1
ASIAPACIFICECONOMICCOOPERATION(APEC)
APECisanintergovernmentalgroupingoperatingonthebasisofnon-bindingcommitments,opendialogueand
equalrespectfortheviewsofallparticipants.Itwasestablishedin1989tofurtherenhanceeconomicgrowth
andprosperityfortheregionandtostrengthentheAsia-Paci�iccommunity.
APEC’s21MemberEconomiesareAustralia;BruneiDarussalam;Canada;Chile;People’sRepublicofChina;
HongKong,China;Indonesia;Japan;RepublicofKorea;Malaysia;Mexico;NewZealand;PapuaNewGuinea;
Peru;TheRepublicofthePhilippines;TheRussianFederation;Singapore;ChineseTaipei;Thailand;TheUnited
StatesofAmerica;andVietNam.
Sinceitsinception,APEChasworkedtoreducetariffsandothertradebarriersacrosstheAsia-Paci�icregion,
creatingef�icientdomesticeconomiesanddramaticallyincreasingexports.KeytoachievingAPEC’svisionare
whatarereferredtoasthe’BogorGoals’offreeandopentradeandinvestmentintheAsia-Paci�icby2010
for industrialised economies and 2020 for developing economies. These goals were adopted by Leaders at
their1994meetinginBogor,Indonesia.APEC’senergyissuesaretheresponsibilitiesoftheEnergyWorking
Group(EWG),oneofits11workinggroups.ThedevelopmentandmaintenanceoftheAPECEnergyDatabase
isassignedtoEWG’sExpertGrouponEnergyDataandAnalysis(EGEDA)whohasappointedtheEnergyData
andModellingCentre(EDMC)oftheInstituteofEnergyEconomics,Japan(IEEJ)astheCoordinatingAgency.
OneoftheobjectivesofEGEDAistocollectmonthlyoildataoftheAPECeconomiesinsupportoftheJoint
OrganisationsDataInitiative.
AsiaPaci�icEconomicCooperation(APEC)–www.ieej.or.jp/egeda
INUI.BldgKachidoki,13-1,Kachidoki1-Chome,Chuo-Ku,Tokyo104-0054,Japan
EUROSTAT
EurostatistheStatisticalOf�iceoftheEuropeanCommunities.ItstaskistoprovidetheEuropeanUnionwith
statistics, at a European level, that allow comparisons to be made between countries and regions. Eurostat
consolidates and harmonises the data collected by the Member States. To ensure that the vast quantity of
accessibledataismadewidelyavailableandtohelpeachusermakeproperuseoftheinformation,Eurostat
hassetupapublicationsandservicesprogramme.Thisprogrammemakesacleardistinctionbetweengeneral
andspecialistusersandparticularcollectionshavebeendevelopedforthesedifferentgroups.Thecollections’
Pressreleases,Statisticsinfocus,PanoramaoftheEuropeanUnion,PocketbooksandCataloguesareaimedat
generalusers.Theygiveimmediatekeyinformationthroughanalyses,tables,graphsandmaps.Thecollections’
methodsandnomenclaturesanddetailedtablessuittheneedsofthespecialistwhoispreparedtospendmore
timeanalysingandusingverydetailedinformationandtables.Aspartofthenewprogramme,Eurostathas
developed its website. It includes a broad range of online information on Eurostat products and services,
newsletters,catalogues,onlinepublicationsandindicatorsontheeurozone.
StatisticalOf�iceoftheEuropeanCommunities(EUROSTAT)–epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu
BECHBuilding,5,rueAlphonseWeicker,L-2721Luxembourg
INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY
TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)workstoensurereliable,affordableandcleanenergyforits28member
countries and beyond. Founded in 1974, the IEA’s initial role was to help countries co-ordinate a collective
responsetomajordisruptionsinoilsupplythroughthereleaseofemergencyoilstockstothemarkets.While
this continues to be a key aspect of its work, the IEA has evolved and expanded. It is at the heart of global
dialogueonenergy,andnowworkscloselywithnon-membercountriesto�indsolutionstosharedenergyand
environmentalconcerns.Itisoneoftheworld’smostauthoritativesourcesforenergystatistics,andproduces
annualstudiesonoil,naturalgas,coal,electricityandrenewables.TheIEAalsoprovidesauthoritative,unbiased
researchandanalysiswhichfocuseson:
• Energysecurity:Promotingdiversity,ef�iciencyand�lexibilitywithinallenergysectors.
• Economicdevelopment:EnsuringthestablesupplyofenergytoIEAmembercountriesandpromoting
freemarketstofostereconomicgrowthandeliminateenergypoverty.
• Environmentalawareness:Enhancinginternationalknowledgeofoptionsfortacklingclimatechange.
InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)–www.iea.org
9,ruedelaFederation,75739ParisCedex15,France
2
THELATIN-AMERICANENERGYORGANISATION(OLADE)
TheLatin-AmericanEnergyOrganisation(OLADE)isaninternationalpublicentityofcooperation,coordination
and advising. Its fundamental purpose is integration, protection, conservation, defence and rational use of
energyresourcesoftheRegion.
Thefundamentalobjectivesoftheorganisationareasfollows:
• Politicalandtechnicaltoolforpromptingbetterregionalenergyintegration.
• Manageof�icialstatistics,productsandservicesandregionalenergyplanning.
• EncouragetraininginsidetheEnergyMinistriesoftheMemberCountries.
• Promoteregionalenergycooperationamongcountries.
MemberCountries:Argentina,Barbados,Belize,Bolivia,Brazil,Colombia,CostaRica,Cuba,Chile,Ecuador,El
Salvador,Grenada,Guatemala,Guyana,Haiti,Honduras,Jamaica,Mexico,Nicaragua,Panama,Paraguay,Peru,
DominicanRepublic,Suriname,Trinidad&Tobago,UruguayandVenezuela.
Latin-AmericanEnergyOrganisation(OLADE)-www.olade.org
Av.MariscalSucreNo.N58-63&FernandezSalvador,OLADEBldg,P.O.Box17-11-6413Quito,Ecuador
THEORGANIZATIONOFPETROLEUMEXPORTINGCOUNTRIES(OPEC)
TheOrganizationofthePetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC)isapermanentintergovernmentalorganization
of oil-exporting developing nations that coordinates and uni�ies the petroleum policies of its Member
Countries. OPEC seeks to ensure the stabilization of oil prices in international oil markets, with a view to
eliminatingharmfulandunnecessary�luctuations,dueregardbeinggivenatalltimestotheinterestsofoilproducingnationsandtothenecessityofsecuringasteadyincomeforthem.EquallyimportantisOPEC’srole
inoverseeinganef�icient,economicandregularsupplyofpetroleumtoconsumingnations,andafairreturnon
capitaltothoseinvestinginthepetroleumindustry.
OPECwasformedonSeptember14,1960,atameetinginBaghdad,theIraqicapital,attendedby�ivecountries
thatbecamethefoundingmembers.ItwasregisteredwiththeUnitedNationsSecretariatonNovember6,1962,
followingUNResolutionNo.6363.AlsoinattendanceattheBaghdadmeetingwere-IslamicRepublicofIran,
Iraq,Kuwait,SaudiArabiaandVenezuela.TheysignedtheoriginalagreementestablishingOPEC.Currently,the
organizationhastwelvemembers,namely:Algeria,Angola,Ecuador,IRIran,Iraq,Kuwait,Libya,Nigeria,Qatar,
SaudiArabia,UnitedArabEmiratesandVenezuela.
OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC)–www.opec.org
Helferstorferstrasse17,A-1010Vienna,Austria
UNITEDNATIONSSTATISTICSDIVISION(UNSD)
The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) collects, processes and disseminates statistical information
coveringabroadrangeofstatisticaldomains,suchasdemography,energy,environment,industry,international
trade,nationalaccounts,socialandhousingstatistics.
Inadditiontocompilinganddisseminatingglobalstatisticalinformation,theDivision’skeyactivitiesinclude
thedevelopmentofstandardsandnormsforstatisticalactivities,assistancetocountriesintheimplementation
ofthesestandardsandgeneralsupporttostrengthencountries’nationalstatisticalsystems.
UNSDservesasthecentralmechanismwithintheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationstosatisfythestatistical
needsandcoordinatingactivitiesoftheglobalstatisticalsystem.UNSDalsoprovidessupporttothefunctioning
oftheUNStatisticalCommission,theapexentityoftheglobalstatisticalsystem,whichbringstogethertheChief
StatisticiansfromUnitedNationsmemberstatesfromaroundtheworld.
In the �ield of energy statistics, UNSD started its regular data collection in 1950. It now compiles and
disseminatesenergystatisticsformorethan190countries/territories,publishedintwoannualpublications,
the Energy Statistics Yearbook and the Energy Balances and Electricity Pro�iles, as well as an electronic
database,whichcanalsobeaccessedthroughtheUNdataportal.
UNSDiscooperatingwithmanyinternational,regionalandsupranationalagenciesintheworkonstatistical
standards,datacollectionandstatisticalcapacitybuilding,includinginthe�ieldofenergystatistics.
UnitedNationsStatisticsDevision(UNSD)–unstats.un.org
2UNPlaza,DC2-1414,New-York,NY10017,USA
3
INTERNATIONALENERGYFORUM(IEF)
TheIEFaimstofostergreatermutualunderstandingandawarenessofcommonenergyinterestsamongits89
membercountries.
Coveringallsixcontinentsandaccountingforaround90%ofglobalsupplyanddemandforoilandgas,theIEF
isuniqueinthatitcomprisesnotonlyconsumingandproducingcountriesoftheIEAandOPEC,butalsoTransit
Statesandmajorplayersoutsideoftheirmemberships,includingArgentina,Brazil,China,India,Mexico,Oman,
Russia and South Africa. Sitting alongside other important developed and developing economies on the 31
strongIEFExecutiveBoard,thesekeynationsareactivesupportersoftheglobalenergydialoguethroughthe
IEF.
Recognisingtheirinterdependenceinthe�ieldofenergy,themembercountriesoftheIEFco-operateunder
theneutralframeworkoftheForumtofostergreatermutualunderstandingandawarenessofcommonenergy
interestsinordertoensureglobalenergysecurity.TheForum’sbiennialMinisterialMeetingsaretheworld’s
largestgatheringofEnergyMinisters.Themagnitudeanddiversityofthisengagementisatestamenttothe
position of the IEF as a neutral facilitator and honest broker of solutions in the common interest. The IEF
andtheglobal energydialoguearepromotedbyapermanentSecretariatofinternationalstaffbasedinthe
DiplomaticQuarterofRiyadh,SaudiArabia.
InternationalEnergyForum(IEF)–www.ief.org
DiplomaticQuarter,P.O.Box94736,Riyadh11614,SaudiArabia
Commentscanalsobesenttothefollowinge-mailaddress:[email protected]
4
5
Tableofcontents
ListsofFiguresandTables .............................................................................................................................................8
Foreword
.............................................................................................................................................................9
Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Ackowledgements .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
1. Introduction
.......................................................................................................................................................... 15
2. TheJODIOilQuestionnaire .................................................................................................................................. 17
2.1 Thequestionnaire............................................................................................................................................................. 17
2.2 Instructionsforcompletion.......................................................................................................................................... 17
2.3 Shortde�initions................................................................................................................................................................ 18
3. ProductDe�initions................................................................................................................................................. 21
3.1 Crudeoil .............................................................................................................................................................................. 21
3.2 NGL .............................................................................................................................................................................. 22
3.3 Other .............................................................................................................................................................................. 23
3.4 Total .............................................................................................................................................................................. 25
3.5 LPG .............................................................................................................................................................................. 25
3.6 Naphtha .............................................................................................................................................................................. 27
3.7 Motorandaviationgasoline......................................................................................................................................... 28
3.8 Kerosenes ............................................................................................................................................................................. 30
3.9 Gas/Dieseloil...................................................................................................................................................................... 31
3.10 Fueloil .............................................................................................................................................................................. 33
3.11 Otheroilproducts............................................................................................................................................................. 34
3.12 Totaloilproducts .............................................................................................................................................................. 37
4. FlowDe�initions ....................................................................................................................................................... 39
4.1 Production(CrudeOil/NGL/Other).......................................................................................................................... 39
4.2 Fromothersources .......................................................................................................................................................... 41
4.3 ImportsandExports........................................................................................................................................................ 41
4.4 Productstransferred/Back�lows.............................................................................................................................. 43
4.5 Directuse.............................................................................................................................................................................. 43
4.6 Stockchange........................................................................................................................................................................ 44
4.7 Statisticaldifference ........................................................................................................................................................ 45
4.8 Re�ineryintake ................................................................................................................................................................... 45
4.9 Closingstocks ..................................................................................................................................................................... 46
4.9.1 Whatareprimary,secondaryandtertiarystocks?............................................................................... 46
4.9.2 Whatdatashouldbecollected?..................................................................................................................... 47
4.9.3 Locationofstocks................................................................................................................................................ 48
4.9.4 Timing/Cutoffdate.......................................................................................................................................... 48
4.9.5 Availabilityofstocksdata ................................................................................................................................ 48
4.10 Re�ineryoutput.................................................................................................................................................................. 49
4.11 Receipts .............................................................................................................................................................................. 51
4.12 Productstransferred ....................................................................................................................................................... 52
4.13 Interproducttransfers .................................................................................................................................................... 52
4.14 Demand .............................................................................................................................................................................. 52
6
5. Veri�icationofDataQuality .................................................................................................................................. 55
5.1 Dataqualityassessment................................................................................................................................................. 55
5.2 Focusondataaccuracy................................................................................................................................................... 55
5.2.1Balancecheck ...................................................................................................................................................... 56
5.2.1.1Fuelbalance:sumofproductsversustotaloilproducts ....................................................... 57
5.2.1.2Stockscheck .............................................................................................................................................. 58
5.2.2Timeseriescheck .............................................................................................................................................. 59
5.2.3Re�ineryintake/outputcheck ...................................................................................................................... 60
5.2.4Visualchecks ....................................................................................................................................................... 62
5.3. Monthlyversusannualdata ......................................................................................................................................... 62
5.3.1 Monthlydata ......................................................................................................................................................... 62
5.3.1.1Datacollectionandcoverage ............................................................................................................. 62
5.3.1.2Estimatesorfullcoveragedata......................................................................................................... 63
5.3.1.3Missingmonthlydata ............................................................................................................................ 63
5.3.2 Annualdata............................................................................................................................................................ 63
5.3.2.1Annualdataisasimplysumofthe12consecutivemonthsoftheyear.......................... 63
5.3.2.2Monthlydataistobereconsolidated
inordertoderiveannualdatafromthemonthlydata............................................................ 63
5.4. Commonreportingerrors ............................................................................................................................................. 63
6. EstimationsandRevisionsofdata ..................................................................................................................... 67
6.1 Estimations .......................................................................................................................................................................... 67
6.1.1 Dataarenotcollected........................................................................................................................................ 67
6.1.2 Dataareexceptionallynotavailable ........................................................................................................... 70
6.2 Revisions .............................................................................................................................................................................. 72
7. ExamplesofPractices
AfewExamplesofJODIOilDataCollectionandMethodologyinParticipatingCountries............................ 73
7.1 Exampleofpractice:Argentina................................................................................................................................... 73
7.2 Exampleofpractice:Croatia ........................................................................................................................................ 74
7.3 Exampleofpractice:Egypt............................................................................................................................................ 75
7.4 Exampleofpractice:France ......................................................................................................................................... 76
7.5 Exampleofpractice:Norway ....................................................................................................................................... 77
7.6 Exampleofpractice:Philippines ................................................................................................................................ 79
7.7 Exampleofpractice:SaudiArabia ............................................................................................................................. 82
8. TheJODIOilWorldDatabase............................................................................................................................... 83
8.1 Background.......................................................................................................................................................................... 83
8.2 BuildingtheJODIOilWorldDatabase...................................................................................................................... 83
8.3 TheJODIOilWorldDatabase ....................................................................................................................................... 84
8.3.1 Howtoaccess?...................................................................................................................................................... 84
8.3.2 Whatisincluded? ................................................................................................................................................ 84
8.3.3 Somefeatures ....................................................................................................................................................... 85
8.3.4 Colourcoding........................................................................................................................................................ 85
Annex1:TheRe�ineryprocess .................................................................................................................................. 87
Annex2:Unitsandconversionfactors .................................................................................................................... 89
Listofabbreviations ...................................................................................................................................................... 93
7
FiguresandTables
Listof�igures
Figure3.1
ProductionofLPG..............................................................................................................................................................26
Figure4.3
Demand�lows......................................................................................................................................................................53
Figure4.1
Figure4.2
Figure5.1
Figure5.2
Figure5.3
Figure7.1
Figure8.1
Figure8.2
Wellheadversusmarketableproduction.................................................................................................................39
Mainre�inery�lows ...........................................................................................................................................................50
Re�ineryintakecomparisonintons...........................................................................................................................61
Re�ineryintakecomparisonsinkbbl.........................................................................................................................61
Re�ineryintakevolumes .................................................................................................................................................62
Downstreamoilsector.....................................................................................................................................................79
Data�lowtotheIEF............................................................................................................................................................84
Aviewfromthedatabase...............................................................................................................................................85
FigureA1.1 Operationofatypicalre�inery .....................................................................................................................................87
FigureA2.1 Oilindustry�low.................................................................................................................................................................94
Listoftables
Table4.1 Example1ofreportingDirectuseofNGL...............................................................................................................51
Table5.1 Example1ofinternalbalancecheck .........................................................................................................................57
Table5.2 Example1offuelbalancecheck..................................................................................................................................57
Table5.3 Example2offuelbalancecheck..................................................................................................................................58
Table5.4 Exampleofcheckingconsistencyofstocksdata ..................................................................................................58
Table5.5 Comparinggrowthrateforthelatestmonthtothehistoricaltrend...........................................................59
Table6.1 AnnualbalanceforcountryZ........................................................................................................................................68
Table6.2 MonthlyJODIOildataforcountryZ...........................................................................................................................69
Table6.3 Re�ineryoutputofgas/dieseloilofcountryZ.......................................................................................................70
Table6.4 Howtoestimatemissingdata–example1.............................................................................................................70
Table6.5 Howtoestimatemissingdata–example2.............................................................................................................71
Table6.6 Howtoestimatemissingdata–example3.............................................................................................................71
TableA2.1 Mostcommonmultipleandsub-multiplepre�ixes .............................................................................................89
TableA2.2 Conversionequivalentsbetweenunitsofvolume ...............................................................................................90
TableA2.3 Conversionequivalentsbetweenunitsofmass....................................................................................................90
TableA2.4 Conversionequivalentsbetweenunitsofenergy ................................................................................................90
TableA2.5 Typicaldensities,conversionfactorsandcalori�icvaluesforcrudeoilandpetroleumproducts ...... 92
TableA2.6 Exampleofconvertingvolumetomass....................................................................................................................92
8
Foreword
The Joint Organisations Data Initiative is a concrete outcome of the producer-consumer energy
dialogue.Theimportanceofexchangingdataasameanstoenhancetransparencyofglobalenergy
commodity markets is recognised by IEF Energy Ministers as bene�icial to energy security and
in the interest of producers and consumers alike. The initiative relies on the combined efforts of
producing and consuming countries and the seven JODI partner organisations to build the timely,
comprehensive,andsustainableenergydataprovisionarchitecturewhichisaprerequisiteforstable
energycommoditymarkets.Byhelpingtomitigatesomeoftheuncertaintiesthatmaybedetrimental
to market functionality, JODI aims to moderate undue price volatility, thereby increasing investor
con�idenceandcontributingtogreaterstabilityinenergymarketsworldwide.
JODIhasbeensuccessfulindeliveringimprovedenergymarkettransparency.JODI’sdatacollection
architecture has demonstrated its ability to provide more timely oil market information, but
timeliness alone is not enough. Timeliness, accuracy and completeness must all be given equal
weightingifthedataaretoyieldtheirfullpotential,butforsomecountriesthereisstillampleroom
forimprovementinthelattertwomeasures.Astheinitiativemovestoanextendedformat,withthree
timesasmanydatapoints,evenhistoricallystrongJODIperformerswillhavetoworkhardtorise
tothechallengeofmaintainingtheirperformance.Supportfromandco-operationamongtheJODI
partnersandanincreasedfocusoncapacitybuildingwillbekeydeterminantsofsuccessforthenext
stageofJODI’sdevelopment.
Energy Ministers as well as world leaders have consistently expressed their strong support for
JODIandcontinuetocallforimprovedenergymarketdatatransparency.Suchpoliticalsupportis
essentialandJODIorganisationshavebeendiligentintheireffortstoprovidethemarketwithmore
comprehensivedata.
ThisManualwaspreparedjointlybytheIEFanditsJODIOilpartners(APEC,Eurostat,IEA,OLADE,
OPECandUNSD).Ourobjectiveistohelpdatacollectorsandusersunderstandthemethodologyand
de�initionsusedintheJODIOilquestionnaire.AlongwithtrainingsessionsonJODIconductedbyIEF
andpartnerorganisations,thisManualwillhelpdatacollectorstoconductbasicveri�icationofdata,
avoidcommonreportingerrorsandshareexamplesofbestpractices.
This second edition of the JODI Oil Manual is another important milestone on the road to more
transparentenergymarketsthroughimproveddata.
AldoFloresQuiroga
SecretaryGeneral
InternationalEnergyForum
9
10
Preface
Sincetheendofthe1990stheworldhasfacedhighoilpricevolatility.Thelackoftransparentandreliableoil
statisticswasidenti�iedasacontributoryfactortothevolatility.Thisisinadditiontoexternalitiesincluding
politicaltensionandeconomicshocks.Effortstoimprovetheavailabilityandreliabilityofoildatabeganamong
producersandconsumers,whorecognisedtheneedformoredatatransparencyintheoilmarket.Ministers
atthe7thInternationalEnergyForuminRiyadhin2000madecleartheirsupportforbetterdataandurgeda
globalresponsetothechallenge.
Evolutionfromthe7thto10thInternationalEnergyForum:
Fromanexercisetoaninitiativeandadatabase.
Sixinternationalorganisations–APEC,Eurostat,IEA,OLADE,OPECandUNSD–tookupthechallenge,combined
theirefforts,involvedtheirMemberCountriesand,inApril2001launchedtheJointOilDataExercise(JODE).
Theprimarygoalwasnottobuildadatabase,buttoraisetheawarenessofalloilmarketplayerstotheneedfor
moretransparencyofoilmarketdata.
The �irst priority of the six organisations was to assess the oil data situation in their respective member
countriesinordertobetterqualifyandquantifytheperceivedlackoftransparency.Theassessmentincluded
the collection of up-to-date monthly oil statistics from each organisation’s member countries through a
harmonizedquestionnaireon42keyoildatapoints.
Progresswasimmediate:Withinsixmonths,55countrieswerealreadyparticipatingintheexercise.Sixmonths
latertherewereover70participatingcountries,representing90percentofglobaloilsupplyanddemand.At
the8thInternationalEnergyForuminOsakain2002,Ministerscommendedthework,reaf�irmedtheirpolitical
supportandurgedtheorganisationstoredoubletheirefforts.
Having obtained the political mandate to reinforce their work, the six organisations obtained agreement
fromtheirMemberCountriestomaketheExerciseapermanentreportingmechanism;theExercisewasthen
renamedtheJointOilDataInitiative(JODI).
Astheprocessgatheredmomentum,morecountriesparticipatedandtheirsubmissionsbecamemoretimely,
complete,andofhigherquality.Itbecame,therefore,desirabletoassemblealltheinformationinacompatible
form:TheJODIOilWorldDatabasewasborn.
Participantsinthe5thJODIConferenceinOctober2004stronglyrecommendedthatthisjointglobaldatabase
bemadefreelyaccessibletoall–organisations,countries,industry,analystsandothers.
Fromconcepttolaunchandfurtherdevelopments
Transparencydoesnothappenovernightanddespitethesigni�icantprogressachievedsinceitsinception,the
databaseisstillfarfromperfect.TheIEFSecretariat,whichtookovertheco-ordinationofJODIinJanuary2005,
andthesixpartnerorganisationsarefullyawareofthelimitsandlimitationsofthedatabaseatthisstageofits
development.However,sincetransparencyiscentraltotheinitiative,theorganisationsrespondedpositivelyto
therequestexpressedatthe5thJODIConferenceforthedatabasetobemadeaccessibletothepublic.
11
InOctober2005,theorganisationsagreedtoopentheJODIOilWorldDatabase.Thedatabasewasof�icially
launchedontheoccasionoftheinaugurationoftheIEFHeadquartersbuildinginRiyadh,byKingAbdullahof
SaudiArabiaon19November2005.
Asaresultofthe6thInternationalJODI(Oil)conferenceinRiyadh,JODIpartnerorganisationsconductedan
extendedformatdatacollectiontrialovertwoyearsandconcludedthattheextensionwasfeasible.Following
itsendorsementatthe7thInternationalJODIConferenceinQuito,thesevenJODIorganisationsimplemented
the extended JODI questionnaire as a permanent activity. This extended format gives a more detailed and
accurateviewofthesupply-demandpicture.
The JODI partners’ establishment of a world oil data collection system inspired IEF Ministers to call for an
extension of the Initiative to cover natural gas (JODI Gas) and annual data on upstream and downstream
capacityandexpansionplans.Toaccommodateprogressonthesenewchallengesbeyondoildatatransparency,
thesevenJODIpartnerorganisationshavenowre-brandedJODIastheJointOrganisationsDataInitiative.
Acontinuousprocess…
Thedatabaseisandalwayswillbeworkinprogress.Timeliness,sustainabilityandcompletenesscanalwaysbe
improvedupon,butthequalityofdataalsoconstitutesanessentialelementofagooddatabase.
Theorganisationsthereforejointlydecidedthatseveralmeasurescouldbetakentohelpnationaladministrations
further enhance data quality when completing the JODI Oil questionnaire. As a point of departure, the �irst
edition of JODI Oil manual became available with the necessary guidelines and technical instructions. This
secondeditionwillincludede�initionsofnewlyaddedproductsand�lowsaswellasin-depthexplanationsand
additionaldiagramsoftheoilindustry’shighlycomplexvaluechain.Tofurtherimprovethedatasubmittedto
JODI,andtobuildcapacityamongitsparticipants,theIEFandtheJODIpartnerorganisationshaveestablished
theregionaltrainingworkshopprogrammewhichoffersstatisticiansandexpertsfromparticipatingcountries
an opportunity to improve their knowledge of de�initions, data quality assessment and oil data issues. The
workshopsalsoofferaplatformforJODIuserstosharetheirexperiencesandcommunicatebestpracticesfor
oildatamanagement.
Theultimategoalofthisinitiativeisfulldatatransparency-acompleteandcomprehensivedatabasewithgood
qualitydata,updatedonatimelybasisandprovidinganoverviewoftheglobaloilsituation.Wehopethatthe
publicationofthismanualbringsusalittleclosertoachievingthisobjective.
12
Acknowledgements
ThismanualwaspreparedbytheEnergyDivisionoftheInternationalEnergyForum(IEF)anditspartners
intheJointOrganisationsDataInitiative(JODI):theAsiaPaci�icEconomicCooperation(APEC),theStatistical
Of�ice of the European Communities (Eurostat), the International Energy Agency (IEA), the Latin American
Energy Organisation (OLADE), the Organisation for Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and the United
NationsStatisticsDivision(UNSD).
The ongoing success of JODI relies on the sustained and active participation and support of all key actors.
Therefore special acknowledgement is due to Argentina, Croatia, Egypt, France, Norway, Philippines, and
SaudiArabia,thecountrieswhosecasestudiesappearinthemanual.Thanksarealsoduetothemanyother
participatingcountriesthatvolunteeredmaterialforpublication:Algeria,Bulgaria,CostaRica,Cyprus,Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, Romania, Sweden and Uruguay. The depth of the material submitted has added
considerablevaluetothedevelopmentoftheJODIOiltrainingprogrammeaswellastothecomprehensiveness
ofthemanual.
JODIcontinuestoevolveandthispublicationisalivingdocument.Feedbackisanessentialelementinthedrive
forprogressandcommentsontheInitiativeareactivelyencouraged.Pleasesubmitquestionsorobservations
[email protected].
13
14
Chapter1:Introduction
Thepurposeofthismanualistoprovidedatacollectorsanduserswithafullexplanationofthemethodology
and de�initions used in the JODI Oil (Joint Organisations Data Initiative Oil) questionnaire. Moreover it was
deemedusefultosupplysomebackgroundinformationonhowoilisproduced,re�ined,etc.
AttheoutsetofJODIOil,whenthequestionnairewasdesigned,thesixinternationalorganisationsinvolved
intheinitiativeatthattimeagreedtolimitthenumberofdatapointsrequestedintheJODIOilquestionnaire
toaminimum.TheinitialobjectiveoftheJODIindeedwasnottostartanewdatacollectionsystem,butto
determinehowmanycountriescouldsubmitmonthlydataonaregularbasis.JODIhasevolvedconsiderably
sincethenandisnowapermanentfeatureforthesixorganisations.(moreinformationisavailableontheJODI
website:www.jodidata.org)
Only42keydatapointswereoriginallyrequested:sevenproductcategories(crudeoil,LPG,gasoline,kerosene,
gas/dieseloil,fueloilandtotaloilproducts)andsix�lows(production,imports,exports,stockchanges,closing
stocksanddemand).Theinformationrequesteddidnotconstituteabalance;foracompleteoilbalancetobe
reported,informationonseveralother�lowswouldberequired(e.g.transfers,directuse,etc.).
Inordertohaveasmallandeasilyunderstandablequestionnaire,thede�initionswerekepttoaminimum,and
includedonlytheabsoluteessentials.Moreover,asthesixinternationalorganisationswerealreadycollecting
oilstatisticsforotherpurposes,eachofthemhaddevelopedde�initionsappropriatefortheirdatacollection.
Theideawasthereforethatattheonset,de�initionswouldbekeptsimple,andthatmoreextensivede�initions
(basedonharmonisedde�initionsofthesixorganisations)wouldbedevelopedastheinitiativeevolved.
UponrequestsfromdatausersfollowingthelaunchoftheJODIOilWorldDatabaseinNovember2005,JODI
partnerorganisationsintroducedanextendedformatwith126datapoints.Thisextendedformatincludes�ive
additionalproducts(NGL,Other[primaryproducts],Naphtha,KerosenetypejetfuelandOtheroilproducts)
as well as 7 additional �lows (From other sources, Product transferred, Back�lows, Direct use, Statistical
difference,Receipts,andInterproducttransfers).Thisextendedformatgivesamoredetailedandaccurateview
ofthesupply-demandpicture.ThissecondeditionoftheJODIOilmanualisarevisedversionofits�irstedition
publishedin2006withadditionofde�initionsforthesenewproductsand�lows.
Most of the de�initions used in this manual are aligned with those contained in the International
Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES) which have been adopted by the United Nations Statistical
Commission in February 2011. The de�initions have been developed by InterEnerStat through an extensive
consultationprocesswithinternationalandregionalorganisationsactiveinenergystatisticsand,aspartof
thepreparationofIRES,theyhavebeensubjecttoaworldwideconsultationwithcountriesandinternational/
regionalorganisations.
Thede�initionsusedbytheorganisationsmaybedifferentlyworded,butthedifferencesmaynotbesolarge
thattheyresultindramaticallydifferentreporting.Nonethelesseachnationaladministrationmustadhereto
thede�initionsoftheorganisationtheybelongtowhentheysubmitJODIOildata.
Thismanualcompriseseightchaptersandtwoannexes.Thischapterprovidesforanintroduction;theJODI
OilquestionnaireisdescribedinChapter2andtheproductand�lowde�initionsareaddressedinChapters3
and4,respectively.Dataveri�icationmethodologyisinChapter5toguidethedataprovidersintheirefforts
toimprovedataquality.Chapter6providesinformationonestimationandrevisionofdata.Chapter7serves
thedataprovidersbygivingrealexamplesofdatacollectionpracticestogetherwithassociatedproblemsand
solutionsinvariouscountries.Chapter8providesinformationontheJODIOilWorldDatabase.Abriefoverview
ofthere�ineryprocessisgiveninAnnex1,whichcanserveasaquickreferenceforstudyingandcheckingthe
complicatedinterplayofproductsand�lowsinoilre�ineries.Annex2providesexplanationsaboutunitsand
conversionfactorswhichmaybeneededwhensubmittingJODIOildata.
15
16
Chapter2:TheJODIOilQuestionnaire
TheJODIOilquestionnaireformat,de�initionsandinstructionsonhowtocompleteitareshownbelow.The
questionnaireistobesubmittedonamonthlybasis.
2.1 Thequestionnaire
JOINT ORGANISATIONS DATA INITIATIVE
Country
__________________
Month
__________________
Unit: _________________
Crude
oil
NGL
Other
Total
(1)+(2)+(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
+ Production
+ From other sources
+ Imports
– Exports
+ Products transferred/
Backflows
– Direct use
– Stock change
– Statistical difference
0
0
0
0
= Refinery intake
Closing stocks
Oil products
LPG
Naphtha
Motor/
aviation
gasoline
(5)
(6)
(7)
Kerosenes
Of which
Kerosene
type jet fuel
Gas/
diesel
oil
Fuel oil
Other oil
products
Total oil products
(5)+(6)+(7)
+(8)+(10)
+(11)+(12)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
+ Refinery output
+ Receipts
+ Imports
– Exports
– Products transferred
+ Interproduct transfers
– Stock change
– Statistical difference
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
= Demand
Closing stocks
2.2 Instructionsforcompletion
Instructions
Deadlineforsubmission:25thofeachmonth
TheExcelformincludestwoworksheets:oneformonthM-1andoneformonthM-2.
1.PleasedonotchangetheformatoftheExcelform
2.PleasemakesurethatyouindicatethecorrectdatamonthinthecellforMonth:
3.Donotenterdecimalnumbers,butonlyincluderoundednumbers
4.Forspeci�icdetails,pleaseseetheworksheetonDe�initionsinthisspreadsheet.
Whencompleted,pleasesavetheExcel�ileandsendto:…(organisation)
Ifyouhaveotherquestionsorrequirefurthermoreinformation,pleasecontact:……(organisation)
17
2.3 Shortde�initions
Time:
APEC/EUROSTAT/IEA/OLADE/OPEC/UNSD
JODIOilShortDe�initions
M-1isLastMonth,orthemonthprevioustothecurrentmonth.
M-2istwomonthsprevioustothecurrentmonth.
DESCRIPTIONOFPRODUCTS
1. Crudeoil
2. NGL
3. Other
4. Total
: Includingleasecondensate–excludingNGL.
: Liquidorlique�iedhydrocarbonsrecoveredfromgasseparation
plantsandgasprocessingfacilities.
: Re�ineryfeedstocks+additives/oxygenates+otherhydrocarbons.
5. LPG
: Sumofcategories(1)to(3)Total=Crudeoil+NGL+Other.
6.
7.
: Comprisesnaphthausedasfeedstocksforproducinghighoctane
gasolineandalsoasfeedstockforthechemical/petrochemical
industries.
Naphtha
Motorand
aviationgasoline
: Comprisespropaneandbutane.
8. Kerosenes
: Comprisesmotorgasolineandaviationgasoline.
9. ofwhich:Kerosene
typejetfuel
: Aviationfuelusedforaviationturbinepowerunits.
ThisamountisasubsetoftheamountreportedunderKerosenes.
10. Gas/dieseloil
: Compriseskerosenetypejetfuelandotherkerosene.
11. Fueloil
: Forautomotiveandotherpurposes.
12. Otheroilproducts
: Re�inerygas,ethane,petroleumcoke,lubricants,whitespirit&SPB,
bitumen,paraf�inwaxesandotheroilproducts.
13. Totaloilproducts
18
: Heavyresidualoil/boileroil,includingbunkeroil.
: Sumofcategories(5)to(12)excluding(9).DemandforTotal
productsincludesdirectuseofCrudeoil,NGLandOther.
Time:
APEC/EUROSTAT/IEA/OLADE/OPEC/UNSD
JODIOilShortDe�initions
M-1isLastMonth,orthemonthprevioustothecurrentmonth.
M-2istwomonthsprevioustothecurrentmonth.
DESCRIPTIONOFFLOW
Production
Fromothersources
Imports/Exports
Productstransferred
/Back�lows
Directuse
Stockchange
Statisticaldifference
Re�ineryintake
Closingstocks
Re�ineryoutput
Receipts
Productstransferred
Interproduct
transfers
Demand
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Marketableproduction,afterremovalofimpuritiesbutincluding
quantitiesconsumedbytheproducerintheproductionprocess.
Inputsofadditives,biofuelsandotherhydrocarbonsthatare producedfromnon-oilsourcessuchas:coal,naturalgasor
renewables.
Goodshavingphysicallycrossedtheinternationalboundaries,
excludingtransittrade,internationalmarineandaviationbunkers.
SumofProductstransferredandBack�lowsfromthepetrochemical
industry.
Referstocrudeoil,NGLandOtherwhichareuseddirectly,without
beingprocessedinoilre�ineries,forexample:crudeoilburnedfor
electricitygeneration.
Closingminusopeninglevel.
Apositivenumberindicatesastockbuildduringtheperiod.
Anegativenumberindicatesastockdrawduringtheperiod.
Differencesbetweenobservedsupply�lowsandRe�ineryintakeor
Demand.
Observedre�inerythroughputs.
Representstheprimarystocklevelattheendofthemonthwithin
nationalterritories;includesstocksheldbyimporters,re�iners,
stockholdingorganisationsandgovernments.
Grossoutput(includingre�ineryfuel).
Primaryproductreceipts(quantitiesofoiluseddirectlywithout
processinginare�inery)+recycledproducts.ReceiptsforOtheroil
productsincludedirectuseofcrudeoilandNGL.
Importedpetroleumproductswhicharereclassi�iedasfeedstocks
forfurtherprocessinginthere�inery,withoutdeliveryto�inal
consumers.
Reclassi�icationofproducts,becausetheirspeci�icationhas
changed,orbecausetheyareblendedintoanotherproduct:
anegativeindicatesaproductthatwillbereclassi�ied,apositive
showsareclassi�iedproduct.InterproducttransfersforOtheroil
productsincludesinterproducttransfersofCrudeoilandNGL.
Deliveriesorsalestotheinlandmarket(domesticconsumption)
plusRe�ineryfuelplusInternationalmarineandaviationbunkers.
DemandforOtheroilproductsincludesdirectuseofCrudeoil,
NGL,andOther.
19
20
Chapter3:Productde�initions
Thischapteronproductde�initionsandthefollowingoneon�lowde�initionsarestructuredasfollows:�irstly
thede�initionintheJODIOilquestionnaireisshown,aswellassomeexplanatorynotes.Thenthedifferent
de�initionsusedbythesixorganisationsinchargeofcollectingtheJODIOildatafromtheirmembercountries
participatingintheInitiativearelisted,followedbyasummaryofthedifferencesinthede�initions.
Although the differences in the de�initions among the organisations may not be signi�icant, national
administrations are required to follow the de�initions of the organisation to which they belong when they
submitJODIOildata.Consequently,duetothesedifferencesinthede�initions,subtotalsshownintheJODIOil
WorldDatabasemayleadtosmallmisinterpretations.
3.1 Crudeoil
Includesleasecondensate
Petroleum is a complex mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, chemical compounds containing hydrogen and
carbon,occurringnaturallyinundergroundreservoirsinsedimentaryrock.Petroleumisnormallyfoundat
considerabledepthsbeneaththeearth’ssurface,where,underpressureitisessentiallyliquid.Atthesurface
andatmosphericpressure,petroleumcomprisesbothnaturalgasandcrudeoil.
The word petroleum comes from the Latin word petra, meaning rock, and oleum, meaning oil. The word
"petroleum"isofteninterchangedwiththeword"oil".Broadlyde�ined,itincludesbothprimary(crudeoilor
unre�ined)andsecondary(re�ined)products.
Crudeoilisthemostimportantoilfromwhichoilproductsaremanufacturedbutseveralotherfeedstockoils
arealsousedtomakeoilproducts.Thereisawiderangeofpetroleumproductsmanufacturedfromcrudeoil.
Manyareforspeci�icpurposes,forexample,motorgasolineorlubricants;othersareforgeneralheat-raising
needs,suchasgasoilorfueloil.
The quality of crude oil depends to a great extent on its density and sulphur content. The crude oils are
classi�iedaslight,mediumandheavyaccordingtotheirdensity.Crudeoilswithhighsulphurcontent(atleast
2.5%sulphur)aresour,whilesweetcrudeshaveoftenlessthan0.5%sulphurcontent.
Thedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixinternationalorganisations:
APEC,EurostatandIEA:
Crude oil is mineral oil of natural origin comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons and associated impurities,
suchassulphur.Itexistsintheliquidphaseundernormalsurfacetemperatureandpressureanditsphysical
characteristics (density, viscosity, etc.) are highly variable. This category includes �ield or lease condensate
recovered from associated and non-associated gas where it is co-mingled with the commercial crude oil
stream.
OLADE:
Crudeoilisacomplexmixtureofhydrocarbonsofdifferentmolecularweights,inwhichthereisagenerallysmall
fractionofcompoundscontainingsulphurandnitrogen.Thecompositionoftheoilisvariableandcanbedivided
intothreeclasses,accordingtothedistillationresidues,asparaf�ins,asphaltsoracombinationofboth.Oilisused
asarawmaterialinre�ineriesforprocessingandobtainingitsderivatives.Inspeci�iccasesitisalsousedfor�inal
consumptioningivenindustrialactivities.
21
OPEC:
Amixtureofhydrocarbonsthatexistinaliquidphaseinnaturalundergroundreservoirsandremainliquid
atatmosphericpressureafterpassingthroughsurfaceseparatingfacilities.Forstatisticalpurposes,volumes
reportedascrudeoilinclude:
• liquidstechnicallyde�inedascrudeoil;
• smallamountsofhydrocarbonsthatexistinthegaseousphaseinnaturalundergroundreservoirs,but
whichareliquidatatmosphericpressureafterbeingrecoveredfromoilwell(casinghead)gasinlease
separators;
• smallamountsofnon-hydrocarbonsproducedwiththeoil;
• very heavy and extra-heavy crude oil with viscosity less than 10.000, Pa.s (centipoises) at original
reservoirconditions.
UNSD:
Conventional Crude Oil: Mineral oil of fossil origin extracted by conventional means from underground
reservoirs,andcomprisesliquidornear-liquidhydrocarbonsandassociatedimpuritiessuchassulphurand
metals.
Remark:Conventionalcrudeoilexistsintheliquidphaseundernormalsurfacetemperatureandpressure,and
usually�lowstothesurfaceunderthepressureofthereservoir.Thisistermed"conventional"extraction.Crude
oilincludescondensatefromcondensate�ields,and"�ield"or"lease"condensateextractedwiththecrudeoil.
Thevariouscrudeoilsmaybeclassi�iedaccordingtotheirsulphurcontent("sweet"or"sour")andAPIgravity
("heavy"or"light").Therearenorigorousspeci�icationsfortheclassi�icationsbutaheavycrudeoilmaybe
assumedtohaveanAPIgravityoflessthan20oandasweetcrudeoilmaybeassumedtohavelessthan0.5%
sulphurcontent.
One critical issue is whether the volumes of NGL, lease or �ield condensates and oils extracted from
bituminousmineralsareincluded.AllorganisationsexcludeNGLfromcrudeoil.Ifcondensatesareable
tobeexcluded,itshouldbenotedtotheJODIorganisation(s)ofwhichthecountry/economyisamember.
MostOPECmembercountriesexcludecondensates.
3.2NGL[NaturalGasLiquids]
Liquidorlique�iedhydrocarbonsrecoveredfromgasseparationplantsandgasprocessingfacilities
Naturalgasliquidsareamixtureofethane,propane,butane(normalandiso),(iso)pentaneandafewhigher
alkanescollectivelyreferredtoaspentanesplus.
NGLareproducedinassociationwithoilornaturalgas.Theyareremovedin�ieldfacilitiesorgasseparation
plantsbeforesaleofthegas.AllofthecomponentsofNGLexceptethaneareeitherliquidatthesurfaceorare
lique�iedfordisposal.
The de�inition given above is the most commonly used. However, there is some use of terms based on the
vapourpressureofthecomponentswhichareliquidatthesurfaceorcanbeeasilylique�ied.Thethreeresulting
groupsare,inorderofincreasingvapourpressure:condensates,naturalgasolineandlique�iedpetroleumgas.
NGLmaybedistilledwithcrudeoilinre�ineries,blendedwithre�inedoilproductsoruseddirectly.NGLdiffers
from LNG (lique�ied natural gas) which is obtained by liquefying natural gas from which the NGL has been
removed.
22
Thedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixinternationalorganisations:
APEC,EurostatandIEA:
NGLareliquidorlique�iedhydrocarbonsrecoveredfromnaturalgasinseparationfacilitiesorgasprocessing
plants.Naturalgasliquidsincludeethane,propane,butane(normalandiso-),(iso)pentaneandpentanesplus
(sometimesreferredtoasnaturalgasolineorplantcondensate).
OLADE:
De�inition:
NGL:Hydrocarbonsfoundinrawnaturalgasotherthanmethane.
Description:
Naturalgasliquidsarehydrocarbonsobtainedfromwetgasorassociatedgasinfractioningor
separationplants.Naturalgasliquidsincludepropane,butane,ethaneandpentane.
OPEC:
Naturalgasliquids(NGL):thosereservoirgaseslique�iedatthesurfaceinleaseseparators,�ieldfacilitiesor
gasprocessingplants.NGLsconsistof�ieldcondensatesandnaturalgasplantproductssuchasethane,pentane,
propane,butaneandnaturalgasoline.
UNSD:
Naturalgasliquidsareamixtureofethane,propane,butane(normalandiso),(iso)pentaneandafewhigher
alkanescollectivelyreferredtoaspentanesplus.
Remark:NGLareproducedinassociationwith oilornatural gas.Theyareremovedin�ieldfacilitiesorgas
separationplantsbeforesaleofthegas.AllofthecomponentsofNGLexceptethaneareeitherliquidatthe
surfaceorarelique�iedfordisposal.
Thede�initiongivenaboveisthemostcommonlyused.However,thereissomeuseoftermsbasedonthevapour
pressureofthecomponentswhichareliquidatthesurfaceorcanbeeasilylique�ied.Thethreeresultinggroups
areinorderofincreasingvapourpressure:condensates,naturalgasolineandlique�iedpetroleumgas.NGLmay
bedistilledwithcrudeoilinre�ineries,blendedwithre�inedoilproductsoruseddirectly.NGLdiffersfromLNG
(lique�iednaturalgas)whichisobtainedbyliquefyingnaturalgasfromwhichtheNGLhasbeenremoved.
3.3 Other
Re�ineryfeedstocks+additives/oxygenates+otherhydrocarbons
Re�inery feedstocks are oils or gases from crude oil re�ining or the processing of hydrocarbons in the
petrochemicalindustrywhicharedestinedforfurtherprocessinginthere�ineryexcludingblending.Typical
feedstocksincludenaphthas,middledistillates,pyrolysisgasolineandheavyoilsfromvacuumdistillationand
petrochemicalplants.
Additivesandoxygenatesarecompoundsaddedtoorblendedwithoilproductstomodifytheirproperties
(octane,cetane,coldproperties,etc.).
Examplesare:
• oxygenates,suchasalcohols(methanol,ethanol),ethers[suchasMTBE(methyltertiarybutylether),
ETBE(ethyltertiarybutylether),TAME(tertiaryamylmethylether)];
• esters(e.g.rapeseedordimethylester,etc.);
• chemicalcompounds(suchasTML,TELanddetergents).
Someadditives/oxygenatesmaybederivedfrombiomass,othersmaybeoffossilhydrocarbonorigin.
Otherhydrocarbonsincludenon-conventionaloilsandhydrogen.
Althoughnotahydrocarbon,hydrogenisincludedunlessitisacomponentofanothergas.
Nonconventionaloilsareobtainedbynon-conventionalproductiontechniques,thatisoilswhichareextracted
from reservoirs containing extra heavy oils or oil sands which need heating or treatment (for example,
emulsi�ication)insitubeforetheycanbebroughttothesurfaceforre�ining/processing.Theyalsoincludethe
oilsextractedfromoilsands,extraheavyoils,coalsandoilshalewhichareat,orcanbebroughtto,thesurface
withouttreatmentandrequireprocessingaftermining(exsituprocessing).Non-conventionaloilsmayalsobe
producedfromnaturalgas.
23
Thedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixinternationalorganisations:
APEC,EurostatandIEA:
Are�ineryfeedstockisaprocessedoildestinedforfurtherprocessing(e.g.straightrunfueloilorvacuumgas
re�ineryfeedstock
re�ineryfeedstockisaprocessedoildestinedforfurtherprocessing(e.g.straightrunfueloilorvacuumgas
oil)excludingblending.Withfurtherprocessing,itwillbetransformedintooneormorecomponentsand/or
�inishedproducts.Thisde�initionalsocoversreturnsfromthepetrochemicalindustrytothere�iningindustry
(e.g.pyrolysisgasoline,C4fractions,gasoilandfueloilfractions).
Additives are non-hydrocarbon compounds added to or blended with a product to modify fuel properties
(octane,cetane,coldproperties,etc.):
• oxygenates,suchasalcohols(methanol,ethanol),ethers[(suchasMTBE(methyltertiarybutylether),
ETBE(ethyltertiarybutylether),TAME(tertiaryamylmethylether)];
• esters(e.g.rapeseedordimethylester,etc.);
• chemicalcompounds(suchasTML,TELanddetergents).
Note:Quantitiesofadditives/oxygenates(alcohols,ethers,estersandotherchemicalcompounds)reportedin
thiscategoryshouldrelatetothequantitiesdestinedforblendingwithfuelsorforfueluse.
Biogasoline: This category includes bioethanol (ethanol produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable
fraction of waste), biomethanol (methanol produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction of
waste),bioETBE(ethyl-tertio-butyl-etherproducedonthebasisofbioethanol:thepercentagebyvolumeof
bioETBEthatiscalculatedasbiofuelis37%)andbioMTBE(methyl-tertio-butyl-etherproducedonthebasisof
biomethanol:thepercentagebyvolumeofbioMTBEthatiscalculatedasbiofuelis22%).
Biojetkerosene:Thisisliquidbiofuelderivedfrombiomassandblendedwithjetkerosene.Biojetkerosene
canbeproducedbyarangeofthermalprocesses(includingforexamplegasi�icationfollowedbyFischerTropsch
synthesis,pyrolysisfollowedbyhydrogenation,orconversionofsugartohydrocarbonsusingmicroorganisms
(e.g.yeast).Awiderangeofbiomassfeedstocks,includingcellulosicmaterialsandalgalbiomasscouldbeused
insuchprocesses.
Biodiesels: This category includes biodiesel (a methyl-ester produced from vegetable or animal oil, of
dieselquality),biodimethylether(dimethyletherproducedfrombiomass),FischerTropsch(FischerTropsch
producedfrombiomass),coldpressedbiooil(oilproducedfromoilseedthroughmechanicalprocessingonly)
andallotherliquidbiofuelswhichareaddedtoorblendedwithGas/dieseloil.
Other hydrocarbons: this includes synthetic crude oil from tar sands, shale oil, etc., liquids from coal
liquefaction, output of liquids from natural gas conversion into gasoline, hydrogen and emulsi�ied oils (e.g.
Orimulsion).
OLADE:
Additives/oxygenatesincludesalcoholwhichitselfcoversbothethanol(ethylalcohol)andmethanol(methyl
alcohol)usedasfuels.
Ethanolisacolorlessliquidthatcanbeproducedbyfermentationofplantmaterialswithahighsugarcontent,
suchassugarcanejuiceormolasses;plantmaterialswithhighstarchcontent,suchascassava,corn,etc.;and
materialswithhighcellulosecontent:�irewood,plantwastes.Itcanbeusedasanhydrousorhydratedalcohol,
aloneormixedwithgasolineininternalcombustionengines.
Methanolisalsoacolorlessliquidthatcanbeproducedfromseveralrawmaterialssuchas�irewood,plant
wastes,methane,naturalgas,coal,etc.Itisusedininternalcombustionengines.
24
UNSD:
Re�inery feedstocks: Oils or gases from crude oil re�ining or the processing of hydrocarbons in the
petrochemicalindustrywhicharedestinedforfurtherprocessinginthere�ineryexcludingblending.Typical
feedstocksincludenaphthas,middledistillates,pyrolysisgasolineandheavyoilsfromvacuumdistillationand
petrochemicalplants.
Additives and oxygenates: Compounds added to or blended with oil products to modify their properties
(octane,cetane,coldproperties,etc.).
Remark:Examplesare:(a)oxygenatessuchasalcohols(methanol,ethanol)andethers[MTBE(methyltertiary
butylether),ETBE(ethyltertiarybutylether),TAME(tertiaryamylmethylether)];(b)esters(e.g.,rapeseed
or dimethylester, etc.); and (c) chemical compounds (such as TML, TEL and detergents). Some additives/
oxygenatesmaybederivedfrombiomasswhileothersmaybeoffossilhydrocarbonorigin.
Otherhydrocarbons:Thisdivisionincludesnon-conventionaloilsandhydrogen.Non-conventionaloilsrefer
tooilsobtainedbynon-conventionalproductiontechniques,thatisoilswhichareextractedfromreservoirs
containingextraheavyoilsoroilsandswhichneedheatingortreatment(e.g.,emulsi�ication)insitubefore
theycanbebroughttothesurfaceforre�ining/processing.Theyalsoincludetheoilsextractedfromoilsands,
extraheavyoils,coalandoilshalewhichareat,orcanbebroughtto,thesurfacewithouttreatmentandrequire
processingaftermining(exsituprocessing).Non-conventionaloilsmayalsobeproducedfromnaturalgas.
Remark:Theoilsmaybedividedintotwogroups:(i)oilsfortransformation(e.g.,syntheticcrudesextracted
from extra heavy oils, oil sands, coal and oil shale); and (ii) oils for direct use (e.g., emulsi�ied oils such as
orimulsionandGTLliquids).Oilsandsarealsoknownastarsands.Extraheavyoilsarealsoknownasbitumen.
Thisisnottheoilproductofthesamenamewhichismadefromvacuumdistillationresidue.Althoughnota
hydrocarbon,hydrogenisincludedhereunlessitisacomponentofanothergas.
3.4Total
SumofCrudeoil,NGLandOther
TheTotalincludescrudeoil,NGL,re�ineryfeedstocks,additives/oxygenatesandotherhydrocarbons.
3.5LPG(Lique�iedPetroleumGases)
Comprisespropaneandbutane
Lique�ied petroleum gas (LPG) is the generic name for commercial propane and commercial butane. It can
beproducedfromnaturalgasprocessingplants,oilre�ineriesandinnaturalgasliquefactionplantsasabyproductoftheproductionoflique�iednaturalgas(LNG).(See�igure3.1overleaf)
LPG occurs naturally as gas at atmospheric pressure. It has the special property of becoming liquid at
atmospherictemperatureifmoderatelycompressedandcaneasilybeconvertedfromliquidintogasbybeing
releasedtoatmosphericpressure.Inordertofacilitatetransportandstorage,LPGisusuallybottledinliquid
state(about250timesmoredensethaninitsgaseousform);propanehowevercanalsobesuppliedinbulkfor
storagetanksatconsumers’premises.
LPGisuseddomestically,mainlyforheatingandcookingpurposesandindustriallyforexampleasfeedstock
tothepetrochemicalindustry.Itisalsoincreasinglyusedinthetransportsectorasvehiclefuel,becauseofits
cleanerburningpropertiesandoftenlowerend-useprice.
25
Figure3.1:ProductionofLPG
Whencrudeoilandnaturalgasareproducedfromthewell(eitherfromassociatedornon-associatedwells),
theyareamixtureofoil,water,sedimentanddissolvedgases(methane,ethane,propane,butaneandpentanes).
Inthe�irstinstance,allgasesareseparatedfromtheoil/gasmixtureinnaturalgasprocessingplantsand
separationplants.
Thegasesareextractedbecauseoftheirhighervalueandtheirreadilymarketablestate,suchaspropaneand
butanewhichareLPG.Inalaterstage,thesedimentandotherunwantedsubstancesareremovedintreatment
plants.
The gases are separated in a wellhead separation plant from onshore and offshore wells respectively. This
happensthroughaseparatorontheplatform.Themethanewillformtheconstituentofnaturalgas,whilethe
othersformtheNaturalgasliquids(NGL).Naturalgasliquidshowevercanalsobeproducedinconjunction
withnaturalgas.
LargeamountsofLPGarealsoproducedinpetroleumre�inerieswheretheyareseparatedfromcrudeoilin
thedistillationprocess.
Itisalsoproducedasaby-productoftheproductionofLNGinnaturalgasliquefactionplants.
26
Thedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixinternationalorganisations:
APEC,EurostatandIEA:
LPGarelightparaf�inichydrocarbonsderivedfromthere�ineryprocesses,crudeoilstabilisationandnatural
gasprocessingplants.Theyconsistmainlyofpropane(C3H8)andbutane(C4Hl0)oracombinationofthetwo.
Theycouldalsoincludepropylene,butylenesandisobutylene.LPGarenormallylique�iedunderpressurefor
transportationandstorage.
OLADE:
LPGconsistsofamixtureoflighthydrocarbonswhichareobtainedfrompetroleumdistillationand/ornatural
gastreatment.Thefollowingthreetypesareidenti�ied:
a. amixtureofhydrocarbonsoftheC3group(propane,propene,propylene);
b. amixtureofhydrocarbonsoftheC4group(butane,butene,butylene);and
c. amixtureofC3andC4inanyproportions.
OPEC:
LPGisalighthydrocarbonsfractionoftheparaf�inseriesproducedinre�ineriesandgasplants,comprising
propane(C3H8)andbutane(C4H10)oramixtureofthesetwohydrocarbons.
UNSD:
LPGreferstolique�iedpropane(C3H8)andbutane(C4H10)ormixturesofboth.Commercialgradesareusually
mixtures of the gases with small amounts of propylene, butylene, isobutene and isobutylene stored under
pressureincontainers.
Remark:Themixtureofpropaneandbutaneusedvariesaccordingtopurposeandseasonoftheyear.Thegases
maybeextractedfromnaturalgasatgasseparationplantsoratplantsre-gasifyingimportedlique�iednatural
gas.Theyarealsoobtainedduringthere�iningofcrudeoil.LPGmaybeusedforheatingandasavehiclefuel.
Seealsothede�initionfornaturalgasliquids.Certainoil�ieldpracticesalsousethetermLPGtodescribethe
highvapourpressurecomponentsofnaturalgasliquids.
ForallorganisationsLPGcomprisesmainlypropaneandbutane.LPGfromgasplantsshouldbereported
toall�lowsoftheJODIOilquestionnaireexceptre�ineryoutput.Forfurtherdetailpleaserefertotable
4.1onpage51
3.6Naphtha
Comprisesnaphthausedasfeedstockforproducinghighoctanegasolineandalsoasfeedstockfor
thechemical/petrochemicalindustries
Naphtha is light or medium oils distilling between 30oC and 210oC which do not meet the speci�ication for
motorgasoline.
Different naphthas are distinguished by their density and the content of paraf�ins, isoparaf�ins, ole�ins,
naphthenes and aromatics. The main uses for naphthas are as feedstock for high octane gasolines and the
manufactureofole�insinthepetrochemicalindustry.
Thedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixinternationalorganisations:
APEC,EurostatandIEA:
Naphthaisafeedstockdestinedforeitherthepetrochemicalindustry(e.g.ethylenemanufactureoraromatics
production)orforgasolineproductionbyreformingorisometrisationwithinthere�inery.Naphthacomprises
materialinthe30oCand2l0oCdistillationrangeorpartofthisrange.
OLADE:
De�inition:
re�ineries.
Natural gasoline produced in gas plants and virgin naphtha imported or produced by
Description:
Itisobtainedfromthegastreatmentplants.Ingeneral,naturalgasolineisconsideredasan
intermediateorun�inishedproduct,whichisusedasfeedstockfortheproductionofmotorgasoline.
27
Virgin naphtha: It is obtained in the primary distillation of oil re�ineries. The virgin naphtha is a product
withoutchemicaltransformationsthatareusedasacomponentinthemixtureofgasoline,asinputinreforming
units,asfeedstockinpetrochemicalplantsorexportedasoilproduct.Somecountriesimportvirginnaphthato
beusedasfeedstockintheproductionofgasoline.
OPEC:
Naphtha:Re�inedorpartlyre�inedlightdistillateswithanapproximateboilingpointrangeof27to221oC.
Usedasfeedstockforcatalyticreformingorpetrochemicalfeedstock.
UNSD:
Naphtha: Light or medium oils distilling between 30oC and 210oC which do not meet the speci�ication for
motorgasoline.
Remark:Differentnaphthasaredistinguishedbytheirdensityandthecontentofparaf�ins,isoparaf�ins,ole�ins,
naphthenes and aromatics. The main uses for naphthas are as feedstock for high octane gasolines and the
manufactureofole�insinthepetrochemicalindustry.
3.7 Motorandaviationgasoline
Comprisesmotorgasolineandaviationgasoline
Motorgasolineistheprincipalfuelusedinthetransport/roadsectorandaccountsforsome25%oftotaloil
useintheworld.Insomecountries,forexampleintheUS,motorgasolineconsumptionisalmosthalfoftotal
oil consumption. Motor and aviation gasoline includes also Motor and aviation gasoline oil which has been
blendedwithbiogasoline.
Motor gasoline is a complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons used for spark-ignition internal
combustion engines. Gasoline is produced in re�ineries as the result of primary distillation of crude oil and
thenfurtherprocessing,includingchangingthemolecularstructure,untiltherequiredspeci�icationsaremet.
Thecharacteristicsofthegasolineproduceddependonthetypeofcrudeoilthatisusedandthesetupofthe
re�ineryatwhichitisproduced.
Motorgasolinemayincludesomequantitiesofadditivesandblendingcomponentstoimprovefuelproperties
suchasoctanenumber,stabilityanddepositformationinengines.
Gasolinecharacteristicsarealsoimpactedbyotheringredientsthatmaybeblendedintoit,suchasethanol.The
performanceofthegasolinemustmeetindustrystandardsandenvironmentalregulationsthatmaydependon
location.
Motorgasolinemayalsocontainbiogasolineproductsincludingbioethanol,biomethanol,biobutanol,bioETBE
(ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether),orbioMTBE(methyl-tertio-butyl-ether).
Biogasolinemaybeblendedwithpetroleumgasolineoruseddirectlyinengines.Theblendingmaytakeplace
inre�ineriesoratornearthepointofsale.
TheJODIOilde�initionofgasolinealsoincludesaviationgasolinewhichisusedinaviationpistonengines.
Aviation gasoline is a mixture of many different hydrocarbon compounds. The speci�ication requirements
foraviationgasoline,especiallyanti-knock,volatility,�luidity,stability,corrosiveness,andcleanlinessimpose
severelimitationsonthecompoundsthatcanbeused.
Thedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixinternationalorganisations:
APEC,EurostatandIEA:
Motorgasolineconsistsofamixtureoflighthydrocarbonsdistillingbetween35oCand215oC.Itisusedas
a fuel for land-based spark ignition engines. Motor gasoline may include additives, oxygenates and octane
enhancers,includingleadcompoundssuchasTEL(Tetraethyllead)andTML(tetramethyllead).
Thiscategoryincludesmotorgasolineblendingcomponents(excludingadditives/oxygenates),e.g.alkylates,
isometrate,reformate,crackedgasolinedestinedforuseas�inishedmotorgasoline.
28
Aviationgasoline:Thisismotorspiritpreparedespeciallyforaviationpistonengines,withanoctanenumber
suitedtotheengine,afreezingpointof-60oCandadistillationrangeusuallywithinthelimitsof30oCand180oC.
Biogasoline: This category includes bioethanol (ethanol produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable
fraction of waste), biomethanol (methanol produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction of
waste),bioETBE(ethyl-tertio-butyl-etherproducedonthebasisofbioethanol:thepercentagebyvolumeof
bioETBEthatiscalculatedasbiofuelis37%)andbioMTBE(methyl-tertio-butyl-etherproducedonthebasisof
biomethanol:thepercentagebyvolumeofbioMTBEthatiscalculatedasbiofuelis22%).
OLADE:
Gasoline/Alcohol:Amixtureoflightliquidhydrocarbons,obtainedfrompetroleumdistillationand/ornatural
gastreatment,withinboilingpointrangeof30oCto200oC.Italsoincludesalcoholobtainedindistilleriesand
usedasafuel.Thisgroupincludes:
Aviationgasoline:Thisisamixtureofreformedhigh-octanenaphthas,whichisveryvolatileandstable,witha
lowfreezingpoint,usedinpropelleraircraftwithpistonengines.
Motorgasoline:Thisisacomplexmixtureofrelativelyvolatilehydrocarbons,which,withorwithoutadditives
(suchasleadtetraethyl),isusedasfuelbyinternalcombustionengines.
Natural gasoline: This is a product from natural gas processing. It is used as a raw material for industrial
processes(petrochemicals),inre�ineries,oritisdirectlymixedwithnaphthas.
Alcohol:Thisincludesbothethanol(ethylalcohol)andmethanol(methylalcohol)usedasfuels.
Ethanol is a colourless liquid that may be produced by the fermentation of plant materials with high sugar
content,suchassugar-canesyrupormolasses;plantmaterialswithhighstarchcontent,suchascassava,corn,
etc.;andmaterialswithhighcellulosecontent,suchas�irewoodandplantwastes.Itmaybeusedinitsanhydrous
orhydratedstate,aloneormixedwithgasolineininternalcombustionengines.
Methanolisalsoacolourlessliquidthatmaybeproducedonthebasisofavarietyofrawmaterials,e.g.wood,
plantwastes,methane,naturalgas,coal.Itisusedininternalcombustionengines.
OPEC:
Acomplexmixtureofrelativevolatilehydrocarbons,withorwithoutsmallquantitiesofadditivesthathavebeen
blendedtoformafuelsuitableforuseininternalcombustionengines;includesgasolineusedinaviation.
UNSD:
Gasoline:Complexmixturesofvolatilehydrocarbonsdistillingbetweenapproximately25°Cand220°Cand
consistingofcompoundsintheC4toC12range.
Remark:Gasolinesmaycontainblendingcomponentsofbiomassorigin,especiallyoxygenates(mainlyethers
andalcohols),andadditivesmaybeusedtoboostcertainperformancefeatures.
Motorgasoline:Amixtureofsomearomatics(e.g.benzeneandtoluene)andaliphatichydrocarbonsintheC5
toC12range.Thedistillationrangeis25oCto220oC.
Remark:Additivesareblendedtoimproveoctanerating,improvecombustionperformance,reduceoxidation
duringstorage,maintaincleanlinessoftheengineandimprovecaptureofpollutantsbycatalyticconvertersin
theexhaustsystem.Motorgasolinemayalsocontainbiogasolineproducts.
Aviation gasoline: Gasoline prepared especially for aviation piston engines with additives which assure
performanceunder�lightconditions.Aviationgasolinesarepredominantlyalkylates(obtainedbycombiningC4
andC5isoparaf�inswithC3,C4andC5ole�ins)withthepossibleadditionofmorearomaticcomponentsincluding
toluene.Thedistillationrangeis25oCto170oC.
ForAPEC,Eurostat,IEA,OPECandUNSDMotorandaviationgasolinecomprisesaviationgasolineand
motorgasoline(includingblendingcomponentssuchasbioethanol)–naturalgasolineisclassi�iedunder
NGLs. For OLADE gasoline comprises aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, natural gasoline and alcohol
(ethanol/methanol) used as fuel. JODI Oil de�inition does not include pure biofuels used directly in
engines.
29
3.8Kerosenes
Compriseskerosenetypejetfuelandotherkerosene
MixturesofhydrocarbonsintherangeC9toC16distillingoverthetemperatureinterval145oCto300oC,but
notusuallyabove250oC,andwitha�lashpointabove38oC.Kerosenesalsoincludekeroseneswhichhavebeen
blendedwithbiojetkerosene.
Thechemicalcompositionofkerosenesdependsonthenatureofthecrudeoilsfromwhichtheyarederived
and the re�inery processes that they have undergone. Kerosenes obtained from crude oil by atmospheric
distillation are known as straight-run kerosenes. Such streams may be treated by a variety of processes to
producekerosenesthatareacceptableforblendingasjetfuels.
Kerosenes include Other kerosene and Kerosene type jet fuel. Kerosene type jet fuel needs to be reported
separatelyinthecategorycolumn9(ofwhich:Kerosenetypejetfuel).
Breakdownofkerosenetypejetfuelandotherkerosene
Kerosenetypejetfuelisablendofkerosenessuitedto�lightconditionswithparticularspeci�ications,such
asfreezingpoint.Kerosenetypejetfuelisanaviationfuel.Theaviationfuelsincludethreetypes:aviation
gasoline(seeaboveGasoline),gasoline(ornaphtha)typejetfuelandkerosenetypejetfuel.Kerosenetypejet
fuelmayalsoincludebiojetkerosene.
Intermsofdemandforthedifferentproducts,Kerosenetypejetfuelhasashareof99%ofallaviationfuels
anditistheonlyonebasictypeofjetfuelinciviluseworld-wide.Thewide-cutgasolinetypeofjetfuelhasnot
beenusedbycivilaircraftformanyyears(lessthan0.05%ofworldaviationfueldemand)and,oncethefuel
formanymilitaryorganisations,itsmilitaryusehasrapidlydecreasedoverthelastfewyears.Aviationgasoline
(includedingasoline)accountsforslightlylessthan1%ofworldaviationfueldemand.
Kerosene type jet fuel is a middle-distillate fuel, generally produced to meet the stringent speci�ications
of international civil speci�ications, for use as civil aviation fuel. In recent years however, many military
organisations, including for example NATO now use fuels which are virtually identical to some of the
internationallyacceptedjetkerosene,mainlydifferingintheadditivesincluded.
Biojetkeroseneisaliquidbiofuelderivedfrombiomassandblendedwithorreplacingjetkerosene.
Biojetkerosenecanbeproducedbyarangeofthermalprocesses(includingforexamplegasi�icationfollowed
by Fischer Tropsch synthesis, pyrolysis followed by hydrogenation, or conversion of sugar to hydrocarbons
usingmicroorganisms(e.g.yeast).Awiderangeofbiomassfeedstocks,includingcellulosicmaterialsandalgal
biomass,couldbeusedinsuchprocesses.
Other kerosene: Kerosene which is used for heating, cooking, lighting, solvents and internal combustion
engines. Other names for this product are burning oil, vaporizing oil, power kerosene and illuminating oil.
Lower quality speci�ication kerosene (other kerosene) or a dual purpose grade is used in some regions as
domesticheatingoil,especiallyinAsia,notablyinJapanandKorea.
Pleasenotethatsomeorganisationscollectinformationforjetfuel.Jetfuelincludesbothkerosenetypeand
naphtha or gasoline type jet fuel. This is not a substantial problem as the latter category barely represents
0.05%ofworld-wideaviationfueldemand.
Thedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixinternationalorganisations:
APEC,EurostatandIEA:
Kerosenetypejetfuel:Thisisadistillateusedforaviationturbinepowerunits.Ithasthesamedistillation
characteristics (between 150oC and 300oC, and generally not above 250oC) and �lash point as kerosene. In
addition,ithasparticularspeci�ications(suchasfreezingpoint)whichareestablishedbytheInternationalAir
TransportAssociation(IATA).
Otherkerosene:Kerosenecomprisesre�inedpetroleumdistillateandisusedinsectorsotherthanaircraft
transport.Itdistilsbetween150oCand300oC.
30
OLADE:
Kerosene:Aliquidfuelmadeupoftheoilfractionthatisdistilledbetween150and300degreesC.Itisusedasafuel
forcookingfood,lighting,inmotors,inrefrigerationequipment,andasasolventfordomesticwaxesandinsecticides.
Jetfuel:
De�inition:
Thekeroseneusedasfuelinreactionmotorsandturbopropellers.
Description:
Kerosenewithaspecialdegreeofre�ining,withafreezingpointbelowthatofcommonkerosene.
Itisusedinreactionmotorsandturbopropellers.
OPEC:
ComprisesJetfuelandOtherKerosene.
Jetfuel:Fuelofnaphthaandkerosenetypesuitableforcommercialormilitarypurposeonaircraftturbineengines.
Otherkerosene:Lighthydrocarbondistillatesinthe150oCto280oCdistillationrangeandusedasaheating
fuelandasfuelforcertaintypesofinternalcombustionengines.
UNSD:
Kerosenes:MixturesofhydrocarbonsintherangeC9toC16anddistillingoverthetemperatureinterval145oC
to300oC,butnotusuallyabove250oCandwitha�lashpointabove38oC.
Remark: The chemical compositions of kerosenes depend on the nature of the crude oils from which they
are derived and the re�inery processes that they have undergone. Kerosenes obtained from crude oil by
atmospheric distillation are known as straight-run kerosenes. Such streams may be treated by a variety of
processestoproducekerosenesthatareacceptableforblendingasjetfuels.
Kerosenesareprimarilyusedasjetfuels.Theyarealsousedasdomesticheatingandcookingfuels,andas
solvents.Kerosenesmayincludecomponentsoradditivesderivedfrombiomass.
Kerosene-typejetfuel:Ablendofkerosenessuitedto�lightconditionswithparticularspeci�ications,suchas
freezingpoint.
Otherkerosene:Kerosenewhichisusedforheating,cooking,lighting,solventsandinternalcombustion
engines.Othernamesforthisproductareburningoil,vaporizingoil,powerkeroseneandilluminatingoil.
Kerosenecompriseskerosenetypejetfuelandotherkeroseneforallorganisations.Kerosenetypejet
fuelneedstobereportedseparatelyinthecategorycolumn9(ofwhich:Kerosenetypejetfuel).JODIOil
de�initiondoesnotincludepurebiofuelsuseddirectlyinengines.
3.9Gas/dieseloil
Forautomotiveandotherpurposes
Gas/diesel oil is a lighter fuel oil distilled off during the re�ining process and used primarily for heating,
automotivepurposesindieselenginesandforpowergeneration.Gas/dieseloilalsoincludesGas/dieseloil
whichhasbeenblendedwithbiodiesel.
Twomaintypesaredistinguishedbytheiruses:
Transportdiesel:Fuelusedforinternalcombustioninon-roaddieselengines,carsandtrucksetc.,usuallyof
lowsulphurcontent.
Heatingoilandothergasoil:Thisisadistillatefueloilusedmainlyinstationaryormarinedieselengines.It
includeslightheatingoilwhichisusedforresidentialorcommercialspaceheating,orinindustrialplants.It
alsoincludesmarinedieselwhichisusedforbargeandboatenginesandotherheaviergasoilswhichmaybe
usedaspetrochemicalfeedstocks.
DemandofGas/dieseloilalsoincludesallGas/dieseloilwhichisusedasinternationalmarinebunkerfuel.
Biodieselsareliquidbiofuelsderivedfrombiomassandusedindieselengines.
31
Biodieselsobtainedbychemicalmodi�icationarealinearalkylestermadebytransesteri�icationofvegetable
oilsoranimalfatswithmethanol.Thetransesteri�icationdistinguishesbiodieselfromstraightvegetableand
wasteoils.Biodieselhasa�lashpointofaround150°Candadensityofabout0.88kg/litre.Biologicalsourcesof
biodieselinclude,butarenotlimitedto,vegetableoilsmadefromcanola(rapeseed),soybeans,corn,oilpalm,
peanut,orsun�lower.Someliquidbiofuels(straightvegetableoils)maybeusedwithoutchemicalmodi�ication
andtheiruseusuallyrequiresmodi�icationoftheengine.
A further category of diesel fuels can be produced by a range of thermal processes (including for example
gasi�icationfollowedbyFischerTropschsynthesis,pyrolysisfollowedbyhydrogenation,orconversionofsugar
tohydrocarbonsusingmicroorganisms[e.g.yeast]).Awiderangeofbiomassfeedstocks,includingcellulosic
materialsandalgalbiomasscouldbeusedinsuchprocesses.
Biodieselsmaybeblendedwithpetroleumdieseloruseddirectlyindieselengines.
Thedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixinternationalorganisations:
APEC,EurostatandIEA:
Gas/dieseloilisprimarilyamediumdistillatedistillingbetween180oCand380oC.Severalgradesareavailable
dependingonuse:
• RoadDiesel:Onroaddieseloilfordieselcompressionignition(cars,trucksetc.),usuallyoflowsulphur
content;
• Heatingandothergasoil:
• Lightheatingoilforindustrialandcommercialuses;
• Marinedieselanddieselusedinrailtraf�ic;
• Othergasoilincludingheavygasoilswhichdistilbetween380oCand540oCandwhichareusedas
petrochemicalfeedstocks.
TheGas/dieseloilcategoryincludesblendingcomponents.
Biodiesel:Thiscategoryincludesbiodiesel(amethyl-esterproducedfromvegetableoranimaloil,ofdiesel
quality), biodimethylether (dimethylether produced from biomass), Fischer Tropsch (Fischer Tropsch
producedfrombiomass),coldpressedbiooil(oilproducedfromoilseedthroughmechanicalprocessingonly)
andallotherliquidbiofuelswhichareaddedto,orblended.
OLADE:
Liquidfuelsobtainedfromatmosphericdistillationofpetroleumbetween200oCand380oC.Itisheavierthan
keroseneandusedindieselandothercompression-ignitionengines.
Dieseloil:Underthisterm,youcan�indthefollowingproducts:
• Industrialdieseloil;
• Marinedieselforships;
• Dieseloilforroadmotorvehicles;
• Gasoilwhichisatoppingorcatalyticcrackingcutthatsomecountriesimportorexporttoachieveabetter
balancefortheirre�ineries.
In some countries industrial or marine diesel is called gas oil. This term can also be applied to a fuel that is
slightlylighterthandieseloil,suitableforuseintractorsandagriculturalmachinery.
OPEC:
Gas/diesel oil refers to heavy oils obtained from atmospheric distillation or vacuum redistillation. The
viscositydoesnotexceed115"Redwood1at38oC.
UNSD:
Gasoil/dieseloil:Gasoilsaremiddledistillates,predominantlyofcarbonnumberrangeC11toC25andwitha
distillationrangeof160oCto420oC.
Remark:Theprincipalmarketedproductsarefuelsfordieselengines(dieseloil),heatingoilsandmarinefuel.
Gasoilsarealsousedasmiddledistillatefeedstockforthepetrochemicalindustryandassolvents.
Gas/dieseloilforallorganisationsincludesdieselusedfortransportaswellasheatingoilandothergas
oil.JODIOilde�initiondoesnotincludepurebiofuelsuseddirectlyinengines.
32
3.10Fueloil
Heavyresidualoil/boileroil,includingbunkeroil
Fueloilisablendedproductbasedontheresiduesfromvariousre�inerydistillationandcrackingprocesses.It
isaviscousliquidwithacharacteristicodouranditrequiresheatingforstorageandcombustion.
Fueloilisusedinmediumtolargeindustrialplants,marineapplicationsandpowerstationsincombustion
equipmentsuchasboilers,furnacesanddieselengines.
Fueloilisageneraltermandothernamescommonlyusedtodescribethisrangeofproductsinclude:residual
fueloil,bunkerfuel,bunkerC,fueloilNo.6,industrialfueloil,marinefueloilandblackoil.Moreover,terms
suchasheavyfueloil,mediumfueloilandlightfueloilareusedtodescribeproductsforindustrialapplications
togiveageneralindicationoftheviscosityanddensityoftheproduct.
Twomaincategoriesoffueloilcanbedistinguishedaccordingtotheirsulphurcontent:
• Lowsulphurfueloil:sulphurcontentislowerthan1%.
• Highsulphurfueloil:sulphurcontentis1%orhigher.
Thedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixinternationalorganisations:
APEC,EurostatandIEA:
Thiscoversallresidual(heavy)fueloils(includingthoseobtainedbyblending).Kinematicviscosityisabove
10cStat80oC.The�lashpointisalwaysabove50oCanddensityisalwaysmorethan0.90kg/l.
• Lowsulphurcontent:Heavyfueloilwithsulphurcontentlowerthan1%.
• Highsulphurcontent:Heavyfueloilwithsulphurcontentof1%orhigher.
OLADE:
Thisiswastefromre�iningoil,whichincludesallheavyproductsandisgenerallyusedinboilers,powerplants
andnavigation.
Fueloil:Underthisterm,variousproductscanbeexportedorimported.Theyincludeamongothers:
• Industrialfueloil
• Marinefueloilforships
• Heavyfueloil
• Reducedtoppingcrudeoil
OPEC:
Fueloilisheavieroilsthatremainafterthedistillatefueloilsandlighterhydrocarbonsareboiledoffinre�inery
operations.Theviscosityisabove115"Redwood1at38oC.Itisusedfortheproductionofelectricpower,space
heating,vesselbunkering,andvariousindustrialpurposes.
UNSD:
Fueloil:Comprisesresidualfueloilandheavyfueloil.Residualfueloilshaveadistillationrangeof350oCto
650oCandakinematicviscosityintherange6to55cStat100oC.Their�lashpointisalwaysabove60oCand
theirspeci�icgravityisabove0.95.Heavyfueloilisageneraltermdescribingablendedproductbasedonthe
residuesfromvariousre�ineryprocesses.
Remark:Othernamescommonlyusedtodescribefueloilinclude:bunkerfuel,bunkerC,fueloilNo.6,industrial
fueloil,marinefueloilandblackoil.Residualandheavyfueloilareusedinmediumtolargeindustrialplants,
marineapplicationsandpowerstationsincombustionequipmentsuchasboilers,furnacesanddieselengines.
Residualfueloilisalsousedasfuelwithinthere�inery.
De�initionsgivenaregenerallycomparableanduniformlyrefertoahighkinematicviscosity,�lashpointand
densityofthisproduct.APEC,EurostatandIEAdifferentiateadditionallyaccordingtothesulphurcontent
ofthisproduct,whereasOLADEandOPECdifferentiateinrelationtoitsuse.
33
3.11Otheroilproducts
Re�inerygas,ethane,petroleumcoke,lubricants,whitespirit&SPB,bitumen,paraf�inwaxes
andotheroilproducts
Re�inerygasincludesamixtureofnon-condensablegasesmainlyconsistingofhydrogen,methane,ethaneand
ole�insobtainedduringdistillationofcrudeoilortreatmentofoilproducts(e.g.cracking)inre�ineriesorfrom
nearbypetrochemicalplants.Itisusedmainlyasafuelwithinthere�inery.
Ethaneisanaturallygaseousstraight-chainhydrocarbon(C2H6).Itisobtainedatgasseparationplantsorfrom
there�iningofcrudeoil.Itisavaluablefeedstockforpetrochemicalmanufacture.
GasolinetypeJetfueliscomposedoflighthydrocarbonsforuseinaviationturbinepowerunits,distilling
between100oCand250oC.Theyareobtainedbyblendingkerosenesandgasolineornaphthainsuchawaythat
thearomaticcontentdoesnotexceed25%involume,andthevapourpressureisbetween13.7kPaand20.6
kPa.
Petroleumcokeisablacksolidobtainedmainlybycrackingandcarbonisingheavyhydrocarbonoilsandtars
andpitches.Itconsistsmainlyofcarbon(90to95%)andhasalowashcontent.
Thetwomostimportantcategoriesare"greencoke"and"calcinedcoke".
• Greencoke(rawcoke)istheprimarysolidcarbonisationproductfromhighboilinghydrocarbonfractions
obtainedattemperaturesbelow630oC.Itcontains4-15%byweightofmatterthatcanbereleasedas
volatilesduringsubsequentheattreatmentattemperaturesuptoapproximately1330oC.
• Calcinedcokeisapetroleumcokeorcoal-derivedpitchcokeobtainedbyheattreatmentofgreencoketo
about1330oC.Itwillnormallyhaveahydrogencontentoflessthan0.1%byweight.
Inmanycatalyticoperations(e.g.catalyticcracking)carbonorcatalyticcokeisdepositedonthecatalyst,thus
deactivatingit.Thecatalystisreactivatedbyburningoffthecokewhichisusedasafuelinthere�iningprocess.
Thecokeisnotrecoverableinaconcentratedform.
Lubricantsareoilsproducedfromcrudeoil,forwhichtheprincipaluseistoreducefrictionbetweensliding
surfacesandduringmetalcuttingoperations.Lubricantbasestocksareobtainedfromvacuumdistillateswhich
result from further distillation of the residue from atmospheric distillation of crude oil. The lubricant base
stocksarethenfurtherprocessedtoproducelubricantswiththedesiredproperties.
White spirit and SBP (special boiling point industrial spirits) are re�ined distillate intermediates with a
distillationinthenaphtha/kerosenerange.Theyaremainlyusedfornon-fuelpurposesandsub-dividedas:
• Whitespirit:Anindustrialspiritwitha�lashpointabove30oC.Thedistillationrangeofwhitespiritis
135oCto200oC.
• Industrialspirits(SBP):Lightoilsdistillingbetween30oCand200oC.
• There are 7 or 8 grades of industrial spirits, depending on the position of the cut in the distillation
range.Thegradesarede�inedaccordingtothetemperaturedifferencebetweenthe5%volumeand90%
volumedistillationpoints(whichisnotmorethan60oC).Whitespiritandindustrialspiritsaremostly
usedasthinnersandsolvents.
Bitumenisasolid,semi-solidorviscoushydrocarbonwithacolloidalstructure,beingbrowntoblackincolour.It
isobtainedasaresidueinthedistillationofcrudeoilandbyvacuumdistillationofoilresiduesfromatmospheric
distillation. It should not be confused with the non-conventional primary extra heavy oils which may also be
referredtoasbitumen.Inadditiontoitsmajoruseforroadpavements,bitumenisalsousedasanadhesive,a
waterproo�ingagentforroofcoveringsandasabinderinthemanufactureofpatentfuel.Itmayalsobeusedfor
electricitygenerationinspeciallydesignedpowerplants.Bitumenisalsoknowninsomecountriesasasphaltbut
inothersasphaltdescribesthemixtureofbitumenandstoneaggregateusedforroadpavements.
Paraf�inwaxesareresiduesextractedwhendewaxinglubricantoils.Thewaxeshaveacrystallinestructure
whichvariesin�inenessaccordingtothegradeandarecolourless,odourlessandtranslucent,withamelting
pointabove45oC.Paraf�inwaxesarealsoknownaspetroleumwaxes.
Otherpetroleumproductsincludeproducts(includingpartlyre�inedproducts)fromthere�iningofcrudeoil
andfeedstockswhicharenotspeci�iedabove.Theywillincludebasicchemicalsandorganicchemicalsdestined
forusewithinthere�ineryorforsaletoorprocessinginthechemicalindustrysuchaspropylene,benzene,
toluene,andxylene.
34
Thedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixinternationalorganisations:
APEC,Eurostat,IEA:
Re�inerygasincludesamixtureofnon-condensiblegasesmainlyconsistingofhydrogen,methane,ethaneand
ole�insobtainedduringdistillationofcrudeoilortreatmentofoilproducts(e.g.cracking)inre�ineries.This
alsoincludesgaseswhicharereturnedfromthepetrochemicalindustry.
Ethaneisanaturallygaseousstraight-chainhydrocarbon,(C2H6)extractedfromnaturalgasandre�inerygas
streams.
WhitespiritandSBParede�inedasre�ineddistillateintermediateswithadistillationinthenaphtha/kerosene
range.Theyaresub-dividedas:
i.IndustrialSpirit(SBP):Lightoilsdistillingbetween30oCand200oC.Thereare7or8gradesof
industrialspirit,dependingonthepositionofthecutinthedistillationrange.Thegradesarede�ined
accordingtothetemperaturedifferencebetweenthe5%volumeand90%volumedistillationpoints
(whichisnotmorethan60oC).
ii.WhiteSpirit:Industrialspiritwitha�lashpointabove30oC.Thedistillationrangeofwhitespiritis
135oCto200oC.
Lubricants are hydrocarbons produced from distillate by product; they are mainly used to reduce friction
between bearing surfaces. This category includes all �inished grades of lubricating oil, from spindle oil to
cylinderoil,andthoseusedingreases,includingmotoroilsandallgradesoflubricatingoilbasestocks.
Petroleum coke is a black solid by-product, obtained mainly by cracking and carbonising petroleum
derived feedstock, vacuum bottoms, tar and pitches in processes such as delayed coking or �luid
coking. It consists mainly of carbon (90 to 95%) and has a low ash content. It is used as a feedstock
in coke ovens for the steel industry, for heating purposes, for electrode manufacture and for
production of chemicals. The two most important qualities are "green coke" and "calcinated coke".
Thiscategoryalsoincludes"catalystcoke"depositedonthecatalystduringre�iningprocesses;thiscokeisnot
recoverableandisusuallyburnedasre�ineryfuel.
Bitumenisasolid,semi-solidorviscoushydrocarbonwithacolloidalstructure,beingbrowntoblackincolour,
obtainedasaresidueinthedistillationofcrudeoil,byvacuumdistillationofoilresiduesfromatmospheric
distillation. Bitumen is often referred to as asphalt and is primarily used for construction of roads and for
roo�ingmaterial.Thiscategoryincludes�luidizedandcutbackbitumen.
Paraf�inwax:Thesearesaturatedaliphatichydrocarbons.Thesewaxesareresiduesextractedwhendewaxing
lubricantoils.Theyhaveacrystallinestructurewhichismore-or-less�ineaccordingtothegrade.Theirmain
characteristicsareasfollows:theyarecolourless,odourlessandtranslucent,withameltingpointabove45oC.
Otherproducts:Allproductsnotspeci�icallymentionedabove,forexample:tarandsulphur.Thiscategory
alsoincludesaromatics(e.g.BTXorbenzene,tolueneandxylene)andole�ins(e.g.propylene)producedwithin
re�ineries.
OLADE:
Re�inery gas: Non–condensable gas obtained from re�ining crude oil. It consists primarily of hydrogen,
methaneandethaneusedmostlyinre�iningprocesses.
Petroleumcoke(Oilcoke):Solidandporousfuel,generallyblackwithahighcarboncontent(90%-95%).Itis
aresidualinoilre�ining.Itisusedasinputintocokeovensforthesteelindustry,intheproductionofelectrodes
andintheproductionofchemicalsandfuelforheating.
Non–energyproducts:Productswithenergycontentthatarenotusedasfuelsuchasasphalt,solvents,oils
andlubricants.
OPEC:
OtherProducts:Therestoftheproducts,includingwhitespirit,industrialspirit,paraf�inwaxes,petroleum
coke,etc.
35
UNSD:
Re�inerygas:Includesamixtureofnon-condensablegasesmainlyconsistingofhydrogen,methane,ethane
andole�insobtainedduringdistillationofcrudeoilortreatmentofoilproducts(e.g.,cracking)inre�ineriesor
fromnearbypetrochemicalplants.
Remark:Itisusedmainlyasafuelwithinthere�inery.
Ethane:Anaturallygaseousstraight-chainhydrocarbon(C2H6).
Remark:Ethaneisobtainedatgasseparationplantsorfromthere�iningofcrudeoil.Itisavaluablefeedstock
forpetrochemicalmanufacture.
Whitespiritandspecialboilingpointindustrialspirits:Whitespiritandspecialboilingpointindustrial
spirits(SBP)arere�ineddistillateintermediateswithadistillationinthenaphtha/kerosenerange.Theyare
mainlyusedfornon-fuelpurposesandsub-dividedas:(a)whitespirit-anindustrialspiritwitha�lashpoint
above 30oC and a distillation range of 135oC to 200oC; and (b) industrial spirit (SBP) – light oils distilling
between30oCand200oC.
Remark:Thereare7or8gradesofindustrialspirits,dependingonthepositionofthecutinthedistillation
range. The grades are de�ined according to the temperature difference between the 5% and 90% volume
distillationpoints(whichisnotmorethan60oC).WhitespiritandIndustrialspiritsaremostlyusedasthinners
andsolvents.
Lubricants: Oils, produced from crude oil, for which the principal use is to reduce friction between sliding
surfacesandduringmetalcuttingoperations.
Remark:Lubricantbasestocksareobtainedfromvacuumdistillateswhichresultfromfurtherdistillationof
theresiduefromatmosphericdistillationofcrudeoil.Thelubricantbasestocksarethenfurtherprocessedto
producelubricantswiththedesiredproperties.
Paraf�in waxes: Residues extracted when dewaxing lubricant oils. The waxes have a crystalline structure
whichvariesin�inenessaccordingtothegrade,andarecolourless,odourlessandtranslucent,withamelting
pointabove45oC.
Remark:Paraf�inwaxesarealsoknownas"petroleumwaxes".
Petroleum coke: Petroleum coke is a black solid obtained mainly by cracking and carbonizing heavy
hydrocarbonoils,tarsandpitches.Itconsistsmainlyofcarbon(90to95%)andhasalowashcontent.Thetwo
mostimportantcategoriesare"greencoke"and"calcinedcoke".
Green coke (raw coke) is the primary solid carbonization product from high boiling hydrocarbon fractions
obtainedattemperaturesbelow630oC.Itcontains4-15%byweightofmatterthatcanbereleasedasvolatiles
duringsubsequentheattreatmentattemperaturesuptoapproximately1330oC.
Calcinedcokeisapetroleumcokeorcoal-derivedpitchcokeobtainedbyheattreatmentofgreencoketoabout
1330oC.Itwillnormallyhaveahydrogencontentoflessthan0.1%byweight.
Remark: In many catalytic operations (e.g. catalytic cracking) carbon or catalytic coke is deposited on the
catalyst,thusdeactivatingit.Thecatalystisreactivatedbyburningoffthecokewhichisusedasafuelinthe
re�iningprocess.Thecokeisnotrecoverableinaconcentratedform.
Bitumen:Asolid,semi-solidorviscoushydrocarbonwithacolloidalstructure,beingbrowntoblackincolor.
Remark: It is obtained as a residue in the distillation of crude oil and by vacuum distillation of oil residues
from atmospheric distillation. It should not be confusedwith the nonconventional primary extra heavy oils
whichmayalsobereferredtoasbitumen.Inadditiontoitsmajoruseforroadpavements,bitumenisalsoused
asanadhesive,awaterproo�ingagentforroofcoveringsandasabinderinthemanufactureofpatentfuel.It
mayalsobeusedforelectricitygenerationinspeciallydesignedpowerplants.Bitumenisalsoknowninsome
countriesasasphaltbutinothersasphaltdescribesthemixtureofbitumenandstoneaggregateusedforroad
pavements.
36
3.12Totaloilproducts
SumofLPG,Naphtha,Motorandaviationgasoline,Kerosenes,Gas/dieseloil,Fueloil,
andOtheroilproducts.
DemandforTotaloilproductsincludesdirectuseofcrudeoil,NGLandOther
Totaloilproductsincludesalloilproducts:thesixmainproductgroupsdescribedabove(LPGNaphtha,Motor
and aviation gasoline, Kerosenes, Gas/diesel oil and Fuel oil) as well as products under Other oil products:
re�inery gas, ethane, gasoline type jet fuel, petroleum coke, white spirit & SBP, paraf�in waxes, bitumen,
lubricantsandotherproducts.
Totaloilproductsisthesumoftheproducts.
Doublecountingshouldbeavoided.Forexample,ifadditivesandoxygenates(e.g.ethanolorbiofuels)
areincludedwithgasoline(APEC,Eurostat/IEAandOLADE)thentheseproductsshouldnotbeadded
again to the Total Oil Products category. This is similar to the treatment of natural gasoline, if it was
alreadyaccountedforundergasoline.
37
38
Chapter4:FlowDe�initions
4.1 Production(Total:Crudeoil/NGL/Other)
Marketableproductionafterremovalofimpuritiesbutincludingquantitiesconsumedbythe
producerintheproductionprocess
Crudeoilproduction
IntheJODIOilquestionnaire,productiononlyappliestoCrudeoil,NGL,OtherandTotal.Productionofre�inery
productsisre�ineryoutput(see4.10Re�ineryoutput).
Productionistheremovalofoilfromthe�ield,whetherthroughprimaryorsecondaryrecovery.Althoughthis
conceptsoundssimple,therearemanydifferentitemsthatcanbeincludedorexcludedwhenreportingcrude
oilproduction.Themaindifferenceshoweverarebetweenwellheadproductionandmarketableproduction.
Wellheadproductionisalloilwhichexitstheground(wellhead).Whenthecrudeoilisbroughttothesurface,
itrequiresfurthertreatmentsothatitcanbesenttore�ineriesforprocessing.Theoilproducedatthewell-head
variesconsiderablyfrom�ieldto�ield,duenotonlytothephysicalcharacteristics,butalsototheamountofgas
andwaterwhichitcontains.Beforetheoilcanbesold,theremaininggas,waterandotherimpuritiesneedto
beremoved.Oncethisisdone,theoilisstoredattheterminalbeforetransporttore�ineries.Itisatthispoint
thattheproducedoilbecomesmarketable(production).
Figure4.1:Wellheadversusmarketableproduction
39
Note:Productionofsyntheticcrudeoilsfromextraheavyoils,oilsandsandoilshaleshouldbereportedhere.
Productionofemulsi�iedoilssuchasorimulsionshouldalsobereportedasProductionwhiletheproductionof
syntheticoilsfromcoalandnaturalgasshouldbereportedin"Fromothersources".Seenextsection.
Thedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixinternationalorganisations:
APEC,EurostatandIEA:
Production within national boundaries including off-shore production. Production should only include
marketable production, excluding volumes returned to formation. Such production should include all crude
oil, NGL, condensates and oil from shale and tar sands, etc. It should also include the receipts of additives/
oxygenatesbyre�ineriesandblendingplantsfromoutsidethere�inerysector.
OLADE:
Primaryenergyproduction:Allenergyextracted,exploited,harvested,etc.,isconsideredtobeofimportance
tothecountryasevidentlyithasbeenproducedwithinthenationalterritory.
OPEC:
Productionvolumesreportedascrudeoilincludetotalcrudeoilcomingoutofdegassingortreatmentplants
directlyreceivedormeasuredatstoragefacilitiesincludingsharesfromjoint�ields.
NaturalGasLiquidsProduction:NGLarethoseportionsofreservoirgaswhicharelique�iedatthesurfacein
leaseseparators,�ieldfacilitiesorgasprocessingplants.NGLincludebutarenotlimitedto:ethane,propane,
butane,naturalgasolineandcondensate.Fieldorleasecondensateisanaturalgasliquidrecoveredfromgaswellgas(associatedornon-associated)inleaseseparatorsor�ieldfacilities.Itconsistsprimarilyofpentanes
andheavierhydrocarbons.Plantcondensatesisoneofthenaturalgasplantproducts,mostlypentanesand
heavier,recoveredandseparatedasliquidsatgasinletseparatorsorscrubbersinprocessingplantsor�ield
facilities.GasplantLPGisthemixtureofC3andC4hydrocarbonswhichareextractedfromwetnaturalgases
andaremainlycomposedof:
• Propane(C3H8):Isagaseousparaf�iniccompound;
• Butane(C4H10):Isamixtureoftwogaseousparaf�ins,normalbutaneandisobutene.
Other (Non-conventional oil production): Non-conventional oil includes synthetic crude oil from tar
sands, oil shale, etc., liquids derived from coal liquefaction (CTL) and gas liquefaction (GTL), hydrogen and
emulsi�iedoils(e.g.Orimulsion),non-hydrocarboncompoundsaddedtoorblendedwithaproducttomodify
fuelproperties(octane,cetane,coldproperties,etc.)e.g.alcohols(methanol,ethanol),ethers(suchasMTBE
(methyltertiarybutylether),ETBE(ethyltertiarybutylether),TAME(tertiaryamylmethylether)orethers
(e.g.rapeseedordimethylester,etc.)andchemicalcompoundssuchasTML(tetramethylled)orTEL(tetraethyl
lead)anddetergents.
UNSD:
Productionisde�inedasthecapture,extractionormanufactureoffuelsorenergyinformswhichareready
forgeneraluse.Inenergystatistics,twotypesofproductionaredistinguished,primaryandsecondary.Primary
productionisthecaptureorextractionoffuelsorenergyfromnaturalenergy�lows,thebiosphereandnatural
reservesoffossilfuelswithinthenationalterritoryinaformsuitableforuse.Inertmatterremovedfromthe
extractedfuelsandquantitiesreinjected,�laredorventedarenotincluded.Theresultingproductsarereferred
toas"primary"products.
Secondaryproductionisthemanufactureofenergyproductsthroughtheprocessoftransformationofprimary
fuels or energy. The quantities of secondary fuels reported as production include quantities lost through
ventingand�laringduringandafterproduction.Inthismanner,themass,energyandcarbonwithintheprimary
source(s)fromwhichthefuelsaremanufacturedmaybebalancedagainstthesecondaryfuelsproduced.Fuels,
electricityandheatproducedareusuallysoldbutmaybepartlyorentirelyconsumedbytheproducer.
40
Thetermproductionisde�ineddifferentlybythe6organisationsaccordingtoeithermoregeneralor
more speci�ic energy or fuel reporting. APEC, Eurostat and IEA use the term for all liquid production
i.e.crudeoil,NGLcondensatesandoilfromshaleandtarsandsaswellasadditives/oxygenates.The
de�initionofproductioninOLADEisusedforallenergyproduction,forUNSDitisusedforallenergyas
wellasmorespeci�icallyforcrudeoilandre�inedproducts.
4.2Fromothersources
Inputsofadditives,biofuelsandotherhydrocarbonsthatareproducedfromnon-oilsources
suchas:coal,naturalgasorrenewables
Additionstothesupplyofanenergyproductthathavealreadybeenaccountedforintheproductionofanother
energyform.
Anexampleistheblendingofliquidbiofuelswithmotorgasoline,kerosene-typejetfuelandgasoil/dieseloil.
4.3 Importsandexports
Goodshavingphysicallycrossedthenationalboundariesexcludingtransittrade.Exportsshould
excludeinternationalmarineandaviationbunkers.
Thetradingofoil(bothcrudeoilandoilproducts)raisesanumberofissuesforreportingstatisticsofimports
andexports:
• theconceptofnationalterritory;
• thenotionofcustomsclearance;
• transittrade;
• internationalmarineandaviationbunkers.
Bothimportsandexportsshouldre�lectamountsofoilhavingcrossedthenationalterritorialboundaries.It
isthereforeessentialthatthereisaclearde�initionofwhatthestatisticalnationalboundaryofthecountryis.
Trade�iguresshouldreportphysical�lowsofoilandoilproducts.Tothatextent,customsclearancewhich
sometimesisdeliveredlongafterthegoodshavecrossedthenationalfrontiershouldnotbetakenasthepoint
ofregisteringtheimport.
Thetrade�igureshoweverareoftenderivedfromcustomsstatistics,whichtakethecustomsclearanceasthe
indicatorforimportorexport.Intheabsenceofothertradereportingsystemscustomsstatisticsshouldbe
used.
Importsofcrudeoilandpetroleumproducts,inordertobeconsistentwithmajoreconomicindicators,should
beatleastpartlyfordomesticuse.Thisimpliesthatquantitiespassingthroughacountry"intransit"should
not be included in the import and export �igures. Please note that if crude oil is imported to be re�inedin
the country, and the products resulting from this process are exported (processing agreement), this is not
consideredastransittrade.Therefore,thequantitiesofcrudeoilimportedforthispurposeshouldbereported
as an import and the resulting products which will be sold to another country should be reported as an
export.
Deliveriesofoiltoshipsforconsumptionduringinternationalvoyages(internationalmarinebunkers)or
aviationfuelsdeliveredforinternational�lights(internationalaviationbunkers)shouldnotbeincludedin
theexport�igures.Internationalbunkersarefuelswhicharedeliveredtovesselsoraircraft,irrespectiveofthe
countryofregistration,whichareundertakinginternationalvoyages.Theoildeliveredasbunkersistobeused
asfuelbytheshiporaircraftandnotaspartofthecargo.
Althoughthefuelsdeliveredforthesepurposeswillbeleavingthenationalboundariesofthecountry,they
shouldnotbereportedasexports.ForthepurposeoftheJODIOilquestionnaire,theinternationalmarine
and aviation bunkers are to be included in the demand �igures. The reason for this is that in the JODI Oil
questionnaire,wetrytomonitorthetotaldemandforoilincludingre�ineryfuelandbunkers(seeSection4.14
Demand).
41
Thedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixinternationalorganisations:
APEC:
ImportsandExports:Quantityoffuelsobtainedfromorsuppliedtoothercountries.Amountsareconsidered
as imported or exported when they have crossed the political boundary of the country, whether customs
clearancehastakenplaceornot.Theamountoffuelsintransit(thatis,onroutethroughthecountry)should
notbeincluded.
Eurostat/IEA:
ImportsandExports:Datashouldre�lectamountshavingcrossedthenationalterritorialboundaries,whether
customsclearancehastakenplaceornot.Quantitiesofcrudeoilandproductsimportedorexportedunder
processingagreements(i.e.re�iningonaccount)shouldbeincluded.
CrudeoilandNGL’sshouldbereportedascomingfromthecountryofultimateorigin;re�ineryfeedstockand
�inishedproductsshouldbereportedascomingfromthecountryoflastconsignment.Anygasliquids(e.g.LPG)
extractedduringtheregasi�icationofimportedlique�iednaturalgasshouldbeincludedasimports.
Petroleumproductsimportedorexporteddirectlybythepetrochemicalindustryshouldbeincluded.
Re-exportsofoilimportedforprocessingwithinbondedareasshouldbeincludedasanexportofproductfrom
theprocessingcountrytothe�inaldestination.
Note:Importsorexportsofethanol(reportedasapartofAdditives/OxygenateundercategoryOther)should
relatetothequantitiesdestinedforfueluse.
OLADE:
Imports:Includesallprimaryandsecondaryenergysourcesoriginatingfromoutsidethebordersandentering
thecountrytomakeupapartofthetotalenergysupplysystem.
Exports:Theamountofprimaryandsecondaryenergythatacountryallotstoforeigntrade.
Note: Some countries follow the practice of considering the aviation gasoline and retrofuel sold to foreign
aircraft,aswellasthebunkersoldtoforeignshipsasexports.OLADEdoesnotrecommendthisprocedure,
because in order to be consistent, it would have to record what domestic ships and craft load abroad as
imports.
AccordingtoOLADE’sconception,theamountpurchasedbyaconsumerwithinacountryisassumedtobe
partof�inalconsumptionalthoughthephysicalprocessofconsumptionmaytakeplaceininternationalspaces
or waters. The same occurs when a vehicle loads gasoline in one country and then crosses the border and
consumesitinaneighbouringcountry.
OPEC:
Imports and Exports comprise amounts having crossed the national territorial boundaries of the country
whetherornotcustomsclearancehastakenplace.Quantitiesofcrudeoilandoilproductsimportedorexported
underprocessingagreements(i.e.re�iningonaccount)areincluded.Quantitiesofoilintransitareexcluded.
Crude oil and NGL are reported as coming from the country of origin; re�inery feedstocks and oil products
arereportedascomingfromthecountryoflastconsignment.Reexportofoilimportedforprocessingwithin
bondedareasareshownasanexportofproductfromtheprocessingcountrytothe�inaldestination.
UNSD:
Importsofenergyproductscompriseallfuelandotherenergyproductsenteringthenationalterritory.Goods
simplybeingtransportedthroughacountry(goodsintransit)andgoodstemporarilyadmittedareexcluded
butre-imports,whicharedomesticgoodsexportedbutsubsequentlyreadmitted,areincluded.Thebunkering
offueloutsidethereferenceterritorybynationalmerchantshipsandcivilaircraftengagedininternational
travelisexcludedfromimports.Fuelsdeliveredtonationalmerchantshipsandcivilaircraftwhichareoutside
ofthenationalterritoryandareengagedininternationaltravelshouldbeclassi�iedas"InternationalMarine"
or"AviationBunkers",respectively,inthecountrywheresuchbunkeringiscarriedout.
42
Exportsofenergyproductscompriseallfuelandotherenergyproductsleavingthenationalterritorywiththe
exceptionthatexportsexcludequantitiesoffuelsdeliveredforusebymerchant(includingpassenger)ships
and civil aircraft, of all nationalities, during international transport of goods and passengers. Goods simply
being transported through a country (goods in transit) and goods temporarily withdrawn are excluded but
re-exports,foreigngoodsexportedinthesamestateaspreviouslyimported,areincluded.Fuelsdeliveredto
foreignmerchantshipsandcivilaircraftengagedininternationaltravelareclassi�iedas"InternationalMarine"
or"AviationBunkers",respectively.
Trade de�initions are common to all organisations, and emphasise the crossing of national territory
whetherornotcustomsclearancehastakenplaceandtheexclusionofoilintransitquantities.Crudeoil
andNGLarereportedascomingfromthecountryofultimateorigin.Re�ineryfeedstocksand�inished
products are reported as coming from the country of last consignment. International bunkers are
excludedfromexportsandarereportedinoildemand.
4.4Productstransferred/Back�lows
Sumofproductstransferredandback�lowsfromthepetrochemicalindustry
Back�lows from the petrochemical sector to re�ineries are �inished or semi-�inished products which are
returnedfrom�inalconsumerstore�ineriesforprocessing,blendingorsale.
Petrochemical plants convert hydrocarbon feedstock into organic chemicals, intermediate compounds and
�inishedproductssuchasplastics,�ibres,solventsandsurfactants.
Feedstockusedbytheplantisusuallyobtainedfromthere�ineryandincludesnaphtha,ethane,propaneand
middledistillateoils(forexample,gasoil).Thecarbonandhydrogeninthefeedstockislargelytransferredto
thebasicchemicalsandproductssubsequentlymadefromthem.However,certainbyproductsarealsocreated
andreturnedtothere�inery(suchaspyrolysisgasoline).
Forintegratedpetrochemicalindustriesthis�lowshouldbeestimated.Transfersfromonere�inerytoanother
withinthecountryshouldbeexcluded.
Productstransferredareusuallyimportedpetroleumproductswhicharereclassi�iedasfeedstocksforfurther
processinginthere�inery,withoutdeliveryto�inalconsumers.Forexample,Naphthaimportedforupgrading
wouldbe�irstreportedasImportsofNaphtha,andthenappearedalsoasProductstransferredofNaphtha.
4.5 Directuse
Useofoilswithoutbeingprocessedinoilre�ineries,
forexample:crudeoilburnedforelectricitygeneration
Crude oil, NGL and Other which are used directly without being processed in oil re�ineries are reported as
directuse.Thisincludes,forexample,crudeoilburnedforelectricitygeneration.
TheamountreportedunderCrudeoil,NGLorOthershouldbealsoreportedtoReceiptsofotheroilproducts.
43
4.6 Stockchange
Closingminusopeninglevel
Apositivenumberindicatesastockbuildduringtheperiod
Anegativenumberindicatesastockdrawduringtheperiod
Asforstocklevels,onlychangesinprimaryoilstocksofcrudeandproductsshouldbereported.
Stockchangeiscalculatedastheclosingstocklevelminustheopeningstocklevel.
Openingstocklevelistheamountofprimarystocksonnationalterritory,measuredonthe�irstdayofthe
monthbeingreported(e.g.1stJune).
Closingstock
Closingstockistheamountofprimarystocksonnationalterritorymeasuredonthelastdayofthemonth
beingreported(e.g.30thJune).Stockchangesisclosing–openingstocklevel:therefore,astockbuildisshown
asapositivenumber,andastockdrawasanegativenumber.
Pleasenotethatinsomeotherreportingsystems,thestockchangesareopeningminusclosinglevels.Astock
buildisthenshownasanegativenumberandastockdrawasapositivenumber.Thereisnounanimityabout
which calculation to use. However, the international oil industry is in general using the JODI Oil de�inition
mentionedabove.
Thedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixinternationalorganisations:
APEC,Eurostat,andIEA:
Stockchangesshouldre�lectthedifferencebetweenclosingstocklevelandopeningstocklevelforstocksheld
onnationalterritory.
Astockbuildisshownasapositivenumber,andastockdrawasanegativenumber.
OLADE:
Inventoryvariationisthedifferencebetweeninitialstocksand�inalstocksinthestoragefacilitiesfordifferent
products. Inventory variation is considered according to its nature. Thus, an inventory increase means a
reductioninthetotalsupplyandvice–versa.
Oilandderivativesinventoryvariation
Thelocationofstoragetankswhereinventoryvariationsarecausedandarementionedbelowarevalidforoil,
lique�iedgas,gasoline/alcohol,dieseloil,fueloil,othersecondaryproducts,andnon–energysources.
• Portsthatcontrolimportandexportmovements
• Oilproducingreservoirs
• Re�ineries,wherecrudeoilistransformedintoderivatives
• Gastreatmentcentres,wherecondensablessuchasnaturalgasolineandlique�iedgasareextractedfrom
naturalgas
• Powerplantsthatusedieseloilandfueloilasrawmaterials
OPEC:
Stockchangesre�lectthedifferencebetweenclosinglevelsonthelastdayoftheperiodandopeningstock
levels on the �irst day of the period of stocks on national territory held by producers, importers, energy
transformationindustriesandlargeconsumers.Astockbuildisshownasapositivenumber,andastockdraw
asanegativenumber.
UNSD:
Stockchangesarede�inedastheincrease(stockbuild)ordecrease(stockdraw)inthequantityofstockover
thereportingperiod.Theyarecalculatedasadifferencebetweentheclosingandopening.
44
4.7 Statisticaldifference
Differencesbetweenobservedsupply�lowsandcalculatedRe�ineryintakeorDemand
Primarysupply
StatisticalDifference=
+ Production
+ Fromothersources
+ Imports
– Exports
+ ProductsTransferred/Back�lows
– Directuse
– Stockchange
– Re�ineryintake
Secondaryoilproductssupply
StatisticalDifference=
+ Re�ineryOutput
+ Receipts
+ Imports
– Exports
– ProductsTransferred
+ InterproductTransfers
– Stockchange
– Demand
4.8 Re�ineryintake
Observedre�inerythroughputs
Inthis�lowthequantitiesofcrudeoilandseveralotherinputsincludingNaturalGasLiquids(NGL),re�inery
feedstocks,additives,biofuelsandotherhydrocarbonsinputsenteringthere�ineryshouldbereported.Please
notethatthevolumeofcrudeoilandotherinputsreportedasre�ineryintakeshouldre�lecttherealquantities
ofinputstothere�ineryprocessandnotthedeliveriesofcrudeoiltothere�inery.Thedifferencebetweenthe
twomeasuresisthestockchangesofcrudeoilatthere�inery.SeeFigure4.2onpage50forachartofthemain
re�inery�lows.
Thedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixinternationalorganisations:
APEC,EurostatandIEA:
This is de�ined as the total amount of oil (including other hydrocarbons and additives) observed to have
enteredthere�ineryprocess.
OLADE:
Amountofcrudeoilloadedintheprimarydistillingunitofre�ineries,fromwhich�lowintermediatecurrents
thatareprocessedintheconversionunits.Themainonesare:
a) Reforming:increasestheoctanesofgasolines
b) Cracking:increasesboththeoctanesandyieldofgasolines
c) Hydrocracking:increasestheyieldofdieselandimprovesitscetaneindex
d) Vacuum: distilling at a very low pressure to separate into two fractions the reduced crude oil from
primarydistilling
e) Viscosityreducer:improvestheviscosityoffueloil
f) Coking:increasestheamountofgasolinebeyondwhatcrackingdoes,butastheoctanesareverylow,it
requiresreforming.
g) Flexicoking:increasesevenmoretheyieldofgasolineandlique�iedgas
h) Isomerization/polymerization: increases the octanes of gasolines beyond reformation and cracking,
especiallyforaviation.
45
OPEC:
Totalinputofcrude,NGL,condensatesandfeedstockstoatmosphericcrudedistillationunit.
UNSD:
Re�ineryintakereferstotheamountofoil(includingotherhydrocarbonsandadditives)thathasenteredthe
re�ineryprocess.
The Re�inery Intake de�inition, according to all organisations, comprises crude oil, NGL, condensates,
feedstocksandadditives.
4.9 Closingstocks
Representstheprimarystocklevelattheendofthemonthwithinnationalterritories;includes
stocksheldbyimporters,re�iners,stockholdingorganisationsandgovernments
Oil stocks are a critical element of information in an oil balance. The majority of oil stocks are essential to
keep the global supply system operating. There is oil in pipelines going from the wellhead production sites
tore�ineries,fromre�ineriestoconsumers.Stocksarealsoheldintankers,railcarsandroadtankerslinking
productionsites,re�ineriesandconsumers.
Nottoincludestockdatainanoilbalanceleadstoalackoftransparencyinthemarket.Thetrendinstocksis
importantformanyoilanalystswhenmakinganevaluationoftheoilmarketsituation.
Stocksarealeadingindicatorofpricemovements:thelevelofoilstocksoftendeterminestheprice,e.g.whenoil
stocksarelowitmeansthattheremaybeashortageoraneedforreplenishing,whichindicatesthatpriceswill
berising.Ontheotherhandiftheindustryisamplysuppliedwiththerightoil,theremaybeapricereduction
expected.Thisiswhyitisimportanttohaveinformationonthesituationofoilstocksintheworld.
Informationonproductstockscanbeasimportantascrudeoilstocks.Forexample,crudeoilstocksgivean
indicationoftheavailabilityofcrudetore�ineriesineachcountry,andtherefore,areevidenceofhowwellthe
re�ineriesmightprovidethedomesticmarket.Ontheotherhand,informationonlowgasolinestocksbeforethe
drivingseason,orlowheatingoilstocksbeforethewintercanbeawarningsignaltore�ineries,oilcompanies
and governments that shortages might possibly occur (e.g. heating oil problems experienced in autumn of
2000).
Anotherrelevantpointisthatdataonoilstockscanbeparticularlyimportantforstrategicdecisions,madeby
governmentsorlargeroilcompanies.Theyneedaggregateandtimelystockinformationinordertolookat
theirlongertermplanning,toensureadequatesuppliestomeetprojecteddemand.Governmentsalsorequire
extensivestockinformationsothattheycanreactappropriatelywhenoilsupplydisruptions(bothnationaland
international)occur.
4.9.1Whatareprimary,secondaryandtertiarystocks?
Please note that when referring to stock data, the terms primary and secondary are often used in a different
contextfromwhentalkingaboutprimaryandsecondaryproducts
products
productsascommoditiesinanenergybalance.
Primarystocksareheldbythevariouscompaniessupplyingthemarket:rangingfromproducerstore�iners
toimporters.Theyareheldinre�inerytanks,bulkterminals,pipelinetankage,bargesandcoastaltankers(if
theystayinthesamecountry),tankersinport(iftheyaretobedischargedatport)andininlandshipbunkers.
Additionallystocksheldforstrategicpurposesbygovernments(e.g.USSPR)orbystockholdingorganisations
(e.g.EBVinGermany)areincludedintheprimarystockcategory.
Secondarystocksarestocksinsmallbulkplants(marketingfacilitiesbelowacertaincapacitye.g.50,000blin
US,whichreceivetheirproductbyrailortruck)andretailestablishments.
Tertiary stocks are stocks held by �inal end-consumers. They can be power plants, industrial entities or
consumersintheresidential/commercialsector.
46
4.9.2Whatdatashouldbecollected?
Only data on primary oil stocks (both crude oil and products) should be reported in the JODI Oil
questionnaire,forseveralreasons:
• Themostimportantdataonstocksareprimaryoilstocks.Thesearestocksheldbyproducers,re�iners,
importers,stockholdingorganisationsandstrategicstocks.Theoilinpipelinesorinrailtankcars,inroad
tankwagonsetc.whicharenecessarytokeepthesupplysystemoperationalareoflesserinterest–they
cannotbeusedasotherwisethesupplysystemwouldbreakdown.
• Data on primary oil stocks is the easiest to collect. Data for secondary and tertiary stocks are rarely
collected, as they are very dif�icult to obtain. The reason for this is that there are often too many retail
stations,orsmallbulkplantsinthecountry,andcertainlythenumberofend-usersfromwhichdatawould
needtobecollectedisenormous.However,despitethelackofinformation,secondaryandtertiarystocks
canbeveryimportantastheysometimesundergolarge�luctuations,e.g.householdheatingoiltanksare
rapidly depleted when weather is cold; retail stations stocks can be considerably run down when a tax
increaseisexpected.Pleasenotethatterminologycandifferinsomecountries,wherenodistinctionismade
betweensecondaryandtertiarystocksandbothcategoriesareaggregatedintosecondarystocks.
• Informationonprimaryoilstocksisconsistentwiththede�initionof"consumption"ortobemoreprecise,
isconsistent
isconsistentwiththede�initionof"consumption"ortobemoreprecise,
"sales",whichincludesonlysalesordeliveriesmadebyre�ineriesandimporters(i.e.primarysuppliers);
secondaryandtertiarystocksshouldnotbeincluded.
• Primaryoilstocksalsorepresentstorageofoilatamorecentralisedpointinthesupplychain,whereitis
feasibleforthemtoberedirected.Thisisparticularlyimportantforoilimportingcountriesduringsupply
disruptions,astheyneedtoknowthepotentialvolumeofoilavailabletothem.Anexampleofthesestocks
isoilheldatterminals,orinpartlyloadedtankers.
ThefollowingtableliststhemaincategoriestobeincludedorexcludedunderPrimaryOilStocks(both
crudeoilandproducts):
Whatshouldbeincluded?*
ü Oil held at production facilities e.g. stocks
û
ü
û
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
on platforms or in partly loaded tankers
mooredatplatforms
Stocksheldforstrategicpurposesownedby
governmentsorstockholdingorganisations
Oilinre�inerytanks
Inbulkterminals
Pipelinetankage(bufferstocksatpipelines)
Barges and coastal tankers (when port of
departure and destination are in the same
country)
Tankersinport**
Ininlandshipbunkers
û
û
û
û
û
Whatshouldnotbeincluded?
inpipelines
inrailtankcars
intrucktankcars
insea-goingshipsbunkers
inretailstoresandservicestations
inbunkersatsea
militarystocks
* Pleasenotethatthereisadistinctionbetweenoilstocksandreserves.Reservesofoil(oilnotyetproduced)
arenotincluded.
** Stocks held on board incoming ocean vessels in port or at mooring should be included irrespective of
whethertheyhavebeenclearedbycustomsornot.Excludestocksonboardvesselsathighsea.
47
4.9.3Locationofstocks
Stocks are to be reported on a national territory basis: All oil held within a country geographically is
to be reported, irrespective of the ownership of the oil. For example, oil held in the Netherlands ARA zone
(Amsterdam–Rotterdam-Antwerp)forthebene�itofGermancompaniesistobeincludedintheNetherlands
report,notintheGermanoilstocks.
Whetherthestocksareheldonshoreoroffshoredoesnotmakeadifferenceaslongastheyareheldonthe
nationalterritory.
4.9.4Timing/Cut-offdate
Stocksofcrudeoilandpetroleumproductsarevolumesinstorageataparticulartime.Foroilstockstobe
consistentdatawithotheroil�lows,amonthlybasisischosen.Asanexample,salesofoilproductsarereported
onamonthlycalendarbasis.Thatiswhyitisimportanttoalsomeasurestocksonamonthlybasis.Stocksare
thereforeconsideredatthebeginningi.e.1stdayofthemonth(Openingstocks)andendofeachmonth,i.e.on
28/29/30or31stofthemonth(Closingstocks).
4.9.5Availabilityofstocksdata
Most JODI participating countries now make stock data freely available. They fully value the strategic
importance of all data gathered through the JODI Oil questionnaire on micro and macro levels. However,
theyequallyrecognizetheimportanceoftheglobalefforttoenhanceenergycommoditytransparencyandto
mitigatesomeofuncertaintiesthatmaybedetrimentaltomarketfunctionality.Nevertheless,somecountries
stillholdtheviewthatsuchdataisstrategicallyorcommerciallysensitive.
ThenatureofthestockdatarequestedintheJODIOilquestionnaireisdesignedtoavoidcommercialsensitivities
withreportingbeinglimitedtothenationallevelandatanaggregatedegreeofdetail.AsthefocusofJODIison
oilstockscollectedatanationallevelthereislittlebasisforsuchconcern.
The ultimate goal of the Joint Organisations Data Initiative is full transparency. However, this hingeson the
willingnessofallcountriestosubmittimelyandaccuratedataforallproductsandall�lows,includingstock
changes and levels. Given that timely and complete data on oil stock levels and stock changes are essential
elementsoftheaccurateanalysisnecessarytomitigateuncertainty,bothatnationalandinternationalmarket
levels,itisaJODIprioritytoencourageuniversaltransparencyofstockdata.
48
Thedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixinternationalorganisations:
APEC,EurostatandIEA:
Totalstocksonnationalterritory:Allstocksonnationalterritory,includingstocksheldbygovernments,by
majorconsumersorbystockholdingorganisations,stocksheldonboardincomingoceanvessels,stocksheldin
bondedareasandstocksheldforothers,whetherunderbilateralgovernmentagreementornot.
OLADE:
Stocks: quantities of energy products that can be held and used to: (a) maintain service under conditions
wheresupplyanddemandarevariableintheirtimingoramountduetonormalmarket�luctuations,or(b)
supplementsupplyinthecaseofasupplydisruption.Stocksusedtomanageasupplydisruptionmaybecalled
"strategic"or"emergency"stocksandareoftenheldseparatelyfromstocksdesignedtomeetnormalmarket
�luctuations.
OPEC:
Stocksincludeallnationallyownedcrudeoil,re�inedproductsandgasplantproductsheldwithinandoutside
national boundaries (on shore as well as �loating) held by importers, governments, national oil companies
andmajornon-importing�inalconsumersinthefollowingfacilities;bulkterminals,re�inerytanks,pipeline
tankage,bargesandtankers.
UNSD:
Stocks: quantities of energy products that can be held and used to: (a) maintain service under conditions
wheresupplyanddemandarevariableintheirtimingoramountduetonormalmarket�luctuations,or(b)
supplementsupplyinthecaseofasupplydisruption.Stocksusedtomanageasupplydisruptionmaybecalled
"strategic"or"emergency"stocksandareoftenheldseparatelyfromstocksdesignedtomeetnormalmarket
�luctuations.
Foralltheorganisations,thede�initionforstocksisde�ined"geographically"or"byterritory"exceptfor
OPECwhereitischaracterisedbythe"ownership".
4.10Re�ineryoutput
Grossoutput(includingre�ineryfuel)
Re�ineryproduction
Thisistheproductionof�inishedpetroleumproductsatare�iningorblendingplant.Productionequalsthe
Inputintothere�ineryminustheRe�ineryLosses.
ThetermsNetandGrossproductionarefrequentlyusedwhenreferringtore�ineryoutput.Grossproduction
includestheamountoffuelwhichisusedinthere�ineryinsupportoftheoperationofthere�inery(re�inery
fuel).Netre�ineryproductionexcludesthere�ineryfuel.
If for any reason, interproduct transfer cannot be separated from the re�inery output data, data providers
shouldindicatewhethertheinterproducttransfersareincludedinthere�ineryproductionornot.
49
Figure4.2:Mainre�inery�lows
Thedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixinternationalorganisations:
APEC,EurostatandIEA:
Grossre�ineryoutput:Thisisproductionof�inishedproductsatare�ineryorblendingplant.Thiscategory
excludesRe�ineryLosses,butincludesRe�ineryFuel.ThetotalmustbeequaltoRe�ineryIntake(Observed)
minusRe�ineryLosses.
Re�ineryFuel:Theseareallpetroleumproductsconsumedinsupportoftheoperationofare�inery.This
shouldnotincludeproductsusedbyoilcompaniesoutsidethere�iningprocess,e.g.bunkersforoiltankers.
f
foroiltankers.
OLADE:
Thisdescriptionisvalidforproductssuchasgases,lique�iedgas,gasoline/alcohol,kerosene,dieseloil,fueloil,
coke,othersecondaryproductsandnonenergyproductsinre�ineries.
Foreachproduct,theamountproducedbyallre�ineries,inthenationalterritory,shouldberecorded.Ifany
partoftheproductsproducedinonere�ineryisrecycledinanother,thatamountshouldbesubtractedfrom
whatwillbeconsideredproduction.
Theprimaryproductsobtainedfromare�ineryare:
• gases:re�inerygas(C1–C2)andlique�iedgas(C3–C4)
• light:motorgasoline,aviationgasoline,naphthasforpetrochemistry,solvents
• medium:kerosene,jetfuel,gasoil,dieseloil
• heavy:fueloil,asphalts,lubricants,greases,coke
50
OPEC:
Thetotalamountofpetroleumproductsproducedfromre�ineryinputinagivenperiod,excludingre�ineryfuel
andloss.
Re�ineryfuelandloss:Thetotalamountof�inishedorun�inishedproductsusedinre�ineriesasfuel,orlost
duringre�ineryoperationthroughspillage,evaporationandventing.
UNSD:
Re�ineryoutputreferstothemarketableend-productsofthere�ineryprocessexcludingre�inerylossesbut
includingthequantityoffuelsconsumedatre�ineries(re�ineryfuelusedintheactualre�iningprocessandthe
fuelsusedforotherancillarypurposes).
APEC,Eurostat,IEAandUNSDexcludere�inerylossbutincludere�ineryfuel.OPECexcludesboth.The
OLADE de�inition does not mention anything about re�inery fuel or loss. Interproduct transfers are
excludedbyallorganisationsexceptOLADE.
4.11Receipts
Receipts=PrimaryproductreceiptsandRecycledproducts
Primary product receipts: Quantities of indigenous or imported crude oil (including condensate) and
indigenous NGL which are used directly without being processed in a petroleum re�inery. For example,
crudeoilusedtogenerateelectricityshouldbebereportedasDirectuseofcrudeoilandReceiptsofOther
products.
Quantities of indigenous NGL which are not included in Re�inery intake, such as the amounts going to a
gas plant,should be reported as Receipts of Other products, and then transferred through the Interproduct
transferslinetotheallocatedproducttype.
Table4.1:Example1ofreportingDirectuseofNGL
Oil products
NGL
LPG
(2)
(11)
100 + Refinery output
(of which 50)
+ From other sources
+ Imports
+ Receipts
25
– Exports
– Products transferred
+ Interproduct transfers
5
50
– Stock change
6
– Stock change
– Statistical difference
4
– Statistical difference
-2
= Demand
55
= Refinery intake
Closing Stocks
65
50
►
– Exports
50
►
+ Imports
+ Products transferred
/Backflows
– Direct use
(12)
10
►
+ Production
Other oil
products
-50
2
0
Closing stocks
Recycledproducts:Thereturnofadeliveredproducttosupplywithoutreclassi�icationasanotherproduct.
Anexampleistherecoveryofusedlubricants.Thesequantitiesshouldbedistinguishedfrompetrochemical
Back�lows.
51
4.12Productstransferred
Petroleumproductswhicharereclassi�iedasfeedstocksforfurtherprocessing
inthere�inery,withoutdeliveryto�inalconsumers
The reclassi�ication (renaming) of oil products which is necessary when �inished oil products are used as
feedstockinre�ineries.
Theseareusuallyimportedpetroleumproductswhicharereclassi�iedasfeedstocksforfurtherprocessingin
there�inery,withoutdeliveryto�inalconsumers.Forexample,Naphthaimportedforupgradingwouldbe�irst
reportedasImportsofNaphtha,andthenappearsalsoasProductstransferredofNaphtha.
4.13Interproducttransfers
Reclassi�icationofproducts,becausetheirspeci�icationhaschanged,orbecausetheyare
blendedintoanotherproduct:anegativeindicatesaproductthatwillbereclassi�ied,
apositiveshowsareclassi�iedproduct
Themovementsoffuelsbetweenproductcategoriesbecauseofreclassi�icationofaproductwhichnolonger
meetsitsoriginalspeci�ication.Thetransferredproductisoftenblendedwithitshost.
Result from reclassi�ication of products either because their speci�ication has changed, or because they are
blendedintoanotherproduct.Forexample,quantitiesofKerosenemaybereclassi�iedasGasoilafterblending
with the latter in order to meet its winter diesel speci�ication. A negative entry for one product must be
compensatedbyapositiveentry(orseveralentries)foroneorseveralproductsandviceversa.Thetotalnet
effectshouldbezero.
Please note that Interproduct Transfers for Other products includes interproduct transfers of crude oil and
NGL.PleaserefertoTable4.1onpage51
4.14Demand
Deliveriesorsalestotheinlandmarket(domesticconsumption),
plusre�ineryfuel,plusinternationalmarineandaviationbunkers,
plusdirectuseofcrudeoilandNGL
Thetotaldemandofoilinacountryincludesthevolumeofoilrequired,ontheonehandtosupplyall�inal
consumers,energytransformationunits(includingre�ineries),energyproducerswithinthecountryandon
theotherhandtoprovideallthenationalandforeigncustomerswithfuelswhichtheywilluseininternational
navigationandaviation(e.g.internationalaviation,marinebunkers,�ishingetc.).
Total oil demand also includes volumes of crude oil, NGL and other hydrocarbons which are used directly
without being processed in petroleum re�ineries (direct use). It concerns mainly oil which can be used
unprocessedbypowerplantstogenerateelectricityandheat.
Sinceinmostoilbalancestheinformationforsomeofthese�lowsisavailabletheequationlooksasfollows(see
Fig4.3onpage53):
Pleasenotethatnon-energyconsumptionshouldbeincluded.
52
Figure4.3:Demand�lows
53
54
Chapter5:Veri�icationofdataquality
5.1Dataqualityassessment
Dataqualityencompassesmanyaspects.ForthedatasubmittedintheJODIOilquestionnaire,thefollowing
itemshavebeentakenintoaccountwhenassessingacountry’sdataquality:
• Timeliness:TheJODIOildatabaseisexpectedtobeupdatedregularly.Timelinessindicateswhether
submissions were received by the expected deadline. Ratings over a six month period ranging from
"good"to"lesstimely"aregivenaccordingtothenumberofsubmissionsreceivedwithinthedeadline.
• Sustainability (of submission): Sustainability refers to the number of the JODI Oil submissions
receivedwithinagivenperiod.Forexampleifacountryoverasixmonthperiodhassubmittedallsix
questionnaires, then it is given a "good" rating; if fewer questionnaires were submitted then lower
ratingsareassigned.
• Completeness:Completenessmeasuresthenumberofexpecteddatapointsoutofthemaximuminthe
JODIOilquestionnairereceivedbytheexpecteddeadline.A"good"ratingisgivenwhenmorethan90%
ofthedataareprovidedforproduction,stockchanges,closingstocklevelsanddemand.
• Accuracy:AccuracyofJODIOildataforacountryismuchmoredif�iculttomeasure,asthereisoftenno
realbenchmarktomeasureagainst.Moreover,ifdataareaccurateforone�low,e.g.production,itdoes
notnecessarilymeanthatalltheother�lowsareaccuratelyreported.Itisthusalmostimpossibletogive
asingleratingconcerningthedataaccuracyofanindividualcountry.
To be able to establish some indication of data accuracy however, several veri�ication methods can be used
forevaluationofdata,eitherbyinternationalorganisationsorbynationaladministrationsprovidingthedata.
Thenextchapterwillbedealingwiththetypeofmeasuresnationaladministrationscantaketoensuredata
accuracy.
For more information and the latest update of JODI countries’ data quality, please consult the website:
www.jodidata.org
5.2 Focusondataaccuracy
Accuracy is an essential characteristic of an ideal database. With it, users can be assured of the database’s
reliabilityandusability,whichareparamounttostatisticalanalysis.
AsJODIOilwasinitiatedinordertomeasurehowquicklynationaladministrationscouldprovideaccuratedata
onamonthlybasis,timelinessandcompletenessbecamethefocusofattentionduringthe�irstyearsofthe
Initiative.However,nowthatadatabaseisinplacewhereinformationisstored,itisessentialthataccuracybe
giventhenecessaryattentionthatitdeserves.
InitiallythesixparticipatingorganisationsandtheIEFhadtakenadecisionthatthedatabasewouldonlybe
released if it was proven to be of suf�icient quality. An extended evaluation exercise was carried out during
2005;theresultsofwhichshowedthatquality-althoughnotperfect-wassatisfactory,especiallyforthetop30
producersandconsumers.ItwasthereforedecidedinNovember2005toopenupthedatabasetothepublic.In
anticipationofcriticismfromsomeusers,colourcodingwasaddedtoindicatedatacon�idence(SeeChapter8).
55
Nowthatthedatabaseisoperational,itisimperativethataccuracycontinuestoimprove.Accuracymustto
beevaluatedbyboththeinternationalorganisationstowhichcountriessubmittheirdataandbythenational
administrationsubmittingthedata.Internationalorganisationseachhavetheirrespectivetechniquestoverify
dataaccuracyandtheydosoonaregularbasis,contactingnationaladministrationsincaseofproblems.
Inordertofacilitatethetaskofdataaccuracyevaluationbynationaladministrations,thischapterprovides
asetofinstructionsandpossiblechecksforveri�icationofdataaccuracyfromthestandpointofthenational
statisticians.
Somedataaccuracyveri�icationtechniquesthatcanbeappliedtoJODIOilsubmissionsareasfollows:
1. BalanceCheck
2. InternalConsistencyCheck
2.1 FuelBalance:SumofProductsversusTotalOil
2.2 StocksCheck
3. TimeSeriesCheck
4. VisualCheck
Pleasenotethatsomeofthesechecksonlyprovideanindicationofaccuracy.Itisimportanttouseacombination
ofchecksinordertoobtainthebestresults.
5.2.1Balancecheck
Primaryoil
CalculatedRe�ineryIntake=production+FromOtherSources+Imports-Exports+Products
transferred/Back�lows-Directuse-Stockchange
Oilproducts
Demand=Re�ineryoutput+Receipts+Imports–Exports–Productstransferred
+Interproducttransfers–Stockchange
Thisisthesimplestformofaccuracycheck.Herein,thestatisticianshouldcheckthatthecalculatedsupplyis
notverydifferenttothereporteddemand.ThecalculatedRe�ineryintake/Demandisexpressedintheabove
formulas.
TheCalculatedRe�ineryIntake/Demandusingtheaboveformulashouldnotbeverydifferentfromthereported
Re�ineryIntake/Demand.ThedifferenceisautomaticallycalculatedintherowStatisticaldifferenceintheJODI
Oilquestionnaire.Ideally,thedeviationshouldbebetween-5.0and5.0%.Ifthedeviationisoutsidethisrange,
thestatisticianshouldreviewthedataforallthe�lowsandmakecorrectionswherenecessary.However,ifafter
dueveri�ication,thedeviationisstilllarge,thedatamaybesubmittedtotherespectiveorganisations.Ifmore
accuratedataarereceivedinthefollowingmonththenarevisedandcorrectedbalanceshouldberesubmitted
thefollowingmonth.
This data check is applicable only if data for the �lows are complete and reliable. Moreover sometimes the
deviationbetweencalculatedsupplyandtheother�lowsisforsomevalidreasonlargerthan-5%and+5%.
Thisbalancecheckcanthereforeonlybeconsideredasoneofthepossiblecheckswhichcanbecarriedoutto
evaluateaccuracy.
Table5.1illustratesanexamplewherereportedre�ineryintakeismorethan5%lowerthanCalculatedRe�inery
Intake.Thereareseveralpossiblereasonsforthis.ThestatisticianmaysuspectthattheRe�ineryIntakeand
Demandmaybeunderreported.Butitwouldalsobepossiblethattheother�lowsareover-reported.Therefore
itissuggestedthatallofthedatabereviewedforaccuracy.
56
Table5.1:Example1ofinternalbalancecheck
Unit:1,000metrictons
Crude oil
+
Production
+
From Other Sources
2
+
Imports
3681
–
Exports
0
+
Products transferred / Backflows
–
Direct use
–
Stock change
200
-295
–
Statistical difference
=
Refinery intake
3550
228
%
Percentage statistical difference
6.4%
Internalconsistency check
5.2.1.1Oilproductsbalance:sumofproductsversustotaloilproducts
Totaloilproducts=LPG+Naphtha+Motor/aviationgasolines+Kerosenes
+Gas/dieseloil+Fueloil+Otheroilproducts
Another measure of accuracy is consistency. The category Total oil products should be equal to the sum of
thereportedproductsnamely:LPG,Naphtha,Motor/aviationgasoline,Kerosenes,Gas/dieseloil,Fueloiland
Otheroilproductsincludingre�inerygas,ethane,naphtha,petroleumcoke,whitespirit&SBP,paraf�inwaxes,
lubricantsandotherproducts.(SeeChapter3).
Thestatisticianshouldensurethatthispropertyholds.Shouldthisnotbethecase,thenacarefulreviewandappropriate
correctionsofthedataarenecessarybeforesubmittingthedatatotheirrespectiveorganisations.Automaticchecks
areincorporatedinthequestionnairetopointoutwhenthetotalisnotequaltothesumoftheparts.
Table5.2:Example1offuelbalancecheck
Unit:1,000metrictons
Refinery output
LPG
Naphtha
Motor/
aviation
gasoline
Kerosenes
*Of which
Kerosene
type jet fuel
Gas/
diesel
oil
Fuel oil
Other oil
products
Total oil
products
(5)+(6)+(7)
+(8)+(10)
+(11)+(12)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
126
160
866
334
331
1083
942
60
2
121
160
208
143
140
555
26
117
1222
55
-55
-47
-10
-10
101
-92
-40
-90
-2164
994
2338
Receipts
Imports
59
Exports
13
Products transferred
Interproduct transfers
Stock change
Statistical difference
Demand
Closing stocks
-2
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
176
700
201
201
482
1013
919
3491
95
884
317
317
1065
1154
511
4026
-2
0
*Ofwhich:KerosenetypejetfuelshouldnotbecountedintheTotaloilproducts.
InTable5.2,thecolumnTotaloilproductsisthesumofalltheproducts,namely:LPG,Naphtha,Motor/aviation
gasoline,Kerosenes,Gas/dieseloil,FueloilandOtherproducts.TheTotaloilproductsfor�iveoutoftheeight
�lowsareequaltosumofLPG,Naphtha,Motor/aviationgasoline,Kerosenes,Gas/dieseloil,FueloilandOther
productswhichshowsthatthese�lowsareinternallyconsistent.However,thesumofallproductsforRe�inery
output is larger than the corresponding Total oil products. As a result there is a considerable statistical
differenceobserved.Therefore,thereisanerrorinthedataforthatparticular�low.Thismethoddoesnotapply
tostockchanges.
57
Table5.3:Example2offuelbalancecheck
Unit:1,000metrictons
LPG
Naphtha
Motor/
aviation
gasoline
Kerosenes
*Of which
Kerosene
type jet fuel
Gas/
diesel
oil
Fuel oil
Other oil
products
Total oil
products
(5)+(6)+(7)
+(8)+(10)
+(11)+(12)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
Refinery output
126
160
866
334
331
1083
942
60
2
1021
160
208
143
140
555
26
117
1222
55
-55
-47
-10
-10
101
-92
-40
-90
994
4505
Receipts
Imports
59
Exports
13
Products transferred
Interproduct transfers
Stock change
-2
5
0
0
0
0
0
903
176
700
201
201
482
1013
919
3491
95
884
317
317
1065
1154
511
4026
Statistical difference
-2
Demand
Closing stocks
0
0
*Ofwhich:KerosenetypejetfuelshouldnotbecountedintheTotaloilproducts.
Fromtheprevioustable,thesumofImportsforindividualproductsislowerthanTotaloilproductsImports.
ThissuggeststhattheImportsdataofTotaloilproductsismisreportedortherearemissingImportsdatafor
some products. As the statistical difference is very high, it is likely that the Imports of Total oil products is
misreported.
HencethereisaneedforstatisticianstocheckthevaluesofalltheproductsincludingTotaloilproducts.
5.2.1.2Stockscheck
Stockchange=ClosingstockforM-1–ClosingstockforM-2
ThedifferencebetweentheClosingstockofthelatestmonth(M-1)andtheClosingstockofthepreviousmonth
(M-2)shouldbeequaltothereportedStockchangeofthelatestmonth.Ifforanyreasonthisisnotthecase,the
statisticianshouldinvestigateandmakethenecessarycorrection.Thedifferencebetweenthereportedstock
changeandcalculatedStockchangeshouldbe0.AreasonforadeviationcouldstemfromtheStockchangefor
M-1beingobtainedusingpreliminaryClosingstockforM-2.IfM-2stocklevelshavesincebeenrevised,thena
revisionforthepreviousmonthsshouldbesubmitted.
However, ifthisisnot the casedespiteseriouseffortstoachievea balance, thestatistician could settle toa
maximumdeviationofnotgreaterthan5.0%.
Table5.4:Exampleofcheckingconsistencyofstocksdata
Crude
oil
Motor
/aviation
gasoline
LPG
Kerosenes
Gas/Diesel
Oil
Fuel oil
Total oil
products
Closing stock level
M-1 (Jan)
1637
181
660
259
533
214
2685
M-2 (Dec)
1618
192
778
213
676
260
2880
Stock change in M-1 (Jan)
19
-18
-118
54
-143
-48
-195
Calculated stock change
(M-1 – M-2 or Jan – Dec)
19
-11
-118
46
-143
-46
-195
0
-7
0
8
0
-2
0
0%
39%
0%
15%
0%
4%
0%
Difference
(Calculated – Reported)
Percentage difference
(Difference/Stock change)
InTable5.4,thecalculatedStockchangeiscomputedusingtheabove-mentionedformula.ThiscalculatedStock
changeshouldbeequaltothereportedStockchange.Intheaboveexample,thereportedStockchangeforLPG,
KerosenesandFuelOilarenotequaltothecalculatedStockchange.
58
When calculating the percentage difference it is noticeable that for LPG and Kerosenes the differences are
largerthan5%,whereasforFueloilthedifferenceisonly4%.ThereforethestockdataforLPGandKerosenes
needinvestigation,whilethefueloildataseemswithinreasonableerrorlimits.
5.2.2Timeseriescheck
Percentagechange(%) =
Currentmonthdata–Previousmonthdata
Previousmonthdata
x100
Thisisanothermethodthatthestatisticiancouldusetochecktheaccuracyofsomeofthe�lows,forexample
Production,Re�ineryoutput,ClosingstocksorDemand.Themethodislessusefulfortradeandstockchanges.A
timeseriescheckinvolvescomparingthedemanddataofthelatestmonthtothatofthepreviousmonthand/or
tothedataofthesamemonthinthepreviousyear.
The underlying reason for checking monthly data with previous data is that the percentage change, in for
exampledemand,isusuallylimitedfromonemonthtothenext.Thestatisticianshouldcomputethemonthly
growthratesandusethepastgrowthratesasanindicationofthetrendofthegrowthrateforthelatestmonth.
IfDemandintheprevioussevenmonthshasbeengrowingat3%,thenitislikelytoexpectasimilargrowththis
month.Howeverthiscanonlybeconsideredasanindication,asmanytimestherearelogicalreasonsforlarger
thanexpecteddeviations.
IncountrieswherethereisalargeseasonalpatterninDemand,acomparisonwiththesameamountofthe
previousyearismorerelevant.
Should the growth rate therefore exceed or go below the trend, the statistician should investigate. If the
percentagechangeseemscorrect,thenitisrecommendedthatthestatistician�indthecauseofsuchoccurrence.
Ifthereasonisplausible,thenthedatamightbeaccuratedespitenotgoingwiththetrend.
Table5.5:Comparinggrowthrateforthelatestmonthtothehistoricaltrend
Monthly Growth Rate (Previous 12 months)
LPG
Minimum
Maximum
Average
-9.2%
11.1%
0.8%
March
15.0%
Motor/aviation gasoline
-10.1%
8.9%
0.0%
8.0%
Kerosenes
-10.3%
8.1%
0.5%
-10.4%
Gas/diesel oil
-12.0%
9.4%
-0.6%
-3.0%
Fuel oil
-25.3%
23.0%
1.0%
5.0%
Total oil products
-7.1%
7.3%
-0.5%
2.0%
InTable5.5,thecalculatedgrowthratesforthedemandinMarchusingtheaboveformulaarecomparedwith
themaximumandminimummonthlygrowthratesduringtheprevious12monthsoryear.Thegrowthrates
ofLPGandKerosenesforthemonthofMarcharehigherthanthemaximumgrowthratesandlowerthanthe
minimummonthlygrowthratesobservedintheprevious12-monthperiod,respectively.
Thereisnocertaintythatsuchdevelopmentscouldnothappenintheoilmarket,forexampleanexceptionally
cold winter may make the Demand for Kerosenes much higher than the previous year, or adversely an
exceptionally mild winter may result in much lower demand. However, seeing growth rates which are
muchhigherorlowerthanthoseseeninthelast12monthsmayprovideanindicationthatdatashouldbe
investigated.
59
5.2.3Re�ineryintake/outputcheck
Thischeckiscarriedouttoverifytheconsistencyofthere�inerydatabycomparingre�ineryintakeandre�inery
output.
Tocheckconsistencyofre�ineryoperationeachmonth,theratiooftheRe�ineryoutputofTotaloilproducts
and the Re�inery intake of all primary products (Crude oil, NGL, Other) should be calculated. This ratio is
alsocalledre�ineryyield.Thischeckcanbeconductedineithermass(ton)orvolume(bbl,litre)unitsalthough
therearedifferentcharacteristicsbetweenmassandvolumetriccomparisonsthatshouldbetakenintoaccount.
Re�ineryYield(%) =
Re�ineryoutputofTotaloilproducts
Re�ineryintakeofTotalprimaryproducts
x100
Inanormalre�ineryprocess,lossesoccurduringthedistillationprocessesduetoevaporation.Re�inerylossesare
theamountbywhichthere�ineryoutputissmallerthantheinput(i.e.re�ineryyield<100%).
Re�inery/processing gains may occur if the total re�inery output exceeds the re�inery intake (re�inery yield >
100%)whentheamountismeasuredinvolume.
Therefore,dependingonwhetherthedataareexpressedinmassorvolumeunits,theratioshouldbeevaluated
differently:
• Incaseofcomparing�iguresinmassunits(tons),theyieldshouldbesmallerthanbutcloseto100%.In
principlenogainsshouldoccur.Figure5.1showsasuggestedwayofcomparison.
60
Figure5.1Re�ineryintakev.s.re�ineryoutputcomparisoninktons
•
Ifthedataaremeasuredinvolumetricunits(bbls,litres)eithergainsorlossesarepossible.Re�inery
gainscanoccurduetothefactthattheoutput(processedoilproducts)intotaltakesahighervolume
(lowerspeci�icgravity)thantheinput(crudeoilandfeedstocks).SeeFigure5.2.
Figure5.2Re�ineryintakev.s.re�ineryoutputcomparisoninkbbls
The re�inery yield of a country is usually consistent over time. A graph similar to the ones above using
historicaldataenablesonetochecktheconsistencyofre�ineryoperationsovertime.Anydataoutliershould
beinvestigated.
61
5.2.4Visualchecks
Aneasymethodtorapidlyverifytimeseriesistographicallyrepresentthedataseries.Byusingthismethod,
outliers,whicharedatapointsfarfromtherestofthedata,canbeeasilydetected.Tobeabletographically
show time series however, it is essential that the statistician has developed and maintained a database of
historicaldata.
Themethodforvisuallycheckingtimeseriescanbeusedformostofthe�lows,althoughitislesseasytospot
outlyingdataforstockchanges,astheseare�luctuatingbetweenpositiveandnegativeandcanvarymorethan
theotherdata.
An example of re�inery intake data is shown below where two values are clearly out of the normal range.
Thelowvalueofre�ineryintake(April2005)couldindeedbevalid,asre�ineriesmighthavecloseddownfor
re�inerymaintenance,howeverthehighvalueinDecember2005seemsoutofline,asitisunlikelythatre�inery
intakecanhaveincreasedsubstantiallyforonemonth.
Ifsuchoccurrencesarevisible,thestatisticianshouldinvestigatefurthertodeterminewhetherthevalueis
validornot.
Figure5.3Re�ineryintakevolumes
5.3Monthlyversusannualdata
5.3.1Monthlydata
5.3.1.1Datacollectionandcoverage
Productionandstockdataarecollectedfromoilcompanieseverymonth.
Challenges/problems:
• Reportingperiodisshort.
• NotallthedataprovidersareabletosendthedatatothenationaladministrationinchargeofJODIOil.
Tradedata(Exports/Imports)iscollectedmainlyfromthecustomsof�ices.
Challenges/problems:
• Longertimelagforgettingthetradedata(inmanydevelopingcountries).
• Consolidationofvalueandphysicaldata.
Tradedata,whentheybecomeavailable,canbeconsideredascompletecoverage.
62
5.3.1.2Estimatesorfullcoveragedata
Whenmonthlydatacollectionfromdataprovidersisincomplete,thenationaladministrationmayestimatethe
missingdataanduseitsmonitoringsystemtochecktheconsistencyoftheestimatesovermonths.Meanwhile,
thenationaladministrationneedstoimprovesustainabledatasubmissionfromallthedataprovidersthrough
explainingbene�itoftheirparticipationinthedatagatheringatanationallevel.
Theestimationandconsistencycheckmethodologiesshouldbeclearlystatedincountrynotes(metadata).
5.3.1.3Missingmonthlydata
ThenationaladministrationinchargeofJODIOilisnotsendingdatatotheJODIOilOrganisation(s)towhich
thecountryisamember.
Problem:
• JODI organisations do not estimate data that has not been submitted by participating countries nor
changedatasubmittedbythemasthedataisof�iciallysanctioned.Therefore,themissingdatapointwill
appearasemptycellsintheJODIOilWorldDatabase.
• The missing data is negatively affecting the comparability and completeness of the JODI Oil World
Database,jeopardisingthereliabilityofthedatabase.
5.3.2Annualdata
Annualdatais,inprinciple,asimpleaggregationofthetwelveconsecutivemonths.However,giventhecoverage
describedabovetherecouldbethefollowingcasesobserved:
5.3.2.1Annualdataisasimplesumofthe12consecutivemonthsoftheyear
ThenationaladministrationinchargeofJODIOilcollectedthenecessarydatafromallthedataprovidersand
datawasnotrevisedoverthe12monthperiod.Inthiscase,theannualdataisthesumofthe12months’data
registeredintheJODIOilWorldDatabase.
5.3.2.2Monthlydataistobere-consolidatedinordertoderiveannualdatafromthemonthlydata
IfnationaladministrationinchargeofJODIOilmadeestimationsforsomeofthemonthsduetoincomplete
coverage,aconsolidationofdataisrequired.Theconsolidationneedstoassurethecoverageandreliabilityof
data.Also,themonthlydatashouldbeadjustedtoassuretheconsistencybetweenmonthlyandannualdata.
Theestimationandconsolidationmethodologiesshouldbeclearlystatedincountrynotes(metadata).
5.4Commonreportingerrors
Another way to improve data accuracy is by preventing common errors in data collection, processing and
reporting.Toensurethattheseerrorsareavoided,atableisprovidedshowingthemostfrequent"common
errors"andacorrespondingsuggestiononhowtoavoidthem.Ifsucherrorsareunavoidableduetode�initional
differences,ithastobeindicatedincountrynotes(metadata).
63
Products and
Flows
Crude oil
Production
Common Errors
Suggested Preventive Measures
1. In some cases, the data exclude
lease condensates.
1. Ask data providers to report Crude oil,
lease condensate and NGL separately,
if the data are available, so that the
statistician can follow the JODI Oil
definition.
2. In some cases, wellhead production
instead of marketable data are
reported.
2. Statisticians should ask upstream oil
companies to report the marketable
production.
3. Crude oil production of foreign
companies operating within the
country are reported as imports.
3. Crude oil production within the
national boundaries of the country is
indigenous production of that country, no
matter the nationality of the producer.
Refinery
intake
Like in Crude oil Production, refinery
intake includes NGL and refinery
feedstocks or excludes lease
condensate.
Ask data providers to report Crude oil,
lease condensate and NGL separately,
if the data are available, so that the
statistician can follow the JODI Oil
definition.
Refinery
output
1. In some cases, LPG output from gas
separation plants are reported as
refinery output.
1. Report only the output of oil refineries.
2. In some cases, there is double
2. Only production of finished oil products
counting of finished products
should be reported in refinery output.
produced from intermediate products.
If some products are used for further
processing to other products, then only
the final output should be reported to
avoid double counting. An example is
naphtha re-processed to produce other
products. The re-processed naphtha
should not be included as refinery output.
Only the amount exported or delivered to
final consumers should be reported.
Demand
1. In some cases, refinery fuel and
aviation/marine bunkers are not
included.
1. Demand data should include refinery
fuel and aviation/marine Bunkers and
direct use of Crude oil.
2. In some cases, only inland sales are
reported. Refinery fuel and direct use
of Crude oil are not included in Total
oil products.
2. Demand data should include refinery
fuel and aviation/marine bunkers and
direct use of Crude oil.
3. In some cases LPG from gas
separation plants are not included.
3. Practically, it is difficult to trace the
source of LPG. All LPG sold should be
reported.
4. The demand of Motor and Aviation
gasoline includes the direct use of
pure biogasoline. (This also applies
to some other fuels)
64
4. The direct use of pure biogasoline should
be excluded from demand. Demand
should only include the use of Motor and
Aviation gasoline as well as the gasoline
blended with biogasoline, but not the
direct use of pure biogasoline itself.
(This also applies to some other fuels)
Products and
Flows
Common Errors
Closing stock 1. In some cases, only industry or
government stocks are included in
the total and not the sum of both.
2. Some countries do not report stocks
data due to confidentiality.
Stock change 1. In some cases, a stock build is
submitted with a negative sign while
a stock draw is shown with a positive
sign.
Motor/
aviation
gasoline
Kerosenes
Suggested Preventive Measures
1. By definition, the total national territory
stocks should be the sum of government
and industry stocks.
2. Data providers should be informed that
individual stocks information will not be
divulged. The national administration will
only release the total stocks data.
1. Stock change should be calculated as
the difference between closing stocks
– opening stocks, or of closing stocks
(M-1) – closing (M-2) stocks.
2. In some cases, stock change is
estimated as the difference between
supply and demand.
2. National administrations should collect
data for both the closing stock levels and
the stock changes.
3. The difference in closing stock level
of M-1 and M-2 is not equal to the
reported stock change.
3. This may be true in some cases due to
statistical discrepancy. In this regard,
this difference should not be bigger than
5% or less than -5%.
1. In some cases, aviation gasoline
and blending components are
not included in the Motor/aviation
gasoline data submitted.
1. Please strictly follow JODI Oil definition.
2. In some cases, alcohol production
is included in the reported Motor/
aviation gasoline production.
2. Only Motor/aviation gasoline production,
with or without alcohol blend, should
be reported. The amount of alcohol
production, especially if it is not blended
with gasoline, should not be included.
3. In some cases, amount of pure
biofuels used directly in engines
is included in the reported Motor/
aviation gasoline.
3. The amount of pure biofuels used directly
in engines should not be included under
Motor/aviation gasoline.
1. In some cases, the Kerosenes data
submitted do not include Kerosene
type jet fuel.
1. The JODI Oil definition for Kerosenes
includes Kerosene type jet fuel and other
kerosene.
2. In some cases, other kerosene is
included in Gas/diesel oil.
2. The JODI Oil definition includes other
kerosene under Kerosene and not in
Gas/diesel oil.
3. In some cases, amount of pure
biofuels used directly in engines is
included in the reported Kerosenes.
3. The amount of pure biofuels used directly
in engines should not be included under
Kerosenes.
65
66
Chapter6:Estimationsandrevisionsofdata
6.1 Estimations
ItispreferablethatallJODIOildataaresubmittedwithrealdata,withoutanyestimation.However,itisalso
possiblethatduetothesizeofcertain�lowsandcertainproducts,thedataareeithernotcollectedonaregular
basis,ortheymayexceptionallybemissingforacertaintimeperiod.
TheJODIdataaresubmittedbythenationalauthorityoftheparticipatingcountry.Thesedataareconsidered
authoritative and are not subject to alteration by any of the JODI partner organisations. The estimation
methodologiespresentedbelowareonlyaguidelinetoassistnationaladministrationsresponsiblefor�illing
theJODIOilquestionnaire.
6.1.1Dataarenotcollected
Estimatesshouldonlybeusedfor�lowsandproductswhichrepresentasmallproportionintheoilbalance,and
whichhavethevalueofcompletingthemajoroil�lows.
For example if your country is a small exporter of LPG and this represents less than 10% of total exports
onanannualbasis,thenitisfeasibletoincludeamonthlyestimateforthis�lowandproductintheJODIOil
data.Howeveritisessentialthattheestimatesarebenchmarkedperiodically.Thiscanbedonebycomparing
monthlydatatoannualdataorbycomparingmonthlydatawithinformationwhichbecomesavailablewith
sometimedelay.
Pleasenotethatitisgoodpracticetoindicatewhichdatahavebeenestimated.
Howtoestimate?
• Establishtheimportanceofthe�lowandproducttobeestimated
• Workoutifthis�low/productiscorrelatedwithanother�lowforwhichyouhavedatae.g.LPGexports
areprobablystronglycorrelatedtoeitherre�ineryproductionorNGLproduction
• Investigateifthereisaseasonaltrendforthe�low/product
• Regularveri�icationisessential
Anexample:
CountryZdoesnotcollectdataforTotaloilproducts,buthasalltheinformationforall�lowsfortheproducts
speci�iedintheJODIOil.HowcanTotaloilproductsbederived?
ItisimportanttoestablishthesizeoftheOtheroilproductsintheoilbalance.Thiscanbedeterminedbylooking
atafullbalanceofannualorquarterlydata.Thesumofthe�ivepetroleumproductsislowerthantheTotaloil
productstotal,as"Otheroilproducts"areconsumedinthecountry(e.g.lubricants,paraf�inwaxes,etc.).
BelowistheannualoilbalanceofCountryZ(Table6.1).ThelastfourcolumnsshowontheonehandthesubtotalofthesixmajorproductsandtheirpercentageshareintheTotaloilproducts,andontheotherhandthe
sizeandpercentageoftheOtheroilproducts.
67
Table6.1:AnnualbalanceforcountryZ
Unit:1,000metrictons
Annual balance
Refinery output
LPG
Motor/
aviation
gasoline
Naphtha
Kerosenes
Gas/diesel
oil
Total oil
products
Fuel oil
1050
2585
10152
6680
23457
9019
53790
0
0
0
0
0
0
511
Imports
1024
640
753
1328
13217
4163
22539
Exports
228
162
2866
120
822
1461
5770
Products transferred
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
Interproduct transfers
0
-102
102
0
0
511
0
Stock change
0
-6
-9
79
875
-71
885
-22
12
180
426
627
420
1627
1859
2955
7970
7383
34350
11883
68548
309
530
1504
738
5570
1608
10608
Receipts
Statistical difference
Demand
Closing Level
Annual balance
Refinery output
Subtotal
six
products
% of Total
Other oil
products
% of
Total
52943
98.4%
847
1.6%
0
0.0%
511
100.00%
Imports
21125
93.7%
1414
6.3%
Exports
5659
98.1%
111
1.9%
0
0.0%
10
10.0%
Receipts
Products transferred
Interproduct transfers
511
-511
Stock change
877
8
1643
-16
Statistical difference
Demand
66400
96.9%
2148
3.1%
Closing Level
10259
96.7%
349
3.3%
Fromtheabovetable,itcanbederivedthatonanannualbasis,thesixmajorproductsaccountfor98.4%of
re�ineryoutputandfor96.9%ofDemand.
MeanwhiletheOtheroilproductsaccountfor1.6%ofre�ineryoutputandfor3.1%ofdemand.Giventhatthe
Otheroilproductscategoryaccountsforlessthan10%inall�lows,anestimatecanbederivedonamonthly
basisinordertoprovidethetotalforTotaloilproducts.
68
Howtoderiveamonthlyestimate?
BelowisCountryZ’ssubmissionforJuly2012.ThereisnodatafortheOtherproductsDemand,whichwillbe
estimatedusingTable6.1.
Table6.2:MonthlyJODIOildataforcountryZ
Unit:1,000metrictons
Monthly balance
Refinery output
LPG
Motor/
aviation
gasoline
Naphtha
Kerosenes
Gas/diesel
oil
Total oil
products
Fuel oil
88
211
846
557
1955
752
4483
Receipts
0
0
0
0
0
0
60
Imports
85
82
63
111
1101
348
1878
Exports
19
15
239
10
69
125
481
Products transferred
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Interproduct transfers
0
-5
5
0
0
60
0
Stock change
5
6
-12
7
73
-15
54
-6
2
23
35
52
60
?
155
265
664
615
2863
990
?
26
44
125
62
464
134
Statistical difference
Demand
Closing Level
Monthly balance
Refinery output
Subtotal
six
products
% of Total
Other oil
products
% of
Total
4408
98.3%
75
1.7%
0
0.0%
60
100.0%
Imports
1790
95.3%
88
4.7%
Exports
476
99.0%
5
1.0%
Products transferred
0
0.0%
2
100.0%
Interproduct transfers
60
-60
Stock change
64
-10
Receipts
Statistical difference
Demand
Closing Level
884
?
167
5552
96.9%
855
96.7%
?
3.1%
29
3.3%
Ifthemonthlydemandofthesixmajorproducts(sub-total)is5552thousandmetrictons,thentheTotaloil
productscanbecalculatedusingthepercentagewederivedfromtheannualbalance.
Wehavedeterminedthatonayearlybasisthesixmajorproductsaccountfor96.9%ofdemandinthecountry,
thereforewecanestimateTotaloilproductsDemandforthismonthas:5552/0.969=5730.(i.e.Subtotalsix
products/%ofTotal).
ThemissingOtheroilproductsaccountfor5730–5552=178thousandtons.
Itisessentialhowevertoestablishthatfornoneofthe�lowsoftheOtheroilproductsthereisastrongseasonal
trend;shouldtherebe,thentheseasonalityoftheproductneedstobetakenintoaccountwhenmakingthe
estimate.
69
6.1.2Dataareexceptionallynotavailable
Althoughdatamaybecollectedonaregularbasis,insometimeperiodsitispossiblethatacompanydoesnot
reportitsdataeitheronatimelybasis,orforotherreasonssuchascomputerproblems,staffchangeover,etc.
Unfortunatelytheseoccurrenceshappeninrealitymoreoftenthanhopedforandresultincomplicationsfor
thestatistician.
Howtoestimate?
• Determinethedifferent�lowsandproductswhichthemissingcompanyusuallyreports
• Workouttheaveragemarketshareofthecompanycomparedwiththatofothercompaniesforeach�low
andproduct
• Estimatethecompany’sdataonthebasisoftheothercompanies
• Alternatively,ifthecompany’ssharehasnotbeenmovingverymuchinthelastyear,usethesamedata
reportedforthecorrespondingmonthofthepreviousyear
• Incasethereisnostrongseasonality,andthereisonlyonemonthmissing,thepreviousmonth’sdata
couldalsobeused
• Usethetrendofthetotalmarketasameasuretoderivethecompany’sdata.
Anexample:
CountryZcollectsdatafromthreedifferentcompanies(A,BandC).CompanyBislateinprovidingitsdatafor
themonthofNovember,butalltheothercompanieshaveprovidedtheirdata.Thedataforexampleforgas/
dieseloilismissing;inordertoobtainsomeestimatetherearevariousalternatives:
• theaverageshareofthecompanyinthetotalcanbedeterminedandused–seebelow
Table6.3:Re�ineryoutputofGas/dieseloilofcountryZ
Gas/DieselOil Unit1,000MetricTons
Sept-12
Oct-12
2400
2750
Company A
720
880
Company B
480
481
Company C
1200
1389
Refinery Output
Nov-12
Average
Company
Share
?
775
?
31%
19%
1300
50%
ToderiveCompanyB’soutput,thesharesofCompaniesAandCareused.TheoutputofCompaniesAand
CinNov-12is2075thousandtonnes,andthisaccountsfor81%(seeTable6.4)basedonSeptemberand
Octoberdata.Thereforetheestimatedtotalis2075/0.81=2562andCompanyB’soutputcanbecalculated
as2562-2075=487thousandtonnes.
Table6.4:Howtoestimatemissingdata–example1
Gas/DieselOil Refinery Output
Unit1,000MetricTons
Sept-12
Oct-12
2400
2750
Company A
720
880
Company B
480
481
Company C
1200
1389
Total A+C
•
Thesamedataaspreviousmonthorassamemonthpreviousyear.
Nov-12
Average
Company
Share
2562e
775
487e
31%
19%
1300
50%
2075
81%
If the previous month’s data is used, then the underlying assumption is that there is no strong seasonality
betweenthetwomonths,andthatthereisnomajorchangeinthecompany’soutput(e.g.thereisnore�inery
maintenanceplaninNovember2012).SeeExample1inTable6.4.
70
Ifseasonalityistobetakenintoaccount,thenitisprobablybettertousethesamemonthpreviousyear’sdata
(SeeExample2inTable6.5).However,thismeansthatotherassumptionsaremade:thatthecompanyoverthe
yearhasnotincreasedorextendeditsre�inery.
Table6.5:Howtoestimatemissingdata–example2
Gas/DieselOil Unit1,000MetricTons
Nov-12
Sep-12
Oct-12
2600
2400
2750
Company A
900
720
880
Company B
450
480
481
Company C
1250
1200
1389
Refinery Output
Example 1
Nov-12
Example 2
Nov-12
2556e
2525e
775
775
481e
450e
1300
1300
So in these examples above, different results are obtained, depending on the underlying assumptions. The
qualityoftheestimatesisofcourseonlyasgoodastheunderlyingassumptionsare.Intheabovetables,
wheretotalre�ineryoutputvariesbetween2525and2562,thedifferenceinthetotalre�ineryoutputforgas/
dieseloilonlydiffersby1.5%,whichismuchbelowthe5%errorusedasanacceptablestandardintheJODI
Oilqualityevaluation.
• Afourthpossibilityistoderivethecompany’sdatausingthetotaltrend.
To apply this measure it is necessary to assess whether the missing company in the past has followed the
market trend. If over the past six months there is a very strong correlation between Company B’s re�inery
outputandthetotalre�ineryoutput,thenthetrendcanbeappliedtocompanyB’soutput.
Table6.6:Howtoestimatemissingdata–example3
Gas/DieselOil Nov-11
Refinery Output
May-12
Jun-12
Unit1,000MetricTons
Jul-12
Aug-12
Sep-12
Oct-12
Nov-12
2670
2600
2585
2500
2520
2425
2750
2794
Company A
860
900
885
875
865
800
880
900
Company B
450
450
450
425
430
425
481
472
Company C
1360
1250
1250
1200
1225
1200
1389
1422
% change versus
previous year
Company A+C
-5.3%
-5.0%
-3.0%
2.5%
4.7%
5.2%
4.5%
4.8%
Company B
-4.7%
-4.6%
-4.0%
4.5%
5.0%
5.4%
4.0%
?
CompanyB’soutputhereisestimatedusingthemarkettrend,andapplyinga4.8%growthratetotheNovember
2011data.Theresultis450x1.048=472.
Thesamemethodcanbeappliedtoother�lows,e.g.production,demandandstockleveldata,butislessuseful
fortrade,asthevariabilityfrommonthtomonthismuchhigher.
Ithastobeborneinmindthattheabovemethodscouldnotbeusedwhenthecompany’smissingdatahasan
overridingmarketshareordominatesthemarket.
71
6.2Revisions
Monthlydataareveryfrequentlyrevised,formanyreasons,someofwhichmaybethatthecompanieswork
withprovisionaldataandtheymayprovide�inaldatalaterintheyear,ortheymayhavediscoveredmistakes,
andcorrectedthem.Moreoveritispossiblethattherearenewcompaniesenteringthemarket,whichwerenot
takenintoaccountin�irstsubmissions.
TheJODIOilquestionnairerequestsfordatatobesubmittedforM-1(lastmonth)andM-2(monthbeforelast).
Thereisthereforealreadyapossibilitytorevisedataprovidedinthequestionnaire.Thishowevershouldnot
preventcountries/economiestosubmitrevisionstomonthlydataformuchearliertimeperiods.
Pleasenotethatwhensendingrevisionsforonemonth,thisimpactsthestockleveldataforthepreviousmonth
(M-2).Forexample,whenstocklevelandchangesarerevisedforSeptember2011,thenitisverypossiblethat
theclosinglevelforAugust2011wasalsorevised,necessitatingasubmissionforthatmonthaswell.
TheJODIOilWorldDatabaseaimstohavemonthlydataasaccurateaspossiblestartingfromJanuary2002.The
databaseisalivedatabaseandisupdatedmonthlywiththelatestmonthlysubmissionsincludingalsoallthe
revisionsmembercountriesmayhavesubmitted.
72
Chapter7:Examplesofpractices–
AfewexamplesofJODIOildatacollection
andmethodologyinmembercountries
Thesixinternationalorganisationsaskedsomeoftheirmembercountriestoprovidetheirmonthlyoildata
collection practices and to highlight their experience in dealing with bottlenecks and weaknesses in the
datasupplychain.Althoughitisrecognisedthateachcountrymayhaveuniqueandevolvingdatacollection
practices,itisstillconsideredthatsomegeneralguidancemaybeusefultoothercountries.
An understanding of the history behind the establishment of new data collection systems or adaptation of
existingonesinsupportoftheJODIOilwillraiseawarenessofthesigni�icantlevelofgroundworkandongoing
commitment required to arrive at what may at �irst seem to be a simple 42 point top-level questionnaire
response.
7.1 Exampleofpractice:Argentina(datasubmittedtoOLADE)
Datacollection
Argentinaisanetoilimporter.Thelegalframeworkofthecountryallowsprivateinvestmentinthesectorand
atpresent,explorationandexploitationactivitiesarebeingdevelopedbyprivateinvestors.Around50%ofthe
nationalre�iningcapacityismanagedbyRepsol-YPF.
InArgentina,thereexistsanationalregulationthatupholdsthemonthlyoilinformationcollection,relatedwith
production,internalandexternalmarkets,stocks,transformationprocessesatre�ineries(input/outputs)and
demand.
Consideringthatseveralprivatecompaniesoperateinthecountry,thecollectionprocessforoildatabecomes
alittlecomplex.Anyway,thepresenceofalegalenforcementforthisactivity,whichestablishessanctionsfor
timeandformatfornoncompliances,promotessubmissionoftheinformationwithinshortdelays,whichdo
notexceedthreemonths.
Oilcompaniesprovidetherequiredinformationthroughmagneticorgraphicsources.Theinformationrelated
to re�ining inputs is received as balance formats. The company operator �ills the form with "inputs" and
"outputs"ofthere�ineryandincludesanautomaticloadbalance,onwhichlossescan notexceedadetermined
percentage.Thebalanceisnotautomaticallydevelopedbyproduct.
InArgentina,alltheoperations-importsandexportscompaniesofoilandoilproducts-areobligedtoreport
theiractivities.Thereisnominimumoilvolumerestrictioninordertoreporttheinformation.Itisestimated
thatthedatarecievedarehigherthan95%.
Ifanerrororinconsistencyisdetectedwiththedataprovided,thesourceiscontactedandaskedtoclarifyany
misunderstanding.However,suchoccurencesarenotcommon.
Dataprocessingandoverallassessmentofcollectionsystem
ThemethodusedtoinsertthedataiselectronicforalltheitemsintheJODIformat,anditsstorageisdonein
theparticulardatabase.Thedatacollectionfromthesourcesisnotautomatic.
Theveri�icationofthevalidityofthedataconsistsonlyinassuringthattheinformationcomesstrictlyfromthe
source.Anautomaticdataconsolidationisdevelopedonlyforevidentmisbalances.
Inthecaseofmissingdata,anestimationprocessisdevelopedwithacalculationthatcorrelatesthepercentage
variationofthesamemonthsofthepreviousyear.
73
Normally,dataarecheckedonamonthlybasisandupdatedinthedatabaseeachtimeitisreceived.
Theinformationpublishedisintheunitsrequiredforinternalanalysis.Ifinformationoncalori�icvaluesand
densitiesarerequired,thesourcesarethemanualsandpublicationsoftheoilex-statecompanyandconversion
factorsofOLADE.
Ingeneralterms,thecollectionsystemformonthlydataforoilandproductsusedinArgentinacanbede�ined
asacceptable.TheLegislationsupportsthedatarequirementsofthecompanies,butthedifferenceamongdata
collectionmethodsrequiredifferenttimeperiodsforitsprocessingandcompliancecontrol.
7.2Exampleofpractice:Croatia(datasubmittedtoEUROSTAT)
Datacollection
ThereislegislationinCroatiacoveringalldata�lowsinmonthlyoildatacollection.Thedataarecollectedby
meansofmonthlystatisticalsurveysandfromCustomstariff.Thesurveysareinabalanceformat.Different
surveysareusedfordifferent�lows.
Thedatasourcesandtheirshareincollectingthecorrespondingdataarethefollowing:
• Monthly Survey on Industrial Production (IND-1/MPS form – these data are used also for industrial
productionvolumeindices)–100%.
• MonthlyspecialSurveyonOilRe�ineries(ERG-1N)–100%.
• MonthlySurveyonImports,ExportsandStocksChangeofCrudeOilandPetroleumProducts(ERG-2N)
–approximately95%.
• Fromothersources-Customstariff–approximately5%.
Thedataprovidersarecontactedtoverifyifmistakes/inaccuraciesorsuspiciousnumbersarenoticed,but
therearenoregularmeetingswiththemtodiscussthemethodology.Meetingsareorganisedonlyasneeded.
Mandatorydataproviderscoverapproximately95%ofthedata.
Oildataarenotcollectedforanyotherinternationalornationalpurposeswithdifferentmethodologythanthe
oneinJODIOil.
Dataprocessingandoverallassessmentofcollectionsystem
Thedataaremanuallyenteredintothesystem,butthereisnodatabase.
Theaccuracyoftheveri�icationofthedataiscarriedoutbycomparingthedatawithCustomstariffandwith
previousmonths.Alsologicalcontrolofdataiscarriedoutagainstexpectedlowerandupperlimitsof�lowsof
certainenergy-generatingproducts.
UsuallyalldataarecollectedandestimatesarerarelymadeundertheCustomstariff.Revisionstothedataare
accepted,buttheyarerarelyincorporated.
Thedataarepublishedindifferentunitsasneeded.TheIEAconversionfactorsareused.
Theoverallassessmentofthedatacollectionsystemisgood.Thecoverageoftheimportsandexportsdatais
95%,andthecoverageoftheproductiondataofoilderivativesis100%
Suggestedimprovementsincludethefollowingpoints:
Thesystemcouldbebetteriftherewereadatabaseinwhichallenergydata,notonlyJODIOildata,couldbe
stored.
74
7.3 Exampleofpractice:Egypt(datasubmittedtoUNSD)
Datacollection
Egypt’s �irst participation in the JODI Oil project was in May 2002 in Mexico City. Since then, Egypt has
developedandadapteditssystemandprocessestoassurereportingqualitydataontime(whichisM-1),andto
achievethebestlevelregardingthemaincriteriaforDataQualityAssessment,i.e.datacoverage,completeness,
timelinessandaccessibility.
InorderforEgypttoachieveM-1,itwasessentialtomapitsdata�lowprocesses.Allunnecessarystepsand
bottlenecksthatcauseddelayweremodi�iedandeliminated.Inthemodi�iedprocessitcurrentlytakes21days
tosubmitthedataandtoevaluateitintheEgyptPetroleumCorporation(EGPC).Currently,thewholedata
handlingprocesstakesaboutonemonthtoreportM-1data.
Thefollowingpointssummarizethemainstepsforthecurrentdata�low:
• Thedata�lowstartsfromthe�ieldsandthecompaniestotheconcerneddivisioninEGPC.Dailydata
checked,tabulatedandloadedonthemainframe.Dataarecheckedforcoverage,completenessanduploadedinspeci�icformat;necessaryconversionismadetoastandardformat.
• Dataarechecked:theabsolutevalueisgraphicallydisplayed;datacomparisonrecognizesdeviations,
gapsandde�inedreasonsforthesegaps.
• Dataarereportedanddeliveredintherequiredreporttotheconcernedhigherlevels.
Dataprocessingandoverallassessmentofcollectionsystem
Datacoverage:
Datacoverage:95oilcompaniesarecurrentlyworkinginEgypt,withsomeofthemintheprivatesector.95%
oftheoilmarketcurrentlyreportsdata.
Data completeness:
completeness: About 90% of the required data, such as crude oil and petroleum product production,
export,importanddemandarereportedonamonthlybasis.Stocklevelisnotavailableonamonthlybasis.
Dataaccuracy: Qualitycontrolisdonethroughanalyzingtheactualversustargetvalues,andcomparingdata,
includinghistoricaldata,withthesameperiodtheyearbefore.Alsoassessingtheaccuracyofthedataisdone
through the absolute and percentage deviations with +5% tolerable deviation, which is an acceptable level
ofestimation.Inordertoacceleratethedataaccuracychecks,dataarerequiredtobesubmittedinabalance
format and checked with internal consistency. Data are currently controlled by the least three hierarchical
levels.
DataAccessibilities: Throughtheexistingnetworkdatabecomeseasilyaccessiblebyusers.Itisalsoadequately
documentedandavailableintheformusersdesire.
Suggestedimprovementsincludethefollowingpoints:
Itisstillrecognisedthattherearesomecriteriawhichneedimprovementsuchascompleteness,raisedlevelof
dataaccuracy,standardisedconversionfactorsmeasurement’sunitsbetweencompaniesandtheprovisionof
adequatetrainingforstatisticalanalysis.
75
7.4Exampleofpractice:France(datasubmittedtoIEA)
Datacollection
Francehasalegislationunderpinningitsmonthlyoildatacollection,whichcoversallJODIOildata�lows,i.e.
production,imports,exports,stocks,re�ineryintake/outputanddemand.The1992Frenchlawonliberalization
of the oil sector includes an article on oil statistics, and the 2005 program law sets the orientations of the
energypolicy.Otherstatisticsstemfromprofessionallobbies,whichcollectdatafromtheirmembers(e.g.oil
distributors) on the basis of a gentleman’s agreement. These professional bodies publish data on markets,
whichareofgreatinteresttotheirmembers.Thesebodiesalsoprovidemanymoreservicestotheirmembers.
Overall,participationofcompaniesisgood.
Thesourcesofdataaresurveysonre�ineryactivities(balanceformat+consistencycontrol),crudeoilimport
(consistencycontrol)anddeliveries(balanceformat).AportionofFrenchdataisestimated(e.g.externaltrade
forJODIOilM-1).Acombinationofsurveysandothersourcescanalsobeusedif,forinstance,onlyannualdata
areavailable(petrochemicalindustry,etc.).
Thereisathresholdof€150000intradeperyearor1tonnefromwhichitbecomesmandatoryforallimporters
toreporttheirdata.RegardingLPGdeliveries,thereisamonthlysurveyforthecompanies’membersofthe
CFBP (professional lobby) as well as an annual survey on non-members (= 1% of the total LPG deliveries).
Othersurveysareexhaustive.
Oil data arecollectedforotherinternational ornational purposeswith different methodologythan theone
inJODIOil.Thede�initionisdifferentforcrudeoilimportsandcompaniesusuallyuseadifferentdatabaseto
submittheJODIOilandtheMOS(MonthlyOilStatistics).MoreoverforJODIOil,deliveriesoperatedbystorage
facilitiesarereadilyavailablewhereasforMOS,itiscompanies’sales.
Onaverage,thereisnodifferencebetweensalesanddeliveries.Differencesoccureverymonthonlybecause
both�lowsaremeasuredatdifferentstepsofthechain.Salesarepreferredbecausetheycanbesplitbyregions
andbecausetheycorrespondto�inancial�lows.
When mistakes/inaccuracies or suspicious numbers are noticed, the French Authorities contact the data
providertoverify.Regularmeetingswithdataproviders,users,andexpertstakeplace,andsurveysarerun
togetherwiththeprofessionallobbyUFIP(UnionFrançaisedesIndustriesPétrolières).
Dataprocessingandoverallassessmentofcollectionsystem
The method of data entry is mainly electronic for all �lows and data are stored in two databases: ORNOIR
and PEGASE. Methods for verifying data accuracy are very precise global controls on demand, according to
climaticconditions,andotherindividualcontrols(controlsoncompaniesanswers,seeabove).Missingdataare
estimatedusingtwodifferentmethods:
• Toestimatesmall�igures,thepreviousdataavailable;
• Forlarge�igures,estimationmaybemademoreprecisely,accordingtothepastevolution,thenumberof
daysofthemonth,etc.
Datarevisionsareincorporatedinthedatabaseatanytime,butonlyiftheyarefullyjusti�ied.Dataarepublished
intonnesandintoe,usingconventionalconversionfactors.
TheoverallassessmentoftheFrenchJODIOilmonthlydatacollectionsystemhasbeenclassi�iedasgood,the
mostimportantpositivepointbeingthatitswholesystemutilisesdatathatwerealreadyavailable.In95%of
thecases,fortheactivityofre�ineries,thereisaharmonizationbetweentheirreportingsystemsandthatofthe
customsof�ice.AnegativepointoftheFrenchJODIOilcollectingsystemisthatitreliesononlyoneperson.
Suggestedimprovementsincludethefollowingpoints:
• WorkingdataonforeigntradeofproductsearlyenoughforJODIOil.
76
7.5 Exampleofpractice:Norway(datasubmittedtoIEA)
Datacollection
Norway has a centralised system, where the national statistical of�ice (Statistics Norway) is responsible for
energystatisticsingeneralandoilstatisticsinparticular.ThemandateofStatisticsNorwayisbroadandalso
coversenergystatistics.Energystatisticsisasectoralstatistics,similartoindustrialstatistics,tradestatistics
oragriculturalstatisticsetc.,whichallhavetheirroleandarepartofof�icialstatisticsontheirownwhilethey
alsohavetofeedintothenationalaccounts.StatisticsNorwayhasitsmandatede�inedbyaStatisticsAct,which
enables them to access all relevant data from providers whom they �ind appropriate, including data from
governmentalinstitutions.Thismeansthatcompilingoilandgasdataonproduction,trade,stocks,re�inery
intake/output,demand,etc.iscoveredbythelegislation.
The statistical of�ice is not a user of statistics itself, but ful�ils its mandate based on the needs in society.
However,therearesomeindirectinternalusesofoilstatisticsinproducingtheenergybalanceandthenational
accounts.
Forinlandconsumptionofpetroleumproductsthestatisticalactisnotused,butStatisticsNorwayproduces
thesestatisticsonbehalfoftheindustryasapartoftheirneeds.StatisticsNorwayischosenbecauseitisan
independentactorwithgoodproductionroutinesandsystems.Thisisanexampleofhowcompaniesmightbe
convincedtoprovidedataintheabsenceoflegislation.
The government regulates the oil business, and the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) carries out
theexercisingrole.Majorplayersare,besidestheNPD,relativelyfewretailcompanies,re�ineriesandstock
terminals.Thesystemconsistsmainlyoffewlargebodies,whichmakesagoodoverview,andshortdistance
between the data providers and the statistical of�ice. NPD collects all relevant data from the oil producing
companies,whichisforwardedtoStatisticsNorway.ThereisclosecooperationbetweenNPDandStatistics
Norway,whichisahugeadvantage,duetotheirexpertiseandknowledgeaboutthemarket.
AtthetimeoftheJODIOilreporting,neither�iguresforindigenousproductionfromNPDnorexport�iguresare
�inal,andafewstock�iguresmaybemissingforcertain�ields.Thepreliminaryproduction�iguresfromNPD
arehoweverquiteaccurate,andnotfarfromthe�inalreports.MissingcrudeoilandNGLstock�iguresfromthe
NPDareestimated,bytakinganaverageofthelast5months.Thisisnotaveryaccuratemethod,butitdoes
notcausegreatdeviations,asanymissingstock�iguresusuallyarecausedbyminor�ields.CrudeoilandNGL
export�iguresarefortheJODIOilreportcollectedfromStatisticsNorway’sdivisionforexternaltrade,which
basetheirstatisticsoncustombills.Inaddition,asmallerpartoftheNGLexport�iguresareonlyavailablefrom
theNPDastheyarenotcoveredbythecustoms.ThisisfortheexportsofNorwegianNGLfromtheBritish
sector.ThesehavetobeestimatedatM-1level,butastheyarerelativelystablefromonemonthtoanotherthey
putthe�igurefromthepreviousmonth.
Allestimated�iguresarerevisedthenextmonth,fortheM-2period.
Forinlandconsumptionofre�inedpetroleumproductsasurveyisused.Theretailingcompaniesreport,bythe
10thafterthereferencemonth,theirsalesofeachproduct,distributedbythedifferentconsumergroups.This
isdonebyusingdata�ileswithapre-de�inedformat.
Re�ineriesandterminalsreportproduction,consumptionandstock�iguresbythe20thofeachmonthafterthe
referencemonth.ThisisreportedinExcelspreadsheets,withformatsde�inedbyStatisticsNorway.
Import/exportdataforre�inedproductsarecollecteddirectlyfromthedatabaseoftheDivisionforexternal
trade(whichagaincomesfromcustombills).
Production,exportandstock�iguresforcrudeoil,NGLandnaturalgasfromtheupstreamsectorarereported
inExcelspreadsheetsfromtheNPD,andprocessedbyStatisticsNorway.
Allimportandexportdataarecollectedbythecustomsof�ices,andforwardedtoStatisticsNorway.
77
Distributors report their sales voluntarily, but they get reports from both the large actors and some minor
players,whichholdlessthanapercent.Loadsimportedbythesedistributioncompaniesaresubtractedfrom
the import volumes to avoid double counting. The national distributors that report voluntarily cover more
than95%ofallinlandconsumption,whiletherestisnetimportfromtheforeigntradeandcannoteasilybe
distributedonconsumergroups.
StatisticsNorwayalsoreportsMonthlyOilStatisticstoIEA,mainlyusingthesamemethodologyasforJODI.The
MOSreportcontainsmoredatathatwhatissubmittedtoJODI,astheMOSreportiscompiledonanM-2basis.
Norway,asamemberofEUROSTAT,reportsNationalAccount�igures.Theseincludeeconomicstatisticsforoil
activity,whichiscollectedbyusingadetailedsetofquestionnairesinanannualsurveyoftheoilcompanieson
theNorwegianContinentalShelf.
OildatafromtheNPDisalsocollectedbyStatisticsNorway’sdivisionforEnvironmentalstatisticsforusein
theEnvironmentalAccountsandintheEnergyAccounts/Balances,andbytheDivisionforEconomicIndicators
foruseintheproductionindex.Thedifferentdivisionscollectdifferentdata,andusetosomeextentdifferen
processingmethodsanddifferentde�initions,buttheykeepinternalconsistency.Theproductde�initionsinthe
JODIOil-reportsdeviatefromtheproductde�initionsintheNationalAccounts.Thiscreatessomeconfusion
for their users, as the published �igures are not always comparable, and it also creates some dif�iculties in
internationalharmonization.
Incaseofmistakes,inaccuraciesorsuspiciousnumbersthedataprovidersarecontactedbytheIEA.Statistics
Norway has regular meetings with the branch organisation for the sales companies where methodology is
discussed.Further,theyhaveacloserelationandregularcontactwiththeNPD.
Dataprocessingandoverallassessmentofcollectionsystem
The method of data entry is manual, with extensive use of formulas in Excel spreadsheets. For inland
consumptionofproducts,dataarekeptinadatabase.Otherdataarekeptintheiroriginal�iles.
Accuracyofdataisveri�iedbycomparingwithpreviousmonth,andbyassessingreasonability.Furthermore,
theinternalusersofoildataconstituteanimportantpartoftheveri�icationprocess,particularlyinthework
withtheEnergyBalance.Tosomedegreetheyestimatemissingdata.Missingstock�iguresforcrudeoilare
estimatedbyusinganaverageofthelast5months,whilemissingimport/exportdataforasmallerpartofthe
totalofNGLareestimatedbyusingthe�igureforthepreviousmonth.Indigenousproduction�iguresforthe
periodM-1areestimatedbytheNPD,andisclosetothe�inallevel.
Ingeneral,StatisticsNorwaydoesnotrevisemonthlydata.JODIOildataforM-1arerevisedthenextmonth
forperiodM-2andintheMOS.Final�iguresarereportedannuallyintheAOSandAGS(respectivelyAnnualOil
StatisticsandAnnualGasStatistics),andmightdeviatefromthesumofMOS.Ifdeviationisduetoerrorsin
theprocessing,reportsarerevised.Minordeviationsinconsumptionandproductionarenotrevised,asthere
willalwaysbesomedisparity.Dataonre�inedpetroleumproductsarepublishedinlitres.Historicalconversion
factorsareusedtoconverttotons.Otherdataarereceivedintherequiredunits.
DuetothefactthatNorwayhasacentralisedadministrationforcollectionofnationaloilproductionstatistics,
thereportingunitsaretoagreatextentcentralised.Thissituationgivesagoodoverviewoftheenergysector.
ThefactthatthedataprovidersarefewcreatesgoodpossibilitiesforcontactbetweenStatisticsNorwayandthe
industry,aswellasforqualitycontrolsandcheckstobedone.ThissituationgivesStatisticsNorwaycon�idence
thatthedataandthereportsareofhighquality.
Suggestedimprovementsincludethefollowingpoints:
StatisticsNorwayiscontinuouslyworkingonimprovingthereportsandtheirmethods,andtheyareconsidering
thepossibilitiesofimplementingahigherdegreeofautomation.Usingdatabasesandprogramapplications
wouldlightenthework,andincreasethecon�idence.Itwouldalsofacilitaterevisions,asthereportsaremade
manuallytoday,withahighdegreeofseparatecalculations.
Reportingandmonthlyrevisionswouldbefacilitatedifthereportswerebuiltaccordingtotheannualreports’
standards,thatistosaywiththepossibilityofreportingintimeseries.
78
7.6 Exampleofpractice:Philippines(datasubmittedtoAPEC)
Datacollection
ThePhilippinedownstreamoilindustryhasbeenderegulatedbyvirtueofRepublicAct8479otherwiseknown
asthe"DownstreamOilIndustryDeregulationActof1998".Thislawde�inedthepolicyoftheStatetoliberalise
andderegulatethePhilippinedownstreamoilindustryinordertoensureatrulycompetitivemarketundera
regime of fair prices, adequate and continuous supply of environmentally-clean and high quality petroleum
products.
ThelawanditsImplementingRulesandRegulations(IRRs)serveastheguidelinesforthevariouspetroleum
downstreamactivitiesinthecountry.Figure7.1showsthe�lowofactivitiesinthePhilippineDownstreamOil
Sector.
Figure7.1Downstreamoilsector
Downstreampetroleumstatisticsaresourceddirectlyfromtheparticipantsintheindustryandevenimporters
forownuse,e.g.airlinecompanies.RuleII-Section7oftheIRRrequirestheindustryparticipantstosubmit
variousreportorialrequirementstotheOIMB(OilIndustryManagementBureau).
The monthly and annual reportorial requirements are submitted on or before the 15th day of the month
following the month covered by the monthly report and not later than the 15th day of January of the year
followingtheyearcoveredbytheannualreport.ThesereportsaresubmittedtoOIMBthroughelectronicmail,
facsimileordirectlydeliveredbymessengerorviaordinarymail.
Ontheotherhand,upstreamdatasuchascrudeoil/condensateproductionandotherupstreamactivityreports
arecoveredbyPresidentialDecree87,otherwiseknownasthe"OilExplorationandDevelopmentActof1972".
The Energy Resource Development Bureau of the DOE (Philippines Department of Energy) is handling the
monitoringactivityforthepetroleumupstreamsector.
79
As part of its daily price monitoring functions, the DOE subscribes to oil-related information from an
authoritativeproviderofenergyinformationlikePlatts,whichisaninternet-basednewsandpriceassessment
service.TheDOEsubscribestoMeanofPlattsSingapore(MOPS)spotpriceforcrudeoil(Dubai)andre�ined
petroleumproductstounderstandpriceandmarkettrendsintheinternationalmarket,andthenrelatethisto
themovementsinthelocaloilindustry.
TheDOEseldomemployssurveytypeofreports.However,throughcollaborationwithanothergovernment
agency(NationalStatisticsOf�ice),theDOEconductstheHouseholdEnergyConsumptionSurvey(HECS)every
�ive(5)years.TheprimaryobjectiveofHECSistogatherdataonhouseholdenergyconsumption,application
andotherrelevantfactorsaffectingsuchconsumption.
TheOIMBcallstheattentionoftheplayertothelatesubmissionofreportsornon-complianceofthesame.
FailuretocomplywithsubmissionofanyreportorialrequirementsasprovidedunderChapterIII-Section12
oftheDeregulationActpenalizesanyperson,includingbutnotlimitedtothechiefoperatingof�icerorchief
executiveof�icerofthepartnership,corporationoranyentityinvolved,withimprisonmentfortwo(2)years
and �ine ranging from Two Hundred Fifty Thousand Pesos (P250,000.00) to Five Hundred Thousand Pesos
(P500,000.00).[OnePesowasaround2.4UScentsin2012.]
The Petroleum Institute of the Philippines conducts monthly meetings of its members and assists DOE as
necessary.
In case of inaccuracies or suspicious numbers, the DOE asks the data provider to clarify and/or revise the
questionable�iguresasthecasemaybe.
ThereareotherDOEunitswhichsubmitreports(whichincludedatafromOIMB)tointernationalinstitutions
such as APEC but with different report format, coverage (includes other energy sources) and units (metric
tons)thanthosesubmittedbyOIMBtoJODIOilwhichonlycoverdataonoil.Ontheotherhand,theDOEalso
providesdatatootherlocalgovernmentagenciese.g.BureauofCustoms(BOC),CentralBankofthePhilippines
–DevelopmentBudgetCoordinationCommittee(DBCC)andtheNationalEconomicDevelopmentAuthority
(NEDA)amongothers.
However,asamatterofpolicy,theDOEonlyprovidesindustrydataperSection15gofthe"DownstreamOil
IndustryDeregulationActof1998"toobservecon�identialityofdata/informationsubmittedand/orprovided
totheDOE,therebyencouragingthetrustandcon�idenceofdataproviders.
Dataprocessingandoverallassessmentofcollectionsystem
Processing/entryofdataisdonemanuallyandencodedinExcel-basedworksheetsforconsolidation.Database
�iles are not yet available. However, the DOE through its Information and Technology Management Services
(ITMS)iscurrentlystudyingon-linesubmissionofreportsoftheoilplayers.TheOIMBhasalsopreviouslyasked
theITMStodesignadatabaseprogramfortheconsolidationandprocessingofdownstreamoilstatistics.
Uponreceiptofreports,theDOEveri�ies/evaluatestheveracityofthemonthlyandannualreportssubmitted
by the data providers by comparing these reports with their historical trends/records. Also, validation of
importdatareportedvis-à-vissubmittedpostshippingdocumentsisalsobeingdone.Occasionally,theDOE
also conducts visual inspections of the different crudes and petroleum products facilities to verify existing
stocks,importarrivalsandgatherotherrelevantinformationaswell.Withthederegulationoftheindustry,
however,somereportscouldnotbevalidatedandperhapssomenumbersarenotcaptured.
Incaseofmissingdatabecauseoflateand/ornon-submissionofreportsofsomedataproviders,anestimated
�igure is computed based on their yearly/monthly average data. Figures are revised with corrections
incorporateduponreceiptoftheactualdocuments(i.e.�inalinvoices)inthenextmonthlyupdate.
ThePhilippineEnergyPlan(PEP)whichisregularlyupdated/publishedbytheDOEprovidesforconverted
energy forms into a common unit, barrels of fuel oil equivalent (BFOE), based on fuel oil heating value
equivalentat18,600BTU/lb.ForOIMB’suse,however,conversionfactorsavailableinsuchrequireddocuments
asBillofLadingareused.
80
Datacoverage:
Datacoverage:WiththederegulationoftheDownstreamOilIndustrysince1996,186additionalnewplayers(in
variousspeci�icdownstreamactivities)havejoinedtheindustry.Thismakesdatacollectionmorecomplicated
withtheincreasednumberofreportingplayersascomparedtoonlythree(3)majoroilcompaniespreviously
existingduringtheregulatedregime.
Datatimeliness:Withnode�initivepenaltyforlatesubmissionofreports,someinformationproviderswould
occasionallysubmitverylateforavarietyofreasons.Usually,thereisonemonthbackloginreportcollection
andtwomonthsbacklogfortheprocessingandreleaseofa�inalconsolidatedmonthlyreport.
Dataaccuracy:
Dataaccuracy:Newplayerswouldnotinitiallyfullyunderstandsomeofthereports’requirementandwould
oftensubmitinaccurate�igures.Delayedavailabilityofsome�inaldocumentscausethedataprovidertosubmit
estimated�iguresinsteadofactualjusttobeatthespeci�ieddeadline.
Suggestedimprovementsincludethefollowingpoints:
• StrengtheningenforcementauthorityofDOE.Thereisaproposedbillwhichseekstoaddressunjusti�ied
and/or delinquent compliance to the reportorial requirements through de�initive penalties and
restorationofDOE’sauthorityandpolicepowertosuspendoperationsandrevokelicensesofviolators
andtocorrecterringplayersintheindustry.Theexistingprovisiononlyprovidespenaltiesforthose
whorefusetocomply.
• Enhancingcommunicationwithdataprovidersthroughconstantcoordinationandcooperation,instilling
theimportanceandsigni�icanceofthegenerationandmaintenanceoftimely,reliableandaccurateoil
statistics.
• Coordinatingandcooperating withtheITMStofacilitatethedatabase developmentandoperationto
furtherimprovedatacollection,validation,processing,andreportgeneration.
• Requestingadditionalbudgettoimprove/upgradetheexistingcomputernetworkcapability.
81
7.7Exampleofpractice:SaudiArabia(datasubmittedtoOPEC)
Datacollection
SaudiArabiahaslegislationunderpinningitsmonthlyoildatacollectionwhichcoversallJODIOildata�lows,
i.e.production,imports,exports,stocksre�ineryintake/outputanddemand.Thesourcesforalldata�lowsare
surveys.Saudi(JODIOil)dataarenotcollectedinabalanceformat.
OilexportersareobligedtoreporttheirdatatoSaudiAuthorities.Thisregulationappliesalsotosmallvolumes
oftradedoil;hencethereisnominimumvolumefromwhichreportingbecomesmandatoryandall(100%)
reporteddataarereceivedonamandatorybasis.Incasesofdatamistakesorinaccuraciesthecountrycontacts
thedataproviderforclari�ication.Therearealsoregularmeetingswithdataproviders(onceayear),which
focusonthediscussionofthedatamethodology.
Dataprocessingandoverallassessmentofcollectionsystem
Themethodofdataentryiselectronicforall�lowsandalldataarestoredinadatabase.
Methodsforverifyingdataaccuracyarebasiceditandrangechecks,comparisonstopreviousperiodsand�lag
reportsif�iguresexceedaspeci�iedpercentagetolerance.Missingdataare(rarely)estimatedbyusingdifferent
methods,whichdependonthespeci�ic�lowandproduct.
Datarevisionsareregularlyreceivedandareincorporatedinthedatabaseonaveragefourtimesayear.Data
arealsopublished/orreceivedindifferentunits–conversiontakesplacebytheuseofstandardconversion
factorsatthecountrylevel.
IngeneraltheoverallassessmentoftheSaudi(JODIOil)oilmonthlydatacollectionsystemhasbeenclassi�ied
asverygoodwiththemostimportantpositivepointsbeingitsreliability,timelinessanditshighlyautomatic
functioningcapability.AnegativepointoftheSaudiJODIOilcollectingsystemisitscomplexity.
82
Chapter8:TheJODIOilWorldDatabase
8.1 Background
The JODI Oil World Database is the visible part of the Joint Organisations Data Initiative, but JODI is much
morethancollectingandreleasingmonthlyoilstatistics.JODIhasplayedanimportantroleinraisingpolitical
awareness of the dif�iculties encountered in improving data reliability and timeliness. Networks have been
establishedandstatisticalsystemshavebeenimprovedinmanycountries.Attitudestowardscon�identiality
andreliabilityhaveevolved.Contactsamongoilcompanies,countriesandorganisationshavemultiplied.JODI
hasalsostrengthenedproducer-consumerdialoguebydemonstratingthatdialogueisnotonlyaconcept,but
canleadtoconcreteaction.
The release of the JODI Oil World Database was not the primary goal of the initiative; however, since
transparencyiscentraltotheinitiative,theseveninternationalorganisationsbehindJODI:APEC,Eurostat,IEA,
IEF,OLADE,OPECandUNSDagreedtoopentheJODIOilWorldDatabaseontheoccasionoftheinauguration
ofthenewIEFheadquarterson19November2005.Thisdecisionwastakenwiththefullknowledgethatusers
mightbedisappointed,asnotallthedataforallthe�lows,productsandcountriesarealwaysavailable,orof
goodquality.
The opening of the database is not the �inal goal of the initiative either. The database should improve
continuouslyandseveralinitiativeswillsoonbelaunchedtofurtherstrengthenreportingexpertiseincountries
andtoraisepoliticalawareness.
8.2 BuildingtheJODIOilWorldDatabase
ThesixinternationalorganisationsresponsiblefortheJODIOildatacollectionassembletheirmembercountry’s
dataeachmonthandsendittotheIEF.Dataqualityissuesrelatingtomembercountry’sdataarehandledby
eachorganisation,andeachorganisationisresponsibleforthedataqualityofitsmembercountry’sdata.
TheIEFgathersthedatafromthesixorganisationsandcarriesoutsomeadditionalchecks.Moreover,dataare
convertedintocommonunits,sothattheybecomecomparable,aseachorganisationiscollectingtheJODIOil
questionnairedataintheunittheyuseforotheroilquestionnaires.
Oncedataareveri�iedandconverted,theIEFthenupdatestheJODIOilWorldDatabaseonamonthlybasisand
makesitpubliclyavailableontheJODIwebsite.
83
Figure8.1:Data�lowtotheIEF
8.3TheJODIOilWorldDatabase
8.3.1
Howtoaccess?
TheJODIOilWorldDatabaseisaccessibleontheJODIWebsite.Thewebsiteaddressisasfollows:
http://www.jodidata.org
Extensivebackgroundinformationaswellasfullexplanationsareprovidedonthewebsite.
ThedataarepresentedusingtheBeyond20/20Tmbrowsersoftware,availablefordownloadingatthesite.
8.3.2
Whatisincluded?
• Thirteenproductcategories:Crudeoil,NGL,Other(re�ineryfeedstocks+additives/oxygenates+other
hydrocarbons), Total (primary products), LPG, Naptha, Motor/aviation gasoline, Kerosenes, of which:
Kerosenetypejetfuel,Gas/dieseloil,Fueloil,OtheroilproductsandTotaloilproducts.
• Fourteen �lows: Production. From Other sources, Trade, Products transferred/Back�lows, Direct use,
Stockchange,Statisticaldifference,Re�ineryintake,Closingstocks,Re�ineryoutput,Receipts,Products
transferred,Interproducttransfers,Demand.
Dataareavailableinthreedifferentunits:barrels,tonsandlitres.
• Conversionfactorsareavailable.
• Dataareformorethan90participatingcountries.
• HistoryfromJanuary2002:targetistoreleaseonemontholddataeverymonthfromallparticipating
countries.
84
8.3.3
Somefeatures
TransparencyisthekeywordbehindJODI;thedatabasewasdesignedwiththegoaloftransparencysquarely
infocus:
• Choicetobrowsedataonlineordownloaddata�ilesinBeyond20/20format
• Colour coding has been given to data cells to indicate the con�idence evaluations of the data where
possible(seebelow)
• Easygraphicrepresentation
• Easymanipulationofproducts,�lowsandunits
• Choiceoflanguage:English,French,GermanandSpanish
• Datadownloadableindifferentformats,includingthecolourcodingwhendownloadingtoExcelfroma
Beyond20/20format
Figure8.2:Aviewfromthedatabase
8.3.4Colourcoding
Auniquecolourcellfeatureprovidestheuserwithsupplementaryinformationontheassessmentmade:
• BLUE:Abluebackgroundindicatesthatresultsoftheassessmentshowreasonablelevelsofcomparability
withothersources;
• YELLOW:ayellowbackgroundindicatesthattheMetadatashouldbeconsulted;
• WHITE:awhitebackgroundindicatesthatdatahasnotbeenassessed;
• PURPLE:dataunderveri�ication.
Howwasthecolourcodingderived?Theassessmentofthedatawascarriedoutondifferentlevels:
• Comparability of the JODI Oil data with other sources: monthly data from national and secondary
sourceshasbeenassessed.
• JODIOildatahavealsobeencomparedwithannualdata(whenavailable)inordertocheckwhetherthe
levelsandtrendsovertheyearscouldbecon�irmed.
• WhennoothersourceswereavailableforcomparisonwiththeJODIOildata,internalconsistencyand
balancecheckshavebeencarriedout.
85
The IEF conducts internal data consistency checks in its monthly procedure to update the JODI Oil World
Database.AnyoutstandingissueswillbesharedwithJODIorganisations.IftheIEFidenti�iesobviouserrors
which have not already been �lagged by the "Use with caution" colour code as set by the JODI organisation
responsibleforthecountryinquestion,apurplecode"Dataunderveri�ication"willbeapplieduntilsuchtime
astheorganisationrespondstotheIEFwithasatisfactoryresponse.
Examplesofinternalconsistencychecks:thesumofallthereportedproductswithreported�iguresforTotalOil
Productsiscompared.Whenbothclosingandstockchangesdatahavebeensubmitted,theconsistencyofthe
reportedchangeswiththecalculatedonesiscompared(SeeChapter5.2.1.2).
Exampleofbalancecheck:TheJODIOilquestionnairedoesnotcollectfullbalanceinformation.Howeversome
basicchecksforreasonablenesscanbecarriedoute.g.supply+import-export+stockchangeshouldhavea
relationwithdemand(SeeChapter5.2.1).
Remark:ForIEA/OECDcountries,dataintheJODIOildatabasearetheMOSdataforallmonthsexceptdata
shown for M-1. Comparability for the last month has been derived from comparison with MOS data. This
methodologyisappliedusingarolling12monthperiod.
86
Annex1:There�ineryprocess
Crudeoilinthestateitisproducedisnotusableformostpurposes.Althoughitcanbeburneddirectlyinpower
generationplants,itcannotbeusedincarsortrucks.
Tooptimisetheuseofcrudeoil,itneedstobeconvertedintoseveralotherproducts;thishappensinare�inery.
Themarketdemandforoilproductswillnotonlydictatetheoptimaloutputofare�inery,butalsothetypeof
crudewhichwillbeusedandprocessedtoproducetherequiredoutput.
Crudeoilisamixtureofmanydifferenthydrocarbonsandsmallamountsofimpurities.Thecompositionof
thoserawmaterialscanvarysigni�icantlydependingonitssource.Petroleumre�ineriesarecomplexplants
where the combination and sequence of processes is usually very speci�ic to the characteristics of the raw
materials(crudeoil)andtheproductstobeproduced.Are�inerytakescrudeoilandseparatesitintodifferent
fractions, then converts those fractions into useable products, and these products are �inally blended to
producea�inishedproduct.These�inishedproductsarethefuelsandchemicalsusedeveryday.
In a re�inery, portions of the outputs from some processes are fed back into the same process, fed to new
processes,fedbacktoapreviousprocessorblendedwithotheroutputstoform�inishedproducts.Oneexample
ofthatcanbeseeninthechartbelow.However,re�ineriesaredifferentregardingtheircon�iguration,process
integration,feedstock,feedstock�lexibility,products,productmix,unitsizeanddesignandcontrolsystems.
FigureA1.1:Operationofatypicalre�inery
87
In addition, differences in an owner’s strategy, market situation, location and age of the re�inery, historical
development,availableinfrastructureandenvironmentalregulationareamongstotherreasonsforthewide
varietyinre�ineryconcepts,designsandmodesofoperation.Theenvironmentalperformancecanalsovary
fromre�inerytore�inery.
Theproductionofalargenumberoffuelsisbyfarthemostimportantfunctionofre�ineriesandwillgenerally
determinetheoverallcon�igurationandoperation.Neverthelesssomere�ineriescanproducevaluablenonfuelproductssuchasfeedstocksforthechemicalandpetrochemicalindustries.Examplesaremixednaphtha
feedforasteamcracker,recoveredpropylene,butyleneforpolymerapplicationsandaromaticsmanufacture.
Other specialty products from a re�inery include bitumen, lubricating oils, waxes and coke. In recent years
theelectricityboardsinmanycountrieshavebeenliberalisedallowingre�ineriestofeedsurpluselectricity
generatedintothepublicgrid.
Re�iningcrudeoilintousablepetroleumproductscanbeseparatedintotwophasesandanumberofsupporting
operations.The�irstphaseisdesaltingofcrudeoilandthesubsequentdistillationintoitsvariouscomponents
or‘fractions’.Afurtherdistillationofthelightercomponentsandnaphthaiscarriedouttorecovermethaneand
ethaneforuseasre�ineryfuel,LPG(propaneandbutane),gasolineblendingcomponentsandpetrochemical
feedstocks.Thislightproductseparationisdoneineveryre�inery.
The second phase is made up of three different types of ‘downstream’ processes: combining, breaking
and reshaping fractions. These processes change the molecular structure of hydrocarbon molecules either
by breaking them into smaller molecules, joining them to form larger molecules, or reshaping them into
higher quality molecules. The goal of those processes is to convert some of the distillation fractions into
marketablepetroleumproductsthroughanycombinationofdownstreamprocesses.Thoseprocessesde�ine
the various re�inery types, of which the simplest is the ‘Hydroskimming’, which merely de-sulphurises and
catalyticallyreformsselectedoutputsfromthedistillationunit.Theamountsofthevariousproductsobtained
aredeterminedalmostentirelybythecrudecomposition.Iftheproductmixnolongermatchesthemarket
requirements,conversionunitshavetobeaddedtorestorethebalance.
Market demand has for many years obliged re�ineries to convert heavier fractions to lighter fractions with
a higher value. These re�ineries separate the atmospheric residue into vacuum gasoil and vacuum residue
fractions by distillation under high vacuum, and then feed one or both of these outputs to the appropriate
conversion units. Thus by inclusion of conversion units, the product slate can be altered to suit market
requirementsirrespectiveofthecrudetype.Thenumberandthepossiblecombinationsofconversionunits
arelarge.
Thesimplestconversionunitisthethermalcrackerbywhichtheresidueissubjectedtosuchhightemperatures
thatthelargehydrocarbonmoleculesintheresidueconvertintosmallerones.Thermalcrackerscanhandle
virtually any feed, but produce relatively small quantities of light products. An improved type of thermal
crackeristhecoker,inwhichalltheresidueisconvertedintodistillatesandacokeproduct.Inordertoincrease
the degree of conversion and improve product quality, a number of different catalytic cracking processes
have evolved, of which �luid catalytic cracking and hydrocracking are the most prominent. Recently residue
gasi�ication processes have been introduced within re�ineries, enabling them to eliminate heavy residues
completelyandtoconvertthemintocleansyntheticgasforre�ineryuseandproductionofhydrogen,steamand
electricityviacombinedcycletechniques.
88
Annex2:Unitsandconversionfactors
Introduction
Themostcommonunitsemployedtoexpressquantitiesoffuelsandenergyarethoserelatingtovolume,mass
and energy. The actual units employed vary according to country and local conditions and re�lect historical
practiceinthecountry,sometimesadaptedtochangingfuelsupplyconditions.
Thisannexwill�irstlydescribethevariousunitsinuseandtheirinterrelationshipsingeneral,anditwillthen
provideformorespeci�icinformationonunitsandconversionfactorsforoil.
1Unitsandtheirinterrelationshipsingeneral
Theinternationallyrecognisedunitswhichcoveralmostallofthemeasurementsoffuelandenergyquantities
arethecubicmetre,tonne(metricton)andjoule.ThesearetheSIunits.1However,overmanyyearsotherunits
havebeenusedandthesectionsbelowwilllisttheirrelationshipswheretheyarewellde�ined.
1.1Decimalsystempre�ixes
Thefollowingtablegivesthemostcommonmultipleandsub-multiplepre�ixesusedinoilstatistics.Notethat
thepre�ixesshouldbeusedexactlyasgiven.Inparticular,pre�ixesinlowercaseshouldneverbewrittenas
uppercase.Forexample,a�igureexpressingxkilowattsshouldbewrittenasxkW,neverxKW.
TableA2.1Mostcommonmultipleandsub-multiplepre�ixes
1
101
deca (da)
10-1
deci (d)
102
hecto (h)
10-2
centi (c)
103
kilo (k)
10-3
milli (m)
106
mega (M)
10-6
micro (µ)
109
giga (G)
10-9
nano (n)
1012
tera (T)
10-12
pico (p)
1015
peta (P)
10-15
femto (f)
1018
exa (E)
10-18
atto (a)
Theyarederivedfromthemetre,kilogrammeandsecondincludedintheSystèmeInternationald’Unitésandserveasan
internationalbasisforscience,technologyandcommerce.
89
1.2Conversionequivalents
Unitsofvolume
Theunitoflengthunderliestheunitofvolume.1inchisde�inedas25.4millimetres.
The gallon and litre were originally standards of liquid measure but are now formally de�ined in terms of
thecubicmetre.Intheoilbusiness,thebarrelisthemostfrequentlyusedunitofmeasureinNorthAmerica,
whereasthecubicmetreismorefrequentlyusedintheAsiaPaci�icregion.
TableA2.2Conversionequivalentsbetweenunitsofvolume
To:
From:
gal U.S.
gal U.K.
bbl
ft3
l
m3
Multiply by:
U.S. gallon (gal)
1
0.8327
0.02381
0.1337
3.785
0.0038
U.K. gallon (gal)
1.201
1
0.02859
0.1605
4.546
0.0045
Barrel (bbl)
42.0
34.97
1
5.615
159.0
0.159
Cubic foot (ft )
3
Litre (l)
Cubic metre (m )
3
7.48
6.229
0.1781
1
28.3
0.0283
0.2642
0.220
0.0063
0.0353
1
0.001
264.2
220.0
6.289
35.3147
1000.0
1
Unitsofmass
TheSIunitofmassisthekilogramme(kg)andthetonne(metricton),equalto1000kilogrammes,iswidely
usedasthesmallestunitinenergystatistics.Formostcountriesthenationalcommoditybalanceswillusethe
kilotonne(1000tonnes)astheunitforpresentationofcommoditiesexpressedinmassterms.
TableA2.3Conversionequivalentsbetweenunitsofmass
To:
From:
kg
t
lt
st
lb
1
0.001
9.84 x 10-4
1.102 x 10-3
2.2046
1000
1
0.984
1.1023
2204.6
Multiply by:
kilogramme (kg)
tonne (t)
long ton (lt)
1016
1.016
1
1.120
2240.0
short ton (st)
907.2
0.9072
0.893
1
2000.0
pound (lb)
0.454
4.54 x 10-4
4.46 x 10-4
5.0 x 10-4
1
Energyunits
The SI unit of energy is the Joule (J). Many other units for energy are in use for the practical expression of
energyquantitiespartlyforhistoricalreasonsandpartlybecausethesmallsizeofthejouledemandstheuseof
unfamiliar(fornonscientists)decimalpre�ixes.
Historicallythetonofcoalequivalentwasusedbut,withtheascendanceofoil,thishasbeenlargelyreplaced
bythetonneofoilequivalent(toe)de�inedas41.868gigajoules2.
Thereareseveralotherenergyunitsinuse;forexamplethecaloriewithaconversionequivalentbetweenthe
calorieandthejoulegivenbytheInternationalSteamTable(IT)whichisde�inedtobe4.1868joules.Similarly,
theinternationallyagreedvaluefortheBritishThermalUnit(Btu)isnow1055.06joules.TheBtuisthebasis
fortheQuad(1015Btu)andtheTherm(105Btu).
TableA2.4Conversionequivalentsbetweenunitsofenergy
To:
Gcal
Mtoe
1
238.8
2.388 x 10-5
947.8
0.2778
Gcal
4.1868 x 10-3
1
10-7
3.968
1.163 x 10-3
Mtoe
4.1868 x 104
107
1
Mbtu
1.0551 x 10
0.252
2.52 x 10
GWh
3.6
860
8.6 x 10-5
From:
TJ
90
TJ
Mbtu
GWh
Multiply by:
-3
-8
3.968 x 107
11630
1
2.931 x 10-4
3412
1
2Unitsandtheirinterrelationshipsforoil
2.1Massandvolume
Oilismostlymeasuredbyitsmassorvolume.Withineachofthesemeasurements,severalunitsareusedin
theoilindustry:
• Themostwidelyusedunitofmass(weight)tomeasureoilisthemetricton(ortonne).Forinstance,
tankers in the oil industry are often described based on their capacity in tons, where an Ultra Large
CrudeCarrier(ULCC)isde�inedasbeingabletocarryover320,000tons.
• Theoriginalunitformostliquidandgaseousfuelsisvolume.Oilcanbemeasuredbythelitre,thebarrel,
orcubicmetre.Acommonexampleoftheuseofvolumeastheunitofmeasurementisinthepriceofoil,
quotedindollarsperbarrel.
Becausecrudeoilcontainsawiderangeofhydrocarbonsfromthelightesttotheheaviest,thecharacteristics
including the density of individual crude oils vary greatly. Similarly, the density of the different petroleum
productsvariessubstantiallybetweentheproducts.
Thedensitycanbeusedtoclassifypetroleumproductsfromlighttoheavy,whereforexampleLPGisconsidered
lightat520kg/m3whilefueloilisaheavyproductatover900kg/m3.
Toconvertfrommassintovolumeorviceversa,thespeci�icgravityordensityoftheoilmustbeknown.Without
goingintotoomuchtechnicaldetail,afewtermsneedtobeexplainedinordertounderstandoilconversion
factors.
Density
Densityisde�inedasmassperunitvolume,i.e.ton/barrel.The
speci�icgravity
speci�icgravityistherelativeweightperunit
volume (or density) of a given substance compared to that of water. The density of water is 1g/cm3. Motor
gasolineforexamplehasalowerdensityasitismuchlighterforthesamevolume.Thespeci�icgravityofmotor
gasolineisthereforesmallerthan1.Sincevolumechangeswithchangesintemperature,dataonspeci�icgravity
aremadewithareferencetoaspeci�ictemperature(forpetroleum,thereferenceisusually15degreesCelsius).
Moreover,speci�icgravityisoftenquotedasapercentagee.g.aspeci�icgravityof0.89isshownas89.
ThetermAPIgravity(astandardadoptedbytheAmericanPetroleumInstitute)iscommonlyusedtoexpress
APIgravity
APIgravity(astandardadoptedbytheAmericanPetroleumInstitute)iscommonlyusedtoexpress
thespeci�icgravityofpetroleum.
Forinformation,APIgravityisde�inedas:(141.5/60ospeci�icgravityat60oF)-131.5.
Theresultisanarbitraryscaleformeasuringgravity,expressedindegreesAPI,wherethelighteracompound
is,thehigheritsdegreesofAPIgravity.Forexample,whatareconsideredlightcrudesaregenerallygreaterthan
38degreesAPI,whilethosewithlessthan22degreesAPIarelabelledasheavycrudeoils.
Speci�icgravityandAPIgravitymoveinoppositedirections.APIgravitymovesinthesamedirectionasenergy
contentpertonne(metricton),i.e.thehighertheAPIgravity,thehighertheenergycontentpertonne,whereas
speci�icgravitymovesinthesamedirectionasenergycontentperunitvolume.
TheJODIOilQuestionnairerequiresoildatatobereportedintheunitwhichyourinternationalorganisation
hasadopted,e.g.forOPECmembercountriesthisisinvolumeunits(barrels),forIEAthisisinmass(metric
tons).
Thissometimesrequiresnationalstatisticianstoconvertvolumetricdataintometrictons(orconversely).To
theextentpossible,informationshouldbeobtainedfromthereportingenterprisesonhowquantitiesofcrude
oilandpetroleumproductshavetobeconvertedfromvolumetometrictons.
This is particularly important for some of the oil products in gaseous form (e.g. Re�inery Gas, Ethane, LPG)
whichhavetobeexpressedinmassterms.
2
Thisisapproximatelythenetcalori�icvalueof1tonneofcrudeoil.
91
Belowisatableshowingtypicaloraveragedensities,calori�icvaluesandderivedconversionfactorsforcrude
oilandthemainoilproducts.
Table A2.5 Typical densities, conversion factors and calori�ic values for crude oil and petroleum
products(JODIOilproductsareinblue).
Product
Density
kg/m3
litres per
metric ton
Barrel per
metric ton
Gross Calorific
Value (GJ/t)
Net Calorific
value (GJ/t)(3)
Crude oil
853
1172
7.37
47.37
45.00
Ethane
366
2730
17.17
51.90
47.51
Refinery Gas
786
1272
8
52.00
47.60
Propane
508
1969
12.38
50.32
46.33
Butane
585
1709
10.75
49.51
45.72
LPG (1)
539
1856
11.67
50.08
46.15
Naphtha
706
1416
8.91
47.73
45.34
Aviation gasoline
707
1414
8.90
47.40
45.03
Motor gasoline (2)
741
1350
8.49
47.10
44.75
Jet Kersosene
803
1246
7.84
46.93
44.58
Other Kerosene
810
1235
7.76
46.05
43.75
Gas/Diesel oil
844
1186
7.46
45.66
43.38
Fuel oil low suphur
925
1081
6.80
43.75
41.56
Fuel oil high sulphur
975
1026
6.45
42.00
39.90
Bunker Fuel oil
975
1026
6.45
42.60
40.47
Fuel Oil (Avg)
944
1059
6.66
42.82
40.68
White Spirit
743
1346
8.46
46.32
44.00
Parrafin Waxes
801
1248
7.85
42.00
39.90
Lubricants
887
1127
7.09
44.00
41.80
Bitumen
1035
966
6.08
42.10
40.00
Petroleum Coke
1150
870
5.47
34.80
33.06
Other Products
786
1273
8.00
42.30
40.19
(1)Assumesamixtureof60%propaneand40%butanebymass.
(2)AnaverageformotorgasolineswithRONbetween91and95.
(3)ForNaphthaandheavieroilsthenetcalori�icvalueisassumedtobe95%ofgross.
2.2Dailyversusmonthlydata
One other problem the statistician is faced with sometimes is that the unit used by the oil industry in the
countryisonadailybasise.g.barrelsperdayanddataneedtobeconvertedtoamonthlybasis.
Thefollowingtableoffersanexampleofconvertingvolume(inthiscasegiveninbarrelsperday)tomass(in
metrictons)fortwodifferentmonths,e.g.JanuaryandFebruary.
TableA2.6Exampleofconvertingvolumetomass
Imports
Reported data
in barrel
per day
(Volume)
Crude Oil
Motor Gasoline
(*)1barrel=159litres
92
Number of
days in
Month
Density:
Mass/Volume
(ton/m3
Average)
Volume/Mass
Barrel per Ton
Conversion Factor
Conversion into
metric Tons (Mass)
1020
31
0.853
(1/0.853)/0.159*=7.37
(1020x31)/7.37=4290
546
28
0.741
(1/0.741)/0.159*=8.49
(546x28)/8.49=1801
Listofabbreviations
APEC .............................AsiaPaci�icEconomicCooperation
APIgravity..................AmericanPetroleumInstitutegravity
ARA................................Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerp
b/d.................................barrelsperday
bbl ..................................barrel
bcm................................billioncubicmeters
BFOE .............................BarrelofFuelOilEquivalent
BTU/lb .........................BritishThermalUnitperpound
CFBP..............................ComitéFrançaisduButaneetduPropane
cSt ..................................centistoke
EBV ................................GermanOilStorageAssociation
Eurostat.......................StatisticalOf�iceoftheEuropeanCommunities
Gcal................................Gigacalories
GWh...............................GigaWatthour
IATA...............................InternationalAirTransportAssociation
IEA .................................InternationalEnergyAgency
IEF..................................InternationalEnergyForum
J .......................................Joule
JODI ...............................JointOrganisationsDataInitiative
kg/l ................................kilogrammesperlitre
kg/m3 ............................kilogrammespercubicmeter
LNG................................Lique�iedNaturalGas
LPG ................................Lique�iedPetroleumGas
M-1 ................................ReadasMminusone:themonthprevioustothecurrentmonth
M-2 ................................ReadasMminustwo:twomonthsprevioustothecurrentmonth
MOS ...............................MonthlyOilStatistics
Mtoe ..............................Milliontonnesofoilequivalent
NATO.............................NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganisation
NGL................................NaturalGasLiquids
NPD ...............................NorwegianPetroleumDirectorate
OLADE..........................Latin-AmericanEnergyOrganisation
OPEC .............................OrganisationofPetroleumExportingCountries
RON ...............................ResearchOctaneNumber
SBP.................................IndustrialSpirit
SEATO...........................SouthEastAsiaTreatyOrganisation
SIUnits.........................SystèmeInternationald’Unités
SPR ................................StrategicPetroleumReserve
TJ ....................................TeraJoule
toe ..................................tonnesofoilequivalent
UFIP...............................UnionFrançaisedesIndustriesPétrolières
ULCC .............................UltraLargeCrudeCarrier
UNSD.............................UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision
93
94
FigureA2.1:OilIndustryFlow
95
Notes
96