Methodology for
Boston’s
Population
Projections
2016
BOSTON
REDEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY
THE BOSTON REDEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY RESEARCH DIVISION (BRA)
We strive to understand the current environment of the city to produce
quality research and targeted information that will inform and benefit
the residents and businesses of Boston. Our Division conducts research
on Boston’s economy, population, and commercial markets for all
departments of the BRA, the City of Boston, and related organizations.
RESEARCH DIVISION
DIRECTOR
Alvaro Lima
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
Jonathan Lee
The information provided in this report is the best available at the time
of its publication. All or partial use of this report must be cited.
RESEARCH MANAGER
Christina Kim
CITATION
Please cite this publication as:
Boston Redevelopment Authority Research Division, September 2016
SENIOR RESEARCHER/
ECONOMIST
Matthew Resseger
SENIOR RESEARCHER/
DEMOGRAPHER
INFORMATION
For more information about research produced by the Boston
Redevelopment Authority, please contact the Research Division at
[email protected]
Phillip Granberry
RESEARCH ASSOCIATE
Kevin Kang
REQUESTS
RESEARCH ASSISTANT
Research requests can be made through the BRA Research Division’s
Research Inquiries website.
Kevin Wandrei
INTERNS
Jing Chen
Lindsey Connors
Cyan O'Garro
Visit our website
BostonRedevelop.org
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twitter.com/BostonRedevelop
Appreciation
The BRA Research Division would like to
thank Timothy Reardon and Meghna Hari
of the Metropolitan Area Planning Council
(MAPC) for their feedback and collaboration
on this population projection methodology.
Introduction
To inform the Imagine Boston 2030 planning process and to create an internal
capacity to provide ongoing assistance regarding demographic analysis and
projections, the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) Research Division
examined historical population trends, created projections for Boston’s population
through 2030 and a projection model to provide and test hypothetical scenarios
or explore the impact of policy proposals.
Historical Population Trends
born population fell to 13 percent of Boston’s population
1900 through 2015. Boston’s population grew through
in 1970, when immigration restrictions were eased.
the first half of the 20th century to a peak of 801,444
From 1950 to 1980, Boston’s population declined by
in 1950. The annexation of Hyde Park in 1912 brought
almost 30 percent to 562,994 due to the combination
an end to Boston’s growth through land annexation.
of lower international immigration and the rise of
International immigration was an important factor
suburbanization. From 1980 to the present, Boston
in the early part of the 20th century, with the
has experienced steady population growth driven
foreign-born population at about one third of Boston’s
by increasing international migration. Throughout,
population through 1920. The 1924 Immigration Act
college students and other young adults have formed a
restricted international immigration, and the foreign
significant portion of Boston’s population.
FIGURE 1
Figure 1 illustrates Boston’s population changes from
BOSTON’S POPULATION
1900 – 2015
900,000
670,585
700,000
669,469
641,071
770,816
748,060
600,000
500,000
801,444
781,188
800,000
617,594
574,823
697,197
562,994
560,892
589,141
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1900-2010 Decennial Census, 2015 1-year American Community Survey, BRA Research Division Analysis
4 | Methodology for Boston's Population Projections 2016
2015
Population Projection Methodology
The BRA Research Division used a cohort-component population projection
method to project Boston’s population. This method uses the components
of population change (fertility, mortality, and migration) to project each age
cohort from a base of the 2010 Decennial Census. The equation for the
projected population is as follows:
Projected Population = Population Base + Natural Change + Migration
Where:
Population Base: the population stock at the beginning of the projection period
Natural Change: the difference between births and deaths
Migration: the difference between in- and out- domestic migration plus the net gain / loss of
international migrants
So that:
Projected Population = Population Base + [Births – Deaths] + [Domestic In-migration – Domestic Outmigration + Net International Migration]
We use historical data on births, deaths, and
Boston’s population in five year increments. The
migration to calculate fertility, mortality and migration
following sections examine the components of
rates. We apply these rates to the population
population change in greater detail.
CHART
base (2010 Decennial Census population) to project
PROJECTED POPULATION CALCULATION
Population Base
Natural Change
Births
Deaths
Migration
Domestic
In-Migration
Domestic
Out-Migration
Net International
Migration
Projected Population
BostonRedevelop.org | 5
Natural Change in Population: Births - Deaths
Births
We examined births in Boston from 2000-2014 using
of a slight decline in fertility in the U.S. over the next
Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH)
40 years.1, 2 Figure 2 illustrates Boston’s annual birth
records. Boston has averaged 7,900 births a year since
rates by age of mother for 2006 to 2009 and 2010
2000. The fertility rate is the percentage of women of
to 2014. We use the more recent data (2010-2014)
childbearing age who give birth in a year.
on births when generating age specific fertility rates
in order to capture this shift towards births to older
There is a noticeable recent trend toward slightly lower
mothers. The projection methodology uses these
fertility rates overall and a significant trend towards
fertility rates to project the number of births in each
births at older ages. This trend towards more births
five year time period.
to mothers aged 30-plus and fewer to mothers under
30 is evident in birth data going back to 2000. It is
also consistent with national data about the increase
FIGURE 2
in mean age of mothers and U.S. Census projections
BOSTON’S ANNUAL BIRTH RATES BY AGE OF MOTHER
2006 - 2014
8.9%
9%
7.9%
8%
6.9%
7%
6.2%
6%
5%
4.6%
5.7%
4.3%
4%
3%
2%
2.8%
2.3%
1.4%
1.4%
1.9%
1%
0.1% 0.2%
0%
15-19
20-24
25-29
2006-2009 Average
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
2010-2014 Average
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Births to Boston Residents, 2006-2014 & U.S. Census Bureau, 2006-2014 1-year American
Community Survey, 2010 Decennial Census, BRA Research Division Analysis
Colby, Sandra L. and Jennifer M. Ortman, Projections of the Size and Composition of the U.S. Population: 2014 to 2060, Current Population Reports,
P25-1143, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 2014. http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p25-1143.pdf
1
2
ational Center for Health Statistics, “Mean Age of Mothers in on the Rise: 2000-2014”, January 2016 http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db232.
N
htm
6 | Methodology for Boston's Population Projections 2016
Deaths
We examined deaths in Boston from 2000-2013 using
of people in Boston in each cohort and taking the
Massachusetts Department of Public Health records.
complement of the death rate to produce a survival
The annual number of deaths in Boston declined
rate. Because of increased number of deaths in
over this time period despite the city's growing
the first year of life, we calculated a separate survival
population. Boston deaths declined from an average
rate for infants.
of 4,367 a year from 2000 to 2004 to an average of
Figure 3 shows the one-year death rates by age
3,692 a year from 2010 to 2013. This decline can be
explained by increasing one-year survival rates in
the older age groups. To capture this trend, we used
the more recent death data (2010 - 2013) to calculate
age- and gender-specific survival rates to use in our
cohort based on 2010 to 2013 data. Our projection
methodology applies the age- and gender-specific
survival rates to each age cohort to project the size of
the cohort that survives into the next time period.
projections. We calculated survival rates by dividing
the average number of deaths 2010 to 2013 in each age
FIGURE 3
cohort by a U.S. Census estimate of the number
BOSTON GENDER-SPECIFIC ONE-YEAR DEATH RATES BY AGE
2010 – 2013
16.5%
16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
le
s
10
-1
4
15
-1
9
20
-2
4
25
-2
9
30
-3
4
35
-3
9
40
-4
4
45
-4
9
50
-5
4
55
-5
9
60
-6
4
65
-6
9
70
-7
4
75
-7
9
80
-8
4
85
-8
9
90
-9
4
59
14
s
th
an
1
0%
Male average 1-year Death Rate
Female average 1-year Death Rate
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston Resident Deaths 2010-2013 & U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Decennial Census, 2011-2013 1-year
American Community Survey, BRA Research Division Analysis
BostonRedevelop.org | 7
Historical and Projected Natural Change in Boston’s Population
Figure 4 shows the historical average annual births
from approximately 3,500 to 4,200 per year. In the
and deaths for 2000-2004, 2005-2009, and 2010-
absence of migration, Boston’s population would be
2013.3 This historical average annual natural change
expected to grow by this amount each year due to
(births minus deaths) rises from 3,596 for 2000 -
natural change (births and deaths).
2004 to 4,228 for 2010 - 2013. The figure also shows
the projected average annual births and deaths
for 2016-2020, 2021-2025, and 2026-2030. The
projections predict increasing numbers of births
but also an increase in deaths such that projected
average annual natural change falls back to 3,523
for 2026 - 2030. The average annual natural change
FIGURE 4
in Boston’s population (births minus deaths) ranges
HISTORICAL AND PROJECTED ANNUAL BIRTHS AND DEATHS IN BOSTON
2000 – 2030
8,000
7,963
7,919
7,859
8,596
8,471
8,152
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,367
4,000
3,865
3,692
2005-2009
2010-2013
4,202
4,611
5,073
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
2000-2004
Births
2016-2020
2021-2025
2026-2030
Deaths
Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston Resident Births and Deaths 2000-2013, BRA Research Population Projections 2016-2030,
BRA Research Division Analysis
At the time of publication, birth and death data were not available for 2014 and 2015. These data will be added to the projection model as they become
available.
3
8 | Methodology for Boston's Population Projections 2016
Migration
In addition to natural change, migration is an important factor in shaping Boston’s
population growth and age distribution. The BRA Research population projection
methodology makes use of American Community Survey (ACS) migration data to
analyze migration patterns directly rather than simply attributing to migration any
residual population change after births and deaths have been taken into account.
Boston to elsewhere in the United States including
moved to and from Boston in the previous year. We
Massachusetts. The domestic out-migration rate for
average eight years of migration data from 2007
each cohort is the percentage of Boston’s population
to 2014 to smooth the effects of sampling error.
that moves elsewhere in the United States.
The BRA population projection model considers
The model measures international migration as a
domestic
Domestic
net total representing in-migration from another
migration measures in- and out-migration separately.
country minus out-migration to another country. The
Domestic in-migration measures people who move to
ACS provides yearly estimates of people who moved
Boston from elsewhere in the United States including
to Boston from another country, but it does not
Massachusetts. The domestic in-migration rate for
provide a measure of people who moved from Boston
each cohort is the percentage of the U.S. population
to another country. However, the U.S. Census does
outside of Boston that moves to Boston. Domestic
provide yearly estimates of Suffolk County’s net
out-migration measures people who move from
international migration. We apply the age and gender
FIGURE 5
The ACS provides yearly estimates of people who
and
international
migration.
AVERAGE ANNUAL NET TOTAL MIGRATION
2007 – 2014
10,000
9,046
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,873
-36
-224
-271
-186
-7
4
-1,736
-199
-5
9
-1,310
-204
4
-2,000
-413
-4
9
-
-6
9
2,000
-34
-12
-103
1,310 -1,101
-2,404-
+
85
-8
4
80
-7
9
75
70
65
-6
4
60
55
50
-5
45
-4
4
40
-3
9
35
-3
4
30
-2
9
25
-2
4
20
-1
9
17
516
04
-4,000
Age
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007-2014 American Community Surveys, PUMS, BRA Research Division Analysis
BostonRedevelop.org | 9
distribution of Boston’s international in-migration
Children ages 0-16 and adults age 25 and over havenet
to estimates of Boston’s share of Suffolk County’s
negative migration to Boston. Boston has consistently
net international immigration. The net international
experienced net out-migration of children. This out-
migration rate is the net percentage of Boston
migration occurs before children enter school and
residents who moved internationally.
continues through high school age. For example,
From 2007 to 2014, Boston had an average net gain
33,053 children ages 0-4 in 2000 became 27,343
of 2,376 people per year due to migration. Boston
children ages 10-14 in 2010 for a net out-migration of
has distinct age patterns to its migration. As shown
over 17 percent.
in FIGURE 5, the only ages that have a net positive
From 2007 to 2014, approximately 66,671 people
migration are 17-24 year olds, as young adults come to
arrived in Boston each year while approximately 64,295
Boston for educational and employment opportunities.
people left Boston. Figure 6 shows the rough estimates
Boston’s population increases significantly as college
of the origins and destinations of these migrants.
students arrive in Boston to attend one of the region
Approximately 42 percent of arrivals in Boston
colleges or universities. In addition to college students,
international migrants begin arriving in larger numbers
FIGURE 6
at this age.
come from Massachusetts, and 24 percent come
from another city or town in Greater Boston.4
ORIGINS AND DESTINATIONS OF MIGRANTS TO AND FROM BOSTON
2007-2014
100%
10%
18%
90%
80%
70%
40%
40%
60%
50%
18%
40%
18%
30%
20%
33%
24%
10%
0%
Arrivals in Boston
Greater Boston
Elsewhere in Massachusetts
Departures from Boston
U.S. outside MA
International
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007-2014 American Community Surveys, PUMS, and Census Population Estimates, BRA Research Division Analysis. Note:
Domestic migration shares are taken from 2007-2011 data due to a change in definition in 2012. International departures are estimated from Suffolk
County population estimates as described earlier.
Greater Boston is defined here as Salem, Lynn, Dedham, Waltham, Medford, Braintree, Chelsea, Revere, Cambridge, Everett, Somerville, Brookline,
Newton, Quincy, and Milton.
4
10 | Methodology for Boston's Population Projections 2016
Approximately 51 percent of departures from Boston
year prior to the survey. Migration questions do not
go elsewhere in Massachusetts and 33 percent go to
consider the nativity or citizenship of the migrants,
another city or town in Greater Boston. Boston has
so these international migrants are not exclusively
an average annual net loss of population to the rest
foreign born. A native born U.S. citizen who lives abroad
of Greater Boston of approximately 5,138 people.
and then moves to Boston would be considered an
Boston has an average annual net gain of population
international migrant in the year of their arrival. The
from the rest of Massachusetts outside of Greater
Census estimates that approximately 80 percent of
Boston of approximately 350 people. Boston also
international migrants to the U.S. are foreign born.
gains on average 1,095 people from the rest of the
Conversely,
United States outside of Massachusetts each year.
come to Boston from first living somewhere else
From 2007 to 2014, Boston had an average annual net
in the United States. These individuals would be
gain of 6,070 people due to international migration.
On average, each year, 6,070 more people arrive
in Boston from another country than leave Boston
to live in another country. These data measure
FIGURE 7
migration by asking where the person lived one
some
foreign-born
individuals
may
considered domestic migrants in the year they move to
Boston, but once in Boston, they would be counted
in the foreign-born immigrant population of Boston.
Figure 7 shows these net migration flows between
Boston and other regions.
AVERAGE ANNUAL NET MIGRATION FLOWS TO AND FROM BOSTON
2007-2014
+6,070
World
+1,095
United States
+350
Massachusetts
Greater Boston
Boston
-5,138
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007-2014 1-year American Community Survey, PUMS, BRA Research Division Analysis
BostonRedevelop.org | 11
Projection Results
As previously documented, we created (1) age-specific fertility rates from
Massachusetts Public Health Commission birth data from 2010-2014 and
U.S. Census population data; (2) age- and gender-specific survival rates from
Massachusetts Public Health Commission death data 2010-2013 and U.S.
Census population data; and (3) age- and gender-specific domestic in- and
out-migration and net international rates from U.S. Census migration and
population data from 2007-2014.
We applied these constant rates to Boston’s 2010
average annual population increase for the city of
Decennial Census population divided into age and
0.85 percent from 2010.
sex cohorts to project the population in five-year
Figure 9 shows the age and gender distributions of
periods. We projected the 2015 population and then
the 2010 and 2030 Boston populations. The age
used that projection to launch the 2020 population.
structure of the 2030 projected population continues
We continued this process until we projected Boston’s
to be marked by large 20-24 and 25-29 cohorts.
2030 population.
However, the population noticeably smooths out as
Boston’s population is projected to grow to 723,500
other age cohorts increase in size.
FIGURE 8
by 2030, as shown in Figure 8. This represents an
BOSTON'S PROJECTED POPULATION THROUGH 2030
1900 - 2030
801,444
781,188
800,000
750,000
697,197
770,816
748,060
700,000
723,500
676,000
641,071
617,594
650,000
670,585
600,000
550,000
574,823
589,141
562,994
560,892
500,000
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
Decennial Census
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
BRA Projection
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1900-2010 Decennial Census, 2010-2030 Population Projections, BRA Research Division Analysis
12 | Methodology for Boston's Population Projections 2016
2020
2030
FIGURE 9
2010 AND PROJECTED 2030 POPULATION PYRAMIDS
2010 - 2030
85+
80 to 84
75 to 79
70 to 74
65 to 69
60 to 64
55 to 59
50 to 54
45 to 49
40 to 44
35 to 39
30 to 34
25 to 29
20 to 24
15 to 19
10 to 14
5 to 9
0 to 4
50,000
30,000
10,000
2010 Female
10,000
30,000
50,000
2010 Male
50,000
30,000
10,000
2030 Female
10,000
30,000
50,000
2030 Male
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Decennial Census, 2030 Population Projections, BRA Research Division Analysis
The 2030 projected populations are larger than
Although the young adult cohorts remain the largest,
the 2010 populations in all age and gender cohorts
their share of the city’s population decreases as the
except 15 to 19 and 20 to 24. Figure 10 illustrates the
2030 projections project increases in the older age
projected changes in the size of the age cohorts. As the
cohorts. Figure 11 illustrates the population share
Millennial generation ages, there are decreases in the
by age group throughout the projection period. The
young adult cohorts and increases in the middle aged
over 65 age cohort increases from 10 percent to 14
cohorts. The population aged 30 to 44 is projected to
percent of the population, while the 15-29 age cohorts
grow by 46,520 people, an increase of 35 percent. The
decrease from 34 percent to 29 percent of Boston’s
aging Baby Boomers lead to a 65 percent increase in
population by 2030.
the size of the population over age 65. The over 65
population is projected to increase by 40,408 people
from 2010 to 2030. The 15-24 year old cohort loses
approximately 10,000 people, a decline of 7 percent.
This trend is consistent with national historical and
projected trends.
BostonRedevelop.org | 13
FIGURE 10
PROJECTED BOSTON POPULATION BY AGE COHORT
2010 – 2030
220,000
212,646
209,150
200,000
180,000
177,254
160,000
140,000
130,734
120,000
126,211
136,301
102,645
100,000
80,000
60,000
98,158
85,766
62,237
40,000
2010
2015
0-14
15-29
2020
30-44
2025
45-64
2030
65+
FIGURE 11
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Decennial Census & BRA Population Projections, BRA Research Division Analysis
POPULATION SHARE BY AGE GROUP
2010 – 2030
100%
90%
80%
10%
11%
12%
13%
14%
20%
20%
19%
19%
19%
21%
22%
24%
25%
24%
34%
33%
31%
30%
29%
14%
13%
14%
14%
14%
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0 - 14
15 - 29
30 - 44
45 - 64
65+
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Decennial Census & BRA Population Projections, BRA Research Division Analysis
14 | Methodology for Boston's Population Projections 2016
Comparison to Other Projections
In addition to the BRA’s population projection for
Even though there is a range of 42,500 people among
Boston in 2030, the Metropolitan Area Planning
these three population projections for Boston, there
Council and UMass Donahue Institute have produced
are similar patterns among them. All three project
population projections. Each of these projections
faster population growth from 2010 to 2030 than from
generated different fertility, survival, and migration
1980 to 2010, with the most rapid population increase
rates resulting from choices made related to data
occurring 2010 to 2020, and slowing after 2020. All
sources and assumptions regarding measurement of
three show a decrease in the 15-29 population and an
migration. The BRA’s projection of 723,500 represents
increase in the 30 to 44 population relative to Boston’s
a 0.85 percent average annual population increase
total population. Finally, all three projections show an
while MAPC’s "Stronger Region" projected population
increase in the population 65 year or older.
of 709,500 represents a 0.75 percent average annual
population increase. UMass Donahue Institute’s
projected population of 752,000 represents a 1.09
FIGURE 12
percent average annual population increase.
COMPARISON OF POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR 2030
1980 – 2030
752,000
750,000
723,500
700,000
709,500
650,000
600,000
617,594
589,141
562,994
574,823
550,000
500,000
1980
Decennial Census
1990
2000
MAPC Projection
2010
BRA Projection
2020
2030
Donahue Projection
Source: 1980-2010 Decennial Census Reardon, Tim & Hari, Meghna, “Metro Boston 2030 Population and Housing Demand Projections,” MAPC, 2014.
Renski, Henry & Strate, Susan “Long-Term Population Projections for Massachusetts Regions and Municipalities,” UMDI, 2014. BRA Research Staff Analysis
BRA Population Projection Model
The BRA Research Division created a population
test hypothetical scenarios or to explore the impact
projection model that can be updated easily as new
of policy proposals. Figure 13 illustrates the main
data become available. We plan to update our inputs
components of the model and the relationships
of births, deaths and migration data annually. The
between the variables and the key components, data
model was designed with the flexibility necessary to
and rates.
BostonRedevelop.org | 15
FIGURE 13
BRA POPULATION PROJECTION MODEL
LEGEND
Projection
Projection
Fert_5Y
Boston operationalized 5-year
fertility rate
=average (BosBirth-year)*5
BosPop_5Y
Boston population 5-year age cohort
Source: 2007-2014 ACS PUMS 1-year
estimate, 2010 Decennial Census
Key Component
“At-Risk”
BosBirth
Boston birth rate 5-year age cohort
female age 10-45
Source: BPHC
Survived_to_End_Year
Boston residents survued at the end of
projection periods.
=BosPop_5Y* Survive_5Y
Projected Birth
=Boston Female Population
Projections * Fert_5Y
Data
Rate
BosDeath
Boston death rate 5-year age cohort
Death Rate = Death / BosPop_5_Y
Source: BPHC
Survive_5Y
Boston operationalized 5-year survival
rate
= [(1- BosDeath1-year)2.5]*[(1-BosDeath12.5
year) ]
Natural Change
Boston Population Projections
Migration
Domestic In-Migration
=USPop_Proj_2015-2040 * DomInMigR
USPop_Proj_2015-2040
=US population projections (Census) Boston Population Projections
(BRA Research)
Source: Census, BRA Research
DomInMigR
Boston operationalized domestic
in-migration rate
= BosDomIn_1Y_07-14 / US_Syn
BosDomIn_1Y_07-14
Boston domestic in-migration
1-year age cohort, 2007-2014
Source: 2007-2014 ACS PUMS
1-year estimate
Bos_non-mover_07-14
Living in Boston at time of ACS
survey and had not moved in
previous 12 months
Source: 2007-2014 ACS PUMS
1-year estimate
Domestic Out-Migration
=Survived_to_End_Year * DomOutMigR
DomOutMigR
Boston operationalized domestic outmigration rate
=BosDomOut_1Y_07-14 / US_Syn
US_Syn
US synthetic population
=USPop_07-14 - US_IntIn_07-14 (Bos_Syn - Bos_IntIn_1Y_07-14)
Bos_Syn
Boston synthetic population
=Bos_Dom-movers_1Y_07-11
+ Bos_non-mover_07-14 +
BostIntIn_07-14
Bos_Dom-mover_1Y_07-14
Living in Boston 12 months prior to ACS
survey but had subsequently moved
within the U.S.
Source: 2007-2014 ACS PUMS 1-year
estimate
16 | Methodology for Boston's Population Projections 2016
Net International Migration
= Survived_to_End_Year * NetIntMigR
NetIntMigR
Boston operationalized net
international migration rate
=BosIntIn_1Y_07-14 / Bos_Syn
BosDomOut_1Y_07-14
Boston domestic out-migration
1-year age cohort, 2007-2014
Source:2007-2014 ACS PUMS
1-year estimate
BosIntIn_1Y_07-14
Boston international
migration, 1-year
eastimate, 2007-2014
Source: 2007-2014 ACS
PUMS 1-year estimate
US_IntIn_07-14
US international inmigration, 2007-2014
Source: 2007-2014
ACS PUMS 1-year
estimate
US_Pop_07-14
Us population, 2007-2014
Source: 2007-2014 ACS PUMS
1-year estimate