I want to succeed.
I want to earn a promotion.
and your life
I want to manage stress.
I want to feel happy.
I want to know what makes people tick.
I want to understand my boss.
I want to reach out to my children.
I want to stop arguing with my co-workers.
I want to understand myself.
ISBN 978-0-07-337702-5
MHID 0-07-337702-3
EAN
www.mhhe.com
Feldman
Psychology matters.
MD DALIM #994851 11/18/08 CYAN MAG YELO BLK SILVER BUMP
I want to understand my anxiety.
and your life
I want to get some sleep.
Robert S. Feldman
I want to succeed.
I want to earn a promotion.
and your life
I want to manage stress.
I want to feel happy.
I want to know what makes people tick.
I want to understand my boss.
I want to reach out to my children.
I want to stop arguing with my co-workers.
I want to understand myself.
ISBN 978-0-07-337702-5
MHID 0-07-337702-3
EAN
www.mhhe.com
Feldman
Psychology matters.
MD DALIM #994851 11/18/08 CYAN MAG YELO BLK SILVER BUMP
I want to understand my anxiety.
and your life
I want to get some sleep.
Robert S. Feldman
PSYCHOLOGY
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and your life
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PSYCHOLOGY
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and your life
Robert S. Feldman
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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PSYCHOLOGY AND YOUR LIFE
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the
Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a
database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for
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Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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ISBN 978-0-07-337702-5
MHID 0-07-337702-3
Vice president/Editor in chief: Elizabeth Haefele
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Sponsoring editor: Natalie J. Ruffatto
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Credits: The credits section for this book begins on page 560 and is considered an extension
of the copyright page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Feldman, Robert S. (Robert Stephen), 1947Psychology and your life / Robert S. Feldman.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-07-337702-5 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-07-337702-3 (alk. paper)
1. Psychology—Textbooks. I. Title.
BF121.F35 2010
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The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a Web site
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accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
www.mhhe.com
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dedication
To Alex, #1
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about the
author
is Professor of Psychology and
Associate Dean of the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences
at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Feldman, a winner of the College Distinguished Teacher award, also has taught
courses at the Lincoln Educational Services system, Mount
Holoyoke College, and Virginia Commonwealth University.
Feldman teaches introductory psychology to classes ranging in size from 20 to nearly 500 students. He has served as
a Hewlett Teaching Fellow and Senior Online Teaching Fellow,
and he frequently gives talks on the use of technology in teaching. He initiated distance learning courses in psychology at the
University of Massachusetts.
Feldman is committed to helping students achieve success.
He directs the first-year experience course for entering students
at the University of Massachusetts, Power Up for College Success.
He is also author of P.O.W.E.R. Learning: Strategies for Success
in College and Life and edited The First Year of College, books
devoted to increasing student success in college.
A Fellow of the American Psychological Association and the
Association for Psychological Science, Feldman received a B.A.
with High Honors from Wesleyan University and an M.S. and Ph.D. from the
University of Wisconsin–Madison. Feldman is actively involved in promoting
the field of psychology. He is on the Board of Directors of the Federation of
Behavioral, Psychological, and Cognitive Sciences and also is on the Board of
the Foundation for the Advancement of Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
Feldman is a winner of a Fulbright Senior Research Scholar and Lecturer award
and has written more than 100 books, book chapters, and scientific articles. His
books include Fundamentals of Nonverbal Behavior, Development of Nonverbal
Behavior in Children, Social Psychology, and Development Across the Life Span,
and they have been translated into a number of languages, including Spanish, French, Portuguese, Dutch, Chinese, and Japanese. His research interests
include honesty and deception and the use of nonverbal behavior in impression
management, and he has received grants from the National Institute of Mental
Health and the National Institute on Disabilities and Rehabilitation Research.
Feldman’s spare time is most often devoted to earnest, if not entirely expert,
piano playing, and serious cooking. He also loves to travel, and—despite living
in New England—is a devoted New York Yankees fan. He has three children and
lives with his wife, who is also a psychologist, overlooking the Holyoke mountain range in Amherst, Massachusetts.
robert s. feldman
vi
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brief
table of contents
Preface xxi
To the Students xxviii
chapter one
Introduction to Psychology 2
Module 1 Psychologists at Work 4
Module 2
Module 3
Module 4
A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future
Research in Psychology 24
Research Challenges: Exploring the Process 36
12
chapter two
Neuroscience and Behavior 46
Module 5
Module 6
Module 7
Neurons: The Basic Elements of Behavior 48
The Nervous System and the Endocrine System: Communicating within the Body
The Brain 64
56
chapter three
Sensation and Perception 82
Module 8
Module 9
Module 10
Module 11
Sensing the World Around Us 84
Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye 89
Hearing and the Other Senses 98
Perceptual Organization: Constructing Our View of the World
chapter four
States of Consciousness
107
122
Module 12 Sleep and Dreams 124
Module 13 Hypnosis and Meditation 137
Module 14 Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness
142
chapter five
Learning 160
Module 15 Classical Conditioning 162
Module 16 Operant Conditioning 170
Module 17 Cognitive Approaches to Learning
183
chapter six
Thinking: Memory, Cognition, and Language 198
Module 18 The Foundations of Memory 200
Module 19 Recall and Forgetting 207
Module 20 Thinking, Reasoning, and Problem Solving 220
Module 21 Language 230
vii
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chapter seven
Motivation and Emotion 242
Module 22 Explaining Motivation 244
Module 23 Human Needs and Motivation: Eat, Drink, and Be Daring
Module 24 Understanding Emotional Experiences 267
253
chapter eight
Development 280
Module 25
Module 26
Module 27
Module 28
Nature and Nurture, and Prenatal Development 282
Infancy and Childhood 293
Adolescence: Becoming an Adult 309
Adulthood 319
chapter nine
Personality and Individual Differences 334
Module 29 Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality 336
Module 30 Trait, Learning, Biological and Evolutionary, and Humanistic Approaches to Personality
Module 31 Assessing Personality: Determining What Makes Us Distinctive 358
Module 32 Intelligence? 366
347
chapter ten
Psychological Disorders 386
Module 33 Normal versus Abnormal: Making the Distinction
Module 34 The Major Psychological Disorders 397
Module 35 Psychological Disorders in Perspective 419
chapter eleven
Treatment of Psychological Disorders
388
428
Module 36 Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Module 37 Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment 441
Module 38 Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment 449
430
chapter twelve
Social Psychology 464
Module 39
Module 40
Module 41
Module 42
Module 43
Attitudes and Social Cognition 466
Social Influence and Groups 475
Prejudice and Discrimination 482
Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Stress and Coping 498
488
Glossary 512
References 526
Credits 560
Name Index 564
Subject Index 576
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table of
contents
Preface xxi
To the Students
xxviii
chapter
1
Introduction to Psychology
module 1
2
Psychologists at Work 4
What Is Psychology? 4
The Subfields of Psychology: Psychology’s Family Tree 4
Try It! Psychological Truths? 5
What Are the Biological Foundations of Behavior? 5
How Do People Sense, Perceive, Learn, and Think about the World? 5
What Are the Sources of Change and Stability in Behavior Across the Life Span?
How Do Psychological Factors Affect Physical and Mental Health? 7
How Do Our Social Networks Affect Behavior? 7
Expanding Psychology’s Frontiers 8
Working at Psychology 9
Psychologists: A Portrait 9
The Education of a Psychologist 10
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 10
module 2
A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future
The Roots of Psychology 13
Women in Psychology: Founding Mothers 14
Today’s Perspectives 16
The Neuroscience Perspective: Blood, Sweat, and Fears 16
The Psychodynamic Perspective: Understanding the Inner Person 17
The Behavioral Perspective: Observing the Outer Person 17
The Cognitive Perspective: Identifying the Roots of Understanding 17
The Humanistic Perspective: The Unique Qualities of the Human Species
Psychology and Your Life 18
Psychology’s Key Issues and Controversies 20
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 22
module 3
7
12
18
Research in Psychology 24
The Scientific Method 24
Theories: Specifying Broad Explanations 24
Hypotheses: Crafting Testable Predictions 25
Psychological Research 26
Descriptive Research 26
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Archival Research 26
Naturalistic Observation 26
Survey Research 27
The Case Study 27
Correlation Research 28
Experimental Research 29
Experimental Groups and Control Groups 30
Independent and Dependent Variables 30
Random Assignment of Participants 31
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 33
module 4
Research Challenges: Exploring the Process 36
The Ethics of Research 36
Exploring Diversity: Choosing Participants Who Represent the Scope of Human Behavior 37
Should Animals Be Used in Research? 37
Threats to Experimental Validity: Avoiding Experimental Bias 38
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Thinking Critically About Research 39
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 40
chapter
2
Neuroscience and Behavior
module 5
46
Neurons: The Basic Elements of Behavior 48
The Structure of the Neuron 48
How Neurons Fire 49
Where Neurons Connect to One Another: Bridging the Gap 51
Neurotransmitters: Multitalented Chemical Couriers 52
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 54
module 6 The Nervous System and the Endocrine System: Communicating
within the Body 56
The Nervous System 56
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems 56
Activating the Divisions of the Automatic Nervous System
Behavioral Genetics 59
The Endocrine System: Of Chemicals and Glands 61
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 62
module 7
The Brain
58
64
Studying the Brain’s Structure and Functions: Spying on the Brain 64
The Central Core: Our “Old Brain” 66
The Limbic System: Beyond the Central Core 67
The Cerebral Cortex: Our “New Brain” 68
The Motor Area of the Cortex 68
The Sensory Area of the Cortex 69
The Association Areas of the Cortex 70
Neuroplasticity and the Brain 71
The Specialization of the Hemispheres: Two Brains or One? 71
Exploring Diversity: Human Diversity and the Brain 72
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Try It! Assessing Brain Lateralization 73
The Split Brain: Exploring the Two Hemispheres 74
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Learning to Control
Your Heart—and Mind—through Biofeedback 75
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 76
chapter
3
Sensation and Perception
module 8
82
Sensing the World Around Us 84
Absolute Thresholds: Detecting What’s Out There 85
Difference Thresholds: Noticing Distinctions between Stimuli 86
Sensory Adaptation: Turning Down Our Responses 87
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 87
module 9
Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
89
Illuminating the Structure of the Eye 90
Reaching the Retina 91
Sending the Message from the Eye to the Brain 91
Processing the Visual Message 94
Color Vision and Color Blindness: The Seven-Million-Color Spectrum
Explaining Color Vision 95
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 96
module 10 Hearing and the Other Senses
94
98
Sensing Sound 98
Balance: The Ups and Downs of Life 100
Smell and Taste 100
Smell 100
Taste 101
Try It! Take a Taste Test 102
The Skin Senses: Touch, Pressure, Temperature, and Pain 102
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Managing Pain
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 105
104
module 11 Perceptual Organization: Constructing Our View of the World
107
The Gestalt Laws of Organization 108
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing 109
Perceptual Constancy 110
Depth Perception: Translating 2-D to 3-D 111
Motion Perception: As the World Turns 113
Perceptual Illusions: The Deceptions of the Perceptions 113
Exploring Diversity: Culture and Perception 115
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 116
chapter
4
States of Consciousness
module 12 Sleep and Dreams
The Stages of Sleep 124
REM Sleep: The Paradox of Sleep
122
124
127
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Why Do We Sleep, and How Much Sleep Is Necessary? 128
The Function and Meaning of Dreaming 129
Do Dreams Represent Unconscious Wish Fulfillment? 129
Dreams-for-Survival Theory 131
Activation-Synthesis Theory 131
Sleep Disturbances: Slumbering Problems 132
Circadian Rhythms: Life Cycles 133
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Sleeping Better 134
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 135
module 13
Hypnosis and Meditation
137
Hypnosis: A Trance-Forming Experience? 137
A Different State of Consciousness? 138
Meditation: Regulating Our Own State of Consciousness 139
Exploring Diversity: Cross-Cultural Routes to Altered States of Consciousness
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 141
module 14 Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness
140
142
Stimulants: Drug Highs 144
Amphetamines 145
Cocaine 145
Depressants: Drug Lows 147
Alcohol 147
Barbiturates 149
Rohypnol 149
Try It! Consider Your Drinking Style 150
Narcotics: Relieving Pain and Anxiety 151
Hallucinogens: Psychedelic Drugs 151
Marijuana 151
MDMA (Ecstasy) and LSD 153
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Identifying Drug and
Alcohol Problems 153
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 154
chapter
5
Learning
160
module 15 Classical Conditioning
162
The Basics of Classical Conditioning 162
Applying Conditioning Principles to Human Behavior
Extinction 165
Generalization and Discrimination 166
Recap/Evaluation/Rethink 168
module 16
Operant Conditioning
165
170
The Basics of Operant Conditioning 170
Reinforcement: The Central Concept of Operant Conditioning 171
Positive Reinforcers, Negative Reinforcers, and Punishment 171
The Pros and Cons of Punishment: Why Reinforcement Beats Punishment
Schedules of Reinforcement: Timing Life’s Rewards 174
xii
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Fixed- and Variable-Ratio Schedules 175
Fixed- and Variable-Interval Schedules: The Passage of Time 175
Shaping: Reinforcing What Doesn’t Come Naturally 177
Comparing Classical and Operant Conditioning 177
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Using Behavior Analysis and Behavior Modification 178
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 180
module 17 Cognitive Approaches to Learning
183
Latent Learning 184
Observational Learning: Learning Through Imitation 185
Violence in Television and Video Games: Does the Media’s Message Matter?
Exploring Diversity: Does Culture Influence How We Learn? 188
Try It! What’s Your Receptive Learning Style? 189
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 192
6
187
chapter
Thinking: Memory, Cognition, and Language
module 18 The Foundations of Memory
198
200
Sensory Memory 202
Short-Term Memory 202
Long-Term Memory 203
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 205
module 19 Recall and Forgetting
207
Retrieval Cues 207
Levels of Processing 208
Explicit and Implicit Memory 208
Flashbulb Memories 209
Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past 210
Autobiographical Memory: Where the Past Meets Present 211
Exploring Diversity: Are There Cross-Cultural Differences in Memory? 212
Try It! Determine Your Memory Style 212
Forgetting 213
Why We Forget 215
Proactive and Retroactive Interference: The Before and After of Forgetting 216
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Improving Your Memory 217
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 218
module 20 Thinking, Reasoning, and Problem Solving
Mental Images: Examining the Mind’s Eye 221
Concepts: Categorizing the World 221
Reasoning: Making Up Your Mind 222
Algorithms and Heuristics 223
Problem Solving 223
Preparation: Understanding and Diagnosing Problems 224
Production: Generating Solutions 225
Judgment: Evaluating the Solutions 226
Impediments to Solutions: Why Is Problem Solving Such a Problem?
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 228
220
226
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module 21 Language
230
Language Development: Developing a Way with Words 230
Babbling 230
Production of Language 231
Understanding Language Acquisition: Identifying the Roots of Language 232
The Influence of Language on Thinking: Do Eskimos Have More Words for Snow Than Texans? 233
Exploring Diversity: Teaching with Linguistic Variety: Bilingual Education 234
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 236
chapter
7
Motivation and Emotion
module 22 Explaining Motivation
242
244
Instinct Approaches: Born to Be Motivated 244
Drive-Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs 245
Homeostasis 245
Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction 246
Incentive Approaches: Motivation’s Pull 246
Try It! Do You Seek Out Sensation? 247
Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation 248
Maslow’s Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs 249
Applying the Different Approaches to Motivation 250
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 251
module 23 Human Needs and Motivation: Eat, Drink, and Be Daring
253
The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating 253
Biological Factors in the Regulation of Hunger 254
Social Factors in Eating 255
The Roots of Obesity 255
Eating Disorders 256
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Dieting and Losing Weight Successfully
Sexual Motivation 258
Masturbation: Solitary Sex 260
Heterosexuality 260
Premarital Sex 260
Marital Sex 260
Homosexuality and Bisexuality 261
Transexualism 263
The Needs for Achievement, Affiliation, and Power 263
The Need for Achievement: Striving for Excellence 263
Measuring Achievement Motivation 264
The Need for Affiliation: Striving for Friendship 264
The Need for Power: Striving for Impact on Others 264
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 265
module 24 Understanding Emotional Experiences
267
Determining the Range of Emotions: Labeling Our Feelings 268
The Roots of Emotions 269
The James-Lange Theory: Do Gut Reactions Equal Emotions? 269
The Cannon-Bard Theory: Physiological Reactions as the Result of Emotions
xiv
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270
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The Schachter-Singer Theory: Emotions as Labels 271
Contemporary Perspectives on the Neuroscience of Emotions 271
Making Sense of the Multiple Perspectives on Emotion 272
Exploring Diversity: Do People in All Cultures Express Emotion Similarly?
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 275
273
chapter
8
Development
280
module 25 Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development
282
Determining the Relative Influence of Nature and Nurture 284
Developmental Research Techniques 285
Prenatal Development: Conception to Birth 286
The Basics of Genetics 286
The Earliest Development 287
Genetic Influences on the Fetus 289
Prenatal Environmental Influences 289
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 291
module 26 Infancy and Childhood
293
The Extraordinary Newborn 293
Reflexes 294
Development of the Senses: Taking in the World 295
The Growing Child: Infancy through Middle Childhood 296
Physical Development 296
Development of Social Behavior: Forming Social Bonds and Attachment 297
Assessing Attachment 297
The Father’s Role 298
Social Relationships with Peers 298
The Consequences of Child Care Outside the Home 299
Parenting Styles and Social Development 300
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development 301
Cognitive Development: Children’s Thinking About the World 302
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 303
Information-Processing Approaches: Charting Children’s Mental
Programs 305
Vygotsky’s View of Cognitive Development: Considering Culture 306
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 307
module 27 Adolescence: Becoming an Adult
309
Physical Development: The Changing Adolescent 309
Moral and Cognitive Development: Distinguishing Right from Wrong 310
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development 311
Moral Development in Women 312
Social Development: Finding Oneself in a Social World 312
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development: The Search for Identity 312
Stormy Adolescence: Myth or Reality 314
Adolescent Suicide 315
Exploring Diversity: Rites of Passage: Coming of Age around the World 317
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 317
table of contents
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module 28 Adulthood
319
Physical Development: The Peak of Health 319
Social Development: Working at Life 320
Marriage, Children, and Divorce: Family Ties 321
Changing Roles of Men and Women: The Time of Their Lives 321
Women’s “Second Shift” 322
The Later Years of Life: Growing Old 322
Physical Changes in Late Adulthood: The Aging Body 323
Cognitive Changes: Thinking About—and During—Late Adulthood 323
Memory Changes in Late Adulthood: Are Older Adults Forgetful? 324
The Social World of Late Adulthood: Old but Not Alone 325
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Adjusting to Death 326
Try It! How Do You Feel About Death? 327
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 329
chapter
9
Personality and Individual Differences
module 29 Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality
Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind
Structuring Personality: Id, Ego, and Superego 337
Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages 338
Defense Mechanisms 340
Evaluating Freud’s Legacy 341
The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts: Building on Freud 342
Jung’s Collective Unconscious 343
Horney’s Neo-Freudian Perspective 343
Adler’s Neo-Freudian Perspective 344
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 344
334
336
336
module 30 Trait, Learning, Biological and Evolutionary, and Humanistic
Approaches to Personality 347
Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality 348
Eysenck’s Approach: The Factors of Personality 348
The Big Five Personality Traits 349
Evaluating Trait Approaches to Personality 349
Learning Approaches: We Are What We’ve Learned 350
Skinner’s Behaviorist Approach 350
Social Cognitive Approaches to Personality 351
Evaluating Learning Approaches to Personality 352
Biological and Evolutionary Approaches: Are We Born with Personality?
Humanistic Approaches: The Uniqueness of You 354
Rogers and the Need for Self-Actualization 354
Evaluating Humanistic Approaches 355
Comparing Approaches to Personality 355
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 356
353
module 31 Assessing Personality: Determining What Makes Us Distinctive
358
Self-Report Measures of Personality 359
Try It! The Life Orientation Test 360
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Projective Methods 362
Behavioral Assessment 363
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Assessing Personality
Assessments 364
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 364
module 32 Intelligence
366
Theories of Intelligence: Are There Different Kinds of Intelligence? 366
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence 367
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences: The Many Ways of Showing Intelligence 367
Is Information Processing Intelligence? 369
Practical Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence: Toward a More Intelligent View
of Intelligence 369
Assessing Intelligence 371
Binet and the Development of IQ Tests 372
Contemporary IQ Tests: Gauging Intelligence 374
Variations in Intellectual Ability 376
Intellectual Disabilities (Mental Retardation) 376
Identifying the Roots of Intellectual Disabilities 377
The Intellectually Gifted 377
Exploring Diversity: The Relative Influence of Genetics and Environment: Nature,
Nurture, and IQ 378
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 380
chapter
10
Psychological Disorders
386
module 33 Normal versus Abnormal: Making the Distinction
Defining Abnormality 388
Perspectives on Abnormality: From Superstition to Science
Medical Perspective 390
Psychoanalytic Perspective 391
Behavioral Perspective 391
Cognitive Perspective 391
Humanistic Perspective 392
Sociocultural Perspective 392
Classifying Abnormal Behavior: The ABCs of DSM 393
DSM-IV-TR : Determining Diagnostic Distinctions 393
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 395
module 34 The Major Psychological Disorders
388
390
397
Anxiety Disorders 397
Try It! How Anxious Are You? 398
Phobic Disorder 399
Panic Disorder 400
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 401
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 401
The Causes of Anxiety Disorder 402
Somatoform Disorders 403
Hypochondriasis 403
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Conversion Disorders 404
Dissociative Disorders 404
Dissociative Identity Disorder 404
Dissociative Amnesia 404
Dissociative Fugue 405
Mood Disorders 405
Major Depression 405
Mania and Bipolar Disorder 407
Causes of Mood Disorders 407
Schizophrenia 409
Solving the Puzzle of Schizophrenia: Biological Causes
Environmental Perspectives on Schizophrenia 412
Multiple Causes of Schizophrenia 413
Personality Disorders 413
Childhood Disorders 415
Other Disorders 416
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 417
411
module 35 Psychological Disorders in Perspective
419
Prevalence of Psychological Disorders: The Mental State of the Union 419
The Social and Cultural Context of Psychological Disorders 420
Exploring Diversity: DSM and Culture—and the Culture of DSM 421
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Deciding When You Need Help
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 423
422
chapter 11
11
Treatment of Psychological Disorders
428
module 36
Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive
Approaches to Treatment 430
Psychodynamic Approaches to Therapy 430
Psychoanalysis: Freud’s Therapy 432
Contemporary Psychodynamic Approaches 433
Evaluating Psychodynamic Approaches 433
Behavioral Approaches to Therapy 433
Classical Conditioning Treatments 434
Operant Conditioning Techniques 436
Dialectical Behavior Therapy 436
Evaluating Behavioral Therapy 437
Cognitive Approaches to Therapy 437
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy 438
Cognitive Therapy 438
Evaluating Cognitive Approaches to Therapy 439
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 439
module 37 Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Humanistic Therapy 441
Person-Centered Therapy 441
Evaluating Humanistic Approaches to Therapy
Interpersonal Therapy 442
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442
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Group Therapy, Family Therapy, and Self-Help Groups 442
Family Therapy 443
Self-Help Therapy 443
Evaluating Psychotherapy: Does Therapy Work? 444
Exploring Diversity: Racial and Ethnic Factors in Treatment: Should Therapists Be Color-Blind?
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 447
module 38 Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Drug Therapy 449
Antipsychotic Drugs 449
Antidepressant Drugs 450
Mood Stabilizers 452
Antianxiety Drugs 452
Try It! What Are Your Attitudes Toward Patient Rights? 453
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) 454
Biomedical Therapies in Perspective 454
Community Psychology: Focus on Prevention 455
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Choosing the Right Therapist
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 458
446
449
457
chapter
12
Social Psychology
464
module 39 Attitudes and Social Cognition
466
Persuasion: Changing Attitudes 466
Routes to Persuasion 467
The Link Between Attitudes and Behavior 468
Social Cognition: Understanding Others 469
Understanding What Others Are Like 469
Impression Formation 470
Attribution Processes: Understanding the Causes of Behavior 471
Attribution Biases: To Err Is Human 471
Exploring Diversity: Attributions in a Cultural Context: How Fundamental Is the Fundamental
Attribution Error? 472
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 473
module 40
Social Influence and Groups 475
Conformity: Following What Others Do 475
Conformity to Social Roles 476
Compliance: Submitting to Direct Social Pressure 477
Obedience: Following Direct Orders 478
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 480
module 41 Prejudice and Discrimination
482
The Foundations of Prejudice 483
Measuring Prejudice and Discrimination: The Implicit Personality Test 484
Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination 485
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 486
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module 42 Positive and Negative Social Behavior
488
Liking and Loving: Interpersonal Attraction and the Development of Relationships
How Do I Like Thee? Let Me Count the Ways 488
How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways 489
Aggression and Prosocial Behavior: Hurting and Helping Others 491
Hurting Others: Aggression 491
Try It! Understand Your Relationship Style 492
Helping Others: The Brighter Side of Human Nature 494
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 496
module 43 Stress and Coping
488
498
Stress: Reacting to Threat and Challenge 498
The Nature of Stressors: My Stress Is Your Pleasure 498
Categorizing Stressors 499
The High Cost of Stress 500
The General Adaptation Syndrome Model: The Course of Stress 503
Psychoneuroimmunology and Stress 504
Coping with Stress 504
Learned Helplessness 505
Social Support: Turning to Others 505
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Effective Coping Strategies
Recap/Evaluate/Rethink 507
506
Glossary 512
References 526
Credits 560
Name Index 564
Subject Index 576
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preface
Students first.
If I were to use only a few words to summarize my goal for Psychology and Your
Life, as well as my teaching philosophy, that’s what I would say. I believe that
an effective textbook must be oriented to students—informing them, engaging
them, exciting them about the field, and helping them to learn.
Luckily, psychology is a science that is naturally interesting to students. It
is a discipline that speaks with many voices, offering a personal message to
each student. Some students see the discipline as a way to better understand
themselves, their family members, their co-workers, and people in general. For
others, psychology offers information that can help prepare for a future career.
Some students are drawn to the field simply because of their interest in psychological topics and how an understanding of psychology can improve their
lives.
No matter what brings students into the introductory course and regardless of their initial motivation, Psychology and Your Life is designed to draw
students into the field by illustrating how psychology will affect them in their
career—whether they are studying to become a medical assistant, a graphic
designer, or a police officer, or enter any other program. The text integrates a
variety of elements that foster students’ understanding of psychology and its
impact on their everyday lives.
Psychology and Your Life was written to accomplish the following goals:
■ To provide broad coverage of the field of psychology, introducing the
basic concepts, theories, and applications that constitute the discipline.
■ To build an appreciation of the relevance of psychology to everyday life,
including learning to apply psychology to students’ chosen areas of study.
■ To maximize student learning of the material, helping students to think
critically about psychological phenomena, particularly those that have an
impact on their everyday lives.
The book and its ancillary materials include coverage of the traditional areas
of psychology while also emphasizing applied topics. The flexibility of the
book’s organizational structure is considerable. Each chapter is divided into
three or four manageable, self-contained modules, aiding students’ reading and
studying of the material and allowing instructors to choose and omit sections
in accordance with their syllabus.
In addition, Psychology and Your Life provides a complete framework for
learning and assessment. Clear in-text learning outcomes, tied to each major
section of the book, allow students to know exactly what it is they are supposed
to learn. These learning outcomes also permit instructors to create assessments
based on those outcomes. All the ancillary materials that accompany the text,
including every test item in the Test Bank, are keyed to these learning outcomes and tied together by a comprehensive and easy-to-use Asset Map. The
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Asset Map, along with the rest of our comprehensive text package, is a part of
McGraw-Hill’s commitment to connect content with users in new and innovative ways.
Furthermore, Psychology and Your Life specifically takes into account the
diverse population of students who are enrolled in college today. The book particularly is designed to address the needs of today’s students who may work fullor part-time; who may be juggling their education, their families, and their jobs;
who may be returning to school in search of a career change; or who are in a
specific career-oriented program. I have taken great care to ensure students have
an opportunity to explore why psychology is relevant to everyone—no matter
what their background is and no matter what their area of study may be.
Psychology and Your Life Promotes
Student Success
psych 2.0
www.mhhe.com/psychlife
Neurons
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Psychology and Your Life includes many features designed to maximize students’ success in their introductory course. Every chapter follows the same
format, allowing students to feel comfortable with the book and be better able
to master its content. The examples within the book are drawn from across the
spectrum of life, including the worlds of work, family, and community. The
vocabulary of the book has received particular focus in order to ensure clarity and ease of learning. Our glossary includes expanded definitions, where
appropriate, to ensure that students of all reading levels can gain their fullest
understanding of the key terms and their definitions.
Furthermore, Psychology and Your Life is divided into 43 short modules
grouped into 12 chapters covering the major areas of psychology. An advantage of the modular structure is it allows students to study material in smaller
chunks, which psychological research has long found to be the optimal way
to learn. The modular approach, therefore, makes already manageable chapters even easier to absorb. Moreover, instructors can customize assignments for
their students by asking them to read only those modules that fit their course
outline and in the sequence that matches their syllabus. In addition, the Asset
Map helps instructors design lessons and assignments that are modular-specific
by organizing ancillary material by learning outcome within each module.
At the beginning of each module, Learning Outcomes introduce the key
concepts covered in the module. For convenience, the learning outcomes are
mapped to Bloom’s Taxonomy (levels of learning) in the instructor material
to reassure instructors that the outcomes, activities, discussion questions, and
assignments help students experience multiple types of learning, from understanding and defining concepts to experiencing and analyzing the overarching
themes to each module. These key concepts are also the focus of activities available on the Online Learning Center for the text, www.mhhe.com/psychlife. In
the text, references and icons direct students to Psych 2.0 activities that correspond to key concepts.
For example, consider the key concept of communication between neurons.
The text presentation of this concept includes a verbal explanation and figures plus a text reference and marginal icon prompting students to complete a
Psych2.0 online activity on the nature of neural communication and a followup quiz. Additionally, the Online Learning Center provides review exercises
and links to other Web sites that offer further information relevant to the key
concepts and content for that section.
preface
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