MDZ-326 Đş Hayatında Yabancı Dil Dersi
Ders Notları
1-Tenses (zamanlar)
Yard. Doç. Dr. Özgür Akkoyun
[email protected]
http://www.dicle.edu.tr/a/oakkoyun
Şubat-2012-Diyarbakir
UNIT 1
The Tenses
1.
The Simple Present Tense
2.
The Present Continuous Tense
3.
The Simple Past Tense
4.
The Present Perfect Tense
5.
The Past Continuous Tense
6.
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
7.
The Past Perfect Tense
8.
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
9.
The Simple Future Tense
10.
The Near Future Tense (be going to)
11.
The Future Continuous Tense
12.
The Future Perfect Tense
13.
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense
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1.
The Simple Present Tense
In general, the simple present expresses events or situations that exist always, usually habitually; they
exist now, have existed in the past, and probably will exist in the future.
Study the following:
1. Makes factual statement:
Example:
Toyota produces good cars.
Neslihan plays great volleyball.
2. Expresses customs and habitual activity:
Example:
I drink three cups of tea everyday.
Birds fly, dogs bark.
3. Expresses future time when used with a future time word or phrase:
Example:
I buy a new t-shirt next weekend.
I leave Diyarbakir at 05:30 next Saturday for
the meeting.
4. Expresses an idea/sense/emotion:
Example:
Opinion
: My mother makes excellent cake
Sense perceptions
: This cake tastes bitter.
Emotions
: I hate bitter cake.
Subject + Verb1(s) +Object (+)
Subject + (do not / does not) + Verb1 + Object (-)
(Do/Does) +Subject +Verb1 + Object (?)
Tekin plays football very well.
Aynut does not play football very well.
Does Ogün play football very well?
They go to holiday every year.
They do not go to holiday every year.
Do they go to holiday every year?
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2.
The Present Continuous Tense
The present continuous expresses an activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking. It began in
the recent past, is continuing at present, and will probably end at some point in the future.
Study the following:
1. Expresses a single activity or a series of activities happening at the moment of speaking:
Example:
I usually have a salad, but I am having a sandwich now.
Rojda is sleeping right now. I need an umbrella because it is raining.
2. Expresses a single activity or a series of activities happening over a given period of time, not
necessarily at the moment of speaking:
Example:
Kaya is teaching underground mining methods. They are learning Business English.
3. Expresses future time. A future time word or phrase is necessary to distinguish between a
present and future time reference. Sometimes an earlier statement makes the future clear, and a
future time word is not necessary.
Example:
Çağrı’s plane is arriving in Diyarbakir at 6:00 tonight. He and his wife are meeting with
their lawyer tomorrow. They are leaving Diyarbakir next week. They are flying to Ankara.
4. Expresses a repeated action with “always”
Example:
Musa is always going to the same restaurant for lunch. My daughter is always studying.
That old train is always having delay.
NOTE: Present continuous can not be used with the following non progressive verbs:
Mental state : know, realize, understand, recognize, believe, feel, suppose, think*, imagine, doubt,
remember, forget, want, need, prefer, mean.
Emotional state: love, like, appreciate, hate, dislike, fear, care, envy, mind.
Possession
: possess, own, belong, have*
Sense perception: taste*, smell, hear, feel, see*
Other existing state: seem, look*, appear, cost, owe, weight, exits, consist of, contain, include
(*) verbs with asterisk are also commonly used as progressive verbs, with a difference in meaning, as in
the following examples. Compare them!
Example: I think she is a good girl. I am thinking about her.
These flowers smell good. She is smelling the roses now.
He looks old. I am looking out of the window now.
Subject +(is/are)+ Verb1+(ing) +Object(+)
Subject + (is not /are not) + Verb1+(ing) + Object(-)
(is/are) +Subject +Verb1+(ing) + Object (?)
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3. The Simple Past Tense
The simple past indicates that an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past.
Study the following:
1. Describes actions of short duration in the past.
Example: I met Helin yesterday, and we talked for a few minutes.
2. Describes actions that took place over a period of time in the past.
Example: Mehmet worked as engineer for five years.
3. Describe past habitual actions
Example: When I was a young boy, I rode my bike everyday.
Subject +Verb2+Object(+)
Subject + (did not) + Verb1+Object (-)
(Did) +Subject +Verb1+Object (?)
Veysel played football last week.
Reşat did not play football last month.
Did Mehmet play football last summer?
Ersin and Murat went to holiday two years ago.
They did not go to holiday a year ago.
Did Özkan go to holiday a year ago?
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4. The Present Perfect Tense
1-The present perfect expresses the idea that
something happened (or never happened) before now,
at an unspecified time in the past.
Example: They have moved into a new apartment.
2- The present perfect also expresses the repetition of
an activity before now.
Example: We have had four tests so far this semester.
3-The present perfect also, when used with for or
since, expresses a situation that began in the past
and continues to be present.
Example: I have been here for two weeks.
We have been here since two o’clock.
Study the following:
1. Expresses an action or an emotion that started in the past and has continued in the present.
Example: He has worked at Dicle University for 12 years. (He is still working there)
2. When used with the words just and already, the present perfect expresses an action that started
in the past but finished recently or very close to the moment of speaking.
Example: Husband — Don’t forget to mail my package for me.
Wife
— I have already mailed it. I went to the post office this morning.
3. Indicates an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past. The time of the action is not
given.
Example: I have received my acceptance letter to the university.
4. Expresses a recently completed action with Just.
Example: He has just finished his homework.
Subject +(has/have)+ Verb3+Object(+)
Subject + (has not /have not) + Verb3+Object (-)
(Has/Have) +Subject +Verb3+Object (?)
He has worked for three years.
He has not worked since 2010.
Has he worked since 2010?
They have been to Batman for two years.
They have not studied English since 2011.
Have they paid your money since then?
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5. The Past Continuous Tense
The past continuous is chiefly used for past actions which continued for some time but whose exact
limits are not known and are not important.
Study the following:
1. With a point in time it expresses an action that began before the time given and probably
continued after it. The exact beginning and end of the action is known:
Example: At 07:30 we were having breakfast in Recep Usta
2. With a period of time it expresses an action that continued for a rather long period. Again, we do
not know exactly when the action began or ended:
Example: Yesterday evening I was helping my children for their homework.
3. During a period of time it expresses the beginning and ending of an action:
Example: From eight to ten yesterday morning, we were playing soccer.
4. It expresses two actions that were happening at the same time in the past.
Example: The children were playing while their mothers were watching them.
5. It expresses an action that began before another action in the simple past and probably
continued after it:
Example: As I was walking, a man stopped me and asked for the time.
Subject +(was/were)+ Verb1+(ing) +Object(+)
Subject + (was not /were not) + Verb1+(ing) + Object(-)
(was/were) +Subject +Verb1+(ing) + Object (?)
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6. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
This tense is used to indicate the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues to present.
When the tense is used without any specific mention at time, it expresses a general activity in progress
recently, lately.
Study the following:
1. Expresses the listener’s or reader’s “feel” and the uninterrupted nature of an activity or to make
the listener or reader “feel” the speaker’s attitude or emotion toward the activity.
Example: I have been waiting for you for one hour. I have waited for you for one hour.
The first one is more effective than the second one if want the other person to know that really did
not like waiting that long.
2. The present perfect continuous seems to indicate recently more regularly than the present
perfect.
Example:
a. Aslı has made a lot of money. (since 1999)
b. Aslı has been making a lot of money. (since she began her new jobs seven
months ago)
3. Expresses an action that is uninterrupted.
Example:
I have been trying to understand the same problem all night.
4. Both present perfect and the present perfect continuous can be used to express a single action,
but the meanings are different.
Example:
a. Dilan has washed the dishes. (the job is finished)
B Dilan has been washing the dishes. (for the past twenty minutes)
Subject + (has/have) + been +Verb1+(ing) +Object (+)
Subject + (has not /have not) + been +Verb1+(ing) + Object (-)
(has/have) +Subject + been + Verb1+(ing) + Object (?)
What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
Why has Hasan not been taking his medicine for the last three days?
Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
She has been watching too much television lately.
Have you been exercising lately?
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7. The Past Perfect Tense
The past perfect expresses an activity that was completed before another activity on time in the past.
This tense indicates that the first action was finished completely before the second action started. It
usually occurs with the simple past, but the past perfect can be only tense in a sentence if a specific
past time is given.
Study the following:
Example:
a. My parents had already eaten by the time I came home.
b. Aslı had already left when we got there.
c. I lent the book to Helin after I had finished reading it.
d. Before I arrived, the library had closed.
e. After the president had given his speech, he answered questions.
Subject + (had) + Verb3+Object(+)
Subject + (had not) + Verb3+Object (-)
(Had) +Subject +Verb3+Object (?)
Not that: This form should be used with another action in the past
I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Italy.
I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
Had Ulaş ever studied English before he got this lecture?
Bilge had never been to an opera before last night.
By the time Gonca finished her studies, she had been in London for over eight years.
They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.
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8. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
The past perfect continuous emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before another
activity or time in the past.
Study the following:
Example:
a. Adnan had been waiting for an hour when he decided to leave.
b. The class had been discussing the final exam when the instructor came in.
c. Gülsüm’s eyes were red because she had been crying.
We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until
another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used
with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however,
the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past.
e. They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
f. She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.
g. How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?
Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and
effect.
k. Özlem was tired because she had been jogging.
m. Ertan gained weight because he had been overeating.
p. Alper failed the final test because he had not been attending class.
Past Continuous and Past perfect Continuous
If you do not include duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English
speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the Past Perfect Continuous. Be careful
because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Past Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions,
whereas Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes duration of time before something in the past. Study the
examples below to understand the difference.
Mahmut was tired because he was exercising so hard. (This sentence emphasizes that he was tired
because he was exercising at that exact moment.)
Hasan was tired because he had been exercising so hard. (This sentence emphasizes that he was
tired because he had been exercising over a period of time. It is possible that he was still
exercising at that moment OR that he had just finished).
Subject + (had) + been +Verb1+(ing) +Object (+)
Subject + (had not) + been +Verb1+(ing) + Object (-)
(Had) +Subject + been + Verb1+(ing) + Object (?)
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9. The Simple Future Tense
This tense expresses any action that will happen or may happen in the future.
Study the following:
1. We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking
Example: I am too tired to walk home; I think I will get a taxi.
2. We often use will to offer to do something.
Example: That bag looks heavy; I will help you with it.
To agree or refuse something; (I have asked Emel to help me but she will not.)
To promise to do something; (I will not tell Doğan what you said, I promise)
To ask someone to do something; (Will you please be quiet? I am trying to study here)
3. This form is used to express expected future actions, actions that usually or normally happen.
Example: I will see you tomorrow in class, don’t worry, I will sit behind you during the test.
4. It is used for future habitual actions that we assume will happen
Example: We will have final exam for this lecture at the end of May.
5. It is also used with verbs of the senses, emotion, thinking and possession to express the future;
Example : I will see you tomorrow, I will forgive you…
Subject + will +Verb1+ Object (+)
Subject + will not + Verb1+ Object (-)
Will + Subject + Verb1 + Object (?)
No plan, sudden actions:
Hold on. I'll get a pen.
We will see what we can do to help you.
Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight.
Predictions:
It will rain tomorrow.
People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.
Who do you think will get the job?
With be:
I'll be in London tomorrow.
I'm going shopping. I won't be very long.
Will you be at work tomorrow?
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10. Near Future Tense (Be going to)
This is used when there is something in the present situation that shows what will happen in the
future (especially near future). The speaker feels sure about what will happen because of the
situation now.
Study the following:
1. The be going to expresses the subject’s intention to perform a certain future action. So action
expressed by the be going to form are usually considered very likely to be performed.
Example: I am going to meet Hasan at the station at 6:00.
2. The be going to form is also used to express the speaker’s feeling of certainty. It is used in this
sense without a definite time, but usually refers to the near future;
Example: It is going to rain, look at those black clouds.
He is very ill, I am afraid, he is going to die.
Subject + is going to +Verb1+ Object (+)
Subject + is not going to + Verb1+ Object (-)
Is + Subject + going to + Verb1 + Object (?)
He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
Who are you going to invite to the party?
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11. The Future Continuous Tense
The future continuous expresses an activity that will be in progress at a time in the future. It implies
an action that will occur in the normal course of events.
Study the following:
1. The future continuous expresses an action that will be in progress at a given time in the future:
Example: Don’t call my roommate tonight between seven and eleven. He will be studying for a
test in reading.
I will begin to study at seven. You will come at eight. I will be studying when you come.
2. The future continuous also expresses an action that will continue to happen at different time in
the future:
Example: The teacher will be giving surprise quizzes from time to time thought the whole year.
3. The future continuous expresses an action that will happen at an unknown time in the future;
Example:
A-Did you get a letter form your family?
B-No, I will be hearing from them soon.
4. We can also use the future continuous to talk about things which are already planned or decided:
Example: I will be going to the city centre later. Can I get you anything?
Subject + will + be +Verb1+(ing) +Object (+)
Subject + will not + be +Verb1+(ing) + Object (-)
Will +Subject + be + Verb1+(ing) + Object (?)
You will be sleeping when I come back.
They will be bathing the baby while I'm working tomorrow.
When she comes she'll be continually asking silly question again.
I'll be playing basketball all afternoon tomorrow.
When your plane arrives tonight, I will be waiting for you.
While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television.
They will be spending their honeymoon while we are working in the factory.
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12. The future perfect tense
The future perfect expresses an activity that will be completed before another time or event in the
future.
Study the following:
1. The future perfect expresses an action that will be finished at some time in the future:
Example: The next time we meet, I will have finished my Mater degree. Bob has already finished his
Master and he will have received his PhD before he is twenty-three.
2. Tie expressions beginning with “by” or before” usually accompany this tense.
Example: By the end of this week, wee will have finished this review of tenses.
3. The future perfect is also used to say that something will already have happened before a certain
time in the future.
Example: We are late and unfortunately the film will have already started by the time we get to the
cinema.
Subject + will + have + Verb3 + Object (+)
Subject + will not + have + Verb3 + Object (-)
Will + Subject + have + Verb3 + Object (?)
They will have built the shopping mall by 6 months.
I will have finished my homework before the deadline.
I will have sent the e-mail by tomorrow morning.
Ayşe will have cooked the dinner by the time we arrive home.
They will have built the 3th bridge by 2013.
Up to tomorrow, you will have finished all these exams, ok!
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13. The future perfect continuous tense
The future perfect progressive emphasizes the
duration of an activity that will be in progress
before another time or event in the future.
Some activities may begin in the past and can
be explained with this tense as well.
The future perfect continuous is used to emphasize the continuous nature of an activity. It is used in
the same way and with the same time expression as the future perfect.
Examples:
When I go home this summer, I will have been working in this factory for five years.
By tonight, I will have been working for eleven hours without a break.
Subject + will + have + been+ Verb3 + Object (+)
Subject + will not + have + been+ Verb3 + Object (-)
Will + Subject + have + been+ Verb3 + Object (?)
Mr. Hicks will have been teaching you French for five years by next month.
Mary will have been living with us for five months when she returns home.
Erdem will have been reading that novel by next month.
The children will have been studying for an hour when the teacher comes in.
By next year I'll have been learning English for three years.
Our English teacher will have been teaching us for three years by the end of this term.
By the time you come back from Ankara you'll have been living there for five months.
When the clock strikes five I'll have been typing for three hours.
My parents will have been walking in the forest for two hours by five o'clock.
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