Chappell,
pers. comm.
Tuatara (northern)
Sphenodon punctatus Nov 1996 – June 1998
11
1 M, 4 F, Red Mercury I. (Whakau), Red Mercury I. 1, 2, 5
0
+ unknown
Mercury Is. via captivity
(Whakau), Mercury Is.
1M, 2 F, 15 unknown
Ussher 1997;
Owen 1998, 1999
Tuatara (northern)
Sphenodon punctatus Oct 1996
32
A
Moutaki I., Bay of Plenty
Moutohora I., Bay of Plenty 1, 2
3
Long I., Marlborough
2
2
Sounds
Griffen 1998; Merrifield
2001; Gaze & Cash 2008
Tuatara (Brothers Is.)
Sphenodon punctatus
1998
50
20 A, 30 J
North Brother I., Cook Strait Matiu/Somes I., Wellington 1, 2
3
North Brother I., Cook Strait via captivity
References
Common name
Species
Year(s) No. Composition Source
Release site
Reason Out-
releasedreleasedcome
Appendix 1—continued
34
Sherley et al.— Translocations of New Zealand fauna
Maud I. (Te Hoiere), Marlborough Sounds
via captivity
Maud Island frog
Leiopelma pakeka
2005/2006
60
Unknown
0
Powelliphanta annectens
(Rhytitidae)
Unknown
Unknown
Powelliphanta augustus
Sept 2007
1618
(Rhytitidae)
Powelliphanta snail
Powelliphanta snail
Powelliphanta augustus
June 2007, Sept 2007 1250
(Rhytitidae)
Powelliphanta snail
20 Jan 2007–
4210
30 Mar 2007
Powelliphanta augustus
(Rhytitidae)
Unknown
1219 snails, 399 eggs
1085 snails, 165 eggs
3178 snails, 1032 eggs
Powelliphanta augustus
Dec 2006
40
40 snails
(Rhytitidae)
Powelliphanta snail
Powelliphanta snail
0
Unknown
Hokitika Airport Reserve
0
5
Mined area, Mt Augustus
Basin below Mt Rochfort
3
1
(part via captivity)
Mined area, Mt Augustus
Summit Mt Rochfort
3
1
(part via captivity)
Mined area, Mt Augustus
Unmined area, Mt Augustus
3
1
(part via captivity)
Mined area, Mt Augustus
Unmined area, Mt Augustus 1, 3
1
(part via captivity)
0
0
Soldiers Road, 3
4
Kaimai Ranges
0
0
5
5
Kauri snail
Paryphanta busbyi (Rhytitidae) c. 1969–1974
Unknown
Unknown
Dargaville
Woodcocks, Warkworth
Unknown
0
0
2
Kemp Road, Awhiti
Peninsula, Manukau Harbour
Unknown
Huia Valley, Waitakere
Little Huia, Waitakere
Unknown
Unknown
1, 2
Kauri snail
Paryphanta busbyi (Rhytitidae) Between 1950
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
and 1970
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Lady Alice I., Hen and
Chickens Is., Northland
Awhitu Peninsula,
Manukau Harbour
Paryphanta busbyi (Rhytitidae) Unknown
Kauri snail
Unknown
Unknown
Taranga (Hen) I., Hen and
Chickens Is., Northland
Kauri snail
Paryphanta busbyi (Rhytitidae) Possibly first few Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
decades of 1900s
Paryphanta busbyi (Rhytitidae) Unknown
Paryphanta busbyi (Rhytitidae) Unknown
Kauri snail
Kauri snail
Amborhytida tarangaensis
Sept 2006
43
14 A, 29 J
(Rhytitidae)
Snail
Snails and slugs: Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata
Karori Sanctury, 1, 2
3
Wellington
Continued on next page
Walker 2003
Solid Energy NZ Ltd,
unpubl. data
Solid Energy NZ Ltd,
unpubl. data
Solid Energy NZ Ltd,
unpubl. data
Solid Energy NZ Ltd,
unpubl. data
O’Connell 1999;
Gilchrist 2000
M. Douglas, pers. comm.
Parrish et al. 1995
Parrish et al. 1995
Montefiore 1996
Parrish et al. 1995
Parrish & Stringer 2007
Gaze & Cash 2008;
A. Whitaker, pers. comm.
Gaze 2005a; Gaze
& Cash 2008
Long I., Marlborough
1, 2
3
Sounds
Maud I. (Te Hoiere), Marlborough Sounds
Maud Island frog
Leiopelma pakeka
2005
101
Unknown
6
Gaze 1999; Cash & Gaze
2000; Tocher & Pledger
2005;
Gaze & Cash 2008
0
Maud Island frog
Leiopelma pakeka
2001
300
Unknown
Maud I. (Te Hoiere), Motuara I., 2
3
Marlborough Sounds
Marlborough Sounds
Kapiti I., Wellington
Bell et al. 2004; Dewhurst
& Bell 2004; Gaze & Cash
2008
Coromandel
Maud Island frog
Leiopelma pakeka
1984/1985
100
Unknown
Maud I. (Te Hoiere), Maud I. (Te Hoiere), 2
3
Marlborough Sounds
Marlborough Sounds
Unknown
Bell 1996
15
Leiopelma frog
Dec 1924, Mar 1925
Parrish 2005c; Parrish &
Beauchamp 2005
Hochstetter’s frog
Leiopelma hochstetteri
2005
25
Unknown
Brynderwyn Hills, Northland Brynderwyn Hills, Northland
3
6
Leiopelma hochstetteri
or L. archeyi
References
Common name
Species
Year(s) No. Composition Source
Release site
Reason Out-
releasedreleasedcome
Appendix 1—continued
Science for Conservation 303
35
Powelliphanta hochstetteri
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
(Rhytitidae)
Powelliphanta hochstetteri
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
hochstetteri (Rhytitidae)
Powelliphanta hochstetteri
1978
4
Unknown
hochstetteri (Rhytitidae)
Powelliphanta lignaria lusca
1938?
Unknown
Unknown
(Rhytitidae)
Powelliphanta snail
Powelliphanta snail
Powelliphanta snail
Powelliphanta traversi traversi 1944
Hundreds
Unknown
form latizona (Rhytitidae)
Placostylus ambagiosus
Nov 1990
59
44 A, 13 J
Te Huka Bay, Northland
annectens (Bulimulidae)
Placostylus ambagiosus
Nov 1990
28
Unknown
Matirarau Bay, Northland
annectens (Bulimulidae)
Placostylus ambagiosus
Oct 1985
62
10 A, 52 J
keenorum (Bulimulidae)
Placostylus ambagiosus
Nov 1976
UnknownEggs
keenorum (Bulimulidae)
Placostylus ambagiosus
Oct–Jan 1976
9
9 J
keenorum (Bulimulidae)
Placostylus ambagiosus michiei 6 Nov 1998
(Bulimulidae)
Placostylus ambagiosus
July 1984
16+
5 A, 12+ J
pandora (Bulimulidae)
Powelliphanta snail
Flax snail
Flax snail
Flax snail
Flax snail
Flax snail
Flax snail
Flax snail
28
27 A, 1 J
Captive-reared, from
Pandora, Northland
Surville Cliffs, Northland
Captive-reared, from
Spirits Bay, Northland
Captive-reared, from
Spirits Bay, Northland
Captive-reared, from
Spirits Bay, Northland
Arapaepae Ridge, Tararua Ranges
Motutakupu I., Cavalli Is., Northland
Surville Cliffs, Northland
Kariotahi Beach,
South Auckland
Waiuku, South Auckland
Motu Puruhi I., Simmonds
Is., Northland
Te Huka Stream fenced
enclosure, Northland
Te Huka Stream fenced
enclosure, Northland
Levin
Botanical Gardens, Wellington
Powelliphanta traversi traversi 1944
250
Unknown
Greenaways Bush, Levin
form latizona (Rhytitidae)
2
7
0
0
2
1
1
8
0
0
Powelliphanta snail
Unknown
Khandallah Park, Wellington
Unknown
Powelliphanta traversi traversi 1944
form latizona (Rhytitidae)
Powelliphanta snail
40
0
Birchfield School, West Coast
Powelliphanta snail
Powelliphanta sp. (Rhytitidae) Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
8
0
0
0
0
Lower Karamea Valley, Northwest Nelson
Atarau, Grey Valley
Mt Robert, Nelson Lakes
National Park
Kaikou River, Mangakahia, Northland
7
Powelliphanta snail
Powelliphanta sp. (Rhytitidae) c. 1940
Unknown
UnknownVirgin, Kakapo and Roaring Uleri, Karamea Valley
Lion Creeks, Paryphanta
Saddle
Corbyvale, Taffytown
Camp and Lake Hanlon
Canann, Abel Tasman
National Park
Canann, Abel Tasman
National Park
Northern South Island—
otherwise unknown
Taupata Creek near
Puponga
4
2
6
7
7
5
5
0
0
4
4
0
0
5
5
4
4
Continued on next page
Parrish 1988, 1989
I. Stringer, upubl. data
M. Douglas, pers. comm.
M. Douglas, pers. comm.
Parrish 1990
Sherley 1990a
Sherley 1990a
J. Marston, pers. comm.
J. Marston, pers. comm.
Powell 1946
J. McLennan, pers. comm.
J. Marston, pers. comm.
J. Marston, pers. comm.
Walker 2003
Walker 2003
Ogle 1982
F. Climo, pers. comm.
Powelliphanta snail
Hicks Point, Northwest Nelson
Powelliphanta gilliesi subfusca 1959 or 1960
3 or 4
Unknown
(Rhytitidae)
Powelliphanta snail
5
Walker 2003
0
Powelliphanta gilliesi subfusca Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
(Rhytitidae)
Powelliphanta snail
Drumduan, Cable Bay, northeast Nelson
References
Common name
Species
Year(s) No. Composition Source
Release site
Reason Out-
releasedreleasedcome
Appendix 1—continued
36
Sherley et al.— Translocations of New Zealand fauna
Placostylus ambagiosus
Nov 1990
37
7+ A, 3+ J
Whareana Bay, Northland
whareana (Bulimulidae)
2 Nov 1997, 9, 4
11 A, 2 J
31 Oct 1999
Flax snail
Flax snail
1
3
7
2
Otamahua/Quail I., Lyttelton
Harbour/Whakaraupo
2, 7
7
Limestone I. (Matakohe), 1
0
Whangarei Harbour
Preying mantis
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Whangarei area
Mantids: Mantidae
Insects: Arthropoda: Insecta
Pseudaneitea maculata
Apr–Nov 2004
75
25 slugs, 50 eggs Orton Bradley Park, (Athoracophoridae)
Banks Peninsula
Captive-reared from
Limestone I. (Matakohe), Aorangi I., Poor Knights Is., Whangarei Harbour
Northland
Flax snail
Placostylus hongii (Bulimulidae) Aug 2002
11
4 A, 7 J
Leaf-vein slug
Tawhiti Rahi I., Poor
Knights Is., Northland
Flax snail
Placostylus hongii (Bulimulidae) 27–28 Jan 1998
55
49 A, 6 J
Tawhiti Rahi I., Poor
Knights Is., Northland
Archway I., Poor
Knights Is., Northland
Flax snail
Placostylus hongii (Bulimulidae) Feb 1934
100
Unknown
3
6
2
Motuhoropapa I., 0
4
The Noises, Hauraki Gulf
9
Great I., Manawatawhi/
Three Kings Is., Northland
South West I., Manawatawhi/
Three Kings Is., Northland
Placostylus bollonsi arbutus
Nov 2003
20
20 A
(Bulimulidae)
Flax snail
7
0
Bush containing fenced
enclosure, Whareana Bay
Whareana Bay fenced
2, 5
4
enclosure, Northland
Butler Point or Hihi Road
areas opposite Mangonui
Harbour wharf, Northland
Bush containing fenced
enclosure, Whareana Bay
7
7
2
Horonui I., Cavalli Is., 2
7
Northland
2
2, 7
Flax snail
Placostylus bollonsi
Early 1960s
Unknown
Unknown
Manawatawhi/Three
(Bulimulidae)
Kings Is., Northland
Placostylus ambagiosus
whareana (Bulimulidae)
Placostylus ambagiosus
July 1984
32+
13 A, 19+ J
whareana (Bulimulidae)
Flax snail
Captive-reared, from
Whareana, Northland
Captive-reared, from
North Cape, Northland
Placostylus ambagiosus watti
June 1984
42+
9 A, 33+ J
or P. a. michiei (Bulimulidae)
Flax snail
Nukutaunga I., Cavalli Is., Northland
Captive-reared from pä site, Enclosure, Te Paki DOC
Cape Maria van Diemen, field centre, Northland
Northland
Flax snail
Placostylus ambagiosus
1999
7
3 A, 4 J
paraspiritus (Bulimulidae)
7
Pä site, Cape Maria van
Diemen, Northland
Flax snail
Pä site, Cape Maria van
Diemen, Northland
North translocation site, 2
5
Cape Maria van Diemen, Northland
Flax snail
Placostylus ambagiosus
1990
31
25 A, 6 J
Pä site, Cape Maria van
paraspiritus (Bulimulidae)
Diemen, Northland
Placostylus ambagiosus
Oct 1997, July 1998 13, 11
5A, 8 J; 6 A, 5 J
paraspiritus (Bulimulidae)
Sherley 1990b;
I. Stringer, unpubl. data
South translocation site, 2
4
Cape Maria van Diemen, Northland
Flax snail
Placostylus ambagiosus
1990
32
25 A, 7 J
Pä site, Cape Maria van
paraspiritus (Bulimulidae)
Diemen, Northland
Continued on next page
G. Brackenbury,
pers. comm.
Bowie 2007
Stringer & Parrish 2008
I. Stringer, unpubl. data
Powell 1938; F. Brook,
pers. comm.
Brook & Whaley 2008
J. Marston, pers. comm.
I. Stringer, unpubl. data
Sherley 1990a;
A. Booth pers. comm.
Parrish 1988;
A. Booth, pers. comm.
Parrish 1988, 1989
Stringer & Grant 2003
I. Stringer, unpubl. data
Sherley 1990b;
I. Stringer, unpubl. data
References
Common name
Species
Year(s) No. Composition Source
Release site
Reason Out-
releasedreleasedcome
Appendix 1—continued
Science for Conservation 303
37
2006
30
A
Mana I, Wellington
Mahoenui Giant Weta
Scientific Reserve and
adjacent farm, Waikato
Mahoenui Giant Weta
Scientific Reserve and
adjacent farm, Waikato
Mahoenui Giant Weta
Scientific Reserve and
adjacent farm, Waikato
Mahoenui Giant Weta
Scientific Reserve and
adjacent farm, Waikato
Mahoenui giant wëtä
Deinacrida mahoenui
Dec 1980 – Oct 1992
374
Unknown
Mahoenui giant wëtä
Deinacrida mahoenui
Dec 1993
295
Unknown
Mahoenui giant wëtä
Deinacrida mahoenui
Apr 1998
54
Unknown
1
1
1
1, 2
1, 2
3
4
2
0
5
Lady Alice I., Hen and
1
1
Chickens Is., Northland
Motutapere I. Scenic
2
7
Reserve, Coromandel
Mahurangi Island Scenic
1, 2, 3
5
Reserve, Coromandel
Cowan’s—private land, 2
7
Waikato
Tikikaru—private land, 3
4
Waikato
Mahoenui giant wëtä
Deinacrida mahoenui
Unknown
Unknown
108 F, 65 M
Wëtä: Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae
Darkling beetle
Mimopeus opaculus
Sept 2006
41
A
Muriwhenua I., Hen and
Chickens Is., Northland
Atiu or Middle I., Mercury Is. Korapuki I., Mercury Is.
via captivity
Mar 2000, 100
A
Oct & Nov 2002
Darkling beetle
Mimopeus opaculus
Otamahua/Quail I., Lyttelton
Harbour /Whakaraupo
Te Kakaho I., Chetwode Is., Nukuwaiata I., Chetwode
Cook Strait
Is., Cook Strait
Orton Bradley Park, Banks Peninsula
Darkling beetle
Mimopeus opaculus
Apr 1997
56
A
Darkling beetles: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae
South Wellington Coast
Breaksea I., Fiordland
Lady Alice I., Hen and
1, 2
0
Chickens Is., Northland
Ground beetle
Mecodema oregoides
Apr 2004
50
A
Ground beetles: Coleoptera: Carabidae
Lyperobius huttoni
Unnamed I. (“OG3”—informal name)
near Breaksea I., Fiordland
Weevil
Hadramphus stilbocarpae
1991
40
20 AF, 20 AM
Spear grass weevil
Muriwhenua I., Hen and
Chickens Is., Northland
0
0
Weevil
Anagotus turbotti
Sept 2006
30
18 AF, 12 AM
1
Maud I. (Te Hoiere), Mana I., Wellington
1
0
Marlborough Sounds
1, 2
Weevil
Anagotus fairburnii
Mar 2004, Mar 2006
150
A
Breaksea I., Fiordland
Titi I., Cook Strait Wairaka I., Fiordland
Maud I. (Te Hoiere), Marlborough Sounds
A
20
1991
Weevil
Anagotus fairburnii
2001
82
A
Weevil
Anagotus fairburnii
Weevils: Coleoptera: Curculionidae
Limestone I. (Matakohe), 1
0
Whangarei Harbour
Stick insect
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Whangarei area
Stick insects: Phasmatodea
Common name
Species
Year(s) No. Composition Source
Release site
Reason Out-
releasedreleasedcome
Appendix 1—continued
Continued on next page
Watts & Thornburrow
2008
Watts & Thornburrow
2008
Watts & Thornburrow
2008
Watts & Thornburrow
2008
Parrish 2007; Parrish &
Stringer 2007
C. Green, pers. comm.
M. Aviss, pers. comm.
M. Bowie, pers. comm.
L. Adams, pers. comm.
Thomas 1996, 2002
Parrish 2007; Parrish &
Stringer 2007
Gaze & Cash 2008;
L. Adams, pers. comm.
Gaze & Cash 2008
Thomas 1996, 2002
G. Brackenbury,
pers. comm.
References
38
Sherley et al.— Translocations of New Zealand fauna
Mahoenui Giant Weta
Scientific Reserve and
adjacent farm, Waikato
Mahoenui giant wëtä
Deinacrida mahoenui
Nov 2001, Mar 2002, 287
156 F, 131 M
Apr 2002
Atiu or Middle I., Mercury Is. Double I. (Moturehu) via captivity
(west end), Mercury Is.
Mercury Islands tusked wëtä Motuweta isolata
May–Sept 2001
84
1, 2
0
Motu Scenic Reserve and
Whinray Scenic Reserve,
Bay of Plenty
Auckland tree wëtä
Hemideina thoracica
2008 ongoing 92
Unknown
15 AF, 6 AM,
50 JF, 13 JM
9
Auckland tree wëtä
Hemideina thoracica
Nov 2002
55
32 F, 8 M, 15 J
Te Araroa, East CapeEast I. (Whangaokeno I.), East Cape
Young Nick’s Head, Gisborne
1
Limestone I. (Matakohe), Whangarei Harbour
Auckland tree wëtä
Hemideina thoracica
Autumn 2000
100
Unknown
Whangarei area
1
Korapuki I., Mercury Is.
Auckland tree wëtä
Hemideina thoracica
May 1997
52
36 F, 16 M
Double I. (Moturehu) (east end), Mercury Is.
1, 2
Otamahua/Quail I., Lyttelton
Harbour/Whakaraupo
Bank’s Peninsula tree wëtä Hemideina ricta
Jan 2005
28
Unknown
Banks Peninsula
1
1, 8
1
Long I., Marlborough
Sounds
Karori Wildlife Sanctuary, Wellington
Matiu/Somes I., Wellington
Mana I., Wellington
37 F, 21 M, 1 unknown
Wellington tree wëtä
Hemideina crassidens
Apr 1996, Aug 1997
59
Matiu/Somes I., Wellington
Maud I. (Te Hoiere), Marlborough Sounds
Feb 2007,
186
Feb 2008 ongoing
5
1
3
7
5
3
1
1
1
3 AM, 12 AF, 1 JF, Stephens I. (Takapourewa), Wakaterepapanui I., 1
0
2 JM, 24 J
Cook Strait
Rangitoto Is., Cook Strait
Stephens I. (Takapourewa), Wakaterepapanui I., 1
0
Cook Strait via captive
Rangitoto Is., Cook Strait
breeding
Cook Strait giant wëtä
Deinacrida rugosa
Jan 2008
100
Unknown
Cook Strait giant wëtä
Deinacrida rugosa
Cook Strait giant wëtä
Deinacrida rugosa
31 Oct 2004
42
Cook Strait giant wëtä
Deinacrida rugosa
May 2004
13
6 F, 7 M
51 AF, 27 AM, 11 JF, 3 JM
Cook Strait giant wëtä
Deinacrida rugosa
2001
92
Maud I. (Te Hoiere), Titi I., Cook Strait
1
0
Marlborough Sounds
21 AF, 25 AM, Mana I., Wellington
Matiu/Somes I., Wellington
1
5
6 JF, 7 JM, 3J
Maud I. (Te Hoiere), 0
5
Marlborough Sounds
Warrenheip—
3
5
private land, Waikato
Ruakuri Caves Scenic
2, 3
7
Reserve, Waikato
Cook Strait giant wëtä
Deinacrida rugosa
1996
62
Cook Strait giant wëtä
Deinacrida rugosa
Sept 1977
43
9 AF, 9 AM, 15 J Mana I., Wellington
Mahoenui Giant Weta
Scientific Reserve and
adjacent farm, Waikato
Mahoenui giant wëtä
Deinacrida mahoenui
Dec1993 – Mar 2000
179
Unknown
Continued on next page
Stringer & Chappell 2008
S. Sawyer, pers. comm.
A. Bassett, pers. comm.
Clarke 2001
Green 2005
Watts et al. 2008a
Watts et al. 2008a
M. Aviss, pers. comm.
Watts et al. 2008a
Gaze & Cash 2008;
Watts et al. 2008a
Gaze & Cash 2008;
Watts et al. 2008a
Gaze & Cash 2008;
Watts et al. 2008a
Gaze & Cash 2008;
Watts et al. 2008a
Gaze & Cash 2008;
Watts et al. 2008a
Watts & Thornburrow
2008; C. Watts, pers. comm.
Watts & Thornburrow
2008
Watts & Thornburrow
2008
Mahoenui Giant Weta
Scientific Reserve and
adjacent farm, Waikato
Mahoenui giant wëtä
Deinacrida mahoenui
Feb 1989 – Mar 2000
687
Unknown
Mangaokewa Scenic 2, 3
4
Reserve, Waikato
References
Common name
Species
Year(s) No. Composition Source
Release site
Reason Out-
releasedreleasedcome
Appendix 1—continued
Science for Conservation 303
39
Captive-reared from
Double I. (Moturehu) (west end), Mercury Is.
Captive-reared from
Double I. (Moturehu)
(west end), Mercury Is.
Captive-reared from
Double I. (Moturehu)
(west end), Mercury Is.
Mercury Islands tusked wëtä Motuweta isolata
July 2007
100
57 JF, 43 JM
Mercury Islands tusked wëtä Motuweta isolata
Nov 2007
100
56 JF, 44 JM
Mercury Islands tusked wëtä Motuweta isolata
Apr 2008
34
17 AF, 17 AM
Cuvier I. (Repanga I.)
Ohinau I., Coromandel
Kawhitu or Stanley I., Mercury Is.
Korapuki I., Mercury Is.
Red Mercury I.
(Whakau), Mercury Is.
Motu Scenic Reserve and
Whinray Scenic Reserve, Bay of Plenty
Young Nick’s Head, Gisborne
1
1, 2
1, 2
1, 2
1, 2
1, 2
1
1
2
2
2
5
Cormocephalus rubriceps
2007–2008
11
Unknown
(Scolopendromorpha)
Army Bay, Whangaparaoa Peninsula
Army Bay, Whangaparaoa Peninsula
3
Katipö spider
Latrodectus katipo (Theridiidae) Jan 2008
18
0
Kaitoreke Spit, Kaitoreke Spit, 7
1
Lake Ellesmere (Te Waihora) Lake Ellesmere (Te Waihora)
Spiders: Arthropoda: Chelicerata: Araneae
Giant centipede
Centipede: Arthropoda: Chilopoda
Cave wëtä
Unknown
2008 ongoing ‘A few’
Unknown
Cave wëtä: Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae
Captive-reared from
Double I. (Moturehu)
(west end), Mercury Is.
Mercury Islands tusked wëtä Motuweta isolata
June 2007, July 2007
100
50 JF, 50 JM
Atiu or Middle I. via
captivity, Mercury Is.
M. Bowie, pers. comm.; M. Lettink, pers. comm.
S. Chapman, pers. comm.
S. Sawyer, pers. comm.
R. Chappell, pers. comm.
R. Chappell, pers. comm.
R. Chappell, pers. comm.
R. Chappell, pers. comm.
Stringer & Chappell 2008
5 AF, 1 AM, 29 JF, 15 JM
Mercury Islands tusked wëtä Motuweta isolata
May–Sept 2001,
67
May 2003
References
Common name
Species
Year(s) No. Composition Source
Release site
Reason Out-
releasedreleasedcome
Appendix 1—continued
How many bat, reptile, amphibian and invertebrate
translocations have there been?
Translocation records are essential for understanding the
distribution of native species and providing context for ecological
restoration. All known translocations of native bats, reptiles,
amphibians and terrestrial invertebrates in New Zealand
are summarised to provide a central reference for future
workers. Recommendations on best practice when undertaking
translocations are also included.
Sherley, G.H.; Stringer, I.A.N.; Parrish, G.R. 2010: Summary of native bat, reptile,
amphibian and terrestrial invertebrate translocations in New Zealand. Science for
Conservation 303. 39 p.