t
i
Name:
Bio 504
Practice
I
Fungi Worksheet
Complete the blanks using the list of vocabulary words below and complete the instructions given in
each section.
Absorp+ive'
,Asx$al*
:g*Ei*ia -)f1clr'e-S
.9rrdr*h6
ee[u+oee
eh*in
+n+etop$t
EnzymesF++iUng#ody
He+eretreph+e.
"tebsters
A4g}dr
-.ftftuttffitui-ar
Ntem*dts
' Para'i.tie-
-pre#ory
---@es
*Ms+ua+ii;t+e*
&*eeessfut
-fnsedv
A- Structure
for example are unicellular while others are
Some fungi,
,r,u
l{
i', *
ll u lat,
e-.
, which combine to make up the
. Each hypha can be composed of a cha'in of fungalcells as isthe case with
A fungal organism consists of a mass of threadlike filaments called
fungal jy7\,Le{i;;r1
.H";t
firngi. ln this case, the hyphae are separated into sections
-€ffiftie
1ir>fxlL
I
by cross walls called septa. ln some organisms,
These
hyphae
are known .t
hypha
with
many
nuclei.
the
is a continuous cytoplasm
ffi|lrrl'*
r-
Hyphae contain large vacuoles. The hypha is surrounded by a plasma membrane and a cellwall, which is made of
Ch r
i;n
.inlontrast.toplantcellwallsmaOeof i:-f.ilcr/C:C.Chitinalsomakesuptheexoskeletonsof
t5 and lc,ft", {< r >
arthropods such as ins(c
&v'*
naclel
1) Label the parts of a hypha below.
.
Cellwall
v;l c u. t'[i
o Cytoplasm
o Nuclei
a Plasma membrane
e Vacuole
t
tll
,I
ll
rY
ll
JI
iI
'{t
1>icts
rncr.-
1,r
r(.rr\l-,rt.\ti(
2) ldentify the following as coenocytic or septate fungi.
tc
en".* e "14
r-
B-
Nutrition
make their food in the way that plants do. Fungi, like
However, fungi are not ingestive heterotrophs that digest food after they eat
animals are
it like animals. They feed on anb are classified as saprophyces. Their hyphae penetrate the dead material and form a
which digestthe organic
branching network. The tips of the growing hyphae produce 4: ftZ I tr''v 5
material. The soluble products are absorbed into the hyphae. Because tungidigest food first and then absorb it, they
l_l__so they cannot
Fungi do not have
are (,L.b)>c' ,* ott
Some fungi
are
v
(
heterotrophs.
-p t- €-LL'-\'l
n.rrl.zuffig"n.
3:_!__.
They will capture food. For example, mycelium trap
. Mycorrhizae absorb and concentrate phosphate which they
otherfungiare
deliverto plant
roots. ln turn, the tungi Ceive sugars from the plant. Ascomycetes in lichen provide moisture, shelter and anchorage
for its partner, the green algae. The green algae provides it with nutrients'
. They absorb nutrients from their host. They may cause devastatlng
some fungi are -prc r ct-5 , h'<plant infectionr rulh as rust and smuts and ruin entire crops such as wheat and corn' Only about 50 species are
known to harm animals.
-r-
3C'.'P ' t'P kY I e :,
as
organic matter. l-it, .-lLv''tc'nt4 5
A fourth group of fungiare known
.
They feed on dead or decaying
are part of this gfroup.
C- Reproduction
Lrrrvu6rr
asexually through
reproduce crsE^uorry
yedsts IepruuuLtr
lne unlcellular
unicellular yeasts
reproduction. The
Different typeS of fungi have different methods of reproductlon.
life
complex
much
more
have
mushrooms,
as
such
mitotic division known 75 b\tckt t n_ci , while other fungi,
cycles.
)
Zvgomvcota (bread mold)
When bread mold fungi, such as Rhizopus stolonifer, grow on stale bread or rotting fruit, the mycelium can be seen as
gray colored "ft)22". Rhizopus reproduces asexually by sending up vertical hyphae called sporangiospores'
Horizontal hyphae called rhizoids connect sporangiophores to each other. Each of these hyphae swells at the tip to
produce a sporangium. A sporangium is a type of spore case. The cytoplasm in the sporangium divides repeatedly to
produce a mass of spores, each with a nucleus. When the sporangium breaks open, the spores are dispersed in the
(t-e-' * t't' q- I
type
air, and each can grow to form a new mycelium if it lands on suitable material. This is 2n
of reproduction, but the mold can also reproduce sexually.
Ex.
1) Color the parts of
Rhizopus
stolonifer--- mycelium (blue), sporangiophores (red), sporangium (purple), rhizoid
(green), and spores (yellow).
f
,.'p!'t".'
(
rii)i" " 1,' 'i'"
t
L
differenl strains of Rhizopus. The strains are visually
indistinguishable but may have differences in their physiology, e.g. one may be able to digest organic matter better
than the other. ln s_exual reproduction, beneficialcharacteristics like this may be combined, leading to a more
-> -La( < ','- fw I
strain of the fungus.
Sexual reproduction takes place only between two
Sexual reproduction in molds like the Zygomycetesoccurswhen hyphae called "+" and "-" startgrowingtoward each
other. When they meet, their tips swell and are cut off by cross walls or septa. The nuclei divide rapidly in the tips
andthenfusewhenthecrosswallsbreakdown. Thesefusednucleiformazygospore. Thecellwallofthezygospore
thickens as the hyphae break down. The zygospore can remain dormant for a long time surviving drought or extreme
temperatures. When conditions become good, the zygospore germinates and forms a single hyphae and sporangium
that release spore.
1) ldentifuwhich step in the diagram represent asexualand sexual reproduction.
& s $ SP*rarglur*
r*lease
s * aerd:spgi*,s r'"'1"
L_.
v
%
it i:'t- X
o
*
,o..,1 fA
\iir
1.,.
*
$P':r*
Spres
germinate
separ*1*ly
,SygasBcre
divides t*
predu*e ?y*ate
iwl
zyguipur*
h,ie*hynnae,
&re Dr*du{*#
l{i,ph*e
ru
fr*Se
I'r
li I 1l
*
+ro-"€
* *=:_***--**.--
.r*h_ C
-
"fu-P -* * r,ypr,a
tp\{\_
t$ffit
11 6yp56
+
hyph*
-\.-1
t-i-"> L .( L:.
ff**
=."-hYPha
i
lnmushrooms,thepartof theorganismseenabovegroundisknownasthe i)u,l,n-r,
l,Lr,:lV Asisthe
case wiih Psallioto campestris (field mushroom) and Psollioto orvensis (horse mushro#j th"ya;Zd',bile. Those of
toadstools are mostly inedible or even
poisonous.
:
-
Under favorable conditions some of the hyphae just below the soil, mass together into mycelia and form a spherical
body that grows rapidly and pushes above the surface. As this body grows, it develops three distinct regions: a stalk
called the stipe, a cap or pileus, and gills under the cap. ,t1
l''hbv6lop on these gills on structures called
basidia under the cap. At first, the cap is joined all round its edge to the stalk but later, as a result of the rapid
growth of stalk and cap, the cap breaks free leaving a ring of tissue, the annulus or ring, round the stalk.
-1) Labelthe
parts of the mushroom below.
,/'
r-<-'Dll Lf-'tt!\-'\
I
L:*1,
cjr\[
aLf\
r.\
C,
"'t l*
,
tior € "
S
^1)
3li
C r c"
\JO o
oo
r'
i*
rilY(cirt-":1ri
D- Fungiand FEumans
Fungi can attack the tissues of plants and animals and cause disease. ln a way we compete with fungi for our food.
Mold spores can cause allergies. Athlete's foot, ring worm, vaginal yeast infections are common diseases caused by
fungi. Sometimes, humans may ingest poisonous mushrooms resulting in intense abdominal pain, vomitingand
death. Fungi may produce aflatoxins which will cause liver cancer.
On the other hand, fungi may be beneficial as they produce antibiotics, penicillin for example. Yeast is used in the
prodtlction of bread. Cheese, beer, wine and soy products are also the result of fungalgrowth. Many also enjoy the
taste of fungi. Some truffles for example are valued at 10 0O0S a kilogram !
1) List 3 ways fungi both harm and benefit us.
lr\4, ,* I e rrr-c:lri -> +'1"" 1t Lt
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Itv{, .'-r--vr(J v
(r. rtt'- (l-{t^ie k's
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)
be*l
tl
k.,.{r
1..,'c,^, h) ( .i,e^cu*L
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l-,
6. (.1*[/\
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