KEY INDICATORS
FOR
ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
2010
41st Edition
SPECIAL CHAPTER
The Rise of Asia’s Middle Class
August 2010
© 2010 Asian Development Bank
All rights reserved. Published 2010.
Printed in the Philippines.
ISSN 0116-3000
Publication Stock No. FLS101688
Cataloging-In-Publication Data
Asian Development Bank.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010.
Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2010.
1. economic indicators 2. financial indicators 3. social indicators 4. energy and environmental indicators
5. millennium development goals 6. infrastructure indicators 7. governance indicators
I. Asian Development Bank.
The views expressed in this book do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the
Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.
ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no
responsibility for any consequence of their use.
By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the
term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other
status of any territory or area.
ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with
proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative
works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB.
Asian Development Bank
6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City
1550 Metro Manila, Philippines
Tel +63 2 632 4444
Fax +63 2 636 2444
www.adb.org/Statistics
iii
Foreword
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010 (Key Indicators 2010), the 41st edition of this series, is a statistical data
book presenting economic, financial, social, and environmental indicators for the 48 regional members of the Asian
Development Bank. It presents a special chapter in Part I—this year on the role of Asia’s middle class in global and
domestic economies—followed by statistical tables with short, non-technical commentaries on economic, financial, social,
and environmental developments. In Part II, the first set of statistical tables and commentaries looks at the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) and progress in the region toward achieving key targets. In Part III, the second set is grouped
into seven themes providing a broader picture of economic, financial, social, and environmental developments.
The special chapter discusses original evidence-based research and studies of select countries to highlight and understand
the importance of Asia’s emerging middle class. It contends that its expansion is crucial to greater, more efficient, and
inclusive poverty reduction in the region. Yet as the middle class expands it also creates many new challenges. The
chapter stresses that much of the middle class exists only just above poverty levels, leaving it highly vulnerable to falling
back. Additionally, as incomes rise and lifestyles change, it will create new environmental and health challenges. Policies
are needed that both bolster the new status of the middle class and deal with the adverse consequences.
This issue of Key Indicators, for many variables, also contains statistics detailing the impact of the global economic crisis
on Asia’s economies, starting in the second half of 2008 and through 2009 as economies around the world contracted.
Comparisons of these data with the pre-crisis years up to 2007 show how the crisis affected economic growth, international
trade, inflation, government revenue and fiscal balance, international tourism, and other key variables. The crisis seems
not to have had as serious an impact on Asia and the Pacific as had been feared in 2008. Most of the larger economies
proved resilient, and governments met shrinking domestic demand with extraordinary spending measures, allowing
deficits to rise to boost final demand. The crisis did nonetheless interrupt the strong growth trends seen before 2007. Its
cost is to be measured in the gains forgone in the slowdown.
The statistics for monitoring progress toward the MDGs, which stop at 2008 for most variables, do not yet capture the
impact of the global crisis. In Part II, the assessments of country progress toward the MDGs are made strictly on the basis
of the trends of indicators observed in the past. Future issues of Key Indicators may change these assessments as postcrisis data become available.
New statistical indicators in this edition include international tourism, motor vehicles in use, and production of and fuel
sources for electricity. Statistics on malaria have been reintroduced following extensive revision by the World Health
Organization. Part III’s regional tables are largely based on a comprehensive set of country tables. These are provided on
a CD-ROM at the back of this publication and on ADB’s website, rather than in print.
We appreciate the cooperation of the governments and international agencies that provided data, enhancing this year’s
issue. We hope Key Indicators will remain a valuable resource for monitoring the region’s progress and addressing its
development challenges.
Haruhiko Kuroda
President
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
v
Acknowledgments
The Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010 (KI 2010) was prepared by the Development Indicators and Policy
Research Division (ERDI) of the Economics and Research Department (ERD), Asian Development Bank (ADB). A
team of economists and statisticians of ERDI led by Douglas Brooks, Assistant Chief Economist, contributed to and
coordinated the production of the publication.
Since we decided on “Asian Middle Class” as the topic of the special chapter (Part 1) for the KI 2010, many experts
and consultants together with ERDI staff have made significant contributions. The draft chapter was prepared by Anil
Deolalikar and finalized with significant contributions by Natalie Chun. The chapter was largely based on contributions
and background papers prepared by Ruperto Alonzo, Laveesh Bhandari, Natalie Chun, Anil Deolalikar, Joonkyung Ha,
Rana Hasan, Niny Khor, Dalisay Maligalig, David Roland-Holst, Guntur Sugiyarto, Mehmet Ulubasoglu, Guanghua
Wan, and Yuan Zhang and technical assistance from Glenita Amoranto, Arturo Martinez, Jr., Iva Sebastian, and Eric
Suan. Li Shi of Beijing Normal University provided survey data on households in the People’s Republic of China (PRC),
and Charles Horioka of the Institute of Social and Economic Research at Osaka University provided survey data on the
PRC and India. Valuable suggestions and advice were provided by Kaushal Joshi, Chellam Palanyandy, and participants
of the Workshop on Asia’s Middle Class held on 27–28 May 2010 including Ahmad Ahsan, Sekhar Bonu, Shiladitya
Chatterjee, Maria Socorro Gochoco-Bautista, David Jay Green, Hal Hill, Ernesto Pernia, Sungsup Ra, Li Shi, Hyun Son,
Guanghua Wan, Juzhong Zhuang, and Joseph Ernest Zveglich Jr. Eric Van Zant edited the chapter and typesetting was
carried out by Rhommell Rico.
Contributions from ERD’s statistical partners in the regional members and international organizations that shared
their data for the statistical tables on the Millennium Development Goals Indicators (Part II), regional tables (Part III),
and country tables in the CD-ROM version are appreciated. ADB resident missions in Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Bangladesh, Cambodia, the PRC, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao People’s Democratic
Republic, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Uzbekistan, and Viet Nam
provided support in compiling the data from their respective countries. ADB’s Japanese Representative Office, Pacific
Liaison and Coordination Office, Philippines Country Office, South Pacific Subregional Office, and Special Office in
Timor-Leste also provided invaluable help in data compilation.
The tables for Parts II and III, including the country tables in the accompanying CD-ROM, were prepared by
ERDI staff and consultants under the general guidance of Chellam Palanyandy. Kaushal Joshi and Benson Sim with
the technical assistance of Modesta de Castro and Melissa Pascua led the research team comprising Glenita Amoranto,
Aldrin Federico Bahit, Nalwino Billones, Eileen Capilit, Barbara Dizon, Karen Firshan, Flordeliza Huelgas, Pamela
Lapitan, Luzviminda Mitra, Iva Sebastian, Dennis Sorino, and Eric Suan. Ma. Roselia Babalo, Alma Rose Roxas,
Clarita Dalaguit-Truong, and Rowena Vicente proofread the country tables, Millennium Development Goal tables, and
regional tables with Barbara Dizon as lead.
The commentaries for Parts II and III were prepared by Derek Blades under the general guidance of Kaushal
Joshi. An interdepartmental review and suggestions from ERDI staff and consultants refined these commentaries. The
commentaries and country tables were reviewed by Kaushal Joshi, Niny Khor, Dalisay Maligalig, Chellam Palanyandy,
Benson Sim, and Guntur Sugiyarto, with Cherry Lynn Zafaralla as copy editor. Typesetting was done by Joe Mark Ganaban
and Rhommell Rico, who also prepared the web files and the CD-ROM. The publication would not have been possible
without the cooperation of Robert Hugh Davis of ADB’s Department of External Relations (DER), and Gregg Garcia, Anna
Maria Juico, and Victor Lo of the Logistics Management Unit of the Office of Administrative Services. DER’s Andrew
Perrin, with the assistance of Usha Tankha of the India Resident Mission, planned and coordinated the dissemination of
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010.
Jong-Wha Lee
Chief Economist
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
vii
Contents
Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................................iii
Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................................................... v
Statistical Partners ...................................................................................................................................................xvi
Guide for Users .......................................................................................................................................................xxi
Highlights of Key Indicators 2010 ......................................................................................................................... xxv
SPECIAL CHAPTER
The Rise of Asia’s Middle Class
PART 1 –
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Asia’s Emerging Middle Class: Past, Present, and Future .............................................................................. 5
A. Defining the Middle Class ................................................................................................................................. 5
B. The Size and Growth of Developing Asia’s Middle Class ............................................................................... 6
C. Results from Household Surveys in Selected Countries ................................................................................... 9
D. The Role of Perception.................................................................................................................................... 12
E. Projections of the Size of the Asian Middle Class .......................................................................................... 15
3. The Middle Class and Their Values: A Profile .............................................................................................. 20
A. Profile of the Middle Class .............................................................................................................................. 20
B. Middle-Class Values ....................................................................................................................................... 26
4. Determinants of Middle Class Emergence ...................................................................................................... 29
A. Economic Growth and Income Distribution ................................................................................................... 29
B. Jobs and Education .......................................................................................................................................... 31
C. Mobility and Vulnerability .............................................................................................................................. 32
D. Cross-Country Determinants of Middle-Class Growth................................................................................... 35
5. Implications of Middle-Class Growth .............................................................................................................. 37
A. Expanding Markets for Consumer Durables ................................................................................................... 37
B. Frugal Innovation ............................................................................................................................................ 40
C. Greater Accountability in Public Services ...................................................................................................... 40
D. Economic Growth ........................................................................................................................................... 40
6. Adverse Consequences of the Rise of the Asian Middle Class....................................................................... 45
A. Environmental Stress ...................................................................................................................................... 45
B. Health Burdens ................................................................................................................................................ 46
7. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................................... 48
References
........................................................................................................................................................... 49
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
viii
Appendices
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Data Sources for Estimating the Size of the Asian Middle Class, 1990–2008 .................................... 53
Data Sources and Methodology for Projections to 2030 ..................................................................... 55
Data Sample and Index Creation for World Values Survey Analysis ................................................. 56
Data Sources for Estimating the Cross-Country Determinants of
Per Capita Consumption Growth, 1985–2006................................................................................... 57
Appendix Tables
Appendix Table 1 Countries Included in Regional Aggregate Data ........................................................................ 54
Appendix Table 2 Countries, Regions, and Sectors in Computable General Equilibrium
Model Used for Projections ................................................................................................................. 55
Appendix Table 3 Composition of Values Indexes.................................................................................................. 56
Tables
Table 2.1
Summary Statistics of Population, Class Size, and Total Expenditures by Region
(1990 and 2008 Based on Household Survey Means)......................................................................... 6
Table 2.2 Summary Statistics of Population, Class Size, and Total Expenditures by Region
(1990 and 2008 National Account Means) .......................................................................................... 7
Table 2.3 Size of Middle Class by Country, Most Recent Survey Year
(based on Household Survey Means) .................................................................................................. 8
Table 2.4 Changes in the Relative and Absolute Size of Middle Class, and Change in
Aggregate Monthly Expenditure of the Middle Class, by Country
(1990–2008, based on Household Survey Means) .............................................................................. 8
Table 2.5 Population Distribution (%) by Income Per Person Per Day (2005 $ PPP, %) PRC ............................. 9
Table 2.6 Population Distribution (%) by Expenditure Per Person Per Day (2005 $ PPP) India ........................ 10
Table 2.7 Population Distribution (%) by Expenditure Per Person Per Day (2005 $ PPP) Indonesia ................ 11
Table 2.8 Population Distribution (%) by Expenditure Per Person Per Day (2005 $ PPP), Philippines ............. 12
Table 2.9 Percentage Change in Aggregate Real Household Expenditures Between 2010–2030 for
Baseline Consensus Growth Scenario ............................................................................................... 15
Table 2.10 GDP Results (% change from baseline G1 in 2030) ............................................................................ 18
Table 2.11 Real Aggregate Consumption Results (% change from baseline G1 in 2030) .................................... 19
Table 3.1 Population Distribution by Economic Group and Employment Type
(India, 2004–05; Philippines, 2006; and People’s Republic of China, 2002) ................................... 23
Table 3.2 Household Distribution (%) by Occupation of Chief Wage Earner and
Per Capita Expenditure Class, India (2004–05) ................................................................................ 24
Table 3.3 Household Distribution (%) by Occupation of Household Head and
Per Capita Expenditure Class, Philippines (2006) ............................................................................ 24
Table 3.4 Household Distribution (%) by Occupation of Household Head and
Per Capita Income Class, People’s Republic of China (2002) .......................................................... 25
Table 3.5 Household Distribution (%) by Industry of Household Head and
Per Capita Expenditure Class, Indonesia (2009) ............................................................................... 25
Table 3.6 Class Progressivity in Values Regressions .......................................................................................... 27
Table 4.1 Distribution of “Panel” Households by Expenditure Class, Philippines (2003 and 2006) .................. 33
Table 4.2 Distribution of Panel Households Across Major Sources of Income, Philippines (2003 and 2006) ... 33
Table 4.3 Probit Estimates of the Probability of Middle-Class
Households in 2003 Moving into Poverty by 2006, Philippines ....................................................... 34
Table 4.4 Determinants of Changes in Size of the Middle Class Across Countries (1985–2006) ...................... 35
Table 5.1 Distribution of Households by Class and by Ownership of Selected Durables ................................... 37
Table 5.2 Determinants of Growth in Per Capita Consumption across Countries (1985–2006) ......................... 43
Table 5.3 Determinants of Average Schooling Years across Countries (1985–2006)......................................... 43
Table 6.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions (1990 and 2004) ....................................................................................... 46
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
ix
Figures
Figure 2.1 Change in Size of Middle Class By Region
(1990–2008, based on household survey means) ................................................................................ 7
Figure 2.2 Share of Different World Regions in Global Middle Class and
Global Middle Class Consumption (2009, %) .................................................................................... 9
Figure 2.3 Size of the Chinese Middle Class (1995–2007, million) ..................................................................... 11
Figure 2.4 Size of the Indian Middle Class (1993–2004, million) ........................................................................ 11
Figure 2.5 Size of the Indonesian Middle Class (1999 and 2009, million) ........................................................... 12
Figure 2.6 Size of the Philippine Middle Class (1988–2006, million) .................................................................. 13
Figure 2.7 Self Identification as Middle Class (2001–07) ..................................................................................... 13
Figure 2.8 Self Identification as Middle Class, PRC and India ............................................................................. 14
Figure 2.9 Middle Class Emergence to 2030 (>$2.00 income per person per day) .............................................. 16
Figure 2.10 Middle Class Emergence to 2030 (>$4.00 income per person per day) .............................................. 16
Figure 2.11 Baseline Income Distributions for Consensus Real GDP Growth Trends
(% of population in each income group) ........................................................................................... 17
Figure 3.1 Average Household Size by Per Capita Expenditure Class and Country ............................................ 22
Figure 3.2 Mean Percentage Share of Household Expenditure Spent on Education and
Health by Per Capita Expenditure Class by Country, (2000–2004) .................................................. 22
Figure 3.3 Occupation and Sector of Employment of the Middle Class (2001–07) ............................................. 26
Figure 3.4 Education of the Self-Identified Middle Class (2001–07) ................................................................... 26
Figure 3.5 Differences in Values by Class Across Regions .................................................................................. 28
Figure 4.1 Change in Poverty Across 116 Developing Countries by Poverty Line (1990–2005) ........................ 32
Figure 5.1 Ownership Rates of Selected Consumer Durables by Per Capita Expenditure Decile ........................ 39
Figure 5.2 Changes in the Size of the Middle Class against the Initial Level of Consumption Per Capita
(1985–2006) ...................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 6.1 Per capita Water Consumption (1997–2001, cubic meters)................................................................. 45
Figure 6.2 Average Calorie and Fat Intake, India (1972–73 to 2004–05)............................................................. 47
Figure 6.3 Diabetes Prevalence Worldwide (2010 and 2030, %) ......................................................................... 47
Boxes
Box 1 Driving Rural Middle Class Growth: Township and Village Enterprises in the PRC .................................. 10
Box 2 Elite Formation in Colonial India .................................................................................................................. 14
Box 3 Migration, the Middle Class, and the Role of Remittances in Poverty Reduction ........................................ 21
Box 4 The Middle Class and Sex Ratios at Birth ..................................................................................................... 27
Box 5 Fostering a Middle Class—Korea’s Economic Transition ............................................................................ 30
Box 6 PRC, Indian Investment and Inheritance Patterns Raise Inequality Concerns .............................................. 38
Box 7 Philippines Public Spending Apt to Benefit Middle Class over the Poor...................................................... 41
Box Tables
Box Table 1.1Employment and the Rise of TVEs in the Rural Areas, 1980–2008 (million).................................. 10
Box Table 6.1Patterns of Bequests .......................................................................................................................... 38
Box Table 6.2Asset Portfolios and Debt Patterns .................................................................................................... 38
Box Figures
Box Figure 7.1 Proportion of Households That Have at Least One Member Who has Philhealth Coverage ......... 41
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
x
PART II –
Millennium Development Goals
Introduction to the Millennium Development Goals ........................................................................................ 61
Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger .............................................................................................. 65
Table 1.1 Target 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people
whose income is less than one dollar a day ..................................................................... 69
Table 1.2 Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all,
including women and young people ............................................................................... 70
Table 1.3 Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people
who suffer from hunger ................................................................................................... 71
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education ................................................................................................. 72
Table 2.1 Target 2.A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike,
will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling ............................................ 75
Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women ............................................................................... 78
Table 3.1 Target 3.A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education,
preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education not later than 2015 ............................ 82
Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality .......................................................................................................................... 84
Table 4.1 Target 4.A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015,
the under-five mortality rate............................................................................................. 88
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health ...................................................................................................................... 89
Table 5.1 Target 5.A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015,
the maternal mortality ratio .............................................................................................. 93
Table 5.2 Target 5.B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health .......................... 94
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases ............................................................................... 96
Table 6.1 Target 6.A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS........... 99
Table 6.2 Target 6.B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS
for all those who need it ................................................................................................. 100
Table 6.3 Target 6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence
of malaria and other major diseases ............................................................................... 101
Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability ................................................................................................. 103
Table 7.1 Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies
and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources ................................ 107
Table 7.2 Target 7.B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010,
a significant reduction in the rate of loss ....................................................................... 109
Table 7.3 Target 7.C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access
to safe drinking water and basic sanitation .................................................................... 110
Table 7.4 Target 7.D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives
of at least 100 million slum dwellers ............................................................................. 112
Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development ................................................................................ 113
Table 8.1 Target 8.D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems
of developing countries through national and international measures
in order to make debt sustainable in the long term ........................................................ 116
Table 8.2 Target 8.F: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits
of new technologies, especially information and communications ............................... 117
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xi
Millennium Development Goals—Figures
Figure 1.1 Economies with More than 10% of Population Living on Less than $1.25 a Day, Latest Year ......... 65
Figure 1.2 Economies with More than 10% of Population below the Minimal Level of Dietary
Consumption, Latest Year .................................................................................................................... 66
Figure 1.3 Percentage of Own-Account and Contributing Family Workers in Total Employment ...................... 68
Figure 2.1 Total Net Enrollment Ratios in Primary Education, 1999 and 2008 or Nearest Year ......................... 72
Figure 2.2 Percentage of Children Starting Grade 1 and Reaching Last Grade of Primary,
1999 and 2007 or Nearest Year ............................................................................................................ 73
Figure 2.3 Percentage of Literate 15–24 year olds by Gender, 2008 or Nearest Year .......................................... 74
Figure 3.1 Primary Education Female–Male Enrollment Ratios, 2008 or Nearest Year ...................................... 78
Figure 3.2 Secondary Education Female–Male Enrollment Ratios, 2008 or Nearest Year .................................. 79
Figure 3.3 Tertiary Education Female–Male Enrollment Ratios, 2008 or Nearest Year ...................................... 80
Figure 3.4 Percentage of Seats Held by Women in National Parliaments, 2000 and 2010 or Nearest Year ........ 81
Figure 4.1 Under-Five Mortality Rates, 1990 and 2008 (per 1,000 live births) .................................................... 84
Figure 4.2 Infant Mortality Rates, 1990 and 2008 (per 1,000 live births)............................................................. 85
Figure 4.3 Percentage of 1-Year-Old Children Immunized Against Measles, 2000 and 2008 ............................. 86
Figure 4.4 Under-Five Mortality Rates and Immunization Against Measles........................................................ 87
Figure 5.1 Maternal Mortality Ratio, 2005 or Latest Year (per 100,000 live births) ............................................ 89
Figure 5.2 Percentage of Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel, 1995 and 2007 or Nearest Years .......... 90
Figure 5.3 Maternal Deaths and Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel, 2007 or Latest Year .................. 91
Figure 5.4 Percentage of Live Births with at Least One Antenatal Care Visit, Latest Year ................................. 92
Figure 6.1 Number of Adults Living with HIV, 2007 (per thousand population) ................................................ 96
Figure 6.2 Percentage of the Population with Advanced HIV Infection with Access
to Antiretroviral Drugs, 2006 and 2007 ............................................................................................... 97
Figure 6.3 Death Rates Associated with Tuberculosis, 1990 and 2008 (per 100,000 population) ....................... 97
Figure 7.1 Percentage of Protected Terrestrial and Marine Areas, 1990 and 2009 ............................................. 104
Figure 7.2 Per Capita Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, 1990 and 2007 or Nearest Year ..................................... 104
Figure 7.3 Per Capita Emissions of Carbon Dioxide in Five Industrialized Countries
and in the Five Most Populous Countries of Asia, 2007.................................................................... 105
Figure 7.4 Percentage of the Total Population with Access to Improved Water and Sanitation,
2008 or Latest Year ............................................................................................................................ 105
Figure 8.1 Debt Service as a Percentage of Exports of Goods and Services,
1990, 2000, and 2008 or Nearest Years ............................................................................................. 113
Figure 8.2 Telephone Lines and Cellular Phone Subscriptions, 2009 or Latest Year (per 100 population) ....... 114
Figure 8.3 Internet Users, 2009 (per 100 population) ......................................................................................... 115
Millennium Development Goals—Boxes
Box 1.1
Box 1.2
Box 2.1
Box 2.2
Box 3.1
Box 3.2
Box 3.3
Box 4.1
Box 4.2
Box 5.1
Box 5.2
Box 6.1
Box 7.1
Box 7.2
Progress toward Achieving the $1.25-a-day Target ............................................................................. 66
Progress toward the Hunger Target...................................................................................................... 67
Progress toward Primary School Enrollment ....................................................................................... 73
Progress toward Survival to Last Grade of Primary ............................................................................ 73
Progress toward Target for Gender Equality in Primary Education .................................................... 79
Progress toward Target for Gender Equality in Secondary Education ................................................ 79
Progress toward Target for Gender Equality in Tertiary Education .................................................... 80
Progress toward Target for Under 5 Mortality Rate ............................................................................ 85
Progress toward Target for Infant Mortality Rate ................................................................................ 86
Progress toward Target of Birth Attendance by Skilled Health Personnel .......................................... 91
Progress toward Target of at Least One Antenatal Care Visit ............................................................. 92
Incidence of Malaria, 2008 (per 100,000 population)......................................................................... 98
Progress toward Target for Proportion of Population with Access to Improved Drinking Water ..... 106
Progress toward Target for Proportion of Population Using Improved Sanitation Facilities ............ 106
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xii
PART III –
Regional Tables
Introduction to Regional Tables ......................................................................................................................... 121
People..................................................................................................................................................................... 125
Population
Table 1.1 Midyear population ........................................................................................................ 130
Table 1.2 Growth rates in population............................................................................................. 131
Table 1.3 Migration and urbanization ............................................................................................ 132
Table 1.4 Population aged 0–14 years ........................................................................................... 133
Table 1.5 Population aged 15–64 years ......................................................................................... 134
Table 1.6 Population aged 65 years and over ................................................................................ 135
Table 1.7 Age dependency ratio .................................................................................................... 136
Labor Force and Employment
Table 1.8 Labor force participation rate......................................................................................... 137
Table 1.9 Unemployment rate ........................................................................................................ 138
Table 1.10 Unemployment rate of 15–24-year-olds ........................................................................ 139
Table 1.11 Employment in agriculture ............................................................................................ 140
Table 1.12 Employment in industry ................................................................................................. 141
Table 1.13 Employment in services ................................................................................................. 142
Poverty Indicators
Table 1.14 Poverty and inequality .................................................................................................. 143
Table 1.15 Human development index ............................................................................................ 144
Social Indicators
Table 1.16 Life expectancy at birth ................................................................................................. 145
Table 1.17 Births, deaths, and fertility ............................................................................................. 146
Table 1.18 Primary education completion rate ................................................................................ 147
Table 1.19 Adult literacy rate .......................................................................................................... 148
Table 1.20 Education resources ....................................................................................................... 149
Table 1.21 Health care resources ..................................................................................................... 150
Table 1.22 Estimated number of adults living with HIV ................................................................. 151
Economy and Output ........................................................................................................................................... 152
National Accounts
Table 2.1 Gross domestic product at PPP ...................................................................................... 157
Table 2.2 GDP per capita at PPP ................................................................................................... 158
Table 2.3 GNI per capita, Atlas method ........................................................................................ 159
Table 2.4 Agriculture value added ................................................................................................. 160
Table 2.5 Industry value added ...................................................................................................... 161
Table 2.6 Services value added ...................................................................................................... 162
Table 2.7 Private consumption expenditure ................................................................................... 163
Table 2.8 Government consumption expenditure .......................................................................... 164
Table 2.9 Gross domestic capital formation .................................................................................. 165
Table 2.10 Exports of goods and services........................................................................................ 166
Table 2.11 Imports of goods and services........................................................................................ 167
Table 2.12 Gross domestic saving ................................................................................................... 168
Table 2.13 Growth rates of real GDP .............................................................................................. 169
Table 2.14 Growth rates of real GDP per capita .............................................................................. 170
Table 2.15 Growth rates of agriculture real value added ................................................................. 171
Table 2.16 Growth rates of industry real value added ..................................................................... 172
Table 2.17 Growth rates of services real value added ..................................................................... 173
Table 2.18 Growth rates of real private consumption expenditure .................................................. 174
Table 2.19 Growth rates of real government consumption expenditure .......................................... 175
Table 2.20 Growth rates of real gross domestic capital formation .................................................. 176
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xiii
Table 2.21
Table 2.22
Production
Table 2.23
Table 2.24
Growth rates of real exports of goods and services ....................................................... 177
Growth rates of real imports of goods and services ....................................................... 178
Growth rates of agriculture production index ................................................................ 179
Growth rates of manufacturing production index .......................................................... 180
Money, Finance, and Prices ................................................................................................................................. 181
Prices
Table 3.1 Growth rates of consumer price index ........................................................................... 186
Table 3.2 Growth rates of food consumer price index ................................................................... 187
Table 3.3 Growth rates of wholesale/producer price index ........................................................... 188
Table 3.4 Growth rates of GDP deflator ........................................................................................ 189
Money and Finance
Table 3.5 Growth rates of money supply (M2) .............................................................................. 190
Table 3.6 Money supply (M2) ....................................................................................................... 191
Table 3.7 Interest rate on savings deposits .................................................................................... 192
Table 3.8 Interest rate on time deposits of 12 months ................................................................... 193
Table 3.9 Lending interest rate ...................................................................................................... 194
Table 3.10 Yield on short-term treasury bills .................................................................................. 195
Table 3.11 Domestic credit provided by banking sector (percent of GDP) ..................................... 196
Table 3.12 Bank nonperfoming loans .............................................................................................. 197
Table 3.13 Growth rates of stock market price index ...................................................................... 198
Table 3.14 Stock market capitalization (US$ million) .................................................................... 199
Table 3.15 Stock market capitalization (percent of GDP) ............................................................... 200
Exchange Rates
Table 3.16 Official exchange rate .................................................................................................... 201
Table 3.17 Purchasing power parity conversion factor.................................................................... 202
Table 3.18 Price level indexes ......................................................................................................... 203
Globalization ......................................................................................................................................................... 204
Balance of Payments
Table 4.1 Trade in goods balance .................................................................................................. 208
Table 4.2 Trade in services balance ............................................................................................... 209
Table 4.3 Current account balance ................................................................................................. 210
Table 4.4 Workers’ remittances and compensation of employees, receipts (US$ million) ........... 211
Table 4.5 Workers’ remittances and compensation of employees, receipts (percent of GDP) ..... 212
Table 4.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (US$ million) ................................................... 213
Table 4.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (percent of GDP) .............................................. 214
External Trade
Table 4.8 Merchandise exports ...................................................................................................... 215
Table 4.9 Growth rates of merchandise exports ............................................................................ 216
Table 4.10 Merchandise imports ...................................................................................................... 217
Table 4.11 Growth rates of merchandise imports ............................................................................ 218
Table 4.12 Trade in goods................................................................................................................ 219
Table 4.13 Direction of trade: merchandise exports ........................................................................ 220
Table 4.14 Direction of trade: merchandise imports........................................................................ 221
International Reserves
Table 4.15 International reserves ..................................................................................................... 222
Table 4.16 Ratio of international reserves to imports ...................................................................... 223
Capital Flows
Table 4.17 Official flows from all sources to developing member countries .................................. 224
Table 4.18 Net private flows from all sources to developing member countries............................. 225
Table 4.19 Aggregate net resource flows from all sources to developing member countries ......... 226
External Indebtedness
Table 4.20 Total external debt of developing member countries (US$ million) ............................. 227
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xiv
Table 4.21 Total external debt of developing member countries (percent of GNI)......................... 228
Table 4.22 Total external debt of developing member countries
(percent of exports of goods, services, and income) ...................................................... 229
Table 4.23 Total debt service paid by developing member countries (US$ million) ...................... 230
Table 4.24 Total debt service paid by developing member countries
(percent of exports of goods, services, and income) ...................................................... 231
Tourism
Table 4.25 International tourists ...................................................................................................... 232
Table 4.26 International tourism, receipts ....................................................................................... 233
Transport, Electricity, and Communications .................................................................................................... 234
Transport
Table 5.1 Road indicators .............................................................................................................. 238
Table 5.2 Rail indicators ............................................................................................................... 240
Electricity
Table 5.3 Electricity production and sources ................................................................................. 241
Table 5.4 Electricity consumption and electrification .................................................................. 242
Communications
Table 5.5 Computer and broadband indicators .............................................................................. 243
Table 5.6 Expenditures on information and communications technology..................................... 244
Energy and Environment .................................................................................................................................... 245
Energy
Table 6.1 GDP per unit of energy use (constant 2005 PPP US$ per kilogram of oil equivalent) . 249
Table 6.2 Energy production (kilotons of oil equivalent) .............................................................. 250
Table 6.3 Energy imports, net (percent of energy use) .................................................................. 251
Environment
Table 6.4 Agriculture land use (percent of land area).................................................................... 252
Table 6.5 Deforestation and pollution............................................................................................ 253
Government and Governance ............................................................................................................................. 255
Government Finance
Table 7.1 Fiscal balance ................................................................................................................. 259
Table 7.2 Tax revenue .................................................................................................................... 260
Table 7.3 Total government revenue ............................................................................................. 261
Table 7.4 Total government expenditure ....................................................................................... 262
Table 7.5 Government expenditure on education .......................................................................... 263
Table 7.6 Government expenditure on health ................................................................................ 264
Table 7.7 Government expenditure on social security and welfare ............................................... 265
Governance
Table 7.8 Doing business start-up indicators ................................................................................. 266
Table 7.9 Corruption perceptions index ......................................................................................... 267
Regional Tables—Figures
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.4
Figure 1.5
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3a
Percentage Distribution of Population by Region, 2009 .................................................................... 125
Annual Percentage Growth of Population, 1990 and 2009 ................................................................ 126
Percentage of Population in Urban Areas, 1990 and 2009 or Latest Year ........................................ 126
Number of Physicians per 1,000 Population, 1990 and 2007 or Nearest Year .................................. 127
Change in Life Expectancy at Birth (Years) 1990–2008 or Nearest Year ......................................... 128
Percentage Distribution of GDP at PPP: Asia and Pacific Region in the World Economy, 2008 ..... 152
Percentage Distribution of GDP at PPP in the Asia and Pacific Region, 2009 ................................. 153
Per Capita GDP in PPP Terms: Higher Income Economies,
2000 and 2009 (thousand, current international dollars) ................................................................... 153
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xv
Figure 2.3b Per Capita GDP in PPP Terms: Lower Income Economies,
2000 and 2009 (thousand, current international dollars) ................................................................... 153
Figure 2.4 Top Twenty Economies in the World in Terms of GDP at PPP, 2008 .............................................. 154
Figure 2.5 Real GDP Growth, 2007, 2008, and 2009 ......................................................................................... 155
Figure 2.6 Exports of Goods and Services as a Percentage of GDP, 2007 and 2009 ......................................... 155
Figure 2.7 Private Consumption and Capital Formation as a Percentage of GDP,
Average of Latest Three Years .......................................................................................................... 156
Figure 3.1 Consumer Price Indexes, 2008 and 2009 ........................................................................................... 181
Figure 3.2 Price Increases for All Items and Food Components, 2009 ............................................................... 182
Figure 3.3 Growth of Money Supply, 2008 and 2009 ......................................................................................... 183
Figure 3.4 Bank Lending Rates, 2008 and 2009 ................................................................................................. 183
Figure 3.5 Percentage Fall in Dollar Exchange Rates, 2009 Compared with 2008 ............................................ 184
Figure 3.6a Price Indexes of Five Major Stock Markets (based on stock market capitalization; 2000=100) ...... 185
Figure 3.6b Price Indexes of Five Smaller Stock Markets (based on stock market capitalization; 2000=100) .... 185
Figure 4.1a Percentage Distribution of Merchandise Imports in the Asia and Pacific Region, 1995 ................... 204
Figure 4.1b Percentage Distribution of Merchandise Imports in the Asia and Pacific Region, 2009 ................... 204
Figure 4.2a Destination of Merchandise Exports, 2009 ........................................................................................ 205
Figure 4.2b Origin of Merchandise Imports, 2009 ................................................................................................ 205
Figure 4.3 Annual Growth in Merchandise Exports in US Dollars, 2007, 2008, and 2009 ................................ 205
Figure 4.4 Migrant Workers’ Remittances as a Percent of GDP, 2008 and 2009 ............................................... 206
Figure 4.5a International Tourist Arrivals ............................................................................................................. 206
Figure 4.5b International Tourism Receipts .......................................................................................................... 207
Figure 4.6 Net Inflows of Foreign Direct Investment, 2007 and 2009 ................................................................ 207
Figure 5.1 Distribution of Motor Vehicles in Asia and the Pacific, 2007 ........................................................... 234
Figure 5.2 Motor Vehicles per 1,000 People, 2007 or Latest Year ..................................................................... 235
Figure 5.3 Average Annual Percentage Growth in Road Networks, 1990 to Latest Year .................................. 235
Figure 5.4 Average Annual Percentage Growth of Rail Networks,
1990 or Nearest Year to 2008 or Latest Year .................................................................................... 236
Figure 5.5a Increase in Electricity Production (ratio: 2007/1990) ........................................................................ 236
Figure 5.5b Sources of Electricity, 2007 (percentage distribution) ....................................................................... 237
Figure 6.1a Percentage Breakdown of Energy Production by Region, 2007 ........................................................ 245
Figure 6.1b Shares of Total Energy Production in the Asia and Pacific Region, 2000 and 2007 ......................... 245
Figure 6.2 Net Energy Imports as Percent of Energy Use, Average, 2005–2007 ............................................... 246
Figure 6.3 GDP per Unit of Energy, 2000 and 2007 (constant 2005 PPP$ per kilogram of oil equivalent) ...... 247
Figure 6.4 Water Pollution: BOD in Kilograms per Day per Worker, 1990 and 2007 or Nearest Years .......... 248
Figure 7.1 Fiscal Deficits as a Percentage of GDP, 2008 and 2009 .................................................................... 255
Figure 7.2 Tax Revenue as a Percentage of GDP, 2008 and 2009 ...................................................................... 256
Figure 7.3 Government Expenditure on Education as a Percentage of GDP, 2008 and 2009 ............................ 256
Figure 7.4 Government Expenditure on Social Security
and Welfare as a Percentage of GDP, 2008 and 2009 ....................................................................... 257
Figure 7.5 Number of Days Required to Register a Business, 2005 and 2009 ................................................... 257
Figure 7.6 Corruption Perceptions Index, 2005 and 2009 ................................................................................... 258
Regional Tables—Boxes
Box 1
Box 1.1
Box 5.1
Box 6.1
PART IV –
What are Purchasing Power Parities? ................................................................................................ 122
Asia and the Pacific Economies Ranked by the Human Development Index, 2007
(out of 182 economies)....................................................................................................................... 128
Estimated Number of Personal Computers per 100 Persons, 2008 or Latest Year............................ 237
Consumption of CFC, 2008 (ODP Metric Tons) ............................................................................... 247
Definitions
Millennium Development Goals ............................................................................................................................ 271
Regional Tables ...................................................................................................................................................... 277
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xvi
Statistical Partners
The preparation and publication of Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010 would not have been possible without
the support, assistance, and cooperation of the Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) partners in its regional members and
in international, private, and nongovernment organizations. These partners, who shared their data, knowledge, expertise,
and other information, help provide ADB, policy makers, and other data users a better understanding of the performance
of countries around the Asia and Pacific region so that better policies can be formulated to improve the quality of life of
people around the region.
REGIONAL MEMBERS
Afghanistan
Central Statistics Organization
Da Afghanistan Bank
Armenia
Central Bank of Armenia
National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia
Australia
Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Reserve Bank of Australia
Azerbaijan
Central Bank of Azerbaijan
State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Bangladesh Bank
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
Ministry of Finance
Bhutan
Ministry of Finance
National Statistics Bureau
Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Department of Statistics
Ministry of Finance
Cambodia
Ministry of Economy and Finance
National Bank of Cambodia
National Institute of Statistics
China, People’s Republic of
National Bureau of Statistics
People’s Bank of China
State Administration of Foreign Exchange
Cook Islands
Cook Islands Statistics Office
Ministry of Finance and Economic Management
Fiji Islands
Bureau of Statistics
Reserve Bank of Fiji
Georgia
National Statistics Office
Ministry of Finance of Georgia
National Bank of Georgia
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xvii
Hong Kong, China
Census and Statistics Department
Hong Kong Monetary Authority
India
Central Statistical Organization
Ministry of Finance
Reserve Bank of India
Indonesia
Bank Indonesia
Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS-Statistics Indonesia)
Japan
Bank of Japan
Economic and Social Research Institute
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Ministry of Finance
Statistics Bureau
Kazakhstan
Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan
National Bank of Kazakhstan
Kiribati
Kiribati National Statistics Office
Korea, Republic of
Bank of Korea
Ministry of Strategy and Finance
Statistics Korea
Kyrgyz Republic
National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic
National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic
Lao People’s Democratic
Republic
Bank of the Lao PDR
Department of Statistics
Ministry of Finance
Malaysia
Bank Negara Malaysia
Department of Statistics
Maldives
Maldives Monetary Authority
Ministry of Finance and Treasury
Ministry of Planning and National Development
Marshall Islands, Republic of
Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office
Micronesia, Federated States of
Division of Statistics
Office of Statistics & ICT, Budget and Economic Management
Overseas Development Assistance and Compact Management
Mongolia
Bank of Mongolia
National Statistical Office of Mongolia
Myanmar
Central Bank of Myanmar
Central Statistical Organization
Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development
Nauru
Nauru Bureau of Statistics
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xviii
Nepal
Central Bureau of Statistics
Ministry of Finance
Nepal Rastra Bank
New Zealand
Ministry of Economic Development
Reserve Bank of New Zealand
Statistics New Zealand
The Treasury
Pakistan
Federal Bureau of Statistics
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Statistics
Ministry of Finance
State Bank of Pakistan
Palau
Office of Planning and Statistics, Bureau of Budget and Planning
Papua New Guinea
Bank of Papua New Guinea
Department of Treasury
National Statistical Office
Philippines
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
Bureau of the Treasury
Department of Budget and Management
Department of Energy
National Statistical Coordination Board
National Statistics Office
Samoa
Central Bank of Samoa
Samoa Bureau of Statistics
Treasury Department of Samoa
Singapore
Economic Development Board
International Enterprise Singapore
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Manpower
Monetary Authority of Singapore
Singapore Department of Statistics
Solomon Islands
Central Bank of Solomon Islands
Statistics Office
Sri Lanka
Central Bank of Sri Lanka
Department of Census and Statistics
Taipei,China
Central Bank of China
Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics
Ministry of Education
Ministry of Finance
Tajikistan
National Bank of Tajikistan
State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Tajikistan
(Goskomstat)
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xix
Thailand
Bank of Thailand
Ministry of Finance
National Economic and Social Development Board
National Statistical Office
Timor-Leste
Banking and Payments Authority of Timor-Leste
National Statistics Directorate
Tonga
National Reserve Bank of Tonga
Statistics Department
Turkmenistan
National Institute of State Statistics and Information
(Turkmenmillihasabat)
Tuvalu
Central Statistics Division, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning
Uzbekistan
Cabinet of Ministers, Government of Uzbekistan
Center for Effective Economic Policy, Ministry of Economy of Uzbekistan
Central Bank of Uzbekistan
Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan
State Committee on Statistics of Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Ministry of Finance and Economic Management
Reserve Bank of Vanuatu
Vanuatu National Statistics Office
Viet Nam
General Statistics Office
Ministry of Finance
State Bank of Viet Nam
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xx
INTERNATIONAL, PRIVATE, AND NONGOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS
CEIC Data Company Ltd.
Energy Information Administration
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Food and Agriculture Organization
German Agency for Technical Cooperation
ICF Macro
International Energy Agency
International Labour Organization
International Monetary Fund
International Road Federation
International Telecommunication Union
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Secretariat of the Pacific Community
Transparency International
United Nations Children’s Fund
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
United Nations Population Division
United Nations Statistics Division
United Nations World Tourism Organization
United Nations University–World Institute for Development Economics Research
United States Department of Energy
World Bank
World Health Organization
World Resources Institute
World Values Survey Organization
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xxi
Guide for Users
The Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific has the following structure. The Highlights section presents key summaries
of the various parts of the publication. Part I contains a special chapter that varies every year and deals with a special
topic on policy issues, measurement issues, or development challenges. This year’s special chapter looks at Asia’s rising
middle class, its implications for future development, and relevant policies.
Part II comprises the indicators for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The indicators are presented
according to the United Nations revised MDG framework, which was expanded in January 2008 to include new targets
for full and productive employment and decent work for all, access to reproductive health, access to treatment for HIV/
AIDS, and protection of biodiversity, as agreed by member states at the 2005 World Summit. This year’s Key Indicators
2010 includes as many of the indicators for the new targets as possible. Tables in Part II present each MDG target and
contain indicators associated with that target.
Part III consists of 110 regional tables, which are not part of the MDG framework. To help readers identify the
indicators more easily, the regional tables are grouped into seven themes: People; Economy and Output; Money, Finance,
and Prices; Globalization; Transport, Electricity, and Communications; Energy and Environment; and Government and
Governance. Each theme is further divided into subtopics. Accompanying tables in Part III contain indicators related to
a subtopic.
The MDGs and themes in Parts II and III start with a short commentary with charts and boxes describing progress
made by countries toward selected targets and key trends of selected indicators. Accompanying statistical tables are
disaggregated into developing and developed member countries of ADB. The developing member countries are further
divided into country groups aligned with those of ADB’s regional departments.
Finally, Part IV defines the indicators in the MDGs and regional tables. The publication also has a CD-ROM
containing Parts I, II, III, and IV, plus individual country tables for the 48 regional members of ADB. The four parts
and country tables are also available on ADB’s website at www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2010/
default.asp.
Data for the MDG indicators, regional tables, and country tables are mainly obtained from two sources: ADB’s
statistical partners in regional members, and international statistical agencies. Data obtained from the regional members
are comparable to the extent that the regional members follow standard statistical concepts, definitions, and estimation
methods recommended by the United Nations and other applicable international agencies. Nevertheless, regional
members invariably develop and use their own concepts, definitions, and estimation methodologies to suit their individual
circumstances; and these may not necessarily comply with the recommended international standards. Thus, even though
attempts are made to present the data in a comparable and uniform format, they are subject to variations in the statistical
methods used by regional members, such that full comparability of data may not be possible. These variations are reflected
in the footnotes of the statistical tables.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xxii
General Guidelines
The data cut-off date for this issue is mostly July 2010.
Twenty-four regional members have varying fiscal years not corresponding to the calendar year. Whenever the statistical
series (for example, national accounts or government finance) are compiled on a fiscal year basis, these are presented
under single year captions corresponding to the period in which most of the fiscal year falls, as follows:
Regional Members
Fiscal Year
Year Caption
Afghanistan
Cook Islands (before 1990)
Cook Islands (after 1990)
21 March 2009–20 March 2010
1 April 1990–31 March 1991
1 July 2008–30 June 2009
2009
1990
2009
Brunei Darussalam (after 2002)
Hong Kong, China
India
Japan
Myanmar
New Zealand
Singapore
1 April 2009–31 March 2010
2009
Indonesia (until 1999)
1 April 1999–31 March 2000
1999
Australia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Nauru
Pakistan
Samoa
Tonga
1 July 2008–30 June 2009
2009
Taipei,China (until 1999)
1 July 1999–30 June 2000
2000
Nepal
16 July 2008–15 July 2009
2009
1 October 2008–30 September 2009
2009
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
(after 1992)
Marshall Islands, Republic of the
Micronesia, Federated States of
Palau
Thailand
Key Symbols
…
–
0 or 0.0
*
I
>
<
Data not available at cut-off date
Magnitude equals zero
Magnitude is less than half of unit employed
Provisional/preliminary/estimate/budget figure
Marks break in series
Greater than
Less than
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xxiii
≥
≤
na
Greater than or equal to
Less than or equal to
Not applicable
Measurement Units
kg
km
kWh
kt
kilogram
kilometer
kilowatt-hour
kiloton
Abbreviations and Acronyms
ADB
AIDS
ADO
APEC
ASEAN
ASI
BMI
BOI
BOP
BOD
BPNG
BPS
BSID
CEIC
CFC
CGE
CHIP
cif
CO2
CPI
CRC
CVD
DAC
DMC
DOTS
DTI
fob
FAO
FDI
FIES
GCF
GDP
GNI
GTAP
HDI
HIV
IADB
ICP
ILO
IMF
ISIC
IT
Asian Development Bank
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Asian Development Outlook
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Annual Survey of Industries
body mass index
Board of Investments
balance of payments
biochemical oxygen demand
Bank of Papua New Guinea
Badan Pusat Statistik
Bureau of Supporting Industries Development
CEIC Data Company Ltd.
chlorofluorocarbon
calibrated general equilibrium
Chinese Household Income Project
cost, insurance, and freight
carbon dioxide
consumer price index
Citizen’s Report Card
cardiovascular disease
Development Assistance Committee
developing member country
Directly Observed Treatment Short Course
Department of Trade and Industry
free on board
Food and Agriculture Organization
foreign direct investment
Family Income and Expenditure Survey
gross capital formation
gross domestic product
gross national income
Global Trade Analysis Project
human development index
human immunodeficiency virus
Inter-American Development Bank
International Comparison Program
International Labour Organization
International Monetary Fund
International Standard Industrial Classification
information technology
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xxiv
ITU
KCGF
KILM
KOTEC
Lao PDR
LCU
LE
LFS
MDG
MMF
NCEUS
NGO
NIE
NMCC
NSO – CES
NSS
NSSO
OECD
ODP
PLI
PPP
PRC
R&D
RBF
RBI
ROW
Rs
SDR
SITC
SME
SNA
SPC
SUSENAS
TB
TVEs
UNDP
UNECE
UNESCO
UNICEF
UNIDO
UNU-WIDER
UNWTO
US
USD
WBES
WGI
WHO
WIID
WVS
International Telecommunication Union
Korea Credit Guarantee Fund
Key Indicators of the Labour Market
Korea Technology Credit Guarantee Fund
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
local currency unit
large enterprise
Labor Force Survey
Millennium Development Goal
money market fund
National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector
non-government organizations
newly industrialized economy
National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council
National Statistics Office – Consumer Expenditure Survey
National Sample Survey
National Sample Survey Organization
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
ozone-depleting potential
price level index
purchasing power parity
People’s Republic of China
research and development
Reserve Bank of Fiji
Reserve Bank of India
rest of the world
Indian Rupees
Special Drawing Rights
Standard International Trade Classification
small and medium-size enterprise
System of National Accounts
Secretariat of the Pacific Community
National Socioeconomic Survey
tuberculosis
Township and Village Enterprises
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
United Nations Children’s Fund
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
United Nations University – World Institute for Development
Economics Research
United Nations World Tourism Organization
United States
United States Dollar
World Bank Enterprise Survey
World Governance Indicators
World Health Organization
World Income Inequality Database
World Values Survey
Unless otherwise indicated, “$” refers to United States dollars.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xxv
Highlights of Key Indicators 2010
The Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010 is the flagship annual statistical data book of the Asian
Development Bank (ADB). It presents the latest available economic, financial, social, environmental, and
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) indicators for regional members of ADB. Data are grouped under
MDG and Regional Tables. Nontechnical explanations and brief analyses of the MDG achievements and
economic, financial, social, and environmental developments are included. The regional tables are largely
based on a comprehensive set of country tables. The country tables are not available in printed form but are
available in CD-ROM and through ADB’s website at www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2010/
Country.asp. The special chapter in Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010 “The Rise of Asia’s Middle
Class” looks at the growth and impacts of the region’s rapidly expanding middle class, and resulting economic
and policy implications.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xxvi
PART I: Special Chapter
The Rise of Asia’s Middle Class
Strong economic growth in Asia over the past two decades has been accompanied by the emergence of a sizable
middle class and a significant reduction in poverty. Consumption expenditures in developing Asia, primarily
by the middle class, have increased rapidly as a result, reaching about a third of those of the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development countries.
The special chapter addresses the implications of Asia’s growing middle class for the global economy and for
poverty reduction in the region. In particular, it argues that the middle class may hold the key to a rebalancing of
economies toward consumption and away from a heavy reliance on external demand, as well as to greater and
more efficient poverty reduction and inclusive growth.
It presents original evidence based on research and studies of selected Asian countries that show the value
in focusing on the middle class and developing appropriate policies to foster its development. Policies that
encourage the creation of, and access to, more well-paid jobs and more advanced education and health care to
help prevent the more vulnerable members of the new middle class from falling back into poverty are highly
important. At the same time, innovative policies are needed to mitigate the additional environmental constraints
and health concerns that will accompany these trends.
Among the chapter’s important messages:
•
Developing Asia’s middle class has increased rapidly in size and purchasing power as strong economic
growth in the past two decades has helped reduce poverty significantly and lift previously poor
households into the middle class. By 2008, it had risen to 56% of the population—or nearly 1.9 billion
people—up from 21% in 1990, using an absolute definition of per capita consumption of $2–$20 per day
(based on survey data in 2005 PPP $); expenditures had increased almost three-fold, compared to more
marginal increases in all other regional economies in the OECD.
•
Asia's emerging consumers are likely to assume the traditional role of the US and European middle
classes as global consumers, and to play a key role in rebalancing the world's economy. Consumer
spending in developing Asia, primarily by the middle class, was surprisingly resilient during the recession.
It reached an estimated $4.3 trillion in annual expenditures in 2008 (based on per capita consumption >$2)—
nearly a third of private consumption in the OECD. Assuming consumption expenditures in Asia continue
to grow at roughly the same rate as the past 20 years, by 2030 developing Asia will likely reach $32 trillion
in annual expenditures and comprise about 43% of worldwide consumption.
Asia’s Emerging Middle Class: Past, Present, and Future
•
While there are many definitions of middle class, this special chapter of Key Indicators 2010 uses an
absolute definition of per capita daily consumption of $2–$20. This includes the lower-middle class ($2–
$4), the “middle-middle” class ($4–$10) living above subsistence and able to save and consume nonessential
goods, and the upper-middle class ($10–$20). By this definition, in 2008 much of developing Asia’s middle
class remained in the $2–$4 range. The PRC’s middle class is larger than all others in absolute size, after
adding 800 million people during 1990–2008. By population share, however, Azerbaijan, Malaysia, Thailand,
Kazakhstan, and Georgia are ahead.
•
Even though the Asian middle class has significantly lower income and spending relative to the
Western middle class, its growth in expenditures has been remarkable and its absolute levels are
commanding. The continued rise of Asia’s middle class will require governments to introduce policies that
bolster the incomes of those already in the middle class, and social policies to expand the middle class, such
as through greater spending on education and health.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xxvii
•
Over the next 20 years, with the appropriate middle-class friendly policies focused on human capital
and better jobs, Asia can continue and even accelerate poverty reduction and livelihood advancement,
although the process will be uneven across the region. Projections suggest that by 2030 much of developing
Asia will have attained middle and upper class majorities. The PRC and India are expected to provide the
largest number of new middle class, and smaller countries will see faster or slower emergence depending on
the absorption of their resource base and labor forces into higher value added supply chains.
The Middle Class and Their Values: A Profile
•
In profile, the middle class differs from the poor and the rich simply because many household
characteristics are strongly correlated with living standards. Compared to the poor, it is less connected
to agriculture, less likely to own land and less likely to be wage laborers. It is much more likely to hold
salaried jobs, has a greater propensity for migration, a higher propensity to seek more expensive medical
care when ill, and has fewer children and invests more in health, nutrition, and schooling. The middle class
is also better educated, and more geographically concentrated (in urban areas or along coasts).
•
The rise in class status is largely correlated with a rise in progressive values that are highly conducive
to strong economic growth. In particular, the middle class are more likely to have values aligned with
greater market competition, greater gender equality, perceptions of upward mobility, and more investment
in science and technology than those of the poor. In general, East Asia appears to be more progressive than
other regional economies and this may in part explain its higher rates of growth.
Determinants of Middle Class Emergence
•
Economic growth is critical to both poverty reduction and the rise of the middle class, but reducing
income inequality also plays a key role in the rise of a middle class. Brazil and the Republic of Korea
both grew rapidly at about 6% per year between 1965 and the 1980s. But because of Brazil’s high income
inequality, its middle class was just 29% of the population, compared to Republic of Korea’s 53%, at the
end of the respective time periods.
•
The PRC and India will emerge with bigger spending power because of their large middle classes. But
India has some advantage in this area: its consumer products companies have recognized the need to reach
rural consumers to succeed, fuelling intense innovation in the development of low-cost products and services
(frugal innovation). Indeed, Indian companies are now world leaders in designing and marketing low-priced
products and services geared to low-income consumers. The PRC can accelerate its shift from exportoriented and investment-led growth to personal consumption-led growth, while supporting the development
of its middle class by raising the share of household income in GDP directly through macroeconomic policy
changes.
•
Ultimately, two factors drive the creation and sustenance of a middle class: (i) stable, secure, wellpaid jobs with good benefits, and (ii) higher education. Our examination shows a large portion of the
middle class (in the Philippines, India, and the PRC) have jobs providing stable incomes in comparison to
the largely self-employed poor. The experience of fostering the creation of large middle classes in other
countries, such as the United States, also underscores the importance of education in the process.
•
A large number of middle-class individuals in the vulnerable $2–$4 income range may have slipped
back into poverty during the global recession of 2008–09. While it is still too early to tell, the experience
in the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis lends weight to these concerns. Indonesian surveys in 1996 and 1999,
just before and after the crisis, show that middle class individuals ($2–$20) fell by 4.8 million or roughly 10%
of the middle class population. The evidence strongly indicates that the formation of stable jobs, increased
education, and safety nets can reduce vulnerability to such shocks and increase the chances of remaining
middle class.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xxviii
Implications of Middle Class Growth
•
The appearance of a large Asian middle class has already raised the consumption of consumer
durables, and is likely to continue to do so as policies shift in favor of domestic consumption. Sales
of refrigerators, television sets, mobile phones, and automobiles have surged in virtually every country in
recent years. Car sales in the PRC and India have increased at a staggering 15%-30% a year during the past
decade. From 1998 to 2009, Indian car sales went from about 0.3 million units to 1.5 million annually. The
PRC and India are now the world’s first and second largest markets for mobile phones.
•
The rise of the Asian middle class has led to “frugal innovation” as companies respond to its
lower income levels and differing consumer demands. Illustrating this point are such new products
as India’s $2,200 ‘Nano car’ (by Tata Motors), or the $12 lithium-ion battery (by the PRC’s BYD
Lithium Battery Co.). As a result, emerging market companies are fast becoming serious players on the
global business stage, but also potentially adding value and growth to the middle class by creating new
avenues for stable employment.
•
The middle class is helping to improve accountability in public services through more vocal demands
for better services. It is better positioned to do so through its better education and greater awareness of
rights. Its demands are usually self-serving, but the poor benefit just as much. The middle class is the main
source of the leaders and activists who create and operate many of the non-governmental organizations that
work for greater accountability in government.
•
Many of the same policies that are good for growth, such as fiscal discipline, sound monetary policies,
improved infrastructure, and reduced trade volatility, may also foster middle class growth. While
the analysis provides no evidence of a significant direct middle class effect on growth, it does suggest that
policies bolstering the middle class may have benefits not only for economic growth, but also provide more
cost-effective, long-term poverty reduction than policies that focus solely on the poor.
Possible Adverse Consequences of the Rise of Asia’s Middle Class
•
The growth of Asia’s middle class in the last two decades has been accompanied by effects such
as new environmental and ecological problems, a rise in obesity, and an increase in chronic, noncommunicable diseases. None of these issues should be overstated; the expansion of the middle class will
clearly and substantially improve the quality of life in Asia. Nonetheless, it is likely that policymakers will
have to address both the health and environmental concerns so that these important facets of sustainable
development do not become serious constraints to middle class growth.
The rise of Asia’s middle class is playing an important role in the region’s economic resurgence. It is contributing
to the shift in the world’s center of economic gravity toward Asia. It offers the potential for greater poverty
reduction, more political stability, economic innovation, and improved living standards. Its growth, and the
consequences of it, influence and are influenced by the policy environment in which they develop. Through
its sheer size and dynamism, it will present some policy challenges, but also hold unimaginable potential
opportunities for the region and for the world.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xxix
PART II: Millennium Development Goals
• MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
About two thirds of the Asia and Pacific economies are expected to reach the poverty reduction target by
2015, although the global economic crisis may hinder progress and increase the depth of poverty in some
cases. Further, half of the economies are unlikely to meet the target of cutting the percentages of underweight
children. Vulnerable employment continues to be high in most economies.
• MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
Primary school enrollment ratios are high and rising in most economies and more than half are expected
to meet the target by 2015. Fewer, however, will reach the target for ensuring that the pupils who start
grade one reach the last grade of primary education.
• MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
Gender equality in primary and secondary school enrollments is on track in many economies of the region,
but fewer will achieve gender parity for tertiary enrollment. Several countries have ratios more favorable to
girls than boys in secondary and tertiary education. Compared with 2000, women are now better represented
in national parliaments.
• MDG 4: Reduce Child Mortality
Both infant and child mortality rates have been declining since 1990 but the prospects of reducing these rates
to the target of one-third of their 1990 value by 2015 are bleak in most economies. Programs to immunize
infants against measles are achieving good coverage in most countries.
• MDG 5: Improve Maternal Health
Maternal mortality rates remain unacceptably high in many economies. About half of the economies are
expected to meet the MDG target of providing at least one antenatal care visit, but less than half are likely
to meet the MDG target of reducing by three-quarters the number of births that are not attended by a skilled
health personnel.
• MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other Diseases
HIV is a serious problem for several economies in Southeast Asia, and in most economies less than 40%
of HIV sufferers are receiving antiretroviral drugs. Most economies have made good progress in reducing
death rates from tuberculosis despite continued high incidence rates.
• MDG 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Between 1990 and 2009, the proportion of the land and territorial water that countries set aside for
protection of biological diversity rose in almost all the Asia and Pacific economies. About half of the
economies for which data are available are expected to reach the MDG target for improved drinking
water, but achieving the target for improved sanitation facilities remains challenging for many.
• MDG 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development
The burden of debt has been getting lighter since 1990 in most economies due both to international initiatives
and strong economic growth. The spread of cellular phones has been dramatic throughout the region but the
“digital divide” as measured by internet users per 100 population is still wide. In most economies, fewer than
20 persons in a hundred use the internet.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xxx
PART III: Region at a Glance
• People
The population growth rate of developing economies in the Asia and Pacific region slowed to less than 1.1%
in 2009 compared with 1.7% two decades earlier. Urbanization is increasing throughout the region. In most
economies, women who already had longer life expectancies than men in 1990, have also achieved the largest
increases since then.
• Economy and Output
Of the top 5 global economies in terms of GDP at PPP, three economies – the People’s Republic of China,
India, and Japan are in Asia. GDP growth rates in 2009 were lower than in 2008 in most economies and real
GDP actually declined in nearly half of the economies. However, the five most populous economies in the
region all registered positive growth, defying the global economic crisis. Export markets weakened and the
shares of exports in GDP were lower in almost all economies.
• Money, Finance, and Prices
Inflation rates fell sharply throughout the region in 2009, and in some cases, consumer prices on average were
lower than in 2008. Since 2000, Asian currencies had generally been strengthening against the US dollar but
in 2009, dollar exchange rates of almost all Asian currencies were sharply down. Growth of the money supply
accelerated in most economies as governments implemented stimulus packages to address the impact of global
economic crisis.
• Globalization
Merchandise exports fell markedly in 2009 in the region after registering good growth in 2007 and 2008.
International tourist arrivals and receipts were down in most popular destinations in 2009. Total migrant
workers’ remittances were lower in US dollar terms in 2009 compared with 2008, but converted to local
currencies, remittances were higher in most economies.
• Transport, Electricity, and Communications
Road networks are expanding and unpaved roads are being upgraded in most economies. Industrialization
and household electrification have led to massive increases in electricity production, with most of it still
generated by coal and other fossil fuels. In most economies of the region, personal computers per 100
persons are well below the levels of developed economies.
• Energy and Environment
Almost half the total energy in the region is now produced by the People’s Republic of China, whose
energy production has been growing at an annual rate of 8% since 2000. Measured by energy use per unit
of GDP, most Asian economies are becoming more energy-efficient. Over half of the economies are now
chlorofluorocarbon-free, but water pollution remains a problem.
• Government and Governance
The global economic crisis has increased fiscal deficits and reduced tax revenues as a percentage of GDP
in 2009 in most economies, but not to the detriment of government expenditures on education and on
social security and welfare. The Asia and Pacific region has some of the economies perceived to be least
corrupt, and some perceived to be most corrupt in the world. Corruption is perceived to have decreased in
11 economies but got worse in 21 between 2005 and 2009.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xxxi
Figure H1 Economies with More than 10% of Population Below the Minimal Level
of Dietary Consumption, Latest Year
Mongolia
Bangladesh
Tajikistan
Cambodia
Timor-Leste
Pakistan
Armenia
India
Sri Lanka
Lao PDR
Thailand
Myanmar
Indonesia
Nepal
Philippines
Viet Nam
Uzbekistan
Georgia
Azerbaijan
China, People's Rep. of*
In 20 economies in the
Asia and Pacific region,
including the five most
populous, at least
10% of the population
is undernourished. In
Bangladesh, Mongolia,
and Tajikistan, the food
intake of more than a
quarter of the population
does not meet the
minimum requirement for
dietary energy.
0
10
20
30
40
* Includes Hong Kong, China; Macao, China; and Taipei,China.
Figure H2 Percentage of Children Starting Grade 1 and Reaching Last Grade of Primary,
1999 and 2007 or Nearest Year
Hong Kong, China
High rates of primary
school enrollment have
been achieved in many
economies; however, too
many children still leave
before completing the last
grade.
China, People's Rep. of
Kazakhstan
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
Azerbaijan
Brunei Darussalam
Korea, Rep. of
Kyrgyz Republic
Sri Lanka
Between 1999 and 2007
the percentages of
children reaching the final
grade even fell in some
economies. The global
crisis could see more
children dropping out.
Armenia
Samoa
Fiji Islands
Georgia
Mongolia
Malaysia
Tonga
Bhutan
Viet Nam
Kiribati
Indonesia
Vanuatu
Philippines
Pakistan
Myanmar
Lao PDR
India
Nepal
Bangladesh
Cambodia
0
20
40
1999
60
80
100
2007
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xxxii
Figure H3 Tertiary Education Female–Male Enrollment
Ratios, 2008 or Nearest Year
Maldives
Palau
Brunei Darussalam
Tonga
Mongolia
Kazakhstan
Myanmar
Kyrgyz Republic
Marshall Islands
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
Armenia
Fiji Islands
Georgia
Taipei,China
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Samoa
Indonesia
Pakistan
Azerbaijan
Lao PDR
Viet Nam
Timor-Leste
India
Korea, Rep. of
Uzbekistan
Bhutan
Vanuatu
Bangladesh
Cambodia
Nepal
Tajikistan
Afghanistan
In half of the economies
(green bars), more women
are in tertiary education
than men.
In the Maldives, five
women are in tertiary
education for every two
men; in Afghanistan,
there are nearly four
men enrolled in tertiary
education for every
woman.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Figure H4 Under-Five Mortality Rates, 1990 and 2008
(per 1,000 live births)
Singapore
Korea, Rep. of
Malaysia
Brunei Darussalam
Viet Nam
Thailand
Palau
Cook Islands
Sri Lanka
Fiji Islands
Tonga
China, People's Rep. of
Armenia
Samoa
Maldives
Kazakhstan
Georgia
Philippines
Vanuatu
Tuvalu
Solomon Islands
Marshall Islands
Azerbaijan
Uzbekistan
Kyrgyz Republic
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Indonesia
Mongolia
Kiribati
Turkmenistan
Nepal
Bangladesh
Lao PDR
Tajikistan
Papua New Guinea
India
Bhutan
Pakistan
Cambodia
Timor-Leste
Myanmar
Between 1990 and 2008, all
economies (except Vanuatu)
had reduced their child
mortality rates, with 15
cutting their rates by at least
half. However, the reductions
achieved are not enough and
only a few economies are
expected to meet the MDG
target by 2015.
0
50
100
1990
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
150
2008
200
xxxiii
Figure H5 Number of Adults Living with HIV, 2007
(per thousand population)
Thailand
Papua New Guinea
Cambodia
Myanmar
Viet Nam
Malaysia
Nepal
India
Tajikistan
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Azerbaijan
Singapore
Kyrgyz Republic
Kazakhstan
Armenia
Georgia
Uzbekistan
Pakistan
China, People's Rep. of
Korea, Rep. of
Sri Lanka
Philippines
Bangladesh
HIV/AIDS is a particularly
serious problem for Papua
New Guinea and Thailand
and for other countries in
Southeast Asia. In most
economies, less than half
of those who need them
have access to antiretroviral drugs.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Figure H6 Percentage of Births Attended by a Skilled Health Personnel,
1995 and 2007 or Nearest Years
Palau
Uzbekistan
Armenia
Kazakhstan
Turkmenistan
Mongolia
Fiji Islands
Brunei Darussalam
Sri Lanka
China, People's Rep. of
Georgia
Cook Islands
Malaysia
Tuvalu
Kyrgyz Republic
Thailand
Tonga
Tajikistan
Azerbaijan
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Viet Nam
Marshall Islands
Maldives
Indonesia
Vanuatu
Bhutan
Solomon Islands
Kiribati
Philippines
Myanmar
Papua New Guinea
India
Cambodia
Pakistan
Lao PDR
Nepal
Timor-Leste
Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Attendance at birth by
skilled health personnel
is a key measure to
prevent maternal deaths.
In 2007, less than 50%
of births were attended
by a health professional
in 8 economies including
three of the five most
populous—Bangladesh,
India, and Pakistan.
0
20
40
1995
60
80
100
2007
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xxxiv
Figure H7 Per Capita Emissions of Carbon Dioxide in Five Industrialized Countries and in the Five
Most Populous Countries of Asia, 2007 (metric tons)
United States
18.9
Canada
16.9
Germany
9.6
United Kingdom
8.9
France
6.0
China, People's Rep. of
4.9
Indonesia
1.8
India
1.4
Pakistan
0.9
Bangladesh
0.3
0
5
10
15
20
In 2007, each resident in the
United States was emitting
as much carbon dioxide as
four people in the People’s
Republic of China, or 11 in
Indonesia, 14 in India, 21 in
Pakistan, or 63 in Bangladesh.
If the huge populations of these
five economies were to emit
carbon dioxide at the per capita
levels currently typical of the
industrialized countries, the
consequences for global climate
change would be catastrophic.
Figure H8 Number of Internet Users, 2009
(per 100 population)
The digital divide is
a three-way split in
developing economies.
Six relatively rich
economies have between
58 and 82 internet
users; 11 economies in
the middle group have
between 26 and 43; and
the remaining majority,
27 economies, below 17
per 100 population.
Korea, Rep. of
Brunei Darussalam
Singapore
Taipei,China
Hong Kong, China
Malaysia
Tuvalu
Azerbaijan
Kyrgyz Republic
Kazakhstan
Georgia
Cook Islands
China, People's Rep. of
Maldives
Viet Nam
Palau
Thailand
Uzbekistan
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Fiji Islands
Mongolia
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Sri Lanka
Indonesia
Tonga
Bhutan
Vanuatu
Armenia
Philippines
India
Samoa
Lao PDR
Marshall Islands
Afghanistan
Nepal
Kiribati
Solomon Islands
Papua New Guinea
Turkmenistan
Cambodia
Bangladesh
Myanmar
Timor-Leste
0
20
40
60
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
80
100
xxxv
Figure H9 Change in Life Expectancy at Birth (Years),
1990 to 2008 or Nearest Year
Nepal
In almost all economies,
women live longer than
men. Since 1990, the
gap has been widening
and in most economies,
women have lengthened
their lives even more
compared to men.
Bangladesh
Indonesia
Viet Nam
Korea, Rep. of
India
Philippines
Singapore
Cambodia
Pakistan
China, People's Rep. of
Taipei,China
Sri Lanka
Malaysia
Japan
New Zealand
Australia
Myanmar
Afghanistan
Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
Thailand
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
Males
8
10
12
14
Females
Figure H10 Top Twenty Economies in the World in Terms of GDP at PPP, 2008
(percent of global GDP)
Of the Top 5 global economies
in terms of GDP at PPP,
three are in Asia. It is widely
believed that Japan is the
second largest economy in the
world. When the comparison
is made in real terms (using
purchasing power parities), the
People’s Republic of China is
clearly the second largest, and
going by past growth rates,
could overtake the United
States by 2020.
United States
China, People's Rep. of
Japan
India
Germany
Russian Federation
United Kingdom
France
Brazil
Italy
Mexico
Spain
Korea, Rep. of
Canada
Turkey
Indonesia
Australia
Netherlands
Poland
Saudi Arabia
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xxxvi
Figure H11 Growth of Real GDP, 2007–2009
(percent)
In 2009, the global economic
crisis saw GDP growth
rates contract across the
region. GDP fell in several
economies but rose in all
five of the most populous
economies, with impressive
growth rates in the People’s
Republic of China and India.
Azerbaijan
China, People's Rep. of
India
Uzbekistan
Bangladesh
Viet Nam
Indonesia
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
Australia
Philippines
Korea, Rep. of
New Zealand
Singapore
Malaysia
Taipei,China
Thailand
Hong Kong, China
Kazakhstan
Japan
-6
-3
0
3
2007
6
9
12
2008
15
27
2009
Figure H12 Consumer Price Indexes, 2008 and 2009
(annual percentage change)
Japan
Inflation was sharply
down in 2009 in most
economies. Some
economies experienced
deflation as prices of
consumer goods and
services on average fell in
2009 compared to 2008.
Thailand
Taipei,China
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Singapore
Malaysia
Azerbaijan
Australia
New Zealand
Korea, Rep. of
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Indonesia
Viet Nam
India
Bangladesh
Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan
Pakistan
-5
0
5
10
2008
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
15
2009
20
25
xxxvii
Figure H13 Annual Growth in Merchandise Exports in US Dollars,
2007, 2008, and 2009 (percent)
Viet Nam
The global economic
crisis severely cut
demand for Asia’s
exports. Exports by the
region’s main exporters
had been growing rapidly
in 2007 and continued
to do well even in 2008
when the crisis erupted.
In 2009 merchandise
exports were down by at
least 9% and by more
than 20% in some cases.
India
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Thailand
Indonesia
China, People's Rep. of
New Zealand
Australia
Singapore
Taipei,China
Malaysia
Philippines
Japan
-30
-20
-10
0
2007
10
2008
20
30
40
2009
Figure H14 Migrant Workers’ Remittances as a Percentage of GDP,
2008 and 2009
Tajikistan
Several economies in the Asia
and Pacific region are highly
dependent on remittances
from migrant workers. As
shares of GDP, remittances
remained steady or even
increased in some countries in
2009. However, in Central and
West Asia, falling remittances
led to lower shares of
remittances to GDP in 2009.
Tonga
Samoa
Nepal
Kyrgyz Republic
Philippines
Bangladesh
Armenia
Viet Nam
Sri Lanka
Kiribati
Pakistan
Georgia
Mongolia
India
Solomon Islands
Azerbaijan
Indonesia
Malaysia
China, People's Rep. of
0
10
2008
20
30
40
50
2009
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
xxxviii
Figure H15 Sources of Electricity, 2007
(percentage distribution)
Nepal
Tajikistan
Kyrgyz Republic
Georgia
Armenia
New Zealand
Myanmar
Viet Nam
Sri Lanka
Japan
Korea, Rep. of
Pakistan
Philippines
India
China, People's Rep. of
Uzbekistan
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Azerbaijan
Thailand
Australia
Malaysia
Bangladesh
Cambodia
Turkmenistan
Hong Kong, China
Singapore
Mongolia
Brunei Darussalam
In Asia, carbon dioxideemitting fossil fuels are a
major source of electricity
generation. Most of the fastgrowing economies in the
region depend on fossil fuels
to generate most, or even
all, of their electricity.
Mountainous countries at
the top of the chart use
hydropower to generate
clean electricity.
0
20
40
Carbon Fuels
60
Hydropower
80
100
Other Fuels
Figure H16 Corruption Perceptions Index, 2005 and 2009,
(longer bars = less corrupt)
New Zealand
Singapore
Australia
Hong Kong, China
Japan
Taipei,China
Korea, Rep. of
Malaysia
Georgia
China, People's Rep. of
Thailand
India
Sri Lanka
Indonesia
Viet Nam
Mongolia
Kazakhstan
Armenia
Philippines
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Nepal
Azerbaijan
Papua New Guinea
Tajikistan
Lao PDR
Cambodia
Kyrgyz Republic
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Myanmar
Afghanistan
The Asia and Pacific
region has some very
clean economies but
also several that are
seen as highly corrupt.
Out of 180 economies in
the world, New Zealand
was ranked top while
Afghanistan came at
179th. Between 2005
and 2009, 11 economies
were perceived to be
less corrupt but 21
were perceived to have
worsened.
0
2
4
6
2005
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
8
2009
10
PART I
SPECIAL CHAPTER
The Rise of Asia’s Middle Class
!"
#'
@QQX[Q\
]
^
`]^{
|}
~
}
]^
|


€
}

}
‚
†‡}ˆ
€
@QQX
‰
|
Š
‹
`‰|‹{
}
€
@Q
†ˆ@
‡ˆŒ
@QˆQ
`
@Q‘Q{}
‰
’
Š
€
€
]^
|
}
“
””
€Š
Š

€
`‹‰
@QQ\{
€
€
}
•
}
–
}
—
˜™Œ
’
‘
‘}\
•
†@[†@Q
@QQX
‘}˜
†@}Q
}
“
š
!
"#
$
!
%
&
&
() (
$
+ "# $
/
/
: ")
"
<
+) =
)
=
=)
>)
?
:@ = E
QWX
#)#
@Y
@[
E
\=@
†@[†‡
}
›
}
‚
œ
}
‚
œ
€

}
}
œ
}
|
“
`‘\™{
ž
`‘\\X{
]
Ÿ
|
‘\
}
!
'
€
›
•
•
}
^
›
`
‘\\‡{}
|
`@QQ‘{
}
!Š
'
•
œ

}
`}}
{}
Š
}
‚
|
Š
`
›
€{
›
`
œ{
Š
‘˜
‘\\Q}@
=
]
^
@@
E
E_
`
E
]
\
\
@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
|
•
›
¡
`
¢’
{
}
`
‘\˜Q[\@{
`
€
›
{
`}}
•
¡
€
{
`}}
{}
–
Š
}
^
`@QQ‡{
‚}
‘QQ[@˜Q
Š›
‘\XQ
‘\\Q
‚’


}
!£
Š
ŠŠ
[
›}'
‚
‘\\‘
›
}
¤
¤š
‹¡
`@QQX{
}
¥
}ˆ
^
!Š
'

}‡
€
Šœ
Šœ
}
•
}˜
q {
^QQ|_
@}E
^~~_
]
^
_@
€ ){
^~~~~_
@
 =
/<
?
^QQ_@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
œŠ
`"
¦
‘\\ˆ
#
‘\\‡{}
}
¤
`
{
}
•
œ
}
‚
`
{
`
¢’
{}
€
`
{}
‚
§
“
}
‚
¤
`@Q‘Q{
!£
•
œ
•
€
£
€
€
š
}'
’
€
}
–
’
}
}
œ
Š
}
‚
œ
›


}
}
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
!
]
•
œ
•
}
‹

}
•
€
†@[†@Q
@QQ˜
~~~
†}™
|
`@QQ‘{
•
œ
€
¤
"
~
`@QQQ{
•
˜Œ
‘@˜Œ
’
}
‰
•
}
¤š
‹¡
`@QQX{

€
†@[†‡
€
†™[†‘Q}
¤
€
`~{
`ž€{
Ÿ
`@Q‘Q{
€
†‘Q[†‘QQ
š
!
'}
#
`@QQ\{
!
’
'
!—
}'
•
Q
`†@
{
]^
`†‘ˆ{
}
¤
‹
–
“
“
`@QQ{
¤
‹
–
“
`@QQ\{
•
¤›
`†‘Q{
‚
`†@Q{}
\Q
}
–
š
€
}
•
€
}
–
•
}
–
|
}
^
•
—
Š
š}
^
š
›
}
‚
†@[†@Q
•
}
Š

†@[†‡

Š
†‘}@˜
#

^
`@QQX{}
!Š
'

†‡[†‘Q
}
Š
†‘Q[†@Q
`
¤›
‚
{}
¨
›
}
¥
—
¤’
~ª
}
¥
‰|‹
Š
œ
]ª]Š—‚‹|#
—
‚
‚œ
‹
`—‚‚‹{}
‚
€
›
}
`^
€
‘
}{
¥
¤
`@QQ{
•
}
œ
†‘Q
W =
~~"""‚
\EE
@
| ^~~_
\
X^~X_
@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
" #!$%
&'!()
‹
’
`†@[†@Q{
`
@}‘
@}@{}X
\
—
@‘Œ
‘\\Q
`
{
˜™Œ
@QQX Š
˜™˜
‘\\Q
‘}\
@QQX
}
‹
’
—
Š
§
•
›š
“
Ÿ›
" •
¤
ª
ž
~’
‹
#
`ž
~‹#{
]›
‚
`
@}ˆ{}
«
›
‚’
}
‰
~’
#

`~#{
€}‘Q
=@Summary Statistics of Population, Class Size, and Total Expenditures by Region ^QQ~~~}</_
Region
`
+
!
/
`:
„`!
<]<
`
+
!
/
`:
„`!
<]<
Population (%)
Aggregate annual income/expenditures (2005 PPP $ billion)
Total
Poor
Middle
High
Poor
Middle
High
Population
(<$2 per
($2–$20 per
(>$20 per
(<$2 per
($2–$20 per
(>$20 per
Total
(million) person per day) person per day) person per day) person per day) person per day) person per day)
1990
WQ@
|Q
~
€q
|
€
W~
q@q
€
€
q
Wq
€
~
q@
~
|
Q
q
W€
€~
q
W@q

~
W
€|
qQ
q~q
WqQ@~
~
€
|W
~
|q
QWqW
~q|
|€@
|
€
|~
~Q
€€
€
2008
qqq@|
€q
W
WQW
q
q~
€qq
qW@W
|
€
Q|€
€
€~q
€€@
~
||
q
~~
Q€
Qq
@
W
q
€
qW
WW
€€
W@€
~
W
€
~
€
W|
qQ
qQq@
WW
qq
~~
~W
WQ
q|W
:…
Developing Asia † !
"‡ $
!
%
&
&
() ( $
+ "‡
$
/
/
:")
"
<
+)=
)
=
=)
>)
?
:Developing Europe†
}
+
+
/
/ " $
$
[
=) >)
Latin America/Caribbean †
!
!
! $
$
` ` < % } ˆ
/\
:
" > ?
Middle East and North Africa†
`&ˆ/=
‰OECD†
)[
[%%&
&(+\::E"<)$
<
<E>
(
>
<Sub-Saharan Africa†E)
[
!!
$
`
%
%%
%
]
(+//E
/
/
/
Š:
$E<<
+<
<E
=
>@
<… ":@
۬
Š
†@‘
†ˆ}ˆ
Šœ
’
}
¥
@}‘
›
Š
‘\\Q[@QQX
}
`^
€
‘
}{
 =@
ƒ\
E
QQ~~~
E
=@E
@=
EE
E
E
@
Q Y
)
E E
@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
@}ˆ
Š
@‘
€
¡
›š
“
}
‚
~#
€
†@[†‡
^
’
¤
ª
‚
~
š
`˜Œ
{
}
—
€
“
Š
}
~ :
"$!!}&"<":
"$!
]
@=
":
@&
&
<><`:<
":E
@
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
†@˜™
Š
€}
–
›
§
Ÿ
`@Q‘Q{
•
€
†‘Q
†‘QQ
‘}X
ª
`ˆˆX
{
|
`™™‡
{
`˜@˜
{}
–
=@ Summary Statistics of Population, Class Size, and Total Expenditures by Region ^QQ~~~:
/_
Region
`
+
!
/
`:
„`!
<]<
`
+
!
/
`:
„`!
<]<
Population (%)
Aggregate annual income/expenditures (2005 PPP $ billion)
Total
Poor
Middle
High
Poor
Middle
High
Population
(<$2 per
($2–$20 per
(>$20 per
(<$2 per
($2–$20 per
(>$20 per
(million) person per day) person per day) person per day) person per day) person per day) person per day)
Total
1990
WQ@
WQ
q
~
|W
~
W
Q
q@q
q
Q

|
W|
|
~€Q
q@

WW
W
|
W€~
W
q
W@q
€
q
q
Wq
q
q€
WqQ@~
~
Q

~
W~q
~€
~q
|€@
|€
€
WW

|€
|
2008
qqq@|
|

q
€Q€

|Q~
qW@W
~
W
q
~
QW
€€
€Q
€€@
W
|~
€
€
~€
|€Q
~q
@


|

€Q
Q
W
W@€
~
~
Q~
~
qW
W€
W~
qQq@
W|
q
q
Q
~
WW
€|
:… "=@
@
<… Y&
":>:>]Y&`$Y&&Š
@
[
@Change in Size of Middle Class By Region
^QQ~‹~~_
!
^
_
!^X_
!
\
^
_
<]<
`
/
`ƒ:
+
!
„`!
Œ~
~
~
~
q~
~
~~
€~~
W~~
~~ ~~~
~
~~
~~~ ~~ ~~~
:…
†
!
"#$
!
%
&
&
()($
+"$/
/
:")
"
<
+)=
)
=
=)
?
:@
`†
}
+
+
/
/"$
$
[
=)>)
@
+
!
†
!
!
!$
$
`}ˆ
/\
:
">?@
/
`:
†
`&ˆ/=
‰@
„`!†
)[
[%%&&(+\::E"<)$
<
<E>
(
>
<@
<]<
†E)
[
!!
$
`
%
%%
(+//E
/
/
/
Š:
$E<<
<E
=
>@
<… !^~~_@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
@}‡
~#
¬
ª
™Q[XQ
}
–
~#
•
}
‚
XQQ
‘\\Q[@QQX
Š
†‘}X
}
‚
@Q˜
š
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
=@q Size of Middle Class by Country, Most Recent Survey Year ^_
Country
/
=
()
%
"$!
<
+)
"
?
:
/
($
&
")
!
&
>)
+"$
:
% of Population
$2–$4 $4–$10 $10–$20
$20+ $2–$4
Survey (2005 (2005
(2005
(2005 (2005
Year PPP $) PPP $) PPP $)
Total PPP $) PPP $)
~~ €q@~~
@WW
@q€ ~~@~~ ~@~~
q@W
~~€ |@~
€@~ €@q
Q@ q@€€
W@
~~€ qq@~
€@WQ ~@Wq
@ q@€W
@|
~~q qQ@€~
q@q~
@€€
q@€ ~@
@|
~~ q|@Q
@q
€@~~
WQ@€ ~@
@WW
~~ qq@Q|
@|
q@€
W@W ~@W €€@
~~ q|@|
@|~
@W
Q@q ~@~
|@
~~q €€@W
@~|
@~
|@qq ~@q
@q
~~W q@€Q
Q@W
q@~
€@Q€ ~@|~
|@€q
~~W q@q
€@
@Qq
@| ~@
Q@Q
~~ qQ@
@€~
~@|
@Q ~@~~
@~~
~~q q~@W
W@WQ
@Q~
~@~ ~@Q|
~@Q
~~€ qW@qW
@~
~@W~
€Q@~ ~@~~
@
~~ q€@QW
~@€W
@W
€W@ ~@W
||@~
~~ q@Q€
W@W
~@W
€~@ ~@
@q
~~€ €@|
|@€
~@Q
qq@~€ ~@qq
q@qQ
~~ ~@€
€@
~@€
@~ ~@~ q@
~~q Q@q€
€@
~@€
q@Q~ ~@q
€@Q€
~~ Q@W~
q@
~@€
q@Q ~@~
@~
~~€ W@|€
@q~
~@
@Q ~@q
€@€
~~ W@q
q@€
~@qQ
~@ ~@~
@~
Total Population (million)
$4–$10 $10–$20
$20+ $2–$4
(2005
(2005
(2005 (2005
PPP $) PPP $)
Total PPP $) PPP $)
@qQ ~@~~
€@W|
~@
€@q
@
q@W
@€Q ~@|
|@qW
|@
W@Q€
W@~ @W q@
@|
~@
@qQ ~@~€
W@
@|
~@
q@ ~@~€
@|
q@ €W@W |@W @W qq@|
q@
~@
@€ ~@
|@
~@q|
~@~q
@| ~@~
@qq
|@
q@q
€|@ ~@W |@Q|
@€W
@W
€q@Q| ~@q q~@~
~@q
~@~
@qq ~@~~
@~~
~@~
~@~
~@q ~@~
~@Q
~@W
~@~q
@€Q ~@~~
@€
q@~|
@ ~@| ~@ q|@|
~@
~@Q|
W@~ ~@q €Q@q
@~
~@
€@q ~@~
q@q
€@€
€@Q~ |€@q @€ |@
@~
~@
W@ ~@~q
€@|
~@
~@~
@q€ ~@~~
@~€
@€
~@q
W@~Q ~@~
€@q
@qq
~@W~
q@~ ~@~ q@
Annual Expenditures (billion)
$4–$10 $10–$20
(2005
(2005
PPP $) PPP $)
Total
@|€
~@€
q@W~
|@|€
|@
@
W~@WW
qq@€| |@q
@~
q@€
@
@WW
~@
@W
q@QW
Q@| W€@
|@q
@€€
|@~
~@|q
~@W
@
qW@€
@Q
~@€Q
@W
|@|€
Wq@qW
~@Wq
~@~q
@WW
~@
~@~Q
~@~
@€
~@
q@~
@Q
@|
WW@W
~@
€@Q
|q@Q|
@~W
~@W~
@Q
€€@qQ
~@QW |@€W
@
~@
|@q|
~@€q
~@
@
@Q
@~Q
@q
~@|€
@|
q|@€q
$20+
(2005
PPP $)
~@~~
@€q
|@W
~@q
~@q
q|@|
@Q~
~@Q
@
~@Q|
~@~~
~@~
~@~~
q@W
@€Q
~@W
Q@Q
~@€
~@~
@€~
~@W€
:… "$!†"‡$
!
+"$†+"‡
$
<… !^~~_@
=@€ Changes in the Relative and Absolute Size of the Middle Class,
and Change in Aggregate Monthly Expenditure of the Middle Class, by
Country, ^QQ~‹~~_
Country
Percentage
point change in
population share
|W@
Change in
population (million)
@q
Change in yearly
expenditures
(million $)
q@W
q@
q@
€@
@q
@
€@q
!
€@~
€@~
@
"$!
W@€
€€@W
@~
%
€@~
~@~
@q
&
@
~@~
W@~
&
€W@q
q@|
W@
()
]W@|
]@
]Q@
]€@Q
]~@
~@~
+"$
@Q
@Q
@€
/
@W
W@
@q
/
€@€
@~
@Q
:
]@
]~@W
]~@
")
qW@
W@Q
~@
"
@~
q@W
€@q
<
+)
]~@
]~@Q
]~@€
=
)
]q@Q
~@q
]~@
=
|@W
|@
@q
=)
@
~@Q
Q@~
?
:
|@€
€Q@q
||@
($
:… "$!†"‡$
!
+"$†+"‡
$
<… !^~~_@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
Š
•
`¥
@}@{}
¥
Ÿ’
ª
‘XŒ
’
@™Œ
Š
}

’
`@XŒ{
€
`@ˆŒ{}
]
†@[†‘ˆ
#
`@QQ\{
@}™
@QQ˜
XQ™
~#
@™‡
‚}
“
•
‘}@
‘\\Q
@QQ˜ ~#
‚
™@Œ
}
™@Œ
@QQ˜
~#
‚
`@‡Œ{
#’
•}
¥
¤’
`@QQ{
•

œ
†‘Q
\Q

}
‚
}
~#
ˆXŒ
~#
}
}
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
"
X
X €X
WX
!
X
WX
qX
X
|X
qWX
qX
~X
:
`
!<
<]<
/
`:
:…
[
[
@
\=@
<… (^~~_@
*+!
$(-$
¨€
~ª
—
¤}
‚
`
{
›
}
€
•
Š
}
€
€
›
}
­
@}˜‘‘
‘@
‘\\˜
@QQ@
@QQ

–
‚
~š
`–‚~{‘ˆ
!
}&"<QQ^!}&"_
~~ ^!}&"q_ &]
!
"
<
$ ^&!"<$_@ < $
)
{+
^QQ_+
^~~_@>
!}&"€
)
!
<
<
@
=
WQq
QQWq
~~~~~~
~~|@=
|QQ Q~~ ~~~~ @
q !}&"!
<
<
@&
!}&"<
Q
@[QQ
~~
EE
@
~X
@E
\
E
@
[
~~|
W
W~X
@
=@Population Distribution ^X_ by
Income Per Person Per Day ^~~‚"""X_ PRC
Per capita
National
Urban
Rural
income
1995 2002 2007 1995 2002 2007 1995 2002 2007
class
‚@
q@Q @Q
@|
q@~
@Q
~@ €€@W @|
@
‚@‹‚
~@ W@
@ q@€
@€
@~ |@ W@q
@q
‚‹‚€
q|@| q€@~ q@€ €@Q q~@
Q@€ @ qW@Q q€@
‚€‹‚W
@€ @| @ ~@ @ W@
q@
Q@Q @|
‚W‹‚~
€@ q@Q @
|@ €@| qq@~
@€
€@~ Q@
‚~‹‚~
~@|
€@| @|
~@Q
@~ q@
~@q
@~
|@Q
Ž‚~
~@~
~@€
€@
~@
~@
|@
~@~
~@
@
Total
~~@~ ~~@~ ~~@~ ~~@~ ~~@~ ~~@~ ~~@~ ~~@~ ~~@~
$2–$20
@W |@q Q@ q@ Q@q Q@q |@| @ |@€
:…
"$!†"‡$
!
<… <
!}&"<QQ~~~~|@
‘\\˜
@QQ}
†™[†‘Q
š
‡}XŒ
@˜}˜Œ
†‘Q[†@Q
Q}Œ
‘X}Œ}
}
‚
†™[†‘Q
†‘Q[†@Q
}
`^
¤€
‘
~#’
}{
–‚~^
˜™Œ
‘\\˜
X\Œ
@QQ}
^
›
@XŒ
‘\\˜
X}˜Œ
@QQ}
‚
@QQ
›
`X}˜Œ{
`\‘}ˆŒ{}
X\Œ
›
–‚~^
•
›
~ª
`
{}
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
[
@Share of Different World Regions in Global Middle Class and Global Middle Class Consumption ^~~QX_
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
\Driving Rural Middle Class Growth: Township and Village Enterprises in the PRC
=E
?
`
^=?`_ "# $
!
^"$!_
Q€
E  E ^\=@_@
\=@
Employment and the Rise of TVEs in the Rural Areas, 1980–2008 (million)
Employment
Urban
Rural
TVE
TVE as % of rural
Q~
€q@W
~@q
q@€
q~@~
Q@€X
Q
€Q@|
@
q|~@|
WQ@
@qX
QQ~
W€|@
|~@€
€||@
Q@|
Q@€X
QQ
W~@|
Q~@€
€Q~@q
@W
W@€X
~~~
|~@Q
q@
€Q@q
@
W@~X
~~
|@q
|q@q
€€@Q
€@|
Q@€qX
~~
||€@
q~@
€|@|
€@
q@WQX
<… :
<
!
@~~Q@!
<
‰)
~~Q^…ƒƒEEE@@@_@
&=?`
!
@
^!:‰_
~~€@X
@=?`\EE
q@
€~X"$!#
\
~~|
!:‰||
\
~~@
Y
=?` E E@=
E
Š
Š]
E
E)
]
\ @ =
E
@
ƒ
@&
~~\E
|@
@
]
@ =
]
=?`@"$!#
ˆ
{
% \
E )E =?`@ & ˆ
E=?`
@
=?`
E
E@[
%" %"@
& ~~ ] =?` !:‰@€ |XX
%"@/=?`
)
# ) @
< =?`  QX ~~
Q@X
Q|@"
@=?`
\
ƒ
E
@
=
=?`
E
\
@ „ =?` !:‰€q
@/=?`
@
[=?`
@
[
=?` E E E
E@
=?`E)
@=?`
`~~~{
€}
"
†@[†‡
~~~
@}\X
~ª
~~~
‡}Q
•
~ª
}
‚
¥
@}ˆ
~#
`†@[†‡{
`†‡[†‘Q{
}
–‚~
@QQ@

`†@[†@Q{
X™X
€
‘
@QQ}
­
@\Œ
‘\\ˆ[\‡
ˆXŒ
@QQ‡[Q˜
ª
^
^
`ª^^{
`
@}™{}
`
X[\
{}
“
†@[†‡}
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
=@WPopulation Distribution ^X_by
Expenditure Per Person Per Day ^~~‚"""_ India
Per capita
National
Urban
Rural
expenditure
class
1993–94 2004–05 1993–94 2004–05 1993–94 2004–05
‚@
€W@
qW@q
q€@~
W@~
@~
€~@
‚@‹‚
q@W
q@
~@
|@|
€@
@€
‚‹‚€
@~
@q
@
q@W
W@
@
‚€‹‚~
@|
@q
@
Q@W
W@€
Q@€
‚~‹‚~
@
q@
@~
|@€
@
@Q
Ž‚~
@
@€
@Q
@
~@
@~
Total
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
$2–$20
@
q@
€@
~@W
€@~
qq@
<… ^~~_@
¥
@}‡
›
†@[†‡
`
{
†‡[†‘Q
`
{}
ª^^
@QQ‡[Q˜
‚
‡‘X
‘}‘
}
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
SPECIAL CHAPTER
[
@qSize of the Chinese Middle Class ^QQ‹~~|
_
$
>
^Ž‚~_
@
>/
^‚~‹‚~_
€€@
|@q
/
/
^‚€‹‚~_
Q€@Q
qq~@W
+E/
^‚‹‚€_
Q@
€@
@
"^‚_
~@
~~
W~~
€~~
W@Q
~~
$~~|
~
$QQ
~~
>~~|
€~~
>QQ
<… <
!}&"<QQ~~|@
[
@€Size of the Indian Middle Class ^QQq‹~~€
_
$
>
^Ž‚~_
@
>/
^‚~‹‚~_
@
/
/
^‚€‹‚~_
q@€
|q@W
+E/
^‚‹‚€_
"^‚_
@
W@
|~@q
|€@
€@q
W~~
q|@€
~~
$~~€
€~~
q~~
~~
~~
$QQq
~
~~
>~~€
~~
>QQq
:…
>:<<ƒ:<
^~~_@
<… ^~~_@
­
@˜Œ
‘\\\
‡ˆŒ
@QQ\
^]^|ª^
`
@}{}
`
‘˜[‘X
{}
‚
›
‚
[
‡˜
\ˆ
`¥
@}˜{}
=@|Population Distribution ^X_ by
Expenditure Per Person Per Day ^~~‚"""_ Indonesia
Per capita
expenditure
‚@
‚@‹‚
‚‹‚€
‚€‹‚W
‚W‹‚~
‚~‹‚~
Ž‚~
Total
$2–$20
National
1999
2009
€@
€@W
q@
q@€
~@
q~@Q
q@
|@
@
q@q
~@q
@
~@~
~@
~~@~
~~@~
@~
€@|
Urban
1999
2009
q@€
@
q@€
@
qq@~
€~@~
|@W
q@
@
W@
~@W
@
~@
~@q
~~@~
~~@~
€€@~
W@~
Rural
1999
q@
q@Q
@€
~@Q
~@
~@~
~@~
~~@~
q@W
2009
qq@|
q|@
€@q
q@q
~@Q
~@q
~@
~~@~
@|
<… <
<><`:<QQQ~~Q@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
[
@Size of the Indonesian Middle Class ^QQQ~~Q
_
>
$
^Ž†‚~_
~@q
~@
>/
^‚~‹‚~_
@~
~@
/
]/
^‚€‹‚~_
@q
€@~
+E/
^‚‹‚€_
€q@q
@
Q@
"^†‚_
€~
~
€|@
~~
~
W~
$~~Q
€~
$QQQ
~
>~~Q
~
~
€~
W~
>QQQ
<… <
<><`:<QQQ~~Q@
­
Š
`†@[†@Q{
‡‡Œ
‘\XX
˜‡Œ
@QQ™
`
‡˜
{
`
@}X{}
@‘
‘XŠ
š
†@[†‡
†‡[†‘Q
`¥
@}™{}
=@Population Distribution ^X_ by
Expenditure Per Person Per Day^~~‚"""_, Philippines
Per capita
expenditure
class
‚@
‚@‹‚
‚‹‚€
‚€‹‚W
‚W‹‚~
‚~‹‚~
Ž‚~
Total
$2–$20
National
Urban
Rural
1988
2006
1988
2006
1988
2006
@
|@€
Q@
@
€@€
@
~@~
~~@~
€q@
@
q@|
q~@|
@
@
q@€
~@W
~~@~
q@Q
@
~@W
qQ@
@W
@|
q@
~@|
~~@~
W|@Q
@
W@Q
qW@W
|@Q
q@
@Q
@
~~@~
|q@
qQ@
q@
@Q
€@
@|
~@
~@~
~~@~
q~@~
q@
q~@
@~
@
@
~@
~@
~~@~
q€@
<… <
[&`<Q~~W@
€Š
}
‚
Š
}
#!*)
—
œ
}
—
¬
^
`—¬^{
‘‡
•
­
Š
Š
}
’
}
¥
@}
€
`Š
•{
’
}
—
•
Š•
Š
Š
}
¥
@}
}
€
‚
@QŒ
`Š•{
’
‡Œ
}‘˜
€
¬
ª
@Œ
‘Œ
}
’
`
{
—¬^
Š
‚
€ <EEE@E@@
 <
E
E
EE
\
[
@|@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
$
>
^Ž‚~_
~@~
>/
^‚~‹‚~_
~@€
/
/
^‚€‹‚~_
@
q@|
+E/
^‚‹‚€_
"^†‚_
~@
q@~
~@W
@
|@
~@€
q~
~
~
$~~W
$Q
~
~
>~~W
~
q~
>Q
<… <
Q~~W[&`<@
[
@|Self Identification as Middle Class ^~~‹~|_
]
~~X
Q~X
|
~X
|~X
~

€
|
W~X
Q
~X
~X

q
|


€
Q
~


|
q~X
~X
q
|
~X
€~X
W

Q

q
Q
|
q
Q
€
|
Q
?
: &
"
")
~~W
~~W
~~
~~
`Š•{
`¥
@}X{}
^•
@QQ™[Q
~#
‘\\Q}


}
~
q
~
"$! &
~~|
~~
~~W
q
€

W
|

:…
"$!†"#$
!
<… <
Y?<@
¬
›}
¡
œ
Š
‚
•
}
`^
¤€
@
‚
}{
—¬^
Š
‘™[‘
~#
‚}
¥
•
•
}
ª
}
•
}
‚
š
]^
|
€
š
}
š
Š
}
^
•
›

}
|
•
—
€
}
ª
}
›
~#’
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
[
@WSize of the Philippine Middle Class ^Q‹~~W
_
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
‚
}
¤
›
‚
}
|
~
•
}
\Elite Formation in Colonial India
= &
# E Q
@=
E
E
E)
^Q|~_@
}E &
@
/ W~~ &
)
E
@&
E @ \
E@
[
E
)E
@=
)EE
E
@
=
&
#
E
@=
E E
E
‘
E‘
#
q
EŠ
’^ˆ
?~~_@
=
Š=
/
…&
‘“”@Y
E
E
EE&
`
@’
&E
E
…^
_`
^
_
^
_\
^
_)]
@
= @&
)E
&
#
q
@<
E
E
@=
)
@/`
\ @
[=
//
[q&
`
’/""%@/@‰^!
/…}
>
"Q|_@|]€|Q@
`
E
&
&
/%
ˆE:E
\
E
E
&
#
Š
^
~~_@=
E
&
@
`
&
)
@
[
@Self Identification as Middle Class, PRC and India
]
&
€~
€~
q~
q~
X
X
]
"$!
~
~
~
~
~
~
+E < =
[
[
QQ~
<
\ < `
:
=
+E < =
[
~~|
QQ~
<]
:…
"$!†"#$
!
<… <
Y?<@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
[
<
\ < `
:
~~W
=
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
.!$%!
0
‹
¥
@}\
@}‘Q}
ŠŠ
›
`"‹~{
`"‘{}‘
‚
Š
š
˜Œ
@QˆQ
¡}
‚
"‹~
€
†@
`‚
~#{
}
^
Š
ž
~‹#


Š
•
}
‰
ž
]›
€
}

`
Ÿ›{
€
•
}

š
†@
`“
{
}
W =
q
"
^
[
@_
@ =
Š
^!%`_
E
~q~
@^<
\
@_Y
]
E
]
":
\
E
\
E
E
@
/
\
E@
¥
@}‘‘
š
@Q‘Q
@Q@Q
@QˆQ
}
¤
—
¤
`"‘{
}
š
€
•
€
@Q‘Q[@QˆQ
@}\}
€
€
•
‰|‹
}
}
=@QPercentage Change in Aggregate Real Household Expenditures
between 2010–2030 for Baseline Consensus Growth Scenario
!
+
)
`
„/
"[
=\
+
/
}/
>
„<
=
Other Asia
]|
||

q~
~
~
W
€q
W. OECD


Q
€Q
€
~

€€
€
€
q~
ROW
W
W

Q~
|€
|
~
Q
||

:…
„
†}(!
ˆ$
(<
=
!
_Y@„`!†E„`!
$„Y†
E@
<… $]}<
+^~~_@
€
€
¡
€
}
—
­
`{
`{
€
}
›
­
®
¥
`~{|
Š
š
}
’
˜QŒ
@QˆQ}
®
|
•
`|{‚
•
| %"E~~‹
~q~ E Y)
%`
"^@@Y)…~~Q=@@WW_@
= „`! !
&/[@
Developing Asia
€
€|
q



W
Q

~Q
Q
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
[
@QMiddle Class Emergence to 2030 ^Ž‚@~~
_
Ž‚X
Ž‚
&
!
"‡$
&
")
"
?
:
=
/
:
>)
!
<
+)
()
+"$
":E%
=
)
%
/
=
]+
!
&
?
:
%
+"$
!
"‡$
>)
&
=
)
<
+)
")
()
=
+
/
:
"
":E%
=
/
~
~~
€~~
~~
W~~
~~
~~‹~~
~~~ ~~
~
~
~~‹~q~
~
q~
~~‹~~
€~
~
W~
~~‹~q~
:…
+"$†+"#
$
<… $]}<
+^~~_@
[
@~Middle Class Emergence to 2030 ^Ž‚€@~~
_
Ž€‚X
Ž€‚
!
"‡$
()
%
?
:
&
!
"‡$
!
<
+)
")
+"$
&
"
/
=
/
:
=
)
":E%
>)
=
+
&
")
&
"
?
:
=
/
()
:
<
+)
!
>)
+"$
":E%
%
=
)
/
=
]+
~
~~
€~~
~~
W~~
~~
~~‹~~
:…
+"$†+"#
$
<… $]}<
+^~~_@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
~~~ ~~
~~‹~q~
~
~
~
q~
~~‹~~
€~
~
~~‹~q~
W~
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
~X ~X ~X q~X €~X ~X W~X |~X ~X Q~X ~~X
/
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~q~
~q~
~~
~~
:
~~
~~
~q~
~~
")
~q~
":%
~~
~~
~q~
~q~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~q~
~~
~q~
~q~
~~
~~
=
)
%
~~
"
~~
~q~
&
~~
<
+)
"$!
~q~
~q~
!
~X ~X ~X q~X €~X ~X W~X |~X ~X Q~X ~~X
~~
~q~
~q~
~~
~q~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~q~
~~
~q~
~~
~q~
~q~
~~
~~
Y
/
/
~q~
=
+
~~
~~
>)
~~
?
:
=
~q~
+"$
&
~~
~~
()
~q~
~~
~~
~~
~q~
~q~
‚@
‚‹‚€
‚€‹‚W
‚W‹‚~
‚~‹‚~
Ž‚~
:… "$!†"#$
!
+"$†+"#
$
":%†":E%
<… $]}<
+^~~_@
}
‘Œ
•
}
®
`{Š
’
š
’
€}
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
[
@Baseline Income Distributions for Consensus Real GDP Growth Trends ^X
_
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
‘Œ
@Q‘Q
@QˆQ}
®
^
`^{‚
€
•
}
•
‘Œ
@QˆQ}
@}‘Q
•
`"‘~{
`"‘~|^{
"‘}
"‹~
­
Š
}‘X
=@~ GDP Results
^X
%
~q~_
"$!
%
„
&
&
()
!
+"$
<
+)
/
")
"
=
?
:
$
=
G1P
]Q@q|
]W@|q
]@W
]~@Q|
]|@
]Q@~~
]€@q|
]~@~
]@qQ
]@€
]|@~
]Q@q
]W@~€
]W@€
]Q@€
]|@
]@qQ
G1PEAS
|@~
|@WQ
q@~W
~@€W
@|
@Q
€@W
~@€
qq@W
€@W
~@Q
|@~
@~
Q@~~
@|
|@|~
@€
:…
"$!†"‡$
!
+"$†+"‡
$
„
†}(!
ˆ$
(<
=
!
<… $]}<
+^~~_@
^
š}
|
•
}
€
•
’
}
¥
€
~#
~#
}
•
•
}
 „
E
E
\
E
E@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
‘Œ
•
}
–
Š
‘Œ
}
}
¥
`
{
š
}
^
Ÿ
•
€
€
}
š
•
}
}
Š
’
@QˆQ
"‹~
}
Š
}
•
•
}
•
}
›
’
}
‚
›
Š
›
Š
}
¥
@}‘‘
}
•
œ
"‹~
}
¤
€
€
}
ª
"‹~
š
}
€
•
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
"$!
%
„
&
&
()
!
+"$
<
+)
/
")
"
=
?
:
$
=
G1P
]q@~
]@q
]Q@~€
]q@Q
]|@q
]€@~
]q@q€
]@|q
]Q@Qq
]|@W
]@Q
]@€
]Q@€
]@|~
]|@q
]@~|
]~@~q
G1PEAS
Q@~
@€€
@Q
~@qq
W@W
@qW
Q@qW
q@Wq
€€@~Q
q~@~Q
|@€|
|@~Q
q@
@Q
Q@WW
q@Wq
@~
:…
"$!†"‡$
!
+"$†+"‡
$
„
†}(!
ˆ$
(<
=
!
<… $]}<
+^~~_@
€}
¤
•
}
‰
•
}
¥
€
•
¯†@¨
~~~
š
`˜˜Œ{
@QˆQ
@˜Œ
@Q‘Q}
|
¯†‡¨
ˆ\Œ
}
†@
@}
€
@Q
}
•
}
~#
‚
}‘\
}
€
€
š
}
‚
}
|
•
}
’
š
}
~
•
`
{

š
}
š
Š
œ
›
}
–
Š
•
Š
€
}
Q (^~~_E
€ ~~Q‹q~ @=
Š
^
_
@=
E
…
@qX
^
)E
EE
_
]
]E
^E
E
_
]
E)
]
@(#
E
@
~~Q
q@
~~€@Q
~q~E
X E@ ~q~ E]

~~Q
^X_@`
(#
]
…
~~&
q~X"$!
~X@=><ˆ
X
@
Y
) €~
))

"$!&

E@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
=@ Real Aggregate Consumption Results
^X
%
~q~_
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
9 #!
#!;
—
§
‹


¡§
—
§
–
§
œ
€
Š
}
!
‚
}
¨
›
}
ž
¡}
]
¤š
‹¡
`@QQX{
•
}
•
}
“
Š
Š
`
{
}
‚
}
`
{
€
}
!£
¢
š’'
¤š
‹¡}
•
¡
}
‰
€
}
^
€
Š
}
`^
¤€
ˆ
}{
—
‘‘
€
›}
‚
}
¥
ˆ}‘
Š
›
`
{}
–
›
}
¥
†‡[†‘Q
¤

ª
~
›
~#
‚
ŠŠ
›}
"
}
€
}
‚
~#
@QQ@
˜QŒ
`†@[†@Q{
ˆ˜Œ
’
}
‚’
ˆXŒ
@QQ‡[Q˜•
@\Œ
}
‚
~}
@QQ™
™XŒ
˜QŒ
}
}
‚
~#
—
@@Œ
@QQ@
’
’
@XŒ}
‚
~
@QQ™
“
“
‘ˆŒ
@@Œ
}
‚
‚
­
ˆ˜
‘Q
™XŒ
’
ˆŒ
Œ
¡
`¯†@Q{
@QQ‡[Q˜}
‘˜
XXŒ
X\Œ
\ˆŒ
¡}@‘
¤š
‹¡
•
Š
š
}@Q
‚
Š
š
}
›
`
{
`
{
€
}
ª
}
‚
~#
@QQ@
‘Œ
Š
~ ]
@
= E
)
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
/
E
Š
^"
~~Q_@
\
^„~~_@
)
]
@=
@
‰
)
E)
@&
"
@
=
E
@
$
)
@
Y)

’E)
’
@
!
) )
@}E
E ^
~~q_ E
EE
~~
~~Q ^&+„ ~~Q_@ &
\
@
= E E^Y)~~W_@
@ " ^~~q_
E
E]
]
]
@&
E
E
E
˜}˜Œ
Š
@@Œ
Š
‡QŒ
Š
}
‚}
—
ˆŒ[‡Œ
`
˜Œ[‘@Œ
{
@QQ‡[Q˜
@˜Œ
Š
`
˜‡Œ
{
}
~
‚
~#
}
‚
@QQ™
‘‡Œ[@˜Œ
\QŒ
Š
}
E
]
]
@
=
E
@E€X
"
#
E)E
^~~€_@")
)
Š
`
@
=
@ \
"
^[&`< ~~W_ ~X ^‚‹‚~ """ _ E
^
‚~~"""
_ |X@ = qX @ /
E
qXE
X@
$ [&`< ~~W E @ \
]
@ =
@ & E @
= [
@/
#
E
[
E E)
~~ EE
E
Q|~@
&
E
q~X
qX
@/&
E]
)
E)
/
`
@&
E]
)
@
ª
}
¥
ˆ}@
€
‘‘
@QQQ[@QQ‡}
¤
Š
}
¥
ª
Š
`†‡[†‘Q{
‘‡}@Œ
€
\}ˆŒ
}
|
Š
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
\qMigration, the Middle Class, and the Role of Remittances in Poverty Reduction
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
[
q@Average Household Size by Per Capita Expenditure Class and Country
@~
~~~
|@~
~~q
!
~~q
W@~
!
"‡$@~~
@~
X
&
~~€
&
~~
€@~
/
~~€
q@~
:~~q
")
~~
@~
"
~~q
@~
<
+)~~
~@~
=
~~
‚
^_
‚‹‚€
^E
_
‚€‹‚~
^
_
‚~‹‚~
^
_
Ž‚~
^_
"
\
^~~"""‚_
<… @
[
q@
Mean Percentage Share of Household Expenditure Spent on Education and Health by Per Capita Expenditure Class by Country, ^~~~‹~~€_
W@~
~~~
€@~
~~q
@~
!
~~q
!
"‡$@~~
X
~@~
&
~~€
@~
&
~~
/
~~€
W@~
:~~q
€@~
")
~~
@~
"
~~q
~@~
<
+)~~
‚
^_
‚‹‚€
^E
_
‚€‹‚~
^
_
‚~‹‚~
^
_
Ž‚~
^_
=
~~
<… @
`‡}@Œ
‘}\Œ{}
–
`~#
¤
~{
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
}
‰

€
}
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
Per capita
expenditure
/income
class (2005
$ PPP)
<$1.25
$1.25–$2
$2–$4
$4–$10
>$10
Per capita
expenditure
/income
class (2005
$ PPP)
<$1.25
$1.25–$2
$2–$4
$4–$10
>$10
Per capita
expenditure
/income
class (2005
$ PPP)
<$1.25
$1.25–$2
$2–$4
$4–$10
>$10
Economic group
"
:
+E
/
>
All classes
Unemployed
Unemployed
Share to each type of employment
India
Self-employed
Wage employment
Total
(labor
force)
@ ~~@~
q@~ ~~@~
€@~ ~~@~
@~ ~~@~
q@€ ~~@~
q@ ~~@~
Total
Own(labor
account
Casual/
Regular/
force)
workers Employers temporary permanent
q@|
W@~
@q
~@ @€ q@
€@
@
q|@€
q@ q|@~ q@€
@|
€@
~@|
q@ |@ @
@Q
€@
~@W
@
W@€
€@~
~@
@Q
~@~
@
~@€
~@q
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~ ~~@~ ~~@~
Share to total labor force by type of employment
Philippines
Self-employed
Wage employment
Economic group
"
:
+E
/
>
All classes
Ownaccount
Casual/
Regular/
workers
Employers temporary permanent
€@q
q@
@
Q@
€|@
q@|
@€
q@|
q|@€
€@q
@~
qq@
|@q
@
~@|
€@
@€
|@q
|@~
W@
qQ@€
€@q
@~
qq@
Share to each type of employment
Philippines
Self-employed
Wage employment
Economic group
"
:
+E
/
>
All classes
Unemployed
Per capita
expenditure
/income
class (2005
$ PPP)
<$1.25
$1.25–$2
$2–$4
$4–$10
>$10
Economic group
"
:
+E
/
>
All classes
Ownaccount
Casual/
Regular/
workers Employers temporary permanent
€W@|
~@
€@
@
@q
~@
@|
@
q@
@
€@
€@
q|@€
@
€@
€@€
Q@
@Q
@€
q@
@
@q
Q@€
@
Total
(labor
force)
@ ~~@~
|@~ ~~@~
Q@| ~~@~
@| ~~@~
@ ~~@~
|@ ~~@~
Unemployed
Per capita
expenditure
/income
class (2005
$ PPP)
<$1.25
$1.25–$2
$2–$4
$4–$10
>$10
Share to total labor force by type of employment
India
Wage employment
Self-employed
Total
Own(labor
account
Casual/
Regular/
force)
workers
Employers temporary permanent
@
q@q
@
~@ @ @q
@~
~@€
@|
W@W @ q@€
Q@|
q@
q@q
q@q q@Q q@q
€@Q
@W
@€
q@ €@ @W
@
Q@
@
~@
q@
@€
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~ ~~@~ ~~@~
Share to total labor force by type of employment
People’s Republic of China
Self-employed
Wage employment
Economic group
"
:
+E
/
>
All classes
Ownaccount
Casual/
Regular/
workers
Employers temporary permanent
@€
q@~
~@
W@W
@~
€@W
~@~
@
q|@~
@~
@
q|@|
@Q
€@
@
WW@Q
Q@q
@q
Q@
|@|
q€@
€@€
W@|
€@|
Share to each type of employment
People’s Republic of China
Self-employed
Wage employment
Economic group
"
:
+E
/
>
All classes
Unemployed
—
§
‹
‚
Š
•
}
‚
€
`
ˆ}@{
~
Š
`
ˆ}ˆ{}
‚
~#
Š
Š
`
ˆ}‡{}
]
Š
Š
•
Š
Per capita
expenditure
/income
class (2005
$ PPP)
<$1.25
$1.25–$2
$2–$4
$4–$10
>$10
@
@W
@|
@
~@
@€
Unemployed
ˆ}‘
€
}
­
•
Š
­
†‘}@˜
`†@
{
Š
`†@[†‡{}
^
›
!'
}
}
¤š
‹¡
!
}'
€
›
•}
=q@ Population Distribution by Economic Group and Employment Type
^&
~~€‹~"
~~W"#$
!
~~_
Ownaccount
Casual/
Regular/
workers
Employers temporary permanent
@
@W
@
@~ q@
W@q
@
@
Q@~ Q@|
q|@
qQ@|
q@Q
q~@Q €@W
q@|
|@W
@|
€|@~ @q
@
@
@
@
@W
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~ ~~@~
Total
(labor
force)
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
Total
(labor
force)
@
|@W
q@~
q~@~
€@W
~~@~
<… <
&
#`><"
#~~W
[&`<!}&"<~~@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
|
}
‹
§
—
~#
‚
‚
~
€
`
•
Š
{
}
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
=q@Household Distribution^X_by Occupation of Chief Wage Earner and Per Capita Expenditure Class, India^~~€‹~_
Per capita expenditure class (2005 $ PPP)
<$1.25 $1.25–$2 $2–$4 $4–$10 $10–$20
"
E)
@~
q@~
W
@~
@~
\
E)
€@~
W@~
Q@~
q@~
|@~
!
q@~
|@~
~@~
W@~
W@~
<E)
@~
@~
@~
Q@~
@~
<
E)
Q@~
@~
~@~
Q@~
Q@~
[
@
@~
Q@~
W@~
€@~
@~
"
E)+‹\
@
~@~
~@~
Q@~
@~
|@~
"
E)‹E)@
Q@~
@~
@~
~@~
Q@~
"
E)‹
q@~
W@~
@~
q@~
~@~
Total
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
Per capita expenditure class (2005 $ PPP)
Rural
<$1.25 $1.25–$2 $2–$4 $4–$10 $10–$20
"
E)
@~
@~
q@~
W@~
Q@~
\
E)
@~
@~
@~
€@~
W@~
!
~@~
@~
@~
€@~
|@~
<E)
€@~
@~
|@~
@~
@~
<
E)
@~
@~
q@~
q@~
€@~
[
@
|q@~
WQ@~
W@~
W@~
€@~
"
E)‹\
@
q@~
€@~
q@~
q@~
q@~
"
E)‹E)@
@~
q@~
€@~
@~
W@~
"
E)‹
q@~
@~
@~
@~
@~
Total
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
Urban
>$20
Q@~
qq@~
€@~
@~
@~
@~
q@~
€@~
€@~
~~@~
>$20
€@~
€@~
W@~
@~
€@~
€~@~
€@~
q@~
W@~
~~@~
<… <
~~€‹~:<<]!`<@
=q@q Household Distribution ^X_ by Occupation of Household Head and Per Capita Expenditure Class, Philippines ^~~W_
Urban
<
^@@@_
„
•
\
"
=
!)
<
E))E)
[E)
!E)
"
`
…)
E)
}
Total
Rural
<
^@@@_
„
•
\
"
=
!)
<
E))E)
[E)
!E)
"
`
…)
E)
}
Total
Per capita expenditure class (2005 $ PPP)
<$1.25 $1.25–$2 $2–$4 $4–$10 $10–$20 >$20
~@q
~@q
~@
~@Q
~@
~@~
€@€
W@
@
Q@|
|@W
qq@~
~@
@~
~@Q
q@€
|@q
@
@€
q~@W
@q
~~@~
~@
~@
€@
@
|@
@€
@
€@
W@W
W@|
@€
@€
€@q
W@
q@
@
|@
@
W@
@W
|@~
@
€@
@~
~@€
W@
@
@Q
q@
@q
@q
@
~@Q
€@~
~@Q
W@|
|@W
@W
q@~
@
q@
Q@q
@
@
q@|
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
Per capita expenditure class (2005 $ PPP)
<$1.25 $1.25–$2 $2–$4 $4–$10 $10–$20 >$20
~@
~@q
~@€
@~
~@
~@~
@|
€@
Q@
W@Q
@~
q@€
~@~
~@W
~@
@Q
W@~
@
q@q
q@
W@~
~~@~
~@
~@
~@|
@
€W@
|@
W@
~@|
Q@
~~@~
~@
@q
@
q@|
qW@q
@~
@|
@q
€@
~~@~
@|
@W
q@
@
€@€
€@
@~
@W
@|
~~@~
€@|
€@
@q
W@~
€@W
~@W
@|
q@|
W@
~~@~
Q@|
@€
~@~
W@W
|@Q
~@~
q@W
~@~
@
~~@~
<… <
~~W[&`<@
}
¥
‚
Š
•
`
ˆ}˜{}
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
‚
—¬^
’
Š
}
—
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
Urban
„E^_
<]
"
!
ƒ
<)
E)
>)
E)
<)
E)
[
„
>
Total
Rural
[
„
E)
<)
E)
"
E)
„E
?
ƒ
?
E
„
^
_
„
=]E)
:]
E^
@_
`
]
ƒ]
„
>
Total
<$1.25
@|
W@
@
~@~
@€
€@
@Q
W@€
|@
~@~
@
@
~~@~
<$1.25
|@|
q@W
@
~@€
~@
q@
~@
~@
~@~
@~
@Q
|@~
€@
@|
~@Q
~~@~
Per capita income class (2005 $ PPP)
$2–$4
$4–$6
$6–$10
$10–$20
~@q
~@€
~@
~@Q
W@W
@€
@
q@
q@
~@Q
|@€
q€@
@Q
q@
@~
|@q
W@W
Q@q
€@|
W@€
|@|
@
q@|
~@
q@
q@~
@
~@
q@|
|@
€@|
@
~@
@q
€@
q@
~@~
~@~
~@~
~@~
@|
@
@q
@
@
@€
~@W
~@|
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
Per capita income class (2005 $ PPP)
$1.25–$2
$2–$4
$4–$6
$6–$10
$10–$20
W@Q
W@
W@€
@
€@~
q@Q
W@~
@
Q@
@~
@Q
@€
@q
q@
€@~
@€
@
@~
@q
q@~
~@
~@
@
@
W@~
@|
|@Q
@W
q@
~@~
~@€
~@€
~@|
@~
~@~
~@~
~@€
~@
@~
~@~
~@
~@q
~@Q
@
@~
@q
@
Q@q
@~
W@~
€@
W@Q
Q@
@
W@~
@|
€@Q
€@
@
@~
€€@~
q@W
q€@
|@~
@~
@|
~@|
|@
~@~
@~
@~
@
@~
@
~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
$1.25–$2
~@Q
Q@|
W@W
~@Q
@
~@
@
€@
@W
~@~
@~
|@
~~@~
>$20
@Q
@|
q|@
@€
~@~
€@q
@|
@Q
~@~
~@~
~@~
~@~
~~@~
>$20
@~
~@~
~@~
~@~
~@~
q~@~
@~
~@~
@~
~@~
q@~
~@~
@~
@~
~@~
~~@~
<… <
!}&"~~@
=q@ Household Distribution (%) by Industry of Household Head and Per Capita Expenditure Class, Indonesia ^~~Q_
Per capita
expenditure
class (2005
PPP $)
‚@
‚@‹‚
‚‹‚€
‚€‹‚W
‚W‹‚~
‚~‹‚~
Ž‚~
Industry of household head
Agriculture
Q@
€@
@W
~@|
|@q
€@W
W@~
Mining and
quarrying
@q
@
@
@|
@Q
q@~
@|
Manufactured
W@~
|@q
Q@W
~@Q
Q@
@
W@
Electricity,
Gas
~@
~@
~@W
~@
~@Q
@
@Q
Constructions
@~
W@q
@
q@
q@
@€
@
Trade
W@
@
|@|
Q@Q
Q@|
@
|@~
Transportation
€@
@€
W@Q
@|
@q
€@
|@q
Finance
~@q
~@W
@|
q@|
@€
W@W
~@
Service
|@
@
q@€
€@
€W@Q
€@q
€q@~
Total
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
~~@~
<… <
~~Q<><`:<@
Š•
}
Š
`¥
ˆ}ˆ{}
¥
`
{
XŒ
Š•
~
¤
@@Œ}
¥
Š
‚’
‘@Œ
‚’}
¥
ˆ}ˆ

‘Œ
‚
‡Œ
¬
ª}
‰
Š•
Š
‚
ˆQŒ
‚’
}
‰
•
€
‚
•
}
—
Š
`¥
ˆ}‡{}
€
~
\Œ
Š
‚
Š
`Š•{
}
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
=q@€ Household Distribution ^X_ by Occupation of Household Head and Per Capita Income Class, People’s Republic of China ^~~_
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
[
q@qOccupation and Sector of Employment of the Middle Class^~~‹~|_
„
]
Eƒ
^~~‹~|_
]
^~~‹~|_
~~X
~~X
Q~X
~X
@€
|@q
~X
€@
q@
28.1
12.7
25.9
@
5.9
@Q
€@
@|
@
@
"$!
~~
~~|
&
~~W
€@Q
@q
&
~~W
@W
@
€@W
„
E)
53.2
W€@q
|€@€
q~@~
q~X
€@Q
q@q
~X
|@
~X
")
"
?
:
~~
~~
~~W
"
E)E
/E)
`
q@
~X
~X
12.1
@~
|@
~X
|~X
€~X
14.7
@
q@€
W~X
W@
q@W
~X
~X
@~
W@
12.9
Q~X
~X
€|@
€~X
q~X
@
Q@q
|~X
W~X
€@€
€@
"$!
~~|
&
~~W
%
&
~~W
?
:
~~W
"
"
]
[
E)
:…
"$!†"#$
!
<… <
Y?<@
[
q@€Education of the Self-identified Middle Class ^~~‹~|_
]
~~X
Q~X
~X
|~X
W~X
~X
€~X
q~X
~X
~X
~X
20
18
W
€
9
32
|
24
21
Q

|
|
Q
~
qq
Wq
q

~~
&
~~W
W
W~
€
&
~~W
")
~~
"
~~
?
:
~~W
+
!
<
E
>
E
<… <
Y?<@
" <;
—
§
œ
§
œ
—¬^
XQ
}
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
—
€
€
ˆ
œ
}
ˆ}™
`{
Š
œ
’
"
"‹~
’
@QQX}
"
"‹~
•
•
¡
’
}
–
•
œ
}
—
œ
•
}
‚
•
}
“
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
>!
%
+^"!
%"_
!
!
\
„
$]Š
:…
<…
Market competition
]~@~–––
“~@~~”
~@~€––
“~@~”
~
“~@~~”
~@~|–––
“~@~~”
~@~–––
“~@~q”
‰
W~~€~
~@~Qq
Gender equality
]~@~–––
“~@~~€”
~@~W€–––
“~@~”
~@~~€–––
“~@~~”
~@~|–––
“~@~~q”
]~@|–––
“~@~€”
‰
W~W
~@~€
Upward mobility
]~@~q–––
“~@~~q”
~@~W€–––
“~@~€”
]~@~~–––
“~@~~~”
]~@~q–––
“~@~~q”
~@QW–––
“~@~q”
‰
W~|
~@
Trust in others
]~@~|–––
“~@~~€”
~@~–
“~@~”
]~@~~–––
“~@~~”
~@~|–––
“~@~~”
]~@€|––
“~@~|~”
‰
W~€
~@€
Political activism
]~@~€W–––
“~@~~€”
]~@~q––
“~@~|”
]~@~~–––
“~@~~~”
~@~–––
“~@~~€”
~@€Q–––
“~@~€”
‰
W~Q|
~@W
Technology
]~@~€–––
“~@~~q”
]~@~
“~@~q”
]~@~~–––
“~@~~”
]~@~qq–––
“~@~~q”
@~||–––
“~@~€~”
‰
W~
~@Q
$
)@
–––~@~––~@~–~@
~
‹@
<
Y?<^Y?<_q‹E@
\€The Middle Class and Sex Ratios at Birth
Y
E \
@ =
\
^
_
\@
/
@}E
"# $
!
&
?
:
\
@~\@
=
)E \]
E
@ < 
’^
@@
_
~~
^<QQ~_@
Y \ E
@ & &
E

E
^QQ|ˆ@~~W&~~
)@~~Q_@
&^QQQ_
&
@=
\
)
E }@@
€
Š
"‹~
"
•}
€
¥
ˆ}˜}
‚
= E ] W~X ]
Š
@
E
E
E
^
_)E\
@&E
E @ & ] \]
@
<)E\
ŠE]
@
= ] ]
) =
!
$
(^")Qq")!QQ!~~_@&
)E \ >
< >
(
^`~~~~|_@
=
—
#E@
=\
(
\
@
]QQ~(
E E
\]
@
=
\
@W
QQ@
~~€^+
{~~Q_@
‚
|
}
^
|
}
—
|
^
’
}
‚
•
|
€
^

}
`^
¤€
‡
€
}{
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
=q@W Class Progressivity in Values Regressions
Variables
+E!
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
+E
/
:…
<
\q@
<… <
~
Y?<@
~@W
~@W~
~@Wq
~@W~
~@W
~@W
~@|
~@|W
~@|Q
~@W~
~@WW
~@Wq
+
!
/
`:
<]<
„`!
"
~@W
~@WW
~@W
~@€
~@Wq
~@
~@|
~@|
~@€
~@W
~@Wq
~@W
~@q
~@q€
~@q€
~@|
~@q
~@qq
~@
~@W
~@€
~@q
~@€
~@
~@W
~@Q
~@W
~@
~@qq
~@
~@~
~@
~@Q
~@€Q
~@€
~@
~@q€
~@q
~@q
>E
~@qq
~@q
~@q€
~@q
~@
~@q€
~@q
~@q
~@qW
~@q~
~@
~@€
~@€
~@€
~@
~@€|
~@€Q
~@€q
~@W
~@W
~@W~
~@Wq
~@W
~@WW
~@|
~@
~@W
~@W
~@W
~@W
~@W
~@Wq
~@WQ
~@W
~@Wq
~@W
~@
~@
~@W€
~@WQ
~@|
~@W€
~@€Q
~@
~@
~@qQ
~@€
~@€
~@Wq
~@W
~@
~@
~@
~@|
~@€|
~@€Q
~@W
~@€
~@€€
~@q|
~@|
~@|
~@|
~@€
~@€
~@
~@q
~@q
~@q€
~@Q
~@Q
~@Q
~@€
~@€
~@€~
~@q
~@€~
~@€~
~@q|
~@q
~@€~
~@qq
~@q
~@€~
~@qQ
~@€
~@€Q
/)
`^
_
>
!
<
`
"
„`!
<]<
/
`:
+
!
`^
_
!
@~~
~@Q~
~@~
~@|~
~@W~
~@~
~@€~
~@q~
~@~
~@~
]
~@W
~@W
~@|
@~~
~@Q~
~@~
~@|~
~@W~
~@~
~@€~
~@q~
~@~
~@~
]
~@
~@Q
~@~
@~~
~@Q~
~@~
~@|~
~@W~
~@~
~@€~
~@q~
~@~
~@~
]
<
`
"
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
[
q@Differences in Values by Class Across Regions
%Š
=
=
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
—
§
¤
}
&'!
>
^
}
}
¤
`@QQ{
!
'
›
›

•
`}}
€
{
`
¡{
}
‚
œ
}
Ÿ
"›
`@Q‘Q{
€
¤›
#
Ÿ}
¥
‘\™˜
‘\XQ
¤›’
˜}™Œ
"‹~
‘\XQ
~~~
†™QQ}
"
œ
@\Œ
‘\XQ}
›
Š
¤›
€}
‚
#
Ÿ
™}˜Œ
‘\™˜[X™
"‹~
‘\X™
~~~
†QQ
¤›}
–
#
Ÿ’
˜ˆŒ
}
`^
¤€
˜
#
Ÿ’
}{
#
Ÿ
Š
Š
¤›
}
Ÿ
"›
~#
`
{
œ
¤›
‘\‡
`
¤›
~~~
†™QQQ{
#
Ÿ
‘\Xˆ
`
"‹~
~~~
†™ˆQQ{}
‚

Ÿ
`@Q‘Q{
‚’
œ
"‹~
}
}
‚
Šœ
~#’
‘@QQQQ
Š
œ
‡Q
`¤
—
@Q‘Q{}
•
~#
`
{

}
‚
‚’
Š
•
}

œ
~#
€
€}
•
ˆŒ
•
`™™Œ
¬
ª
™ˆŒ
‚
˜‡Œ
‚
˜‘Œ
{
`Ÿ
"›
@Q‘Q{}
~#
‚
}
~#’
"‹~
š
‘˜Œ
‚
˜QŒ
"‹~
‡‘Œ
‘\X@
Š
`¤
—
@Q‘Q{}
‚
›
Š
`
{}
‚
‚
Š
Š
}
Ÿ
~
`@QQ™{
~#
‘\\Q
]
^
@QQQ}
¤
œ
}
‚
Ÿ
~
•
}
Š
œ
œ
}
–

~#
€Š
Š
Š
§
‰
}
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
= THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
\Fostering a Middle Class—Korea’s Economic Transition
[
QW~#
E]
$
( q~ E
@&
@
= QW E
[
‰ `
" E
@
QWW
E]"
")!]
E)# E@
= E ^
_
E
E
^
_
  @ Y)# <
’ @
&Q|W
Y)#
<
<
"
Y)#
<
@<
)
))
@ <
E
@
YEEE
E E ~~~~ E ^Y_ ‚~qW ~~ """E
@/
E E Y~~~ Y~~~~ E E\q~X
@
= E \ \ E
W~X~X
E)#
@
E
Y~
@
& Q| E)# E YW~~~~~^ ‚€€W ~~ """_ Y)#
}
<
<
@
/E
\]\ ] E]
E) E QQ~…
E)# ] #]
@=\
E
Š
~~~
\
@
= :
} & E <…
@ = /
& E
QWqE
Q|| E
~~ @ = Š\
Q|Q Q QQQQ~
E
E
\
\E]
E
@EQ
~~q
@
! :
} & @=)
E
~X
E
^@qqX
~~_@ : Š
\
YW@|Q @ E
E
@„]
@=
@
!!"#!$
( @ = QQ|ƒQ \
\
@ & QQQ  “” #
@’&Y@€
\E
E)Y@
@
&
\€@|XE)E
EY
E
\E|@QX
Yq~
@<
\\
@
…^
_
)
)E]E E) ^
_
E]
^
_
\
E
@
&/~~Q}:E/
!’ E "
+ /
)@&
^
_
E^
_
^
_
@
"
E \
@
"
E) E]
]
^_’
E\
@
„
’
E]
]
@=
]
\
@
=
%:E’
@
}^~~_@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
~#
"‹~
}
Ÿ
"›
`@Q‘Q{
­
•
•
Š
€
}
¤
"‹~}
~#
€
}
]^

•
•
€
}
œ
€
}
‚
]^

}@‡
" ?>
]
­
`{
Š
š
•
`{
}
€
•
`
~
‚
~#{
š
Š}
]^
•
Š
}
‡‘QQ
‘\QQ
X\˜\QQ
‘\‘˜
ˆ}
‘\@˜
}
¤
‘\@˜
‘QŒ
]^
`Ÿ
@QQ‡{}
q Y
{^~~Q_
@&
!
#
)@
=
QQ~‹~~|
E
E
"$!
@
€ =$
$’"(:E‰)=

ˆ~~q@
‹

Š
•
€
}
‚
‘\ˆQ
›
•}
—
€
š
}
]^
•
Š
š
•
`¥
“
‘\X‡{}
]^
€
Š
Š
Š
š ›
š
Š
Š
}
¤š
‹¡
`@QQX{
}
!£
Š
š£
[
[
š}
š
Š
š š
}
š
€
š
€
š
š}
¤
š
}'
—
Š
}
]^
€}
‚
"}‚}
¤
‘\‡‡
•
`
Š
{
—
—
‚‚

€
›
]^
`“
‘\˜{}
¤
—
—
‚‚
]^ ‘Q
}
"}‚}
¤
}
‘™QQQQ
‘\˜Q
˜QQQQQ
`"
‘\\{}
‚
‘\‡@
‡\Œ
}
¤
@˜
‘QŒ
}
—
"}‚}
‘@˜
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
}@ˆ
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
˜‘Œ}
^
@}@
`—
‘\\˜{}
•
]^
}
¤
`‘\X{
›
œ
]^
­
!—
|
€
}
¤
€
}
“
—
}'
[
€@Change in Poverty Across
116 Developing Countries by Poverty Line ^QQ~‹~~_
"
~~
QQ~^
_
~
]€
]
]
]W
]~
~€W~€
"
^‚ƒ~~"""_
<
]E
‰
"}‚}
¤
€
]^
}
›
•
}
#
š
‘‘‡QQQ
‘\‡‡
‘}
‘\˜Q
`^
@QQ\{}
‚

]^
Š

"}‚}
¤}
ª
}
‚
‘\˜Q
]^
¡}
š
€
}
‚
Š
}
>-
;>-
—
’
}
¤
†@
€
}
‚
¥
‡}‘
`
‘\\Q
@QQ˜{
†@
•
€
Š
`
•
!
'{}
—
€
Š
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
<… $
^~~Q_@
€
}
‚
œ
Š
@QQX[Q\}
‘\\¨\X
¥

}
‚
š
`‘\\™
‘\\\{
Š
`†@[†@Q
{
‡}X
‘QŒ
}
‚
}
~
¡
}
#
›
}
]
‚
¥
ž
^

`@Q‘Q{
}@˜
^
•

 !^~~_
@<
]
E
@
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
¥
‚
|€
^
`¥‚|^{
~
}
‹
˜QQ
¥‚|^
@QQˆ
¥‚|^
@QQ™
€
}
‡}‘
€
@QQˆ
@QQ™
X}Œ
•
`†@[†@Q{
@QQˆ
@QQ™
}ˆŒ
@QQˆ
@QQ™}
~
•
€Š
@QQˆ
@QQ™}
@QQˆ
›
@QQ™
`
‡}ˆ{}
‰
`
{}
Š
¨
}
}
=€@Distribution of “Panel” Households
by Expenditure Class, Philippines ^~~q~~W_
2006
Poor (>$2) Middle ($2–$20)
Rich (>$20)
Total
q~@
|@q
~@~~
q|@|
/
^‚‹‚~_
@|
@Q
~@W
W@
$
^Ž‚~_
~@~
~@W
~@
@~
qQ@
Q@|
@
~~@~
"^‚_
=
~#
Ÿ
~
`@Q‘Q{
–‚~
`
–
‚
~š{
<… <
~~q~~W[&`<@
=€@ Distribution of Panel Households across Major Sources of Income, Philippines ^~~q~~W_
Distribution (%) in 2006
Distribution (%) in 2003
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
Total
^_Yƒ
€@~q
@~q
@
~@q
~@~q
~@~
~@
~@€
~@
~@~Q
~@|
|@Q
^_Yƒ]
@~
|@€W
@||
@||
~@q
@W
@|€
@
@€|
~@~
~@
q@Q
^q_
]
@
@|
@Q€
~@||
~@
~@q
~@W|
~@Q
~@q
~@
~@W
@Q
^€_Y
~@Q
@|
~@|
q@q
~@~|
~@
~@Q
~@q€
~@qW
~@~
~@~
|@
^_/
Š
•
~@~q
~@q
~@|
~@W
~@€Q
~@~
~@~Q
~@~W
~@~
~@~
~@~€
@q
^W_<
~@
@W
~@
~@Q
~@~
@
~@q
~@q
~@
~@~
€@
^|_
~@
@qW
~@€
~@qq
~@~W
~@q
€@€
~@q
~@|
~@€
@€Q
^_
~@|
~@W|
~@W€
~@
~@~
~@
~@qq
@€
~@q
~@~q
~@
q@Q
^Q_&
ƒ
~@
@~
~@q
~@qq
~@~
~@
~@|
~@qq
@q
~@~
~@Q
@W
^~_&
•„&
~@
~@~€
~@€
~@~q
~@~q
~@~
~@~
~@~
~@~€
~@€|
^_$
~@~
~@q
~@|
~@~
~@~|
~@~
~@|
~@
~@~Q
~@€~
@|~
=
|@
q|@~q
@€q
|@|
@q
€@€
Q@
@€q
@
~@qW
@W ~~@~~
<… <
~~q~~W[&`<@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
¥‚|^
œ
•
}
‡}@
!'
š
@QQˆ
@QQ™}
š
}
š
@QQˆ
@QQ™}
—
Š
}
›

‚}
–
•
}
^
¡}
2003
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
‘\\‘[\˜
‘\\X[@QQ@
}
•
Š
Š
}
|
Š
}
—
=€@q Probit Estimates of the Probability of Middle-Class
Households in 2003 Moving into Poverty by 2006, Philippines
Characteristics in 2003
Marginal effects
Standard errors
[
~~q
~@~~~
~@~~q
:
~~q
~@~|–––
~@~~€
~~q
]~@~Q–––
~@~
~~q
]~@~|W–––
~@~
:
E)
E]
~~q
:
E)
~~q
:
E)
ƒ
~~q
~@~~|
]~@~q–––
~@~~W
~@~~W
~@~q
^~@~~|_
:
E)
~~q
]~@~qW–––
~@~~|Q
~~q
Eƒ]
]~@W~€–––
~@~
~~q
]~@~|–––
~@~W|
~~q
E
]~@~qW–––
~@~~
~~q
ƒ
•Š
ƒ
]~@~|–––
~@~~
~~q
]
]~@~Q|–––
~@~~Q
~~q
]~@€–––
~@~~|
~~q
]~@~W–––
~@~|
~~q
•
]~@~||–––
~@~~
~~q
•
]~@~|
~@~~
~~q
]~@~|q|–––
~@~|
:
€q|
"$
~@qq
!
]Š
€W~@|
+
)
:…
–––~@~––~@~–~@
<… <
~~q~~W[&`<@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
]q~q|W@
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
š
}
<-
<
&'!
‚
Š
›
Š
}
]
‘\X˜[@QQ™
X‡
Š
›
•€
}
–
›
`†@[†@Q{
`
‡}‡{}
•
=€@€ Determinants of Changes in Size of the Middle Class across Countries ^Q‹~~W_
Variables
"!!^</_
% MC $2–$20 (SM)
]~@~~€Q
~@~~
~@~~||–
~@~~q~Q–
~@~~qq––
~@~|–––
~@~~QW–
~@~~W€
“~@~~Q”
“~@~~|€”
“~@~~Q”
“~@~~”
“~@~~W”
“~@~~|~”
“~@~~€”
“~@~~~”
“~@~~€W”
~@~~|~q
~@~~
~@~~Q
~@~~|
]~@~~WW
]~@~~WQ
“~@~~”
“~@~~~”
“~@~~q”
“~@~~q|”
“~@~~QW|”
“~@~~Q”
@~Q
q@~
~@~€
]~@~W
@|––
@€––
“@q”
“~@”
“q@q~”
“q@qq”
“Q@Q”
“Q@~”
<
<
%"
/\
QQ~‹Q
/\
QQ~‹Q
~@€€
@WW
@qW|
@|W
]@Q–––
]@€–––
“€@~QQ”
“q@||”
“@Q|”
“@q|”
“q@W~”
“q@qWQ”
]~@~q
@|€
]~@W
]~@~WQ
W@|€–––
]|@W–––
“q@|Q”
“@Q”
“@~W”
“~@|”
“q@qQ”
“@Qq”
~@|
]q@~W
]~@~QQ
]~@WQ
]q@~–––
“W@|”
“@|”
“@|”
“~@Q~”
“@q|”
Q~‹QQ
)))
`

!
\
„
$]Š
MC .75-1.25 of median consumption
and > $2 per day (SM)
]~@~~~|~W
=%"
!
MC share of consumption middle 3
quintiles (SM)
|@W–––
“@€~”
q@qqQ
~@€
@
“W@q€”
“@~~q”
“@€|”
|@|Q`]~
@W`]~
]~@~~~€–
“~@~~~qW”
“€@€]~”
“~@~~~”
@W€
@~–
]€@|–––
“@€”
“@W|Q”
“€@|€”
~@~WQ
]@qQq
]@WQ
]~@
]@Q
]q@Wq
qq@–––
q€@~–––
€€@–––
“@€|”
“@Q”
“|@QW”
“~@||”
“@q”
“@W~~”
“@Wq”
“€@W”
“|@~W”
‰
‰
‰
‰
‰
‰
‰
‰
‰
Q
Q
|
Q~
|
|~
Q
Q
|
~@WQ
~@qQ
~@|Q
~@Q
~@Q
~@QQ
~@Q€
~@W|
~@
:…
</†/!†
<
)
–––~@~––~@~–~@
E
":
€
!
}>^~~_@
?
+^~~_Y
Y^~~_„]„
Y
^~~Q_E
@
<… <
@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
›
}
“
}
‚

}
›
}
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
œ
•
›
Q}˜[‘}@˜
•
}
¥
•
€
›
œ}
‚
•
Q}˜[‘}@˜
"‹~
›
•
Š
}
‰
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
Š
Š
€Š
•
›
Š
}
^
•
Š
•
Q}˜
‘}@˜
}
•
}
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
—
}
`^
¤€
™
œ
•
~#
‚}{
B)
J>
’
}
^
}

~#
‚
‘˜Œ[ˆQŒ
`—
^
°
@Q‘Q{}
¥
‘\\X
@QQ\
‚
Q}ˆ
‘}˜
`ª
@QQ‡{}@™
~#
]^
’
‘@
š
‘\\@
@
@QQQ}
~#
‚
’
•
}
‚
ˆ}™
@QQQ[Q‘
˜X‡
@Q‘Q
™™Œ}@
~#
XQ
}@X
|
˜QŒ[˜\Œ
}
‚
™QŒ
~
‚
‡Œ
~
XQŒ
¬
ª}@\
‚
˜}‘
~#
‚
~
€
€
}
¥
˜}‘
€
}
^
¬
~
‚
€
}
€
@‘Œ
‚
†‘}@˜
¥
€
‡˜Œ
‚
~
€
}
€
€
¥
‚
}
~#
¬
~
€
}

‚
~

¬
}
–

­
@}Œ
†‘Q[†@Q
ˆ‡}™Œ
‚
‡Q}™Œ
¥
}

•

}
—
€
§
‚
=@Distribution of Households by Class and by Ownership of Selected Durables
Per capita
expenditure/
income
class (2005
$ PPP)
‚@
‚@‹‚
‚‹‚€
‚€‹‚~
‚~‹‚~
Ž‚~
Percent of households with …
radio
TV
aircon
refrigerator
motorcycle/scooter
automobile
PRC* India Philippines PRC** India Philippines PRC*** India Philippines PRC India Philippines PRC India Philippines PRC India Philippines
@Q
€@
@|
qQ@€
€Q@
Wq@
Q@~
|@~
q@~
qW@~
€@~
€@~
€€@Q
W@W
W@|
W|@Q
|@q
|W@
€q@|
@q
|€@
Q@W
Q@Q
Q@q
|@~
q~@~
€q@~
W@~
W|@~
|€@~
W@
€@W
~@|
Qq@|
QW@
Q@€
~@q @~
~@q q@~
@€ |@~
@€ |@~
@~ W@~
q@W €~@~
~@
~@
@€
€@
€@q
|€@|
@q @~
€@ q@~
q|@ ~@~
|€@q Q@~
Q@q €W@~
Q@ Q@~
q@q
q@W
€@
|W@
@Q
Q€@
q@
@|
€@W
€@q
W@
€€@
@~
@~
q@~
Q@~
€@~
€W@~
@Q
@W
q@
@
@
@~
~@
~@
~@
@
@
~@
~@
~@|
@~
@~
@~
@~
~@
~@
@W
€@
qQ@Q
Q@|
:… "!`†
\
"$!†"#$
!
–]––]=?–––]
<… <
}!`\
<&
^~~€]~_"
#[
&`\
<^~~W_!
}&
"<^~~_@
W =QQ
EEE@
@@
| …ƒƒEEE@
@ƒ
]]E]]
]~~@
 :@~~@!
:~~/
/
"<
@
"!Y
!@Qˆ@
Q &
„)ˆ=)=
"
<
$)
’@!:E@
~~Q")
=&
"=’&[!
?
:’@?E@
?@&!=<
:E/
)
|X~~]^"
_’@&@
@~~Q]~q]@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
@ )
<&'!
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
\WPRC, Indian Investment and Inheritance Patterns Raise Inequality Concerns
#
\
E
E
Š
@‰
E
Š
@=
ŠE
\
Š
@
E E E
E
Š
Š
E E @ = E
Š
E
)Š
@
)Š
"#
$
!
^"$!_&
~~Q^\=W@_@&E
E )
E
Š
E
\
"#$
!
^"$!_
&
@&
) !
@
= E E‚‹‚€~~"""
… X !
Š €X &
@ = &
E +
E
„
„
„
:
:]
E
E)
:]E
Y
Total
)
!
+
<)
&=
[
[ƒ
[
"
!
!
:
<…
Š
@ = Š~X&
Š
~X!
@
/
!
)
Š E
~X
&
@ = Š &
) Š
@
+
)E
EE\\
) )E
EE
^\=W@_@
=
 E
EE
@=E
E
E
@&
E)@&"$!~X
‚‹‚€
)E)
qX
‚~‹
‚~)@&&
XX
)@
+)
!
E
&
))
)E
E]
&
E
@
$2–$4
@~
~@q
@W
@W
qW@€
@W
~@~~
@|Q
100.00
\=W@Patterns of Bequests
% of households in each income group
People's Republic of China
India
$4–$10
$10–$20
$20++
$2–$4
$4–$10
$10–$20
q@
q€@W|
€Q@~€
€|@
€Q@W
€@~
|@
@qQ
@~
@QQ
Q@||
@q
€@€
W@|
W@|q
@W
€@QW
W@W
@
€@q
q@
@~
~@|
~@~~
qq@
q@||
q@~
@~
Q@Q
@€
@
~@qW
@
@|W
~@|
@W€
@
@
~@~~
~@~~
~@W
~@~~
|@|q
|@q~
@Q
Q@WQ
q@Q
€@Q
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
>$20
€@q
qq@qq
€@|
€@|
@qq
~@~~
~@~~
€@|
100.00
$2–$4
~@~~
@~~
~@~~
~@~~
~@~~
~@~~
~@~~
~@~~
~@~~
~@~~
q@~~
q@~~
q@~~
~~@~~
\=W@ Asset Portfolios and Debt Patterns
% of households in each income group owning each asset type
People's Republic of China
India
$4–$10
$10–$20
$20++
$2–$4
$4–$10
$10–$20
@QQ
Q@|€
Q€@W
q|@Wq
€@~Q
~@W
W@€~
@W
W@||
@W
W@
W@€€
Q@Q
qq@~
€@Q
|@€
|@|Q
|@q
|@~W
q@~
€W@|
@~
W@|€
@~|
~@Q
q@q
@QQ
@
W@
W@€€
~@€|
~@
Q@
~@~
~@€|
@q|
~@|
@
q@Q
~@~
@W
@q|
@
@
|@Q
@
@€
~@QW
~@Q
~@
q@Q
~@~
@Wq
W@
@q
@€~
@Q
~@~
@Wq
~@~~
€@€
q@W
|@€Q
@
q@~
€@
€W@Q
€Q@W
q@Q
€@WW
W~@Qq
€@|Q
@€
W@
@QQ
Q@q
@
W@€€
Q~@~~
|@W
Qq@€€
Q@W
|@
W@Q
>$20
@€q
~@|
W€@Q
|@€
~@|
~@~~
~@~~
€@Q
~@~~
~@~~
|@€
€W@€q
@~~
Q@Q
&
ŠE
E
@}
)^~~Q_ˆ
E
#
@
!%!`\"}
<
%<`
&
<
`
$^$!
`
_„)>
@
E
!}
)„)>
@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
SPECIAL CHAPTER
[
@Ownership Rates of Selected Consumer Durables by Per Capita Expenditure Decile
}E
\
ƒ
}E
\
ƒ
~@~
~@~
|~@~
~~@~
W~@~
~@~
~@~
X €~@~
X
q~@~
W~@~
€~@~
~@~
~@~
~@~
~@~
~@~
q €  W |  Q ~
q €  W |  Q ~
–
–
}E
\
ƒ
}E
\
ƒ
~~@~
Q~@~
~@~
|~@~
W~@~
X ~@~
€~@~
q~@~
~@~
~@~
~@~
X
q
€

W
|

€@~
€~@~
q@~
q~@~
@~
~@~
@~
~@~
@~
~@~
Q ~
q €  W |  Q ~
–
€@~
}E
\
ƒ
€~@~
q@~
q~@~
X
@~
X
~@~
@~
~@~
@~
~@~
q €  W |  Q ~
}E
\
ƒ
~@~
€@~
€~@~
q@~
q~@~
@~
~@~
@~
~@~
@~
~@~
q
€

W
|

Q ~
\
"
~~W
&
~~€‹~~
"#$
!
–~~
<… <
&
#:<<]!`<~~€‹~"
#[&`<~~W"#$
!
#!}&"~~@
}
“
‚’
~
~#
•
Š
}
‚’
}ˆQ
¤
q~ EŠ
)@=
%/)
&
=%&
$&!
~~"$!
E
E
&
@=
"$!
)
&
E
@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
€
~#}
" (
“
•
—
}

Š
Š

!¤
~'
~
`@QQ˜{

•
}
~
›


Š
}

—

¢
’
}
‚
†@@QQ
¢ª
’
`
“
‚{
€
Š
š
†‘
`
"
|’
Š
¤{
†Q
Š
`
‚’
"š
{
†@‡
Š
•
`
{
†‘@
Š
`
~#’
¤«‹
ž
¤
{
`
‚
{
`|
@Q‘Q{}
!‹
°
‘\˜Q
£
Š
š
'
`
|
@Q‘Q{}
}
&>->$(
‚
Š
}
Š
•
`
¤€

•
{}
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
›
}
‚
Š
›
`ª"‰{
}
€
›
`—
¤
@QQ‡{}
Š
€
›’
#

`#{
›
ª"‰
¤
‘\\‡
•
}
#
€
‚
œ
}
¤
‘\\\
@QQˆ
’
}
ª
•}
œ
¤}

`@QQ\{
‚’
•
‘\\‘
}
^
}
–
}
#
‘\Q
‘\XQ
#
Ÿ

}
“
~
‚
‘\XQ
‘\\Q}
¤
}
—

“
`@QQ\{
!£

±]^²
Š


~
}'
&'!
‚
’
§
‚

THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
&"
E E
}
E
]@=
@ ] Š
@&
Š
@
\[
|@E
"
}
& !
# )E"
}@
&
E
& ^
_ && ^
_@+&&&^
_
E
@&E
&& &&&
@&
&&&
E
E
EE@
~
W~
€~
~
" /
$
" /
$
" /
$
~~€
~~|
‰
~~
^_^
_
)E
)
@
:
[ ^:[_ ^
_ E E @ ]
^Y)~~_@
~
"
^X_
~~
\[
|@ Proportion of Households
That Have at Least One Member Who Has Philhealth Coverage
=
)
E])
@„
E ) E)^„[Y_
„[Y)@
Y ) ^~~_ ‘ ]
E
@&
:
!
$
]
Š
@’
<… "&<~~~~|~~€@

•
›
}
¥
`¤š
‹¡
@QQX{}
!“
'
}
‚
•
`“
^
¬
‘\X\{}
}ˆ‘
•
›
•}
›
}
¥
•
`¤
}
@QQQ{}
q /<
?

@’
•
Š
Š
}
|
`@QQ‘{
€
`•
™QŒ
{
}
—
•

™QŒ

"
•
}
¡
¡
}
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
\|Philippines Public Spending Apt to Benefit Middle Class over the Poor
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
‚
Š
›
š
}
~ª
—
¤’
—
‹
‚
`—‹‚{
—
"
‚}
`^
€
‡
}{
•
­
`{
†@[†@Q
`
@QQ˜
~~~
{
`{
™QŒ
`{
¨
†@
Q}˜
‘}@˜
}ˆ@
ž›
›
‹
`‘\\X{
‹¤
`@QQ{}
¥
˜}@}ˆˆ
—
†@[†@Q
›
}
–
ˆ
œ
•
˜Œ[‘@˜Œ
}
–
•
}
˜}@
}
—
•
œ
}
‚
•
}
“
›
•
}
•
[
@Changes in the Size of the Middle Class against the Initial Level of Consumption Per Capita ^Q‹~~W_
/!
}}
&~X‹~X
|X‹X/
\
~
]@
]@~
!^!_
@~
@
</‚‹‚~"""
q
€

q@€
q@W
q@
€
@
q
q@
q@€
q@W
q@
^/!_
:…
</†
!
\
@
<… <
]":Y&
@
q Y@
E‚
E
ƒ
E‚‚@
~@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
qq &
\
E
E
E
E
E@
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
Variables
X/!‚‹‚~~~"""
X>!‚~˜~~"""
^/!
qŠ
_
^/!@|‹@
_
^"
_
^
_
^
_
!
!
\
„
$]Š
:…
<…
Change log
(per capita consumption survey means)
]~@~~~~|
“~@~~”
~@~~qq€
“~@~~q”
]~@~€|Q
“~@~Q”
~@~~|q
“~@~q~”
]~@|W–––
]~@€€–––
]~@€q–––
“~@~Q~”
“~@~€€”
“~@~|”
~@€Q–––
~@q€–––
~@qq–––
“~@~|q”
“~@~W”
“~@~WW”
~@~
~@~Q
~@~q
“~@~€~”
“~@~€~”
“~@~qQ”
~@|Q|–––
~@€q–
~@W€|–––
“~@q”
“~@€|”
“~@|W”
‰
‰
‰
|
|W
|
~@€q
~@€€W
~@€€
Change log
(per capita consumption national account means)
]~@~~~€q
“~@~~~Q~”
~@~~~WW
“~@~~€”
]~@~W€
“~@~|”
]~@~qQ
“~@~q”
]~@|€–––
]~@W€–––
]~@q–––
“~@~q”
“~@~q”
“~@~”
~@q~–––
~@q~Q–––
~@q~W–––
“~@~€~W”
“~@~€~”
“~@~€~q”
]~@~~~~~qW
~@~~W
~@~~qW
“~@~~Qq”
“~@~~Qq”
“~@~~Qq”
~@q|––
~@q
~@–––
“~@q”
“~@q~Q”
“~@~€”
‰
‰
‰
|
|W
|
~@W
~@
~@
/!†
>!†
<
)
–––~@~––~@~–~@
E
":
€
@
+^~~_
X
Y&
@
<
@
^
›

}
•
}
˜}ˆ
†@[†@Q
=@q Determinants of Average Schooling Years across Countries ^Q‹~~W_
Average years of schooling
Variables
Spec 1
X/!‚‹‚~~~"""
X>!‚~˜~~"""
/!~X‹~X
~@~~QQ–––
“~@~~|”
~@~QQ–––
“~@~~|”
~@~~W
“~@~~QQ|”
/!@|‹@
"
=%"
<
<
%"
/\
Q~‹Q
/\
Q~‹Q
Q~‹QQ
)))
`

!
!
\
„
$]Š
:…
<…
Spec 2
~@~~Qq|––
“~@~~€€”
~@~~q
“~@~Q|”
]~@~~~€q
“~@~~q”
~@~~|–
“~@~~~”
q@Q–––
“~@Q”
@|WQ–––
“~@qqq”
]~@Q–––
“~@q~W”
]@|–––
“~@q”
€@W–––
“~@€”
]@€€]~––
“Q@|Q]~W”
]q@Q–––
“~@€W”
]@€q–––
“~@WW”
‰
q€
~@Q
~@~~~q€
“~@~~~~Q”
~@~~~q––
“~@~~~~”
€@q–––
“~@W|”
@Q€€–––
“~@q€Q”
]~@|––
“~@q~q”
]@–––
“~@q”
€@Q–––
“~@€WQ”
]@~|]~––
“Q@|Q]~W”
]q@QWQ–––
“~@€Qq”
]q@W€–––
“~@~|”
‰
qqQ
~@Q
~@~~~
“~@~~Q”
~@~~qW
“~@~~WQ”
~@~~~q
“~@~~~”
~@~~~q––
“~@~~~~”
€@qW–––
“~@|W”
@Q~~–––
“~@q€q”
]~@|W|––
“~@q~W”
]@qWW–––
“~@q€|”
@~~q–––
“~@€~”
]@QW]~––
“Q@|€]~W”
]€@~q–––
“~@€Q”
]@q–––
“~@W|”
‰
q€
~@Q
]~@~~~€Qq
“~@~~~q€q”
~@~~~|~Q
“~@~~~QQ”
q@WQ–––
“~@”
@€~–––
“~@q”
]~@QqW–––
“~@Q~”
]@||–––
“~@q”
€@Wq–––
“~@€€Q”
]@q]~––
“Q@]~W”
]q@QW–––
“~@€WQ”
]@|q–––
“~@W€”
‰
q€
~@Q
~@~~~~q–––
“~@~~~|Q”
~@~~Wq
“~@~~~~~”
€@W~–––
“~@qq”
@W–––
“~@qqQ”
]~@€W–––
“~@QQ”
]@W–––
“~@q~”
€@Q€€–––
“~@€W~”
]@]~––
“Q@WW]~W”
]€@~W|–––
“~@€q”
]q@€Q–––
“~@|QW”
‰
qqQ
~@Q
~@~~
“~@~~W”
~@~~~~–––
“~@~~~|”
~@~~
“~@~~~QQQ”
€@~–––
“~@q”
@Wq–––
“~@q|”
]~@|~–––
“~@Q”
]@Q–––
“~@qQ”
€@QW–––
“~@€|”
]@]~––
“Q@]~W”
]€@~W–––
“~@€”
]@QQ–––
“~@WW€”
‰
q€
~@Q
/!†
>!†
E
":
€
@
?
+^~~_Y
Y^~~_„]„
Y
^~~Q_E
@
<
@
<
@
<
@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
=@ Determinants of Growth in Per Capita Consumption across Countries ^Q‹~~W_
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
›
}
–
•
`
Q}˜[‘}@˜
¨
œ{
•
Š
}
}
•
›
•
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
}
—
Š
›


}
–
Š
}
Š
`
œ{
}
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
}
€
Š
Š
`
{}
‚
}
ª
€
œ
}
ª
›
}
($
}

‚
‡QŒ

`@XŒ{
`¥
™}‘{}
}
š
‚
›
’
`
{
•
`^
@QQX{}
–
@‡Š
}
€
}
"
œ

‚
}
}
‚
€
|
ª
`
™}‘{}
¥
‰@
‚
~#
š
™Œ
‘XŒ
]^
}
–
€
|
ª
}
[
W@Per capita Water Consumption ^QQ|‹~~
_
>
<
€q
/
q€€
=
q
/
Q
%
€
"
€q
qQq
?
:
q€
&
q|
<
+)
Q
€
>
(
")

($@
|Q
ˆ
q
Q~
&
QW
:
€Q
|~
"#$
!
~
~~
~~~
~~
~~~
~~
<… EEE@E
@@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
0 (L!*
!
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
=W@Carbon Dioxide Emissions ^QQ~~~€_
Country
ˆ
>
<
>
(
%
($
/
$
[
=
!
"‡$
"
<
+)
?
:
&
&
")
Total (million
metric tons)
1990
~|
€
|Q
Q~
€

Q€
QW
qQQ
€€
€
€
W
W

2004
|
W~€W
|
~
€W
|
€
W
~~|

QQ
q|
q€
W
q|
Annual
change (%)
1990–2004
@
@
~@
]@q
W@W
@
]@Q
@
|@
@Q
€@
@
@
W@Q
W@~
~@
Share of world total
(%)
1990
€@|
@
@W
€@q
@
~@
@
~@€
~@W
~@
@@@
~@
~@Q
q
~@q
~@
2004
€@q
~@Q
@~
@
@W
~@W
@q
~@Q
|@q
~@q
@@@
~@q
@q
€@W
~@€
~@
Per capita
(metric tons)
1990
@|
Q@q
~@~
@q
@W
q@~
q@€
@|
@
~@|
~@
~@q
@
~@
~@W
~@
2004
Q@Q
~@W
Q@
Q@
Q@|
|@
~@W
€@
q@
~@W
@
@|
@
~@
~@q
Carbon intensity of growth CO2 emissions
per unit of GDP (metric tons of CO2 per
million, 2000 PPP $)
1990–2004
1990
2004
@~
~@q|
~@qW
~@
~@W
~@W
]~@
~@€|
~@q€
]@
~@
~@q
@
~@|
~@
~@|
~@W
~@|W
]@
@W
@|
~@
~@q
~@W
@
@q~
~@|~
q@
~@Q
~@
€@q
~@~Q
~@
@€
~@
~@€|
q@~
~@€
~@q
q@W
~@€
~@€€
@€
~@qQ
~@€
€@q
~@
~@
Annual
change (%)
<… >:" !"#$$%&$'@
‚
€
€
~#’
Š
€
•
}

š
€
]^
@Q@˜}ˆ‡
‚
]^
}
‚
¡
}
¥
`{
€
}
" +!"
‚
Š
}
¤
}
•
}
q€ !
[!&%Y
’
€ˆ~~
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
}
Š
`‹
~
‘\\{}
€Š
Š
Š
Š
›
€
`ž
‘\\{}
‚
~#
€
Š
Š
`¯ˆQŒ
{
@@}XŒ
‘\X\
™™}™Œ
‘\\ˆ}
Š
Š
`
‘\}‘Œ
˜‘}QŒ{
`#
«
‘\\X{}
‹
ª
^
^
‚
}
¥
™}@
œ
‘\@[ˆ
@QQ‡[Q˜
}
}
}
¥
‚
~#
`˜‘
‡ˆ
{
`^
}
@Q‘Q{}
“
^
ž
#
Ÿ
]^
"

^
`¥
™}ˆ{}
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
)^_
)
q~~
~
~
~
WW
€
€
€
~~
q
~
W
€Q
€~
~|
~~
~Q
qW
~|
q|
q
~€|
~~
qW
qW
q
~~
q~
~~~
|
Q~
€

Q~~
~
~
Q|‹|q Qq
QQq‹Q€ QQQ‹ ~~€‹~ Q|‹|q Qq
~~~
$
Q|‹|q
QQq‹Q€ QQQ‹ ~~€‹~
~~~
Qq
QQq‹Q€ QQQ‹
~~~
~~€‹~ Q|‹|q
$
>
Qq
QQq‹Q€ QQQ‹
~~~
~~€‹~
>
<… :
<<„
((#$$)&$*$:@q^Wƒ@~ƒW_/~~|@
[
W@qDiabetes Prevalence Worldwide^~~~q~X_
<
+)
>
<
!
%
/
"
$
(
<
[
$
[
&
=
&
ˆ
"
=
!
&
"#$
!
!
>
(
?
:
/
:
~
q
W
Q
~~

~q~
:…
<
~‹|@
<… <E+^~~_@

}
‚
œ
Š
›
`|
‚
@QQ‡{}
^
€
}
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
[
W@Average Calorie and Fat Intake, India ^Q|‹|q~~€‹~_
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
N ›
}
‹
•
˜QQ
†ˆ
€}
€
}
^
€
•
}
~#
’
‚
}
•
}
^


—
•
}
•}
}
}
›
}
‚
Š
›
}
«
€
}
•

}
#
œ
}
—
œ
’
€
}
‰
€
’
Š
š
•}
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
¤
€
Š
~#
}
~
š
•
€}
|
•
€
•
€
š
}

¢
¡}’
—
€
›
€
›
}
œ}

€
¡
Š
—
}
ž
Š
}
Š
•
}
‚
š
Š
Š
€
@[ˆ
}
€
@Q[ˆQ
}
—
}
}

€
}
‚
}
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
‹}
¥}
¦}
‘\\}
—
~
]
§
‘Q˜`‡{­
Q\[˜‘}
#}
–}
°}
~}
@QQˆ}
~
‚œ
"
^
“
|
ª

‘\XQ[@QQQ
—
‹
}
ˆ‘
ª}
‘@
}
@Q@[@Q‡X}
‚

“}
‘\™}
!"
#
$!
#}
¤­
°
–
]
~
¤}
}
‘\\‡}
~
“
“
~
¥
#}
}
‹}
#}
‘\\‡}
‹
~
|
"}
$
‘Q\`@{­
‡™˜[‡\Q}
‹}
ž}
|}
@QQX}
^Š¤
^€
#
@QQQ
]
^
}
~
ª
^}
‹
¤}
@QQ‡}
%
&
'!
*+
}
“­
‹¤}
}
@QQ}
,
-//3­
4
#}
‹¤
~}
`}}¨‹¨
¤¨Ÿ
‚¨@QQ¨}{}
}
@QQX}
#
!
'+5
6%
,%
­
‹
¤}
}
@QQ\}
#
!
'+5
#
’
"}
“­
‹¤}
¤š
š
˜}
|
‹¡}
@QQX}
—
“

“

—§
!
@@`@{­
ˆ[@X}
¤
#}
°}
°Š—}
ž}
@Q‘Q}
ª
‹
^
|
—
‘\˜Q[
@Q‘Q}
78
*+%
75
9:;/-
ª
¤
|
#}
¤Š
ž
|
‹}
­
}}¨}
¤
}
“}
‘\\\}
¥
‹
‚
"
‚
‚
~
^
‚
}
!
%
ˆQ`@{­
@ˆ[™ˆ}
¤
ž}
@Q‘Q}
ª
“
ª
“­
^
‚
“
} ~
—
’
“

‹¤
–œ
“
~
@[@X
“}
¤
ª}
@QQ}
#¡
“
¥
‚
“Š
"}

"
‹
*+%
9</
—
‹
‰}
}
@Q‘Q}
`‚{
“

‹
 #
#
ª
~
#}

"
‹
—
~
@Q
“}
¤
ª

"
^
~}
@QQQ}
^
­
‚
"›
“
“
§
¤
‚

^
|
‹
—
~
ª}
‘‡
—
‹}
¤
¤
°}
‘\™}
=
"
=
>
!
6%
#}
‘
}
ª
«­
ª}
¤
¬}
Ÿ}
^}
‚}
@QQ˜}
#
ž
¥ŠŠ“
#
‚}
*+
‡Q`˜{­
‡‘\[@}
¤
¥³}
@QQˆ}
¥
­
•
€
}
?=#
*+%
@QQˆ[Qˆ}
¤
—}
@Q‘Q}
‹’
]
‚’
}
°
@‘}
¤
“}
#}‹}
–
‹}
“
‹}
¬
“}
@QQ}
"
"
‹­

‚
#
—§
*
8+
*+%
@<;-5
—
‹
ª}
¤
“} #}‹}
– ‹}
“}
@QQ\}
¥
"
‚
‚œ}
‚
}
|
‹}
ž›
}
+
>"
B
B%
>
C
—
‹}}­
¤
‚
~}
Š‹
"
‚
‹
‹
`"‚‹‹{}
`}}{}

~}
@QQ\}
—
‚
§
|
‹}
*+%
#
!}

~
#
ª
‹}

ª}
@Q‘Q}
“

^›
~
~
¥­
‹
‹
~š}
*+%
}
¥}
‹
¤}
}
@Q‘Q}
|
¬
~
^
~
‹­
‚}
“}

ª
#
–
“
]}
@Q‘Q}
“

|
‹­
‹
Š
‹
^§
~
—
’
“

‹¤
–œ
“
~
@[@X
“}
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
*
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS

|}
°}
@QQ@}
¥
‹
¥
^›
¥
‹}
^
#
“
|
^
}
Š
~•}
}
‹
“}
~}
ª}
“
¤}
‘\\}
¥
‹
‚
“
^€
¤
‚}
˜‘`ˆ{­ˆQ[‘˜}
‹
"}
‘\\X}

~
“
B7
75
:/
‚
¥
~
#
‚
—
¤}
‹
#
–
#
^}
@QQ\}
~
"
°
^€
#
#
‚­
|
‘\\‘
@QQ‘
¬

‹}
‹
¤
*+%
75
9E35
“­
‹
¤}
‹
Ÿ}
‚}
‰Š‰
#}
—›}
@QQ\}
~
|
|

78
*+%
9:<E/}
‹
“}
¥}
¦}
@QQ˜}
^

^
}
#
ˆ`@[ˆ{­
˜‘™[˜@‡}
‹
“}
¥}
¦}
@QQX}
‰

^
}
$
‘@ˆ`@{­
‡[\ˆ}
‹
}
¤}“}
~}
‘\\}
ª
­
ª
"
‹}
7
!F
˜˜`@{­
ˆ‘[‡ˆ}
‹
^}
‹}
}
@QQ}
‚
^€
#
¤
‚Š¤
“
|
—­
|
^€Š^
}
~
‹
#
ˆˆ`@{­
ˆXˆŠ‡QQ}
|
‚}
@QQ‡}
#
­


‹
‹
|}

"
–
|
‹}

]
ª
«}
|
—}
@QQ‘}
“


|
‹}
HF
™`‡{­
ˆ‘[ˆˆ˜}
|}
@Q‘Q}
^
#
‚
|
“}
ª
“
“}
‘[@ˆ}
¥
}‹}
“}#}
#›}
@QQX}
|
‹
‹
|}
‚
}
~}
^›
°
^
}
6+
!
¬}
‡}
|
¤}¬}
¥
#
¤}
°
ž}
“}
‘\X‡}
*
J
C
ª
«
¤
¤}
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
"
‰
°
¦}
‘\\ˆ}
‚
‹
“
!F
™Q`‘{­
ˆ˜[˜@}
"
“}
‘\\}
=
H
8"
=
?F
=
%
#}
ž
~}
—
~
¤
¥ž}
–
°}
@Q‘Q}
Ÿ’
“

‚
#
"
~}
~
—
’
“

‹¤
–œ
“
~
@[
@X
“}
–
^
^
—
}
L%
"
?N
#O}
ª
«­
‰€
]
~}
–
#
^
¤
}
@QQ\}
~
—
¬
™}ˆ

‚

~
‚
~
]
~}
@QQ\}
‚
ž
‰›}
@QQ\}
¥
"
­
“
—
~
#}
°

~
¬}
@QQX}
~
“


‚
}
^
~}
ª
‹}
°
~}
#}
Ÿ
~}
¬
ª}
‹
‹}
#}
“}
@QQ™}
ž
“ŠŠ¥
^€
#

¤
‚­
ª
^
‘}‘
“
–}
=
?
ˆ™­
@‘‘[X}
Ÿ
‹}
Ÿ
}
“}
“››}
@QQ\}
"
“­
‚
"
‚
‘\\™Š@QQX}
*+%
75
@;3Q}
—
¤
~
#
‹}
Ÿ
–}
@Q‘Q}
|
“

‹

*+%
75
-Q:5
~­
‰|‹
‹

~}
Ÿ
–
"
"›}
@Q‘Q}
ª
"
“
­
Š‰
—
|}
‚

ž
}
%%
>
"
8
=
—
‹­
¤
‚
~
`{}
Ÿ
ª
°
~}
@QQ™}
‚
“
‚

]
^
=
‘‡
`ˆ{­
‡‘[‡˜X
Ÿ
ª
°
~}
@Q‘Q}
|
‚
“
~’
#
­
‘\\‘[@QQ@}
#8
*+%
@Q‡5
‹
¤}
Ÿ
~}
#
#
ª
«
@˜
°
@Q‘Q
ˆ‘
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
#
Ÿ}
^
^
«}
‘\\X}
|
|

‹
‹


}
\­
˜\™[™Q‘}
#
^
Ÿ}
@QQ@}

­
}
~
–
ª
˜`‘{­
@ˆ‘Š@ˆ}
#

¦
#
ž
^}

–
‚
~š
‘\\˜
±
•²}
‚~^#QˆQ‘@Š‘}
“‚­
‚Š

~
^
#
±²
@QQ\ŠQ@Š@˜}
­‘Q}ˆXX™¨
‚~^#QˆQ‘@
#Š–
‹
"
^}
@Q‘Q}
#
‚
"
‹
@QˆQ}
~
—
’
“

‹¤
–œ
“
~
@Š@X
“}
^
°
‹}
—}
‘\\˜}
|
#
~
"
‚}
8+%
#!
‘­‘[‘‘X}
^
}Ÿ}
‘\\Q}
“
‘QQ
“
—
“}
=
7F
S+
!F
8+
ˆ`@Q{
‹}
^}
@QQX}
—
~
]
‚­
^
“š
}
^
~
]"Š^
~}
ˆQ
°
[
‘\
°}
^
°}|}
#}}
^
~}¦}
¦}
@Q‘Q}
"
@Q‘Q
@QˆQ}
X­
‡[‘‡}
^
ž}

–
‚
~š
@QQ@
±
•²}
‚~^#@‘‡‘Š‘}
“‚­
‚Š

~
^
#
±²
@QQ\ŠQXŠ‘‡}
­‘Q}ˆXX™¨‚~^#@‘‡‘
^
}
"}
—}
@QQ‡}
^
“
"
‚
‹
ž›
}
“}
—
‚
‹
|
#
]
ª
]­
–
¥}
^
|}
@QQ‡}
"
^

‚’
“
­
‚
‚
~
|
ž›}
!F
ˆ`‡{­
‡Q˜[‡@X}
^
}
@QQ\}
¤
–
“
}
=}
¥}
@}
}
@QQ‡}
’
—
–
‹}
ˆ
“}
]
ª
]
—
‚
‹
|
#
`]ª]Š—‚‹|#{}
—
‚
‚œ
‹
@}Q
“
@QQX}
`­¨¨}}}¨¨‹¨
¶"¤¨¨{
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
Ÿ
‹
|}
@QQ‡}
?
J
9;-/R@/}
‚
#}
‹­
}
ž
‹}
‘\\X}
=
*
!
7}
ª
`ª
«
ª«{}
ž
}
‘\\}
}
‚
^
~^
“~
Ÿ
}
7
"
?
B
%
*}

]Ÿ­
—}
‘ˆ[‘X}
ž
´Š
¦}
@QQ\}
#
}
8
>
¬}
ˆˆX
‘X
­
X\\[\QQ}
“
ž}
@QQ\}
‹
“


"
§
~
|
“

ª

“
}
^‚^
*+%
}
°
–
]}
¤
“‹}
“
~
|}
‘\˜}
–
|­
|€
"}
‘Q‡
`‘{­
X[X™}
“
Ÿ
“}
^
#
¬}
‘\X\}
‚
‹
“
^›
‚›}
=
$
‘Q‡
`ˆ{­
˜ˆ[˜™‡}
ª
¬}
X
°
@Q‘Q}
¤
ª}
ª
«
}
@Q‘Q}

¥

‚
"
—
~
‡
°}
~
‘}
ª
‹}
@Q‘Q}

ª
XQQ
“
“
~
^}
~—
¤
}
@\
°}
~
}
¤}
‘\Xˆ}
~
^
¥
^›
^€
#­
|
^
Ÿ}
%
@Q`ˆ{­
ˆˆˆ[˜@}
~
}
¤}
ªŠ–
}
‘\\˜}
œ
^
~
žŠ¥
^­
‚
^€
#
¤
Ÿ}
!
!F
@‘`‘{­
˜\[X‡}
~
|}
@QQX}
“
#
~
‚œ
~}
J
ª}
@QQX[Q‘
]
~
µ›
}
~
}Ÿ}
@QQ˜}
=
B
8
"
%
!
=%
&5
]
^
#
ª°­
—
^
~}
#
“}
@QQˆ}
“
|
—
‹
­
–
—
ª
^
§
!F
X˜­
™‡˜[™˜@
#
“}
@QQ\}
‹
—’
¤
`
¬{
“
}
*
!
ˆX`‡{­
‡‡˜[‡˜‡}
#
“
^

~
^
@QQX
‹
‹
#
*+%
‡™@Q}
—
‹
—
¤}
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
—›
#
Ÿ
–
—}
@QQˆ}
=
?N
HF"
7F
!}
ª¤|#
—
~
‘Q‘˜@}

“}­
ª
¤
|
#
—
^
°}
@Q‘Q}
‚

^
#
ˆ\Œ}
ª
"
^
}
~
‘Q
“}
—
^}
´
¦}
@QQ\}
­
€

78
*+%
ª
‘˜Q\ˆ
}
—
#}
‘\\˜}
"}‚}
¤
}
7
B
¥
‘\\˜}
—
¤}
@QQ‘}
~­
¥
#

~Š~
^}
#
ª}
@@‘X‘Š~–}
—
‹}
—
¤}
@QQ‡}
*
!
-//@"
>+%
!
*+
}
ª
«­
‰€
]
~}
—
¤}
@QQ™}
H
-//E"
>%5
‚
¤
#
‹
¨
—
¤
—
‹}
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
—
¤}
—
"
‚
‰
‹}
`­¨¨}}¨
¨¨¶}{}
—
¤}
—
‹
‚
‰
‹}
`­¨¨}}¨¨
}§^·‘@¸·‡¸ª‰·@{}
—
¤}
~ª
‰
~
}
`­¨¨}}¨—¤^‚|¨
|´|#ªž¨|´‹|¨|´#|^|#–¨
|´~#‰"#“^¨|´~‰¬#|^¨|´~‰¬
žª|¨Q“‹Ÿ­@‘X™‘Q‘¹~Ÿ
­™‡‘™X‡@¹~Ÿ­™‡‘™X‡ˆ˜¹­«¹^
~Ÿ­˜@XQ‡‡ˆQQ}{}
*'?
L#?J
JLS
9;Q9T-//Q
'BB#?
#HHH#=
!5-//;/;/9
-//;5
*
L
!
#
UFFF5F!!5
%V5
#%%%
B
"
#W
>5
¦
«
"
—
ª
Ÿ}
@Q‘Q}
~
#
#
“

}
~
—
’
“

‹¤
–œ
“
~
@[@X
“}
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
›
}
¥
—
¤º
~ª
€
}
‚
@QQ˜
~~~
}
€
€}
}
¤
}
^
€
}
—
¡
}
`{
‹¤
‚œ
`@QQ{
‹
`‘\\X{
›
ž›
}
—
^
—
`@QQ‡{
€
›
¨€
}
¥
‰|‹
Š
œ
]
ª
]
[
—
‚
‹
|
#
`]ª]Š—‚‹|#{
—
‚
‚œ
‹
`—‚‚‹{
¬
@}Q
“
@QQX}
œ
•
œ
`œ
·
‘{
€}
–
œ
€
#
Ÿ
^
°
}
‚
‰|‹
Š
€Š}
‚
€
}
‚
€
€}
€
}
@QQ˜
~~~º
~~~
~
—
™}ˆ
‚

~
~
`‚~{}
}
—
‹
‚
`—‹‚{
›}
¥

—‹‚
—‚‚‹
œ
}
‘\\Q
@QQX
—
¤º
~ª
}
‘\X˜[
@QQX}
€
}
‘\\Q
@QQX}
œ
}
}
}
‚
€
}
š
@QQ˜
~~~
¡
¡
`~‚{
—‹‚
@QQ˜
~‚
}
‚
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
))
B$!$%
!
QQXYXXZ
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
~~~
@QQ˜
¡
#

^
`@QQX{
}
¥
‚
~#
‚
~ª
}
‹¤
—
¤
‰|‹
}
\=Countries Included in Regional Aggregate Data
Region
`
+
!
/
`:
„`!
<]<
Countries
!
"‡$
!
%
&
&
()($
+"‡
$
/
/
:")
"
<
+)=
)
=
=)
>)
?
:@
}
+
+
/
/"$
$
[
=)
>)
@
!
!
!$
$
``<%}ˆ
/\
:
">?@
`&ˆ/=
‰@
)[
[%%&&(+\::E"<)
$
<
<E>
(
>
<
E)
[
!!
$
`
%
%%
%
]
(+
//E
/
/
/
Š:
$E<<
+<
<E
=
>@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
~
Š‹
"
‚
‹
‹
`"‚‹‹{
•
ˆ‡
}
œ
`"|{
@QQ˜
"
~š
`"~{
¬
}
•
"“^
¬

"~
}
@QŠ¨
‘QŠ
"|
@˜Š
@QQ˜
@Q@Q}
€
}
Š
€
€
›}
]
"|
¡
Š
Š
`¤]{
@QQ™[@QˆQ}
`"‹~{
`}}
‚
“
¥
‹
#
‚

|{}
€
}
š
•€
}
‰
€
}
‚
š
}
"|
}
š
}
"|
œ
•
}
•
Š
}
€
¡€
"|
}
}
‚
"|
œ
œ
}
‚
•
œ
€
Š
}
œ
Š
`
{
€
}
œ
Š
•
}
œ
€
}
`}}
{
}
‰
•
Š
}
‚
}
\=Countries, Regions, and Sectors
in Computable General Equilibrium Model Used for Projections
q
€

W
|

Q
~
q
€

W
|

Q
~
q
€

W
|

Q
Label
:{
%
!}:
`>$
%`„
}‰
&:
&:
({
(}/
+!
+„
+(
/‰<
"(
"}+
=}
><
?:/
™{
$„Y
Label
!
+
`
„
"
=\
+
}
>
<
Country
:E{
!
"#$
`]|
%
}
&
&
&
()
!
+
!
+"$
<
+)
/
")
"
=
>
<
?
:
$
$Y
Sector
!
+
)[
``\
`\
„/
/
"[
=\
+
/
}/
>
<
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
))
B$
!
-
.X9X
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
))
B9$)
B
[
;$(--
—
¬
^
`­¨¨}}¨{}
^
‘\X‘
‘‡
œ
€
}
^
•
@QQX}
‚
œ}
XQ
‘@
‘\\™
‘\\\
™X
@QQQ
@QQX}
—
@˜Š˜˜
@‡Q
‹
#
@‘ˆX
|
@˜Š˜˜
}
‚
Š
œ
@QQX}
œ
Q
‘
‘
œ
œ
œ
€}
œ
€
ˆ}
\=qComposition of Values Indexes
Market competition
^|_"
E
^Q_!
ƒ
^_Y^"
\Y
E#_
^€_Y
“ššš”
Gender eqaulity
^€€_Y
^W_„E)
^W_
^Wq_/)
\
^W_Y
^
_
Upward mobility
^_[
^W_&Š
^&ŠY
_
^~_}E)
^€W_!
^:
_
^_"E#E)^
_
^_[
Trust
^q_/:
^€|_"E)"E
^W]q~_+
Political activism
^_
^|_
^Q_
^q_
^|_Y
…
^_
^_
\
^_
^_
^Q_+
^QW]~q_"
ƒ
Technology adoption
^||_/
^
)
@@E#
_
^Q~_<
^Q_<•=)
•
^Q_<•=E
\
^Qq_<•=)E
@
^Q€_Y
^q_=E
E<•=
^q~_}E›
:…
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
<•=†
THE RISE OF ASIA’S MIDDLE CLASS
‹
›
š
›}
“
~ª}
^
’
Š
›
}
]›
"‹~
Œ
"‹~
—
¤’
—
‹
‚
`—‹‚{
€
}
—
—‹‚
"‹~
#
`@QQˆ{}
‹
‰Š‰
—›
`@QQ\{
€
¡
}
}ˆ™
—
‘\X˜
}
—
º
•
}
•
š
}
•
˜}
•
}
¥
Š
}
–
€
•
•
}
—
¤
ž
`@Q‘Q{}ˆ˜
‚
—
"
‚
`—"‚{
Ÿ
Ÿ
“››
`@QQ\{
}
›
—›
—
`@QQˆ{}
‘\\Q
‘\\\
@QŒ
•
€
‘\\Q
‘\\\
‘\\Q
@QQ‘}
^
—
`‘\\˜{
}
€
}
¥
|
`@QQ‘{
›
€
›
q EEE@@
qW ])E
E
E
E
\
]
]E
@Y
E
E
@
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
SPECIAL CHAPTER
))
B=$!
<-)
)&'!QZ@YXX0
PART II
Millennium Development Goals
61
At the Millennium Summit in September 2000, the largest gathering of world leaders in history adopted the United
Nations Millennium Declaration, committing their nations to a new global partnership to reduce extreme poverty, and
setting out a series of targets with a deadline of 2015. These have come to be known as the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs). In 2007, the MDG monitoring framework was revised to include four new targets agreed on by member
states at the 2005 World Summit, namely, full and productive employment and decent work for all, access to reproductive
health, access to treatment for HIV/AIDS, and protection of biodiversity. The indicators for these new targets became
effective in January 2008, and this is the framework used here to monitor progress toward achieving the MDGs.
Box 1 lists the eight MDGs and the corresponding targets and indicators for monitoring progress.
Box 1 Millennium Development Goals
Goals and Targets
(from the Millennium Declaration)
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Target 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose
income is less than one dollar a day
Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all,
including women and young people
Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer
from hunger
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Target 2.A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will
be able to complete a full course of primary schooling
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Target 3.A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Target 4.A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five
mortality rate
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Target 5.A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal
mortality ratio
Target 5.B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Target 6.A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
Indicators for
Monitoring Progress
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per day 1
Poverty gap ratio
Share of poorest quintile in national consumption
Growth rate of GDP per person employed
Employment-to-population ratio
Proportion of employed people living below $1 (PPP) per day
Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment
Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age
Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption
2.1
2.2
2.3
Net enrollment ratio in primary education
Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary
Literacy rate of 15–24 year-olds, women and men
3.1
3.2
3.3
Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament
4.1
4.2
4.3
Under-five mortality rate
Infant mortality rate
Proportion of 1-year-old children immunized against measles
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
Maternal mortality ratio
Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
Contraceptive prevalence rate
Adolescent birth rate
Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit and at least four visits)
Unmet need for family planning
6.1
6.2
6.3
HIV prevalence among population aged 15–24 years
Condom use at last high-risk sex
Proportion of population aged 15–24 years with comprehensive correct
knowledge of HIV/AIDS
Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of nonorphans aged 10–14 years
6.4
Target 6.B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all
those who need it
Target 6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria
and other major diseases
6.5
Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral
drugs
6.6 Incidence and death rates associated with malaria
6.7 Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets
6.8 Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate antimalarial drugs
6.9 Incidence, prevalence, and death rates associated with tuberculosis
6.10 Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed
treatment short course
continued.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Introduction to the Millennium Development Goals
INTRODUCTION TO THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
62
Box 1 Millennium Development Goals (continued)
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country
policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental
resources
Target 7.B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction
in the rate of loss
Target 7.C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access
to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Target 7.D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of
at least 100 million slum dwellers
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
Target 8.A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory
trading and financial system
Includes a commitment to good governance, development and
poverty reduction – both nationally and internationally
Target 8.B: Address the special needs of the least developed countries
Includes: tariff and quota free access for the least developed
countries’ exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for heavily
indebted poor countries (HIPC) and cancellation of official bilateral
debt; and more generous ODA for countries committed to poverty
reduction
Target 8.C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and
small island developing States (through the Programme of Action for
the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and
the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General
Assembly)
Target 8.D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make
debt sustainable in the long term
Target 8.E: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to
affordable essential drugs in developing countries
Target 8.F: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of
new technologies, especially information and communications
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
Proportion of land area covered by forest
CO2 emissions, total, per capita, and per $1 GDP (PPP)
Consumption of ozone-depleting substances
Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits
Proportion of total water resources used
Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected
Proportion of species threatened with extinction
Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source
Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility
Proportion of urban population living in slums 2
Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developed
countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries, and small island developing
States.
Official development assistance (ODA)
8.1 Net ODA, total and to the least developed countries, as percentage of OECD/
DAC donors’ gross national income
8.2 Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic
social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and
sanitation)
8.3 Proportion of bilateral official development assistance of OECD/DAC donors that
is untied
8.4 ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of their gross
national incomes
8.5 ODA received in small island developing States as a proportion of their gross
national incomes
Market access
8.6 Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms)
from developing countries and least developed countries, admitted free of duty
8.7 Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and
textiles and clothing from developing countries
8.8 Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their gross
domestic product
8.9 Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity
Debt sustainability
8.10 Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and
number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)
8.11 Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives
8.12 Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services
8.13 Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis
8.14 Telephone lines per 100 population
8.15 Cellular subscribers per 100 population
8.16 Internet users per 100 population
AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, CO2 = carbon dioxide, DAC = Development Assistance Committee, GDP = gross domestic product,
HIV = human immunodeficiency virus, MDRI = Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,
PPP = purchasing power parity.
1
For monitoring country poverty trends, indicators based on national poverty lines should be used, where available.
2
The actual proportion of people living in slums is measured by a proxy, represented by the urban population living in households with at least one of the four characteristics: (a) lack of access to improved water supply, (b) lack of access to improved sanitation, (c) overcrowding (three or more persons per room), and (d) dwellings
made of nondurable material.
Source: United Nations (2010a).
Progress toward Achieving the Millennium Development Goals and Targets
The progress toward achieving the MDGs and targets is discussed in Part II. For each goal there is a short nontechnical
write-up together with supporting statistical information presented in figures, boxes, and tables on the performance of
countries toward achieving the goals. Progress classification of economies into one of the four categories as explained
below is made for only the developing member countries for which MDG statistics are available in the United Nations
Millennium Development Goals Indicators (United Nations 2010a), the official United Nations site for the MDG
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
INTRODUCTION TO THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
63
•
•
•
•
Early achievers – countries that have already reached the target;
On track – countries that are expected to meet the target by 2015;
Slow progress –countries that are expected to meet the target after 2015;
Regressing/no progress – countries that have made no progress since 1990 or have actually slipped backward.
The methodology used for assessing the progress and classification of countries into the four categories is adapted
from Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in an Era of Global Uncertainty (UNESCAP, ADB, and UNDP
2010), which is briefly presented below.
A country is classified as an early achiever if its latest available data for the indicator under consideration is already
within the target. The remaining countries are classified as on track, slow progress, and regressing/no progress based
on the trend of each target indicator estimated from data available since 1990. The trend has been estimated for indicators
that have an explicit target value, such as $1.25-a-day poverty, mortality rates, school enrollment, and gender parity
indices. The rate of change is calculated using a linear time trend of a suitable transformation of indicator value and
applying the ordinary least squares method. For a fuller explanation of the methodology see Annex 1 of the joint report,
Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in an Era of Global Uncertainty (ESCAP, ADB, and UNDP 2010).
In monitoring progress, “cut-offs” were introduced for several targets (see below), which are the cut-offs adopted
in the UNESCAP, ADB, and UNDP (2010) report. For example, a cut-off of 2% is used for the target “halving extreme
poverty between 1990 and 2015”. This means that when the percentage of those living on less than $1.25 a day is reduced
to 2%, the target is considered to have been reached even if 2% is not half of the percentage in 1990.
No.
Indicator
MDG Target
Cut-off
1.1
1.8
2.1
2.2
3.1
4.1
4.2
5.2
5.5
7.8
7.9
Proportion of population below $1.25 (PPP) a day
Prevalence of underweight children under 5 years of age
Total net enrollment ratio in primary education (both sexes)
Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary both sexes)
Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary, and tertiary education
Under five mortality rate per 1,000 live births
Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births
Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit)
Population using improved water sources (urban and rural combined)
Population having access to improved sanitation facilities (urban and rural combined)
half the 1990 percentage
half the 1990 percentage
100%
100%
1
one third the 1990 percentage
one third the 1990 percentage
reduce by ¾ (without)
100%
half the 1990 percentage (without)
half the 1990 percentage (without)
2%
none
95%
95%
0.95
none
none
none
95%
none
none
The Global Crisis and the Millennium Development Goals
Progress toward achieving the MDGs discussed in Part II for the developing member countries, as mentioned earlier, is assessed
strictly on the basis of trends in the indicators available in the official United Nations site for the MDG indicators (United
Nations 2010a). This is in keeping with the spirit of Key Indicators, which tries to provide a factual picture of social and
economic developments in the region. Many of these statistics end in 2008 or earlier, and often, the most recent statistics
are subject to revisions when more firm data become available over time. The statistics on indicators on poverty and hunger
under Goal 1 are available for most economies for years prior to 2007. In other words, the statistics for monitoring progress
toward the MDGs and the four-way classification of expected target achievement by the year 2015, do not, as yet, capture
the impact of the global crisis that erupted in the second half of 2008 and continued through 2009.
Data on MDG indicators that are based on national statistics are usually available with a time lag that varies
from country to country depending upon the capacity and resources of the national statistical systems. Weak statistical
capacity and fragile financial resources for data collection in many developing and island economies in the region further
complicates the availability of timely statistics for progress monitoring. Therefore, accurate answers to the impact of the
global crisis on the MDGs could be possible when these data become available in the next few years. While in the Asia
and Pacific region as a whole the crisis seems not to have had as serious an impact as was foreseen in 2008, given the
economic slowdown in individual economies, the crisis will definitely slow the achievement of these MDG targets.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
indicators, which was updated in June 2010 and has been used here for country classifications. On the basis of trend of
data available since 1990, for selected indicators, each country is classified into one of four categories as follows:
64
INTRODUCTION TO THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Before the crisis, good progress had been made in many economies in reducing poverty incidence in the region;
however, further progress toward eradicating extreme poverty and hunger (MDG 1) may be affected in economies
witnessing rising unemployment and falling household incomes in 2009. However, if GDP growth slows down further,
quite a number of countries will face further challenges in achieving many of the MDG targets. Reduction in government
spending and aid on child immunization programs and other basic health care services for children and pregnant mothers
for example, will affect the targets of reducing child mortality and improving maternal health (MDGs 4 and 5 respectively).
Falling household incomes might see children dropping out of school (MDG 2). There will be likely gender implications
of this slowdown on MDG achievements.
To summarize, the categorization of countries in their progress toward achieving the MDGs in this Key Indicators
2010 will certainly be revised in future issues of Key Indicators as the 2015 target date draws nearer and as more
postcrisis statistics become available.
Data Sources and Comparability with Other Publications
The tables included in Part II contain data mostly compiled by the designated international agencies for the respective
MDG indicators. These data have been verified to the extent possible, but responsibility for the reliability of the statistics
remains with the agencies that are listed as the sources of each table.
Differences that exist between this publication and reports from other organizations on the data and analysis of
performance of countries in meeting the MDGs may be due to several factors, including data sources, dates when statistics
were collected and published, and methodology used.
Selected References
United Nations Development Group. 2003. Indicators for Monitoring the Millennium Development Goals: Definitions,
Rationale, Concepts and Methods. New York. Available: mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Attach/Indicators/
HandbookEnglish.pdf.
United Nations. 2010a. “Millennium Development Goals Indicators: The Official United Nations Site for the MDG
Indicators.” Available: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Default.aspx. Downloaded June 2010.
United Nations. 2010b. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010. New York.
UNESCAP, ADB, and UNDP. 2010. Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in an Era of Global Uncertainty.
Asia-Pacific Regional Report 2009/10. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
Pacific, Asian Development Bank, and United Nations Development Programme, Bangkok. Available: www.
mdgasiapacific.org/regional-report-2009-10
World Bank. 2010a. Global Monitoring Report 2010. Washington, DC.
——— 2010b. World Development Indicators 2010. Washington, DC.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
65
In 18 economies of the Asia and Pacific region, including the five most populous, more than 10% of the
population lives on less than $1.25 a day. Judging by progress to date, a third of the countries for which data
are available will not meet the poverty reduction target by 2015. In 20 economies, again including the five
most populous, more than 10% of the population are malnourished and most economies for which data are
available will not meet the target of cutting by half the percentage of underweight children.
Introduction
Goal 1 has three targets:
1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day. The
“dollar-a-day” poverty threshold is a purchasing power parity (PPP) adjusted dollar that has the same
purchasing power in all countries. The threshold was recently reviewed and has been increased to $1.25. For
convenience it is still referred to by its old name.
1.B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people. This
target was introduced in the revised MDG framework.
1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. Hunger here is measured by
the percentage of the population below the minimum level of dietary energy consumption as determined by
the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Key Trends
Living on less than $1.25 a day. Figure 1.1 lists 18
economies where more than 10% of the population live
on less than $1.25 a day in the latest year for which data
are available. This is a measure of extreme poverty. Many
countries have their own definitions of poverty and these
generally use a higher threshold.
The 18 economies in Figure 1.1 include the five most
populous: Bangladesh, People’s Republic of China (PRC),
India, Indonesia, and Pakistan. Of these, the PRC has the
smallest percentage living on less than $1.25 a day (16%),
followed by Pakistan (23%), Indonesia (29%), India
(42%), and Bangladesh (50%). It is clear that most people
in the developing parts of the Asia and Pacific region live
in economies where extreme poverty afflicts at least 10%
of the population.
Figure 1.1 Economies with More than 10% of Population
Living on Less than $1.25 a Day, Latest Year
Nepal
Bangladesh
Uzbekistan
Lao PDR
India
Timor-Leste
Papua New Guinea
Indonesia
Bhutan
Cambodia
Turkmenistan
Philippines
Pakistan
Viet Nam
Tajikistan
China, People's Rep. of
Sri Lanka
Georgia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Source: Table 1.1.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
66
GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
Some good news on the poverty reduction target—most
economies for which data are available have already
reached the target. Box 1.1 assigns economies to one
of four groups. Twelve out of 22 economies are early
achievers, having already attained the target of halving
the percentage of the population living on less than $1.25
a day. Judging by the current trends and data availability,
two others are on track to meeting the target, and six are
making only slow progress and will not meet the target
by 2015 unless they make better progress. Georgia and
Uzbekistan are regressing and the proportion of their
populations living on less than $1.25 a day has actually
increased since 1990. While both the PRC and Pakistan
are early achievers, India and Bangladesh are making
only slow progress. Sufficient data are not available for
Indonesia to make an assessment; however, in 2007, 29.4%
were still living on less than $1.25 a day.
Box 1.1 Progress toward Achieving the $1.25-a-day Target
Early Achievers
Armenia
Azerbaijan
China, People’s Rep. of
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Malaysia
On Track
Cambodia
Slow Progress
Bangladesh
India
Lao PDR
No Progress/Regressing
Georgia
Mongolia
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
Viet Nam
Table 1.1 includes poverty gap ratios as another
indicator of poverty. Poverty gap ratio reflects the depth
and incidence of poverty. The smaller the poverty gap
ratio, the easier it will be for economies to bring people
above the $1.25 threshold. The five economies with the
largest poverty gap ratios are Nepal (19.7), Uzbekistan
(15.0), Bangladesh (13.1), Lao PDR (12.1), and India
(10.8). These economies will find it especially hard to
meet the MDG poverty target.
Many economies in developing Asia still cannot
feed their population properly. Figure 1.2 shows the
economies where more than 10% of the population are
undernourished, that is, their diet is below the minimum
requirements as defined by the FAO. All five most
populous economies are included in Figure 1.2. In the
PRC, 10% of the population is undernourished, but in
Bangladesh, Mongolia, and Tajikistan more than a
quarter of the population lives on less than the minimum
food requirements.
Figure 1.2 Economies with More than 10% of Population below
the Minimal Level of Dietary Consumption, Latest Year
Mongolia
Timor-Leste
Nepal
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Bangladesh
Tajikistan
Cambodia
Timor-Leste
Pakistan
Uzbekistan
Source: Derived from Table 1.3.
Armenia
India
Sri Lanka
Lao PDR
The assessment in Box 1.1 is based on current trends
using the available precrisis data. Although based on
these trends, two-thirds of the economies are expected to
achieve the target by 2015, the global economic crisis and
the economic slowdown in 2009 is likely to retard further
progress in poverty reduction in some economies.
Thailand
Myanmar
Indonesia
Nepal
Philippines
Viet Nam
Uzbekistan
Georgia
Azerbaijan
China, People's Rep. of *
0
10
20
* Includes Hong Kong, China; Macao, China; and Taipei,China.
Source: Table 1.3.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
30
40
GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
In Box 1.2, just half of the economies are early
achievers or on track to meet the target by 2015. The others,
including India, Indonesia, and Pakistan are not expected
to meet the target based on their progress to date.
Box 1.2 Progress toward the Hunger Target
Early Achievers
China, People’s Rep. of
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Malaysia
On Track
Bangladesh
Georgia
Maldives
Off Track - Slow
Afghanistan
Azerbaijan
Cambodia
India
Indonesia
Off Track - No Progress/Regressing
Armenia
Pakistan
Thailand
Uzbekistan
Viet Nam
Mongolia
Sri Lanka
Lao PDR
Myanmar
Nepal
Philippines
Turkmenistan
Timor-Leste
Vulnerable employment remains high. The revised
MDG framework includes a new target to achieve full
and productive employment and decent work for all,
including women and young people. One indicator for
this target is the percentage of own-account and family
workers in total employment, also known as the vulnerable
employment rate. Many own-account and family workers
are in subsistence agriculture or in informal activities
that generate low incomes under relatively precarious
conditions of employment. A reduction in the percentage
of own-account and family workers accompanied by a rise
in formal employment is seen as progress toward achieving
full and productive employment.
Figure 1.3 shows that these percentages remain
high in many economies for which data are available.
Percentages are over 50% for the latest year for more
than half of the economies. In comparison, the share of
own-account or contributing family workers to total
employment in developed economies, such as Australia,
Japan, and New Zealand ranges only from 9% to 12%.
In terms of percentage change between the earliest and
latest years, the vulnerable employment rate increased in
10 of the 19 economies, with Azerbaijan and Bangladesh
reporting double-digit expansion. Nine economies
registered reductions, with Thailand recording a doubledigit decrease.
Source: Derived from Table 1.3.
Another employment indicator in Table 1.2 is the
working poverty rate or the percentage of employed living
on less than $1.25 per day. Bangladesh reported 57%
of workers in this category, while percentages of about
60% or more are observed in Nepal, Timor-Leste, and
Uzbekistan. In almost all cases, however, the percentages
have been falling between the earlier and later years for
which data are available.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Progress in meeting the hunger target is measured
by the percentage of children under 5 years of age who are
moderately or severely underweight. The target is to halve
the proportion between 1990 and 2015.
67
68
GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
Figure 1.3 Percentage of Own-Account and Contributing
Family Workers in Total Employment
Cambodia
Bangladesh
Viet Nam
Indonesia
Georgia
Pakistan
Mongolia
Thailand
Azerbaijan
Maldives
Kyrgyz Republic
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Kazakhstan
Korea, Rep. of
Malaysia
Taipei,China
Singapore
Hong Kong, China
0
20
40
60
Earliest Year
80
100
Latest Year
Source: Table 1.2.
Data Issues and Comparability
The $1.25-a-day test for determining poverty and the calculation of poverty gaps require information on household income or household
consumption expenditure, and the PPP dollar conversion rate for 2005. Both the measurement of household income or expenditure
in national currencies and the calculation of 2005 PPPs will have relatively high error margins in many countries. Data based on the
$1.25-a-day poverty line are missing for most of the Pacific island economies. The availability of such data will help provide a better
comparison of poverty incidence around the region.
The hunger indicators are based on standards that have been devised by Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations Children’s
Fund, and World Health Organization. But while countries attempt to use the same standards, comparability is compromised by lack
of regular data in many countries. Statistical techniques are typically used to extend data collected from household surveys to the full
population. Such estimates may have large error margins.
The computation of labor productivity uses data on the number of persons employed, which does not take into account the actual
number of hours worked. Assuming a constant mix of economic activities, the best measure of labor input to be used in the computation
of labor productivity would be the “total number of annual hours actually worked by all persons employed”. In addition, differences in
the coverage of informal sector activities in the statistics of developing member countries may hamper the comparability of estimates
of labor productivity growth.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
69
Table 1.1 Target 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day
1.1 Proportion of Population below the Poverty Line
(percent)
$1.25 (PPP) a Day
Earliest Year Latest Year
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
…
17.5
15.6
4.5
4.2
18.6
64.7
44.5
63.5
32.1
(1996)
(1995)
(1996)
(1993)
(1993)
(1991)
(1999)
(1993)
(1998)
…
3.7
<2.0
13.4
<2.0
3.4
22.6
21.5
24.8
46.3
(2007)
(2005)
(2005)
(2007)
(2007)
(2005)
(2004)
(1998)
(2003)
National
Earliest Year
Latest Year
…
55.1
68.1
52.1
34.6
47.6
28.6
74.9
…
31.5
1.2 Poverty Gap Ratio
Earliest Year
Latest Year
Latest Year
…
0.7
<0.5
4.4
<0.5
<0.5
4.4
5.1
7.0
15.0
(2007)
(2005)
(2005)
(2007)
(2007)
(2005)
(2004)
(1998)
(2003)
…
8.6
13.3
5.4
8.7
8.8
9.1
7.8
6.0
7.1
4.0 (2005)
…
…
0.4 (2008)
…
5.7
5.3
7.9
7.1
…
(2005)
(1996)
(1998)
(2008)
9.4
5.4
8.1
6.5
6.1
6.8
(2005)
(2003)
(2005)
(2004)
(2004)
(2002)
(2000)
42.0
23.5
11.0
22.1
16.1
39.9
22.3
53.5
29.9
25.8
(2007)
(2008)
(2009)
(2008)
(2004)
(2006)
(2005)
(2007)
(1998)
(2005)
…
4.7
4.4
1.7
<0.5
8.6
23.2
13.7
25.8
13.9
(2008)
(1999)
(1995)
(2002)
(1996)
(2001)
(1993)
(1999)
(1996)
(1995)
(1996)
(1993)
(1993)
(1991)
(1999)
(1993)
(1998)
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
60.2 (1990)
…
…
18.8 (1995)
…
15.9 (2005)
…
…
2.2 (2008)
…
6.0 (1996)
…
…
36.3 (1995)
0.6 (1993)
4.2
…
5.0
35.2
1.0
(2004)
(2008)
(2008)
20.7 (1990)
…
…
4.6 (1995)
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
66.8
…
49.4
…
68.4
15.0
49.6
26.2
41.6
…
55.1
14.0
51.0
…
36.0
…
41.8
20.0
40.0
23.2
27.5
16.0
30.9
15.2
(2005)
(2007)
(2004)
(2005)
(2004)
(2007)
21.1
…
14.4
…
26.7
2.7
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam e
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
48.6
21.4
55.7
<2.0
…
30.7
…
5.5
63.7
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
52.9 (2001)
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
a
b
c
d
e
f
…
…
…
(1992)
(1994)
(1996)
(1991)
(1994)
(2005)
(1992)
(1992)
(1991)
(1992)
(1993)
…
25.8
29.4
44.0
<2.0
…
22.6
…
<2.0
21.5
(2005)
(2003)
(2005)
(2004)
(2002)
(2004)
(2006)
…
47.0
17.5
45.0
…
…
32.1
…
9.8
37.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
35.8 (1996)
…
…
37.2 (2007)
…
…
…
…
25.5
…
…
…
…
…
24.0
15.0
…
39.7
…
17.2
…
…
…
…
(2007)
(2007)
(2002)
(2004)
(2006)
…
…
…
(1996)
(1994)
(1996)
(1991)
(1994)
(1996)
(1993)
(1994)
(1994)
(1998)
(1996)
(1990)
(1997)
(2001)
(1994)
…
30.1
14.2
33.5
3.6
32.0
32.9
…
8.5
13.5
28.4
34.3
38.0
20.0
36.7
…
24.9
39.6
20.3
22.7
49.9
22.3
25.9
15.9
(2007)
(2009)
(2003)
(2007)
(2005)
(2006)
(2008)
(2008)
(2008)
(2007)
(1996)
(1999)
(2007)
(2008)
(2002)
(2004)
(2007)
(2007)
(2004)
(2006)
(2008)
1.3 Share of Poorest
Quintile in National
Consumption (percent)
…
13.8
4.6
16.2
<0.5
…
8.6
…
<0.5
23.6
(1992)
(1994)
(1996)
(1991)
(1994)
(2005)
(1992)
(1992)
(1991)
(1992)
(1993)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
19.1 (2001)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
13.1
7.0
10.8
…
19.7
2.6
…
6.1
7.1
12.1
<0.5
…
5.5
…
<0.5
4.6
(2005)
(2003)
(2005)
(2004)
(2002)
(2007)
(2007)
(2002)
(2004)
(2006)
(2004)
(2006)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.3 (1996)
…
…
8.7 (2007)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.5
7.4
8.5
6.4
…
5.6
5.0
6.1
7.1
(2007)
(2005)
(2005)
(2007)
(2007)
(2005)
(2004)
(1998)
(2003)
(2007)
(2007)
(2002)
(2004)
(2006)
(1998)
(2004)
(2006)
…
…
…
…
1.6 (2000)
…
…
4.5 (1996)
…
…
8.9 (2007)
…
…
…
5.9 (1994)
10.6 (1993)
6.4 (1997)
Weighted average of urban and rural estimates.
Refers to rural areas only.
Defined as percent of low-income population to total population.
Estimate is adjusted by spatial CPI information.
Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Refers to percentage of population below the basic needs poverty line.
Sources: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010), Pacific Regional Information System (SPC 2010), country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 1 Targets and Indicators
70
GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
Goal 1 Targets and Indicators
Table 1.2 Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all,
including women and young people
1.4 Growth Rate of GDP per
Person Employed (percent,
at constant 1990 US$ PPP)
Earliest Year
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
…
…
…
-4.1 (2000)
5.0 (2003)
…
9.2 (1991)
…
…
…
1.5 Employment-to-Population
Ratio (percent, aged 15 years
and over)
Latest Year
…
…
24.2
12.0
6.6
…
4.1
…
…
…
(2007)
(2005)
(2004)
(2007)
1991
2008
1.6 Proportion of Employed
People Living below $1.25
(PPP) per Day (percent)
Earliest Year
54.1
38.0
56.5
57.4
62.7
58.0
47.5
53.8
55.6
53.8
55.2
38.1
60.0
54.3
63.5
58.3
51.5
55.4
58.3
57.5
…
32.1
20.3
5.7
5.2
23.6
71.8
59.5
76.5
41.7
(1996)
(1995)
(1996)
(1993)
(1993)
(1991)
(1999)
(1993)
(1998)
Latest Year
…
18.9
–
17.4
3.8
27.2
28.9
28.6
31.4
59.7
1.7 Proportion of Own
-Account and Contributing
Family Workers in Total
Employment (percent)
Earliest Year
Latest Year
(2003)
(2005)
(2005)
(2003)
(2004)
(2005)
(2004)
(1998)
(2003)
…
…
37.4
53.9
40.0
51.5
64.9
…
…
…
(2003)
(1998)
(2001)
(2002)
(1995)
…
…
53.2
62.2
35.8
47.3
61.8
…
…
…
(2007)
(2007)
(2004)
(2006)
(2007)
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
…
4.1 (1991)
6.1 (1991)
7.8 (2004)
…
…
3.8 (2007)
1.6 (2008)
5.3 (2005)
…
75.1
61.8
58.6
50.2
…
71.0
56.6
58.1
51.6
…
73.1 (1992)
…
…
26.8 (1995)
…
18.3 (2005)
…
…
30.5 (2005)
…
…
5.5
30.0
56.6
27.6
(1993)
(2000)
(2000)
(1990)
…
7.1
25.2
59.7
19.8
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
…
…
…
…
…
5.1 (1993)
…
…
…
…
…
2.8 (2006)
74.0
53.3
58.3
44.9
59.6
51.3
67.9
61.1
55.6
57.3
61.5
54.7
59.7
…
59.4
…
76.3
20.1
56.9
31.7
51.4
…
67.6
17.8
69.4 (1996)
…
…
46.3 (1990)
…
38.3 (1997)
85.0
52.3
…
50.3
71.6
40.7
(2005)
(2005)
…
…
3.8
…
5.3
…
4.6
5.1
2.7
4.9
62.2
77.2
63.0
80.2
59.7
74.2
59.1
63.7
77.3
74.8
63.3
74.6
61.8
77.7
60.5
74.4
60.1
61.6
71.5
69.4
…
53.3
65.4
57.0
1.9
…
37.1
…
5.7
71.5
4.1
86.7
63.1
90.1
22.3
…
44.7
10.2
53.3
73.9
(1991)
(2004)
(2007)
(1995)
(2007)
(2004)
(2006)
…
84.5
62.8
…
28.8
…
44.9
8.1
70.3
82.1
60.0
56.3
22.6
35.0
21.9
53.9
66.3
70.2
25.7
64.5
66.8
37.2
33.2
19.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
40.8 (1996)
…
…
63.2 (2001)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
20.8
39.0
62.2
26.7
…
…
…
…
47.7
…
…
57.0
2.0
…
(2001)
(2005)
(2005)
(1999)
(2004)
(2002)
(2006)
…
53.5
18.6
29.0
…
…
65.9
69.9
25.3
67.1
63.8
50.7
…
…
0.0 (2008)
-0.3 (2008)
-1.7 (2008)
55.6
61.3
55.4
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
…
11.0
…
3.3
…
-2.5
10.6
-4.1
7.5
(1995)
(1999)
(1991)
(1993)
(1997)
(1997)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.4 (1991)
1.5 (1991)
0.3 (1991)
1.7
7.5
1.9
…
19.1
3.7
7.3
8.3
6.8
15.1
…
6.0
3.6
11.1
(2006)
(2002)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2004)
(2007)
(2006)
(2007)
(2007)
(2006)
(2007)
(2006)
(2006)
(2006)
(2000)
(1999)
(2000)
(2001)
(1996)
(2001)
(2005)
(2008)
(2000)
(2002)
(2005)
(2006)
(2006)
(2002)
(1999)
59.4
54.2
62.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
(1992)
(1994)
(1996)
(1991)
(1994)
(1993)
(1992)
(1992)
(1991)
(1992)
(1993)
…
45.7
27.8
45.7
0.6
…
27.2
…
–
24.2
…
…
…
(2005)
(2003)
(2005)
(2004)
(2002)
(2004)
(2005)
(2002)
(2004)
(2006)
(2000)
(1997)
(1991)
(1998)
(1991)
(1990)
(1996)
10.3 (1990)
19.2 (1990)
12.7 (1991)
(2000)
(2001)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2004)
(2006)
(1996)
(2002)
9.3 (2007)
10.8 (2007)
11.9 (2007)
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010), Pacific Regional Information System (SPC 2010), Key Inidcators of the Labor Market (ILO 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
(2007)
(2007)
(2003)
(2007)
GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
71
Table 1.3 Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
1.8 Prevalence of Underweight
Children under Five Years of Age (percent)
Earliest Year
Latest Year
Total
Total
Girls a
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
48 c
4
10 c
3
8c
11 c
40
17
12
19 c
(1997)
(1998)
(1996)
(1999)
(1995)
(1997)
(1990–1991)
(2005)
(2000)
(1996)
Boys a
1.9 Proportion of Population below
Minimum Level of Dietary Energy
Consumption (percent)
1990–1992 b 1995–1997 2004–2006
39 d
4
10
2
4
3
38
18
11
5
(2003–2004)
(2005)
(2006)
(2005)
(2006)
(2006)
(2001–2002)
(2007)
(2005)
(2006)
40
6
10
2
4
3
36
…
10
5
38
2
9
2
4
4
38
…
12
5
…
46
27
47
<5
17
22
34
9
5
…
34
27
24
<5
13
18
42
9
5
…
23
11
12
<5
<5
23
26
6
13
…
…
…
7
…
…
…
…
6
…
15 e
…
<5
30
…
12 e
…
<5
40
…
10 e
…
<5
29
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
19
(1990)
…
…
12 c (1992)
…
7
…
…
6
…
(2005)
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
67 c
…
53 c
39 c
49 c
38 c
46
19 d
48
30
45
29 f
(2007)
(1999)
(2005–2006)
(2001)
(2006)
(2000)
49
17
49
30
…
30
44
20
46
31
…
29
36
…
24
9
21
27
40
…
20
9
24
24
26
…
22
7
16
21
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam g
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
40
34
44
23
32 c
34
…
19
45
…
36
28
37
8
32
28
3
9
20
(2005)
(2003)
(2006)
(2005)
(2003)
(2003)
(2000)
(2005)
(2006)
…
36
…
38
...
32
...
3
10
19
…
35
…
37
...
31
...
4
9
21
<5
38
19
27
<5
44
21
…
29
28
<5
41
13
26
<5
34
18
…
21
21
<5
25
16
19
<5
17
15
…
17
13
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
43
…
…
…
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
25
...
...
…
...
...
13
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
28
...
...
…
...
...
18
…
8
8
…
…
…
…
…
9
25
18
…
…
10
…
5
5
…
…
…
…
…
10
13
13
…
…
10
…
<5
5
…
…
…
…
…
<5
9
23
…
…
6
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
…
…
...
...
...
...
...
...
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
(1992)
(1992–1993)
(1994)
(1995)
(1993)
(1993–1994)
(1995)
(1993)
(1993)
(1990)
(1989–1990)
(1993)
(1994)
(2002)
10
8
13
...
15
...
...
26 d
...
...
49
...
...
16
...
...
...
(2005)
(1997)
(1993)
(1999)
(1997)
(2005)
(2007)
(2007)
Figures refer to the same year as indicated in the column for “Total”.
For Central and West Asia except for Pakistan, data refer to the period 1993–1995.
Figures for “earliest years” do not conform to the standard definition of under five years of age.
For children aged 6–59 months.
Includes Hong Kong, China; Macao, China; and Taipei,China.
For children aged 3–59 months.
Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010), UNICEF Childinfo Website (www.childinfo.org/index.html).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 1 Targets and Indicators
72
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
Primary school enrollment ratios have been rising in most economies although it is likely that only 17
developing economies will reach the target by 2015; 12 are not expected to reach the target on the basis of
their progress to date. Twelve out of 24 economies for which data are available have already reached the target
of ensuring that pupils who start grade one reach the last grade of primary education or are expected to do
so by 2015. In most economies for which data are available, over 95% of 15–24-year-olds are literate, and
in these economies, female literacy is slightly higher than for males. In economies with lower literacy rates,
however, there is evidence of a gender bias, with females more likely to be illiterate than men.
Introduction
The target of Goal 2 is to ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full
course of primary schooling. Primary education usually starts at 5 or 6 years and continues through to 11 or 12 years,
although age requirements differ among countries.
To achieve this target, first, countries need to ensure that all primary school-age children are enrolled in school;
second, that they all complete the course. In the commentary that follows, the progress made by economies for these two
components are considered separately. While in principle the goal is to achieve universal primary education, in practice,
a rate of 95% and above is considered a sufficient approximation.
One test of the success of primary education is
provided by literacy rates for persons in the 15–24 age
group. These rates show how well the basic reading and
writing skills learned in primary school have been retained
at the time young persons are either joining the work force
or entering higher technical or university education.
Key Trends
Primary schools enrollment: still some way to go.
Figure 2.1 shows total net enrollment ratios in primary
education for 39 economies. These ratios include children
of primary school age who are enrolled in secondary
education. More than half of the economies, including
three developed one's—Australia, Japan, and New
Zealand, have net enrollment ratios above 95%, while 13
economies have ratios between 80% and 95% in 2008 or
nearest years. Economies with enrollment ratios of less
than 80% are Nepal, Pakistan, and four Pacific island
economies. These six economies are unlikely to reach the
95% target by 2015.
Enrollment ratios have been rising in most economies
since 1999 but have fallen in 12. These declines are usually
small and some of the economies concerned are still
above the 95% target. However decreases of more than 5
percentage points were recorded in Bangladesh (5%), Fiji
(9%), and Marshall Islands (22%).
Figure 2.1 Total Net Enrollment Ratios in Primary
Education, 1999 and 2008 or Nearest Year
Japan
Kiribati
New Zealand
Sri Lanka
Taipei,China
Mongolia
Kazakhstan
Korea, Rep. of
Indonesia
Vanuatu
Hong Kong, China
Tajikistan
Brunei Darussalam
Australia
Palau
Maldives
Azerbaijan
Malaysia
Tonga
India
Georgia
Viet Nam
Samoa
Armenia
Philippines
Kyrgyz Republic
Uzbekistan
Thailand
Fiji Islands
Cambodia
Bhutan
Bangladesh
Lao PDR
Timor-Leste
Nepal
Nauru
Solomon Islands
Marshall Islands
Pakistan
0
40
1999
Source: Table 2.1.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
20
60
80
2008
100
120
GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
Box 2.1 Progress toward Primary School Enrollment
Early Achievers
Azerbaijan
Brunei Darussalam
Hong Kong, China
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Kiribati
On Track
Samoa
Slow Progress
Armenia
Bhutan
Cambodia
Lao PDR
No Progress/Regressing
Bangladesh
Fiji
Kyrgyz Republic
Korea, Rep. of
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Sri Lanka
Tajikistan
Tonga
Vanuatu
Pakistan
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Marshall Islands
Philippines
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Box 2.1 groups 29 economies into four MDG
achievement categories. Sixteen economies have already
achieved the 95% target and Samoa is expected to
reach the target by 2015. However, seven economies,
including Pakistan, are progressing too slowly to reach
the target, while five economies including Bangladesh
are regressing.
73
Figure 2.2 Percentage of Children Starting Grade 1 and Reaching
Last Grade of Primary, 1999 and 2007 or Nearest Year
Hong Kong, China
China, People's Rep. of
Kazakhstan
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
Azerbaijan
Brunei Darussalam
Korea, Rep. of
Kyrgyz Republic
Sri Lanka
Armenia
Samoa
Fiji Islands
Georgia
Mongolia
Malaysia
Tonga
Bhutan
Viet Nam
Kiribati
Indonesia
Vanuatu
Philippines
Pakistan
Myanmar
Lao PDR
India
Nepal
Bangladesh
Cambodia
0
20
Source: Derived from Table 2.1.
40
60
1999
80
100
2007
Source: Table 2.1.
Enrollment is the first step but do children reach the
last grade? Figure 2.2 shows, for 30 economies, how
many of the children who have enrolled in the first grade
are expected to reach the last grade of primary education.
In 2007, 14 economies had expected cohort survival rates
of at least 95%. They include seven economies from the
former Soviet Union where education has traditionally
enjoyed high priority. The expected survival rates for six
economies fell between 1999 and 2007 or nearest years;
these include Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippines.
In Box 2.2 where progress toward the target of
reaching last grade of primary schooling is assessed,
10 of 24 economies are classified as early achievers.
Fiji and Viet Nam are observed to be on track. Eight
economies, including India, are making only slow
progress, while Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and
Tonga are actually regressing.
Box 2.2 Progress toward Survival to Last Grade of Primary
Early Achievers
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Brunei Darussalam
Hong Kong, China
Georgia
On Track
Fiji
Slow Progress
Bhutan
Cambodia
India
Lao PDR
No Progress/Regressing
Indonesia
Malaysia
Kazakhstan
Korea, Rep. of
Kyrgyz Republic
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
Viet Nam
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Vanuatu
Philippines
Tonga
Source: Derived from Table 2.1.
Note that the data shown here are expected rates, not
actual survival rates. Actual survival rates may turn out
differently as they are affected by economic conditions.
In particular, when times are hard, some parents may no
longer be able to keep their children in school. Box 2.2
refers to 2007 or nearest years and so does not reflect the
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
74
GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
recent impact of the global economic crisis; this will only
show up when data for 2009 become available.
Literacy rates are high in the Asia and Pacific region.
Figure 2.3 shows literacy rates of youth, both female and
male, for 31 economies in 2008. In 21 economies, literacy
rates for the 15–24 age group are around 95% or more
and, in most of these, female literacy is slightly higher
than that of males, although the difference is somewhat
larger for Mongolia, Philippines, and Sri Lanka. However
in economies where literacy rates are below 90%, there
is some evidence of a bias against females. In Lao PDR
10.5% more males are literate, 11.2% in Nepal, 12.0% in
Bhutan, 14.0% in India, and 19.7% in Pakistan.
Figure 2.3 Percentage of Literate 15–24 year olds by Gender,
2008 or Nearest Year
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Armenia
Singapore
Kyrgyz Republic
Uzbekistan
Brunei Darussalam
Tonga
Samoa
Maldives
China, People's Rep. of
Sri Lanka
Malaysia
Thailand
Mongolia
Indonesia
Viet Nam
Philippines
Myanmar
Vanuatu
Cambodia
Lao PDR
Bangladesh
Nepal
India
Papua New Guinea
Bhutan
Pakistan
0
20
40
Male
60
80
Female
Source: Table 2.1.
Data Issues and Comparability
The statistics for Goal 2 are mostly taken from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) sources, with countries trying to adhere to UNESCO classifications and definitions.
Statistics on school enrollment are typically obtained from ministries of education or household surveys.
Enrollment statistics are likely to be accurate in many countries, but may be over reported in others. These
statistics may also not reflect actual attendance or dropout rates during the year. The percentages of those
starting first grade who will continue on to the last grade of primary school are essentially forecasts based on
recent experience on dropout rates.
Youth literacy rates are sometimes based on household surveys in which reading and writing skills are tested.
In other countries they are based on the assumption that persons who have completed a certain number of
years of schooling are literate. However, literacy skills may be lost through lack of use, hence the rates may
be overstated.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
100
GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
75
Table 2.1 Target 2.A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course
of primary schooling
Total
1999
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
(2007)
…
92.9 (2007)
96.1
94.7 (2007)
99.1
91.0
66.1
97.5
…
90.6
…
93.9
89.3
91.3
96.0
94.2
45.8
92.2
…
91.3
…
94.4
95.4
92.9
99.5
91.0
59.7
95.6
…
89.6
…
92.5
88.1
93.5
93.7
94.4
67.5
99.9
…
93.7
…
91.6
96.8
96.3
98.6
91.1
72.2
99.4
…
91.6
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
97.4 (1991)
97.5 (2001)
98.3
95.7
97.8
…
97.9 (2005)
99.0
99.2
99.4
…
95.5
98.1
97.3
…
…
97.1
98.2
99.4
…
…
99.5
98.5
94.2
…
…
98.6
99.8
99.1
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
90.5 (2005)
55.9
85.0 (2000)
97.9
67.5
99.8 (2001)
85.5
88.4 (2009)
95.5 (2007)
96.2
73.6 (2000)
99.5
92.9
52.5
77.1
97.7
59.1
…
86.3
89.6
93.6
95.1
66.1
99.8
88.3
59.2
92.3
98.2
75.3
…
84.7
87.2
97.3
97.3
80.6
99.1
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
96.9 (2005)
83.4
98.3 (2000)
77.5
97.7
…
90.0
…
…
95.8
97.3
88.6
98.7
82.4
96.1 (2007)
…
92.1
…
90.1 (2009)
94.5 (2001)
97.6
79.4
…
74.1
96.7
…
90.0
…
…
…
97.3
86.7
…
80.7
96.0
…
93.2
…
89.4
91.9
96.2
87.3
…
80.9
98.7
…
89.9
…
…
…
97.2
90.4
…
84.1
96.2
…
91.1
…
90.7
97.0
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
86.3
98.7
99.2
88.1 (2001)
…
…
96.8
…
94.2
63.2 (2003)
68.9 (2005)
88.2
…
91.8
…
89.5
99.7
66.5
…
72.3
96.4
…
94.1
67.0
77.3
95.9
…
98.0
84.5
99.2
…
88.4
…
…
93.9
…
93.9
62.2
67.4
86.0
…
91.4
…
89.1
…
66.3
…
72.7
94.5
…
94.2
67.2
75.7
94.4
…
97.0
87.9
98.3
…
87.8
…
…
99.4
…
94.5
64.2
70.4
90.2
…
92.2
…
89.8
…
66.8
…
71.9
98.3
…
94.1
66.9
78.8
97.1
…
98.9
94.6
…
99.0
97.6
…
99.7
93.9
…
98.8
96.6
…
99.2
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
93.2
88.7
92.4
94.8
94.3
57.0
96.1
…
92.5
2.1 Total Net Enrollment Ratio in Primary Education (percent)
Boys a
Girls a
2008
1999
2008
1999
2008
94.2
100.0
98.9
(2001)
(2004)
(2000)
(2001)
(2001)
97.1
100.0
99.5
(2002)
(2007)
(2007)
(2000)
(2009)
(2007)
(2004)
(2005)
continued.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 2 Target and Indicators
76
GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
Goal 2 Target and Indicators
Table 2.1 Target 2.A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course
of primary schooling (continued)
2.2 Proportion of Pupils Starting Grade 1 Who Reach Last Grade of Primary (percent)
Boys a
Total
Girls a
1999
2007
1999
2007
1999
2007
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
…
79.3 (2001)
96.6
99.4
95.9 (2000)
94.5
…
96.7
…
97.8 (2000)
…
97.7
98.4
95.1
99.0
98.3
69.7
98.7
…
98.7
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
…
99.3 (2002)
99.5
87.2
…
99.6
100.0
98.4
94.9
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
…
81.3
62.0
…
58.0
93.4 (2005)
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
98.0
48.6
85.9
54.3
97.7
55.2
75.3
…
…
82.8
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
82.1
69.7
…
…
25.4
…
…
92.4
…
…
94.6
62.6
68.9
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
(2003)
(2001)
(2002)
(2000)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2000)
(2001)
…
…
…
…
80.4
97.7
100.0
93.3
93.9
…
93.6
…
96.9
…
97.4
96.7
96.6
99.3
98.4
72.4
97.3
…
99.9
…
78.2
95.6
98.8
98.4
95.1
…
99.7
…
98.6
…
98.0
100.0
93.9
98.7
98.3
67.8
100.0
…
97.5
…
100.0
99.3
89.7
…
99.3
100.0
98.6
95.4
...
…
98.7
99.6
84.7
…
99.8
100.0
98.2
94.3
...
54.8 (2005)
90.1 (2008)
65.8 (2005)
…
61.6
98.0
…
85.7
60.4
…
61.4
93.6
57.6
95.4
65.3
...
63.6
98.1
…
77.8
63.3
…
55.7
93.2
52.2
85.0
66.2
...
59.7
97.9
98.4
54.4
80.1
66.8
92.2
69.0
73.2
…
…
86.8
96.0
45.0
88.7
53.6
97.3
55.2
79.8
…
…
86.2
98.3
57.3
83.0
67.7
92.4
68.6
78.4
...
...
86.5
100.0
51.9
83.3
54.9
98.0
55.3
71.1
…
…
79.9
98.4
51.9
77.5
66.0
92.1
69.4
68.6
...
...
87.2
…
82.0
67.4
…
…
30.1
…
…
94.1
…
…
…
…
71.0
...
94.6
88.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
91.9
…
73.2
…
82.2
72.0
…
…
21.5
…
…
90.9
…
…
…
…
67.0
...
97.0
75.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
89.9
…
73.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
95.8
81.4
…
…
…
…
…
95.9
…
…
90.9
…
73.4
…
…
…
(2006)
(2008)
(2008)
(2004)
(2005)
(2006)
(2003)
(2006)
(2002)
(2003)
(2003)
(2000)
(2005)
(2006)
continued.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
77
Table 2.1 Target 2.A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course
of primary schooling (continued)
Total
1999
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
…
99.8
99.9
99.8
99.8
99.7
65.1
99.8
…
99.9
(2001)
(2002)
(2005)
(2000)
(2000)
2.3 Literacy Rate of 15–24-Year Olds (percent)
Female a
2008
1999
2008
…
99.8
100.0 (2007)
99.8
99.8
99.6
68.9
99.9
99.8
99.8
Male a
1999
2008
…
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.7
53.1
99.8
…
99.9
…
99.8
100.0
99.9
99.9
99.7
58.8
99.9
99.9
99.7
…
99.8
99.9
99.8
99.8
99.7
76.7
99.8
…
99.9
…
99.7
100.0
99.8
99.8
99.5
78.5
99.9
99.8
99.8
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
98.9 (2000)
…
…
97.7 (2000)
...
99.3
…
…
95.3
…
98.5
…
…
98.4
...
99.2
…
…
97.2
...
99.2
…
…
97.0
...
99.4
…
…
93.3
...
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
63.6
…
76.4
98.2
70.1
95.6
(2001)
74.4
74.4 (2005)
81.1 (2006)
99.3 (2006)
80.8
98.0
60.3
…
67.7
98.3
60.1
96.1
75.5
68.0
74.4
99.4
75.0
98.6
67.2
…
84.2
98.0
80.6
95.1
73.3
80.0
88.4
99.2
86.2
97.3
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
98.9
83.4
98.7
80.6
97.2
94.6
95.1
99.5
98.0
93.9
(2001)
(2004)
(2004)
(2000)
(2000)
(2000)
(2000)
(2000)
(2000)
99.7
87.5
96.7 (2006)
83.9 (2005)
98.4
95.6
94.8
99.8
98.1 (2005)
96.8
98.9
78.9
98.5
73.6
97.3
93.5
95.7
99.6
97.8
93.6
99.6
85.5
96.3
78.7
98.5
95.1
95.7
99.8
97.9
96.3
98.9
87.9
98.9
88.1
97.2
95.8
94.5
99.4
98.1
94.2
99.7
89.4
97.0
89.2
98.3
96.0
93.9
99.7
98.2
97.2
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
66.7 (2000)
99.4 (2004)
85.0
…
…
…
92.1 (2004)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
66.5
99.5
…
…
99.4 (2006)
…
93.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
64.1
99.4
80.0
…
…
…
91.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
68.5
99.5
…
…
99.6
…
93.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
69.1
99.3
90.0
…
…
…
92.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
64.6
99.4
…
…
99.3
…
93.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
…
…
(2001)
(2000)
(2001)
(2001)
…
…
…
a Figures refer to the same year as indicated in the column for “total”.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010); for Taipei,China: Statistical Yearbook Online
(Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 2 Target and Indicators
78
Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
Gender equality in primary school enrollment is high, with most economies having ratios of 0.95 or higher. But
fewer economies achieve gender equality for secondary and especially tertiary enrollment. Women are better
represented in most national parliaments and hold 20% or more of the seats in 12 national parliaments across
the Asia and Pacific region.
Introduction
The target for Goal 3 is to obtain equality of males and females in primary, secondary, and tertiary education enrollment.
Equality is measured by dividing the percentage of females of the relevant age group enrolled in each educational level by
the corresponding percentage of males. A ratio of 1.0 means that equal percentages of both genders are enrolled. Ratios
below (above) 1.0 mean that a higher percentage of males (females) are enrolled.
While in theory the target is complete equality (i.e.,
ratios of 1.0), in practice ratios of 0.95 and above are
accepted as sufficient approximations. Note that there is
a gender bias in favor of females since ratios above 1.0
are always considered to meet the target. For secondary
and particularly tertiary education, many economies report
ratios well above 1.0.
For primary and secondary education, the preferred
target date was 2005, while for tertiary education 2015 is
targeted.
Key Trends
Most economies have achieved gender equality at
the primary level. Figure 3.1 shows the girl–boy ratios
in primary education. The overall picture is good, with
34 (green bars) of 42 economies having achieved ratios
of 0.95 or higher by 2008 or nearest year. These include
four of the five most populous economies; Bangladesh,
People’s Republic of China (PRC), India, and Indonesia.
The ratio of the fifth economy, Pakistan, is 0.83.
Box 3.1 shows the progress toward the target of gender
equality in primary education for the eight economies
that had not yet achieved ratios of 0.95 by 2008. Five of
these are on track to reach the target by 2015 judging by
their progress since 1990. Afghanistan has made some
progress but will need to move faster to achieve the target.
Maldives and Papua New Guinea are shown as regressing,
with Papua New Guinea’s latest reported ratio (2006) at
0.84. Maldives has just slipped below the 0.95 threshold
but may well move back above the target before 2015.
Figure 3.1 Primary Education Female–Male Enrollment Ratios,
2008 or Nearest Year
Bangladesh
Nauru
China, People's Rep. of
Armenia
Kiribati
Palau
Taipei,China
Bhutan
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Brunei Darussalam
Kazakhstan
Malaysia
Sri Lanka
Azerbaijan
Fiji Islands
Kyrgyz Republic
Mongolia
Myanmar
Tuvalu
Georgia
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Philippines
Samoa
Thailand
Uzbekistan
India
Indonesia
Marshall Islands
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tajikistan
Vanuatu
Viet Nam
Cambodia
Maldives
Timor-Leste
Lao PDR
Nepal
Papua New Guinea
Pakistan
Afghanistan
0.95
0.0
Source:
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
Table 3.1.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN
in Primary Education
Pakistan
Timor-Leste
Papua New Guinea
Source: Derived from Table 3.1.
Box 3.2 Progress toward Target for Gender Equality
Progress is likewise good at the secondary level. Figure 3.2
shows progress toward gender equality in secondary
education. The overall picture is again encouraging. Of the
41 economies shown, 30 had achieved ratios of 0.95 (green
bars) or higher by 2008. Among the five most populous
economies, Bangladesh, PRC, and Indonesia have achieved
the ratio of 0.95, while India and Pakistan are among the
group of 11 economies (red bars) with ratios below 0.95.
in Secondary Education
On Track
Cambodia
India
Nepal
Slow Progress
Lao PDR
No Progress/Regressing
Afghanistan
Pakistan
Solomon Islands
Vanuatu
Tajikistan
Source: Derived from Table 3.1.
Figure 3.2 Secondary Education Female–Male Enrollment Ratios,
There are problems at the tertiary level. Figure 3.3
shows that out of 35 economies, only 18 have achieved
ratios of at least 0.95 in 2008. Seventeen other economies
had ratios below 0.95. These included Bangladesh, India,
Indonesia, and Pakistan.
2008 or Nearest Year
Nauru
Kiribati
Samoa
Philippines
Thailand
Mongolia
Fiji Islands
Malaysia
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Armenia
Bangladesh
China, People's Rep. of
Maldives
Tonga
Brunei Darussalam
Hong Kong, China
Marshall Islands
Sri Lanka
Kyrgyz Republic
Myanmar
Taipei,China
Timor-Leste
Bhutan
Indonesia
Azerbaijan
Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan
Palau
Georgia
Korea, Rep. of
Tuvalu
Viet Nam
Nepal
Tajikistan
India
Vanuatu
Solomon Islands
Cambodia
Lao PDR
Pakistan
Afghanistan
It is interesting to see that all the economies
above 0.95 in fact had ratios above 1.0, indicating a
preponderance of women in tertiary education. Maldives,
which is regressing at the primary level, reported the
highest ratio of over 2 along with Palau, indicating that
twice as many women as men are in tertiary education. In
most small island economies, tertiary education can only
be obtained abroad.
0.95
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Source: Table 3.1.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Box 3.2 shows how nine of these 11 are expected to
fare between now and 2015 if the present trend continues.
(Too few data are available for Tuvalu and Viet Nam
to make an assessment.) Six of the nine are expected to
meet the target by 2015 on the basis of progress to date,
including both India and Pakistan. Afghanistan’s latest
ratio at 0.38 is too low to achieve the target, and both Lao
People’s Democratic Republic and Tajikistan will miss the
target unless they make faster progress than at present.
Box 3.1 Progress toward Target for Gender Equality
On Track
Cambodia
Lao PDR
Nepal
Slow Progress
Afghanistan
No Progress/Regressing
Maldives
79
80
GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN
Box 3.3 shows that only Azerbaijan, Indonesia, and
Lao People’s Democratic Republic are likely to achieve
the target, assuming a continuation of progress since 1990.
The others have current ratios well below 0.8 and cannot
realistically expect to achieve the target by 2015.
Figure 3.3 Tertiary Education Female–Male Enrollment Ratios,
2008 or Nearest Year
Maldives
Palau
Brunei Darussalam
Tonga
Mongolia
Kazakhstan
Myanmar
Kyrgyz Republic
Marshall Islands
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
Armenia
Fiji Islands
Georgia
Taipei,China
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Samoa
Indonesia
Pakistan
Azerbaijan
Lao PDR
Viet Nam
Timor-Leste
India
Korea, Rep. of
Uzbekistan
Bhutan
Vanuatu
Bangladesh
Cambodia
Nepal
Tajikistan
Afghanistan
Box 3.3 Progress toward Target for Gender Equality
in Tertiary Education
On Track
Azerbaijan
Indonesia
Slow Progress
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Cambodia
India
No Progress/Regressing
Timor-Leste
Source: Derived from Table 3.1.
0.95
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Source: Table 3.1.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
2.5
Lao PDR
Korea, Rep. of
Nepal
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN
81
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Figure 3.4 Percentage of Seats Held by Women in National
Women have become better represented in most
national parliaments. One aspect of women’s
opportunities in political and public life and hence
women’s empowerment is their representation in national
parliaments. Figure 3.4 compares the percentages of women
parliamentarians in 39 developing member countries and,
at the bottom of the figure, in three developed regional
members. The comparison is for 2000 and 2010 or nearest
years. The percentages have fallen in 12 developing
member countries, including reductions of 2 percentage
points or more in Fiji, Georgia, Mongolia, Nauru, Solomon
Islands, and Turkmenistan. However, gains are reported
in the other 26, including very substantial increases
in the proportions of women in the parliaments in Nepal
(+27%), Kyrgyz Republic (+24%), Pakistan (+20%), and
Singapore (+19%).
Parliaments, 2000 and 2010 or Nearest Year
Nepal
Timor-Leste
Afghanistan
Viet Nam
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao PDR
Singapore
Pakistan
Uzbekistan
China, People's Rep. of
Cambodia
Philippines
Bangladesh
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Korea, Rep. of
Thailand
Cook Islands
Azerbaijan
India
Malaysia
Armenia
Bhutan
Fiji Islands
Samoa
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Maldives
Sri Lanka
Georgia
Kiribati
Mongolia
Vanuatu
Tonga
Marshall Islands
Papua New Guinea
Nauru
Solomon Islands
New Zealand
Australia
Japan
0
5
10
15
2000
20
25
30
35
40
2010
Source: Table 3.1.
Data Issues and Comparability
Enrollment rates generally follow the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization guidelines on definitions of
different levels of education and methods of calculation. Many small Pacific island economies do not have facilities for tertiary
education, and students from these countries receive their tertiary education abroad.
The most reliable information on female employment in nonagricultural activities comes from household labor force surveys, but these
are not conducted in all countries in the region. Alternative sources include enterprise surveys, population censuses, and household
demographic surveys.
The percentage of women in parliament refers only to national parliaments. In some countries, a more relevant measure of empowerment
would refer to the numbers of women active in government at the local or community level.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
82
GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN
Goal 3 Target and Indicators
Table 3.1 Target 3.A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels
of education not later than 2015
Primary
1991
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
0.55
1.01
0.99
1.00
1.01
0.99
0.68
0.98
…
0.98
(2001)
(1999)
(1999)
(2000)
2008
3.1 Ratio of Girls to Boys in Education Levels a
Secondary
1991
2008
1991
0.51
1.12
1.01
0.97
1.00 (1999)
1.02
0.48
0.86 (1999)
1.02
0.98 (1999)
0.38 (2007)
1.05
0.98
0.96
0.98 (2009)
1.01
0.76
0.87
…
0.98
0.28
1.05
0.67
0.91
1.15
1.04
0.81
0.35
1.15
0.82
(1999)
0.28 (2004)
1.20 (2007)
0.83
1.19
1.45 (2009)
1.36
0.85
0.40
…
0.68
1.05
1.02
0.96
1.08
1.00 (2009)
0.83 (2003)
0.96 (2003)
0.49
1.89
0.96
1.04
1.02 (2007)
0.69
1.57
1.07 (2009)
1.05
0.99
0.86
1.05
0.89
1.02
0.49 (1999)
0.58 (1999)
0.54
2.41 (2003)
0.33
0.48
0.55
0.59
0.70
2.40
0.40
…
1.04
0.34
0.76
0.49
1.02
…
1.26
…
0.94
0.76
1.99
0.54
0.92
0.78
1.29
1.37
1.24
…
1.24
0.73
0.92
1.01
1.01
1.02
1.01
1.04
0.98 (2005)
0.98
0.99
1.02 (2009)
0.75
1.05
0.96
1.14
1.04
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
1.04 (2005)
0.85 (1999)
0.76
1.00 (1999)
0.63
0.96
1.06
1.01 (2009)
0.97 (2007)
0.94
0.86 (2002)
1.00
0.98
0.81
0.70
1.09
0.46
1.09
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam c
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
0.94
0.87 (1999)
0.98
0.79
0.99
0.95
0.99
…
0.98
0.93 (1999)
1.00
0.94
0.97
0.91
1.00 (2007)
0.99
0.98
…
0.98 (2009)
0.95 (2001)
1.09
0.53
0.83
0.69
1.05
0.97
1.09
…
0.99
0.90
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
0.95
1.00
1.01
0.98
0.99
1.16
0.93
0.85
0.98
0.87
0.93
0.98
1.02
0.96
…
0.99
1.02
0.97
1.01
1.06
1.02
0.84
0.98
0.97
0.94
0.97
0.99
0.96
1.08
0.97
1.18
1.06
1.05
1.21
1.07
0.62
1.10
0.61
0.99
1.03
…
0.80
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
1.00
1.00
0.99
(1999)
(1999)
(2004)
(2000)
(1999)
(1999)
(2004)
(1999)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2006)
(2009)
(2007)
(2006)
(2006)
(2007)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.03
1.02
1.01
(1999)
(1999)
(1999)
(1999)
(1999)
(1999)
(1999)
(1999)
(1999)
(1999)
(1999)
(2004)
(2000)
(1999)
(1999)
(2004)
1.02
0.82
0.99
0.81
1.07
1.01
1.09
…
1.09
0.92
…
1.07
1.20
1.02
1.07
1.23
0.97
…
1.13
0.84
1.00
1.03
0.93
0.86
0.95
1.00
1.05
(2007)
(2009)
(2007)
(2006)
(2006)
(2004)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2009)
(2001)
(2007)
(2007)
(2005)
(2007)
(2009)
(2007)
(2005)
(2006)
(2001)
(2004)
…
1.20
…
1.29
…
…
2.35
0.55
1.04
…
1.27
1.30
…
0.57
1.19
0.65
1.13
(2003)
2008
0.66
1.02
0.99
0.98
1.00
0.99
0.83
0.96
…
0.98
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
(1999)
Tertiary b
(1999)
(1999)
(2002)
(1999)
(2000)
(2001)
(1999)
(1999)
(1999)
(1999)
(2003)
(2001)
(2000)
(1999)
(1999)
(2002)
(1999)
(2002)
…
1.20
…
1.30
…
…
2.15
…
0.93
…
0.71
1.62
…
0.59
(2007)
(2007)
(2004)
(2004)
(2007)
(2007)
(2009)
(2001)
(2005)
(2003)
(2002)
(2001)
(2009)
(2004)
(2004)
1.30
0.88
1.48
continued.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN
83
Table 3.1 Target 3.A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels
of education not later than 2015 (continued)
3.2 Share of Women in Wage Employment
in the Non-agricultural Sector (percent)
1990
2000
2008
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
(1991)
(1995)
(1991)
…
52.1
47.6
49.2 (1999)
48.5 (2001)
45.8
13.0
40.0
42.1 (2002)
37.1
…
44.8
43.6
46.1
50.0
50.8
13.2
37.1
…
39.4
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
37.8
41.2
38.1
48.5 (1993)
…
39.1 (1999)
44.8
40.1
48.6
…
…
48.7
42.1
51.1
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
20.2 (1991)
…
12.7
15.8
15.1 (1999)
30.2 (1997)
24.7
…
16.6
40.6
14.0 (2001)
30.2
20.1
16.6
18.1
30.0
…
31.0
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
(2006)
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam c
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
22.5
…
29.2
…
35.3
40.6
40.4
42.5
41.9
41.0
30.3
41.1
31.7
…
37.9
…
40.9
43.7 (2001)
44.1
40.7
30.3
43.5
32.4
50.2
39.2
…
41.7
45.8
45.4
40.4
(2003)
(2004)
(2004)
…
5.8 (1997)
12.4
6.3
5.1
…
9.1
4.9
2.8
17.7
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
38.4
29.9
…
…
33.6 (1994)
…
39.5
20.3
…
…
…
35.6 (1996)
…
…
38.2
33.2
36.8
29.3
33.6
…
39.6
32.1
36.7
30.8
35.0
…
34.3
37.5
…
29.6 (2005)
38.5 (2005)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
33.9 (2004)
38.9
6.0 (1995)
4.3 (1997)
–
…
…
5.6
– (1997)
–
–
–
…
–
7.7
4.3
43.7
38.0
43.9
46.3
40.0
47.3
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
17.8
51.8
47.5
…
…
48.5
7.7
36.5
39.9
37.0
3.3 Proportion of Seats held by Women
in National Parliament (percent)
1990
2000
2010
(1996)
(1997)
(1996)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1996)
(1993)
(1999)
(2001)
(1999)
(2001)
(2002)
(2004)
47.1
41.8
47.6
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2006)
(2007)
3.7
35.6
12.0
6.8
13.4
1.4
10.1
2.8
26.0
6.0
(1997)
(1997)
(1997)
(1997)
(1997)
(1997)
21.3
…
2.0
24.9
…
(2007)
(2005)
10.3
2.0
5.0
6.3
6.1
4.9
6.1
1.4
14.4
27.3 (2006)
3.1
12.0
7.2
10.4
1.4
2.3 (1999)
2.8
26.0
6.8
27.3
9.2
11.4
5.1
17.8
25.6
22.2
17.5
16.8
22.0
21.8
…
3.7
7.9
…
21.3
…
14.7
3.9
…
9.1
2.0
9.0
6.0 (2001)
5.9
4.9
18.6
8.5
10.8
6.5
33.2
5.8
…
8.2
8.0 (2001)
21.2
10.4 (2001)
…
12.4
4.3
5.6
26.0
…
21.1
18.0
25.2
9.9
…
21.0
23.4
13.3
25.8
8.0
11.3
4.9
3.0
7.1
5.6
–
1.8
8.2
2.0
26.1
–
–
–
12.5 (2008)
8.5 (2006)
4.3
3.0
7.1 (2008)
–
–
0.9
8.2
–
29.2
3.1
–
3.8
22.4
4.6
29.2
(1999)
(2001)
(1998)
(1997)
(2003)
(2001)
27.3
11.3
33.6
a The ratio is a gender parity index, measured as the ratio of female to male value of the gross enrollment ratios at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of education.
b There is no tertiary education in Cook Islands, Kiribati, Nauru, Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu. In Maldives, tertiary education became available only recently.
c Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010); Pacific Regional Information System (SPC 2010); for Taipei,China: Educational Statistical Indicators Online
(Ministry of Education 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 3 Target and Indicators
84
Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality
Infant and child mortality rates have fallen substantially, nevertheless only three economies have so far
achieved the MDG target of reducing these rates to one-third of the value in 1990, and only a few are expected
to do so by 2015. Programs to immunize infants against measles are having success in many Asian economies
but there has been a serious decline in the proportion of 1-year-olds being immunized in several Pacific
island economies.
Introduction
The Goal 4 target is to reduce by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.
Two related indicators are:
(i) to reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and
2015, the under-five mortality rate; and
(ii) to reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and
2015, the infant mortality rate.
Figure 4.1 Under-Five Mortality Rates, 1990 and 2008
(per 1,000 live births)
Singapore
Korea, Rep. of
Malaysia
Brunei Darussalam
Another related indicator considered here is the percentage
of 1-year-old children who have been immunized against
measles. Immunization against measles has a direct impact
on child mortality, and the percentage of 1-year-olds who
have been immunized is also a good indicator of the quality
of the child health care system.
Viet Nam
Thailand
Palau
Cook Islands
Sri Lanka
Fiji Islands
Tonga
China, People's Rep. of
Armenia
Key Trends
Samoa
Maldives
Kazakhstan
Child mortality has declined since 1990 but many
economies will still not achieve the target by 2015.
Figure 4.1 shows the number of deaths per 1,000 live
births of children under 5 years old. Afghanistan is not
included to avoid distorting the scale (Afghanistan
reported 260 deaths per thousand in 1990 and a small
reduction to 257 in 2008). Vanuatu is the only economy
to report an increase—from 27 to 33 deaths per thousand
live births. The other 40 economies in Figure 4.1 all report
reductions, and 15 have reduced deaths by at least a half.
These include both economies where mortality rates were
already quite low—Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore,
for example—as well as those where mortality rates were
very high in 1990—Bangladesh, Lao People’s Democratic
Republic, and Nepal, for example.
Georgia
Philippines
Vanuatu
Tuvalu
Solomon Islands
Marshall Islands
Azerbaijan
Uzbekistan
Kyrgyz Republic
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Indonesia
Mongolia
Kiribati
Turkmenistan
Nepal
Bangladesh
Lao PDR
Tajikistan
Papua New Guinea
India
Box 4.1 shows progress toward achieving the
target of reducing by two-thirds the under-five mortality
rate. This is an ambitious target and although almost all
economies have made substantial gains, only Malaysia,
Maldives, and Viet Nam have so far achieved the target.
Furthermore only a further eight are expected to reduce
their 1990 rate by 2015.
Bhutan
Pakistan
Cambodia
Timor-Leste
Myanmar
0
100
1990
Source:
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
50
Table 4.1.
150
2008
200
GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
Mortality Rate
Early Achievers
Malaysia
Maldives
On Track
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Lao PDR
Slow Progress
Afghanistan
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China, People’s Rep. of
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Kiribati
Korea, Rep. of
Kyrgyz Republic
Marshall Islands
No Progress/Regressing
Nauru
Viet Nam
Mongolia
Nepal
Singapore
Thailand
Only Maldives, Singapore, and Viet Nam have so
far reduced their infant mortality to one-third of the rate
in 1990, and only six more are expected to do so by 2015.
Of the five most populous economies, only Bangladesh
is likely to achieve the target. The other four are making
progress but at too slow a rate.
Figure 4.2 Infant Mortality Rates, 1990 and 2008
(per 1,000 live births)
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Myanmar
Pakistan
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Sri Lanka
Tajikistan
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Source: Derived from Table 4.1.
Infant deaths decreasing in most economies. Figure 4.2
shows the infant mortality rate for 43 economies for 1990
and 2008. Afghanistan is again omitted to avoid distorting
the scale; Afghanistan reported 168 infant deaths per
1,000 in 1990 and a slight reduction to 165 in 2008.
Vanuatu again reported an increase—from 23 in 1990 to
27 in 2008. The rest of the economies reduced their infant
mortality rates, and 12 more than halved their rates over
the period. Again, good gains were reported by economies
at both ends of the scale—those with low and high rates in
1990. Box 4.2 shows the progress of 43 economies based
on available data and reveals that not many economies are
expected to achieve the target of one-third of their 1990
rates by 2015.
Hong Kong, China
Singapore
Taipei,China
Korea, Rep. of
Malaysia
Brunei Darussalam
Viet Nam
Palau
Thailand
Sri Lanka
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Tonga
China, People's Rep. of
Armenia
Samoa
Maldives
Philippines
Georgia
Vanuatu
Kazakhstan
Tuvalu
Solomon Islands
Marshall Islands
Indonesia
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Azerbaijan
Kyrgyz Republic
Mongolia
Uzbekistan
Kiribati
Nepal
Bangladesh
Turkmenistan
Lao PDR
India
Papua New Guinea
Bhutan
Tajikistan
Cambodia
Myanmar
Pakistan
Timor-Leste
0
50
100
1990
2008
150
Source: Table 4.1.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Box 4.1 Progress toward Target for Under 5
85
86
GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
Figure 4.3 Percentage of 1-Year-Old Children Immunized
Box 4.2 Progress toward Target for Infant Mortality Rate
Early Achievers
Maldives
Singapore
On Track
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Slow Progress
Afghanistan
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China, People’s Rep. of
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Kiribati
Korea, Rep. of
Kyrgyz Republic
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
No Progress/Regressing
Nauru
Viet Nam
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Nepal
Mongolia
Myanmar
Pakistan
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Sri Lanka
Tajikistan
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Source: Derived from Table 4.1.
Measles immunization rate are generally rising in the
region. Figure 4.3 shows another indicator of the quality
of child health care—the percentage of 1-year-old children
immunized against measles. This immunization program
is promoted by the World Health Organization and helps
to keep babies healthy during the crucial first year of life.
Figure 4.3 covers 42 economies, and in 25 of them, the
immunization percentages were higher in 2008 than in
2000. Gains have been particularly dramatic in economies
that started from a low base in 2000 such as Afghanistan,
Cambodia, Nauru, and Pakistan.
Against Measles, 2000 and 2008
Tonga
Nauru
Bhutan
Turkmenistan
Kyrgyz Republic
Kazakhstan
Thailand
Sri Lanka
Uzbekistan
Palau
Brunei Darussalam
Maldives
Mongolia
Georgia
Cook Islands
Singapore
Malaysia
Marshall Islands
Fiji Islands
China, People's Rep. of
Armenia
Tuvalu
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Viet Nam
Philippines
Korea, Rep. of
Cambodia
Bangladesh
Tajikistan
Pakistan
Indonesia
Myanmar
Nepal
Afghanistan
Kiribati
India
Azerbaijan
Vanuatu
Solomon Islands
Papua New Guinea
Lao PDR
Samoa
0
40
2000
Source: Table 4.1.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
20
60
80
2008
100
GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
Against Measles
100
Under-Five Mortality Rate, 2008
(per 1,000 live births)
Measles immunization rates and the number of child
deaths. Figure 4.4 relates measles immunization in 2000
to under-five mortality in 2008. Different dates are used
because it is assumed that immunization in the first year
of life continues to have a beneficial effect during early
childhood. Three outlier observations were omitted—
Afghanistan, Nauru, and Myanmar.
Figure 4.4 Under-Five Mortality Rates and Immunization
75
50
y = -1.0506x + 124.28
R² = 0.4416
25
0
25
50
75
100
Percentage of 1-Year-Olds Immunized against Measles, 2000
Source: Derived from Table 4.1.
Figure 4.4 suggests that just over 44% of the
variation in under-five mortality is explained by measles
immunization. Measles immunization is of course just
one of a range of programs to fight child mortality.
Others are improved water supply, better sanitation, and
antimalaria nets.
Data Issues and Comparability
In more developed economies, data on mortality are usually taken from vital statistics registration records. Most developing economies
lack fully functional vital registration systems, thus household surveys such as Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator
Cluster Surveys have become primary sources of data, although there are some limitations as to their quality. Since the surveys may not
be held each year, econometric estimation techniques may be used to produce a consistent time series. For these reasons, mortality
data are of varying quality in the Asia and Pacific region.
Data on immunization may be provided directly by the health workers and clinics providing inoculation or, more commonly in the Asian
region, the information is collected from samples of households in health and demographic surveys. As with mortality data, estimation
techniques will often be used to convert partial data into comprehensive estimates.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
In 15 economies, however, immunization rates
were lower in 2008 than they had been in 2000. In
most cases, the falls were only 1–3 percentage points
and probably within the statistical margin of error, but
much larger reductions were recorded by several Pacific
island economies such as Kiribati, Papua New Guinea,
Samoa, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. Some of these
had extensive immunization programs in 2000 but these
had severely deteriorated by 2008.
87
88
GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
Goal 4 Target and Indicators
Table 4.1 Target 4.A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
4.1 Under-Five Mortality Rate
(per 1,000 live births)
1990
2000
2008
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia a
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
4.2 Infant Mortality Rate
(per 1,000 live births)
1990
2000
2008
4.3 Proportion of 1-Year-Old Children
Immunized against Measles (percent)
1990
2000
2008
129
260
56
98
47
60
75
130
117
99
74
120
257
36
69
35
44
51
108
94
71
62
106
257
23
36
30
30
38
89
64
48
38
98
168
48
78
41
51
63
101
91
81
61
90
165
32
58
31
38
44
85
75
59
53
79
165
21
32
26
27
33
72
54
43
34
…
20
93
52
16
89
94
50
68
76
84
45
46
…
9
98
…
35
36
…
6
63
…
21
21
…
5
41
…
36
37
6
8
71
5
29
30
3
6
49
6
18
18
2
5
34
5
South Asia a
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
120
149
148
116
111
142
29
93
91
106
94
55
85
21
66
54
81
69
28
51
15
85
103
91
83
79
99
23
67
67
68
68
43
63
17
Southeast Asia a
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
73
11
117
86
157
18
120
61
7
32
56
50
8
106
56
86
10
107
36
4
20
30
38
7
90
41
61
6
98
32
3
14
14
50
9
85
56
108
16
85
42
6
26
39
The Pacific a
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
91
18
22
89
49
58
…
21
91
50
38
184
23
53
27
75
17
18
63
39
47
51
16
77
34
37
129
20
42
29
65
15
18
48
36
39
45
15
69
26
36
93
19
36
33
Developed Member Countries a
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
7
9
6
11
5
6
5
8
TOTAL DMCs a
87
72
East Asia a
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
61
35
92
67
73
99
98
56
87
97
99
85
75
94
66
96
99
99
85
86
99
98
…
98
…
93
92
…
85
85
…
95
92
…
94
94
…
92
97
…
50
43
54
52
24
41
13
…
65
93
56
96
57
80
58
76
76
54
99
71
99
73
89
99
70
97
79
98
37
6
80
40
64
9
77
28
3
17
24
30
6
69
31
48
6
71
26
2
13
12
…
99
34
58
32
70
68
85
84
80
88
80
99
65
72
42
88
84
80
96
94
97
88
97
89
83
52
95
82
92
95
98
92
68
16
19
65
39
45
…
18
67
40
31
138
19
42
23
57
15
16
49
32
38
41
14
57
28
30
100
18
35
25
51
14
16
38
30
32
36
13
53
22
30
75
17
30
27
…
67
84
75
52
81
99 (1997)
98
67
89
70
…
86
95
66
59
76
85
80
94
85
8
83
62
93
87
…
95
81
94
60
95
94
72
94
92
99
97
54
45
60
73
99
93
65
4
6
4
6
6
8
5
9
3
5
3
6
3
5
3
5
…
86
73
90
95
91
96
85
96
94
97
86
53
64
53
41
…
70
83
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
a Estimated using data on births and survivors to age 1 provided by the United Nations Children’s Fund as weights.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010); for Hong Kong, China: Census and Statistics Department and Centre for Health Protection, Department of
Health; for Taipei,China: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics; ADB staff estimates.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
89
In the Asia and Pacific region, maternal mortality ranges from two per 100,000 live births in Hong Kong,
China to 1,800 in Afghanistan. The People’s Republic of China has a rather low rate of 45 while it is over 300
in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, and Pakistan. Risks of death in childbirth are drastically reduced if a trained
health personnel is present, but only 14 out of 36 economies are expected to meet the MDG target of reducing
by three-quarters the number of unattended births. Antenatal care is also an effective means of reducing
maternal mortality. Thirteen out of 26 economies are expected to meet the MDG target of providing at least
one antenatal care visit.
Introduction
Goal 5 has two targets:
5.A: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio. This ratio is calculated as the
number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. It is not yet possible to assess progress toward this target
because data for earlier and more recent years are not sufficiently comparable for a number of economies. A
related indicator is the number of births that are attended to by skilled health personnel who have been trained
to conduct deliveries and care for newborns.
5.B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to
reproductive health. These services should
cover advice on contraceptive methods and
family planning, antenatal care, and advice on
transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually
transmitted diseases. This is a new target
introduced in the revised MDG framework.
Key Trends
Maternal death rates are unacceptably high in many
economies. In developing economies deaths due to
complications during pregnancy and childbirth are one of
the leading causes of death among reproductive women.
The maternal mortality ratio measures the obstetric risk
or risk associated with each pregnancy. Figure 5.1 shows
the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in
2005. Afghanistan had an extremely high ratio of 1,800.
Other economies with maternal mortality ratios over 500
were Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic
Republic, and Nepal. Of the five most populous economies,
the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has by far the lowest
ratio: 45 per 100,000 live births in 2005. Bangladesh,
India, Indonesia, and Pakistan all have maternal mortality
ratios well above 300 per 100,000 live births. In many
of these economies, tradition encourages young girls to
marry at an age when their bodies are not fit for the rigors
of childbirth.
Figure 5.1 Maternal Mortality Ratio, 2005 or Latest Year
(per 100,000 live births)
Hong Kong, China
Taipei,China
Brunei Darussalam
Singapore
Korea, Rep. of
Uzbekistan
China, People's Rep. of
Mongolia
Sri Lanka
Malaysia
Georgia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Thailand
Maldives
Turkmenistan
Kazakhstan
Viet Nam
Kyrgyz Republic
Tajikistan
Fiji Islands
Solomon Islands
Philippines
Pakistan
Timor-Leste
Myanmar
Indonesia
Bhutan
India
Papua New Guinea
Cambodia
Bangladesh
Lao PDR
Nepal
Afghanistan
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Source: Table 5.1.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health
90
GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH
The economies in the region with high per capita
income—Brunei Darussalam; Hong Kong, China; Republic
of Korea; Singapore; and Taipei,China reported less than
15 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Hong Kong,
China with its ratio of 2 had a lower mortality rate than
the developed economies of Western Europe and North
America, which are rarely over 10 per 100,000 live births.
Three developed economies—Australia, Japan and New
Zealand—had maternal mortality ratios of 4, 6, and 9 per
100,000 live births, respectively.
The proportion of births attended by skilled health
personnel is low in many economies. Assistance by
skilled health personnel with adequate equipment during
pregnancy and childbirth is key to preserving maternal
lives that may be lost due to complications of pregnancy.
Figure 5.2 shows that in the latest year for which data
are available, skilled health personnel assisted in 90%
or more of childbirths in 17 of the 39 economies; of
these, eight economies reported that 99–100% of births
were professionally attended. Of the five most populous
economies, the PRC reported that 98% of births were
professionally attended. For Indonesia, the figure was 79%.
The others were much lower: India, 47%; Pakistan, 39%;
and Bangladesh, 18%—the lowest in the region apart from
Afghanistan, 14%.
In 2007, the percentages were higher or remained
the same in 25 economies compared with 1995. For the
economies at the bottom of the figure there has been little
improvement since 1995 and a large proportion of births
still remain unattended. The 14 economies reporting lower
percentages include 10 Pacific island economies. Falls of
9 percentage points or more were reported by Azerbaijan,
Kiribati, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
Figure 5.2 Percentage of Births Attended by Skilled Health
Personnel, 1995 and 2007 or Nearest Years
Palau
Uzbekistan
Armenia
Kazakhstan
Turkmenistan
Mongolia
Fiji Islands
Brunei Darussalam
Sri Lanka
China, People's Rep. of
Georgia
Cook Islands
Malaysia
Tuvalu
Kyrgyz Republic
Thailand
Tonga
Tajikistan
Azerbaijan
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Viet Nam
Marshall Islands
Maldives
Indonesia
Vanuatu
Bhutan
Solomon Islands
Kiribati
Philippines
Myanmar
Papua New Guinea
India
Cambodia
Pakistan
Lao PDR
Nepal
Timor-Leste
Bangladesh
Afghanistan
0
20
40
1995
Source: Table 5.1.
60
80
2007
100
GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH
Figure 5.3 Maternal Deaths and Births Attended
Maternal Deaths per 100,000 Live Births
by Skilled Health Personnel, 2007 or Latest Year
900
800
700
y = -6.5125x + 736.12
R² = 0.787
600
Box 5.1 Progress toward Target of Birth Attendance
by Skilled Health Personnel
Early Achievers
Armenia
Mongolia
Palau
On Track
Azerbaijan
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
China, People’s Rep. of
Cook Islands
Slow Progress
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Cambodia
India
Kazakhstan
Lao PDR
Myanmar
No Progress/Regressing
Kiribati
Kyrgyz Republic
Maldives
Marshall Islands
Solomon Islands
Samoa
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Georgia
Indonesia
Malaysia
Sri Lanka
Viet Nam
Nepal
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Tajikistan
Tonga
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
500
Source: Derived from Table 5.1.
400
300
200
100
0
10
30
50
70
90
110
Percentage of Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel
Source: Derived from Table 5.1.
The target is to reduce by three-quarters the
percentage of births that are not attended by skilled health
personnel from the 1990 levels. Box 5.1 shows that 22
of the 38 economies for which an assessment is possible
will not achieve the target by 2015 if current trends
continue. These include three of the five most populous
economies—Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan—and
Nepal. Although more than 97% of births were attended
by skilled health personnel in Thailand in 2006, this was
down from more than 99% in 2000, resulting in Thailand
being classified as regressing.
Antenatal care is inadequate in many economies.
Antenatal care coverage is an indicator of access and use
of health care services during pregnancy. Antenatal care
visits by trained health workers make a vital contribution
to the mother’s and child’s health. Figure 5.4 shows the
percentage of live births that benefited from at least one
antenatal care visit. In 16 of the 35 economies in Figure
5.4, 90% or more births were preceded by at least one visit,
but in nine economies including Bangladesh and India,
antenatal care visits were made for less than 75% of births.
Afghanistan was at the bottom with antenatal care visits
for only 16% of births.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
The presence of trained health personnel reduces
maternal deaths. Figure 5.3 plots maternal deaths
per 100,000 live births against the percentage of births
attended by skilled health personnel for 30 economies that
have data for both variables for recent years. (The dates
of the two variables are fairly close but not identical.) The
linear regression suggests that about 79% of the variation
in maternal mortality ratios is explained by whether or not
skilled health personnel are in attendance. The regression
results also suggest that maternal mortality ratios fall by
about 6.5 per 100,000 live births for every percentage
point increase in the percentage of births attended by
skilled health personnel.
91
92
GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH
The MDG target is that 100% of births should be
preceded by at least one antenatal care visit. Here a cutoff
of 95% has been applied to measure progress. Box 5.2
shows progress toward this target for 26 economies for
which an assessment can be made. Twelve have already
reached the target or are expected to do so if they continue
to make progress. The 14 that are not expected to do so
include Bangladesh, PRC, India, and Pakistan.
Figure 5.4 Percentage of Live Births with at Least
One Antenatal Care Visit, Latest Year
Brunei Darussalam
Kazakhstan
Sri Lanka
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Mongolia
Thailand
Box 5.2 Progress toward Target of at Least One
Tuvalu
Kyrgyz Republic
Antenatal Care Visit
Nauru
Early Achievers
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Mongolia
Sri Lanka
On Track
Armenia
Bhutan
Indonesia
Slow Progress
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Cambodia
China, People’s Rep. of
India
No Progress/Regressing
Afghanistan
Georgia
Georgia
Indonesia
Armenia
Philippines
China, People's Rep. of
Viet Nam
Tajikistan
Kiribati
Bhutan
Vanuatu
Marshall Islands
Maldives
Papua New Guinea
Malaysia
Azerbaijan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Tajikistan
Viet Nam
Lao PDR
Nepal
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Myanmar
Timor-Leste
Myanmar
Source: Derived from Table 5.1.
India
Solomon Islands
Cambodia
Pakistan
Timor-Leste
Bangladesh
Nepal
Lao PDR
Afghanistan
0
20
40
60
80
100
Source: Table 5.2.
Data Issues and Comparability
The most reliable information on maternal mortality comes from vital registration records or other administrative sources. In many
developing economies, however, registration records are not well maintained, with many births taking place at home rather than in
clinics, and many not being attended to by trained health personnel. Mortality ratios for these economies are based on household
surveys of varying reliability. Unfortunately, it is not possible to calculate the progress of economies toward achieving the target because
the maternal mortality ratios are not comparable, having been estimated using different methodologies for earlier years.
Data on the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel and on the proportion preceded by an antenatal care visit are
usually collected through household surveys. It is difficult to achieve standardization in the definition of skilled health personnel due to
the differences in the training of health personnel in the various economies.
Data on the adolescent birth rate are derived from vital registration systems or household surveys. Data derived from either source may
suffer from limitations such as misreporting of the mother’s age and exclusion of previous births.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH
93
Table 5.1 Target 5.A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
5.1 Maternal Mortality Ratio
(per 100,000 live births)
2005
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
5.2 Proportion of Births Attended
by Skilled Health Personnel (percent)
1995
2007
1800
76
82
66
140
150
320
170
130
24
12
96
100
91
100
98
18
79
96
98
45
2 (2008)
14
46
7 (2008)
(2000)
(1997)
(1998)
(1993)
(1997)
(1997)
(1996)
(1996)
(1996)
89
…
100 (1997)
94 (1998)
…
14
100
88
98
100
98
39
88
100
100
(2003)
(2006)
(2005)
(2006)
(2006)
(2006)
(2006)
98
…
…
99 (2006)
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
570
440
450
120
830
58
10
15
34
90
9
94
(1994)
(1994)
(1993)
(1994)
(1996)
(1993)
18
71
47 (2006)
84 (2004)
19 (2006)
99
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
13
540
420
660
62
380
230
14
110
150
98
34
50
19
96
56
56
100
99
77
(1994)
(1998)
99
44
79
20
98
57
62
…
97
88
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
...
210
…
…
…
…
…
470
…
220
380
…
…
…
100
100
72
95
93
…
100
53
100
85
26
92
99
89
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
4
6
9
(2001)
(1997)
(1998)
(1998)
(2000)
(1997)
(1998)
(1998)
(1994)
(1998)
(1999)
(1998)
(1996)
(1998)
(1994)
(1997)
(1991)
(1997)
100 (1991)
100 (1996)
100
98
99
63
86
88
97
100
53
…
70
18
95
98
74
(1999)
(2005)
(2006)
(2005)
(2001)
(2008)
(2006)
(2006)
(2001)
(2000)
(2005)
(2001)
(2002)
(2006)
(2003)
(2001)
100 (1999)
…
…
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010); for Hong Kong, China and Taipei,China: economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 5 Targets and Indicators
94
GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH
Goal 5 Targets and Indicators
Table 5.2 Target 5.B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
5.3 Contraceptive Prevalence Rate
(percent of married women 15–49 years)
1995
Latest Year
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
5
56
55
41
59
60
18
34
…
56
(2000)
(1991)
(2000)
(2000)
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
84
86
77
57
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
45
19
41
42
29
66
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
13
54
19
55
33
51
65
72
65
(1992)
(1997)
(1994)
…
40
61
32
…
37
51
62
81
80
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
63 (1996)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
23 (1994)
…
…
39
43
…
36
45
…
36
33
26
25
35
10
…
31
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
67
57 (1996)
75
71 (2002)
54 (2005)
…
5.4 Adolescent Birth Rate
(per 1,000 women 15–19 years)
1990
Latest Year
19
53
51
47
51
48
27
38
62
65
(2006)
(2005)
(2006)
(2005)
(2006)
(2006)
(2008)
(2005)
(2000)
(2006)
…
75
26
58
52
46
73 (1992)
41
24
44
(1997)
(1997)
(1994)
(1994)
87
80
80
66
…
(2001)
(2007)
(2006)
(2005)
16
6
4
37
17
(1994)
(1994)
(1993)
(1999)
(1996)
(1993)
56
31
56
39
48
68
(2007)
(2000)
(2006)
(2004)
(2006)
(2007)
(1997)
(2000)
(1996)
(1993)
(1994)
(1997)
(2005)
(2007)
(2000)
(2001)
(2008)
(1997)
(2006)
(2008)
(1999)
(2000)
(2007)
(2007)
(2003)
(1996)
(1998)
(2007)
(2003)
(2007)
151
26
42
44
31
29
20
27
21
26
(2001)
(2007)
(2008)
(2008)
(2008)
(2007)
(2005)
(2005)
(2006)
(2006)
5
4
2
19
5
(2006)
(2006)
(2007)
(2007)
(2008)
179
120 (1993)
76 (1991)
106
101
35 (1991)
133
46
45
14
106
28
(2005)
(2005)
(2006)
(2007)
(2004)
(2005)
35
90
63
115
20
29
52
8
44
38
26
52
52
110
12
17
53
5
43
35
(2002)
(2003)
(2005)
(2005)
(2006)
(2001)
(2006)
(2007)
(2005)
(2007)
47
30
39
88
51
84
29
70
29
70
59
16
23
92
(2001)
(2004)
(2005)
(2006)
(2003)
(2005)
(2005)
(2000)
(2006)
(2005)
(2004)
(2006)
(2005)
(1999)
82
59
43
105
54
70
74
77
25
80
49
26
41
…
21
4
34
(1993)
(1992)
(1992)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1996)
(1995)
(1994)
(1992)
(1994)
(1991)
(1999)
(1993)
(1991)
18 (2008)
5 (2007)
32 (2007)
continued.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH
95
Table 5.2 Target 5.B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health (continued)
5.5 Antenatal Care Coverage
(percent of live births )
≥ One Visit
≥ Four Visits
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
(2003)
(2005)
(2006)
(2005)
(2006)
(2006)
(2007)
(2007)
(2006)
(2006)
…
71
45
75
70
81
28
49
83
79
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
91 (2007)
…
…
99 (2005)
…
…
…
…
…
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
51
88
74
81
44
99
(2007)
(2007)
(2006)
(2001)
(2006)
(2007)
21
…
37
91
29
…
100
69
93
35
79
76
91
…
98
91
(1994)
(2005)
(2007)
(2006)
(2005)
(2001)
(2008)
…
27
82
…
…
22
70
…
…
29
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
16
93
77
94
100
97
61
89
99
99
…
…
88
81
…
95
…
79
…
74
61
…
97
84
(2006)
(2006)
(2007)
(2007)
…
…
…
77
…
40
…
55
…
65
30
…
…
…
100 (1991)
…
95 (1994)
…
…
…
(1994)
(2007)
(2007)
(2006)
(2007)
(2003)
(2005)
(2006)
(2005)
(1999)
(1997)
(2007)
(2007)
(2000)
(1996)
(2007)
(2006)
(2004)
(2006)
(2005)
(2007)
(2001)
(2003)
(2002)
(2007)
(2007)
(2006)
(2007)
(2003)
5.6 Unmet Need for Family Planning
(percent of women aged 15–49 years who are married or in consensual union)
Earliest Year
Latest Year
…
12
12
24
16
…
32
…
…
…
(2000)
(2001)
(2000)
(1995)
(1991)
…
13
23
16
9
12
25
…
10
14
(2005)
(2006)
(2005)
(1999)
(1997)
(2007)
(2000)
(1996)
3 (1992)
…
…
10 (1998)
…
2 (2001)
…
…
5 (2003)
…
19 (1994)
…
17 (1993)
…
28 (1991)
…
17
…
13
…
25
18
…
33
13
…
…
21
26
…
…
7
…
25
9
40
…
19
22
…
3
5
(2000)
(1991)
(1991)
(1993)
(1997)
(2007)
(2006)
(2006)
(2000)
(2005)
(2007)
(2000)
(2001)
(2008)
(2006)
(2002)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
18 (1991)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
4 (2003)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010); for Taipei,China: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 5 Targets and Indicators
96
GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA, AND OTHER DISEASES
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases
HIV is particularly a problem for countries in Southeast Asia. Access to proper treatment for HIV/AIDS is not
yet widely available, and in most economies less than 40% of HIV sufferers are receiving antiretroviral drugs.
Most economies have made good progress in reducing death rates from tuberculosis despite continued high
incidence rates. Incidence of malaria is a problem in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and a few Pacific economies,
although associated death rates are very low in most.
Introduction
Goal 6 has three targets:
6.A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS. This is targeted at the age 15–24 group
but for most economies, comparable data on HIV prevalence are available only for those aged 15–49 years.
Time series are currently too short to assess if this target will be met.
6.B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it. This is a new target
introduced in the revised MDG framework.
6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.
Not enough data are currently available to assess countries’ progress with regard to these goals but some related
indicators are discussed below.
Key Trends
Figure 6.1 Number of Adults Living with HIV, 2007
HIV is particularly a problem for economies in
Southeast Asia. Figure 6.1 shows the number of adults per
thousand population living with HIV. Cambodia, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, and Viet Nam
are the top six in terms of HIV cases among adults per
1,000 population. Of the five most populous economies,
India has the highest incidence per thousand (2.0) followed
by Indonesia (1.2). The others have relatively low rates
of infection—Pakistan, 0.6; People’s Republic of China
(PRC), 0.5; and Bangladesh, 0.1. Table 1.22 in Part III
(Regional Tables) shows that adult HIV victims in Asia
are primarily men. The averages for all countries are 65%
for men and 35% for women, but percentages of about
40% for women are reported in India, Myanmar, Papua
New Guinea, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
Access to antiretroviral drugs for treatment of HIV/
AIDS—a long way to go. Antiretroviral drug therapy
has been shown to reduce mortality among those
infected with HIV/AIDS. MDG target 6.B is to provide
the treatment to all those in need by 2010. Figure 6.2
shows the percentage of those living with advanced HIV
infection who have access to antiretroviral drugs for years
2006 and 2007. Only Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
(per thousand population)
Thailand
Papua New Guinea
Cambodia
Myanmar
Viet Nam
Malaysia
Nepal
India
Tajikistan
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Azerbaijan
Singapore
Kyrgyz Republic
Kazakhstan
Armenia
Georgia
Uzbekistan
Pakistan
China, People's Rep. of
Korea, Rep. of
Sri Lanka
Philippines
Bangladesh
0
1
2
3
4
Source: Derived from Regional Tables 1.1 and 1.22.
5
6
7
8
9
10
GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA, AND OTHER DISEASES
97
Tuberculosis—good progress in most economies
despite continued high incidence. Figure 6.3 shows
death rates associated with tuberculosis per 100,000
population for 1990 and 2008. In seven economies, death
rates were higher in 2008 than in 1990 with particularly
large increases in the Philippines and Tajikistan—up 21
and 23, respectively. However 34 economies reduced
their death rates and 11 achieved reductions of 20 or
more per 100,000. Kiribati’s rate fell by 115, Marshall
Islands’ by 72, Cambodia’s by 71, and Myanmar’s by
63. Among the five most populous economies the PRC
has the lowest death rate of 12 per 100,000, followed
by India at 23, Indonesia at 27, Pakistan at 39, and
Bangladesh at 50.
Figure 6.2 Percentage of the Population with Advanced HIV
Figure 6.3 Death Rates Associated with Tuberculosis,
Infection with Access to Antiretroviral Drugs, 2006 and 2007
1990 and 2008 (per 100,000 population)
Lao PDR
Cambodia
Thailand
Papua New Guinea
Malaysia
Philippines
Viet Nam
Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
China, People's Rep. of
Myanmar
Indonesia
Sri Lanka
Armenia
Nepal
Bangladesh
Tajikistan
Pakistan
0
20
40
2006
Source: Table 6.2.
60
80
2007
100
Timor-Leste
Cambodia
Myanmar
Philippines
Bangladesh
Tajikistan
Pakistan
Viet Nam
Afghanistan
Lao PDR
Indonesia
Uzbekistan
Kiribati
Kyrgyz Republic
Kazakhstan
India
Nepal
Papua New Guinea
Mongolia
Azerbaijan
Solomon Islands
Thailand
Malaysia
Bhutan
Palau
Marshall Islands
Georgia
China, People's Rep. of
Armenia
Vanuatu
Tuvalu
Sri Lanka
Turkmenistan
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Samoa
Fiji Islands
Tonga
Maldives
Singapore
Nauru
0
25
50
75
1990
100
125
150
2008
Source: Table 6.3.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
is close to meeting this target, although as Figure 6.1
shows, Lao People’s Democratic Republic has a relatively
small HIV population—about 5,000. Among the six
economies where most of the region’s HIV sufferers live,
Thailand performs best by providing treatment to about
60%, while in Indonesia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea,
and Viet Nam, less than 40% of HIV sufferers receive
antiretroviral drugs. No estimates are available for India.
For almost all economies, the 2007 percentages are higher
than for 2006. Cambodia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea,
Thailand, and Viet Nam reported double-digit gains
in 2007. The extent to which the target is achieved by
2010 will be known only when the data for 2010 become
available in the next 2–3 years.
98
GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA, AND OTHER DISEASES
Malaria is mainly a problem in South Asia, Southeast
Asia, and some Pacific economies. There is great
variation in the incidence of malaria in the Asia and
Pacific region. Box 6.1 groups the 28 economies into four
categories based on incidence of malaria per 100,000
population. The incidence of malaria (the number of
new cases reported each year) goes from less than one in
Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, Turkmenistan, and
Uzbekistan to 1,600 in Indonesia; 1,800 in Cambodia;
and nearly 8,000 in Myanmar. High rates of malaria
incidence are reported by four Pacific Island economies,
namely, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, TimorLeste, and Vanuatu. Nearly 46% of the population was
reported as being affected in Timor-Leste.
Table 6.3 also shows that the death rates associated
with malaria have been less than 5 per 100,000 population
in most economies except for Myanmar (17), Solomon
Islands (19), Papua New Guinea (36), and Timor-Leste
(108).
Box 6.1 Incidence of Malaria, 2008
(per 100,000 population)
Less than one
Armenia
Georgia
Kyrgyz Republic
1 to 99
Azerbaijan
China, People’s Rep. of
Korea, Rep. of
Malaysia
100 to 999
Bhutan
Lao PDR
Nepal
1000 or more
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Cambodia
India
Indonesia
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Tajikistan
Viet Nam
Pakistan
Thailand
Myanmar
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Vanuatu
Source: Table 6.3.
Data Issues and Comparability
Information on prevalence of HIV/AIDS generally comes from a variety of sources covering particular subgroups of the population.
Infection rates may be underreported in several countries because of the stigma attached to the disease. In addition, persons with HIV/
AIDS are particularly susceptible to tuberculosis and other opportunistic diseases, and persons with HIV/AIDS may instead be reported
as infected by only the opportunistic disease.
Data on the estimated number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy are collected by UNAIDS and the World Health Organization
(WHO) from various sources such as ministries of health, bilateral partners, foundations, and nongovernment organizations that are
major providers of treatment services. These data are combined with data on the number of people who need antiretroviral therapy
(which are estimated by WHO and UNAIDS using statistical modeling methods) to derive the data on the proportion of the population
who have advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs. However, the indicator does not distinguish between the different
types of treatments available, nor does it measure the cost, quality, or effectiveness of treatment.
Information on the prevalence of tuberculosis may be based on administrative data from clinics or health workers. In many developing
countries, however, administrative records cannot be used and the main source will be health and demographic surveys of households.
These are not generally repeated annually and may only cover particular target groups. They often have to be extrapolated to adjoining
years and to the whole population.
Information on incidence of malaria is collected by WHO from ministries of health, which are generally responsible for malaria surveillance
in endemic countries. Estimates of the number of malaria cases are particularly sensitive to completeness of the report by the health
facilities in a country.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA, AND OTHER DISEASES
99
Table 6.1 Target 6.A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
6.1 HIV Prevalence
(percent of population 15–49 years)
2001
2007
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
6.3 Proportion of Population Aged 15–24 Years
with Comprehensive Correct Knowledge of HIV/AIDS (percent)
Female
Male
…
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
…
<0.1
0.1
0.1
…
<0.1
…
0.1
0.2
0.1
…
0.1
0.1
0.3
…
0.1
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
0.1
…
<0.1
<0.1
…
0.1
…
<0.1
0.1
…
…
…
…
31 (2005)
…
…
…
…
…
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
<0.1
<0.1
0.5
<0.1
0.5
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.3
<0.1
0.5
<0.1
8 (2007)
…
20 (2006)
…
28 (2006)
…
18 (2007)
…
36 (2006)
…
44 (2006)
…
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
1.8
0.1
<0.1
0.3
0.9
<0.1
0.1
1.7
0.3
…
0.8
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.7
<0.1
0.2
1.4
0.5
…
50
10
…
…
…
12
…
46
44
…
45
15
…
…
…
18
…
…
50
…
0.1
…
…
…
…
…
0.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.1
…
…
…
…
…
1.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.2
<0.1
0.1
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
23
5
15
22
20
3
2
5
31
(2005)
(2006)
(2005)
(2006)
(2006)
(2007)
(2005)
(2006)
(2006)
(2005)
(2007)
(2003)
(2006)
(2006)
…
15 (2005)
5 (2006)
…
…
…
…
…
…
7 (2002)
(2005)
(2007)
(2003)
(2005)
…
…
…
27 (2007)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
15 (2007)
…
…
…
39 (2007)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 6 Targets and Indicators
100
GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA, AND OTHER DISEASES
Goal 6 Targets and Indicators
Table 6.2 Target 6.B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
6.5 Proportion of Population with Advanced HIV Infection
with Access to Antiretroviral Drugs (percent)
2006
2007
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
…
8
…
…
23
…
1
4
…
30
…
12
14
…
23
14
3
6
…
24
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
19
…
…
…
…
19
…
…
…
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
3
…
…
…
3
10
7
…
…
…
7
14
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
54
15
94
16
7
24
…
46
14
…
67
15
95
35
15
31
…
61
26
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
26
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
38
…
…
…
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
…
…
…
…
…
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA, AND OTHER DISEASES
101
Table 6.3 Target 6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence
of malaria and other major diseases
6.6 Incidence
of Malaria
(per 100,000 population)
2008
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan a
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
6.6 Death Rates
Associated with Malaria
(per 100,000 population)
2008
6.9 Incidence
of Tuberculosis
(per 100,000 population)
1990
2008
6.9 Prevalence
of Tuberculosis
(per 100,000 population)
1990
2008
2428
0
1
0
…
0
881
9
–
0
0
0
0
0
…
–
1
0
–
–
190
33
110
110
140
140
230
92
64
130
190
73
110
110
180
160
230
200
68
130
280
47
230
240
230
270
660
160
20
260
270
67
140
42
98
140
310
330
18
190
3
…
8
…
…
0
…
–
…
…
120
140
190
210
…
97
91
88
210
…
260
120
170
410
…
88
58
50
140
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives a
Nepal
Sri Lanka
1510
100
1124
…
103
21
3
0
2
…
0
0
220
310
170
150
160
66
220
160
170
42
160
66
550
380
340
270
350
96
410
96
190
13
170
73
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a, b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore a
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
1798
1645
327
75
7943
96
…
322
55
…
4
2
1
0
17
0
…
0
0
70
590
190
180
120
400
390
66
140
200
65
490
190
150
100
400
280
39
140
200
55
1400
460
410
180
1100
1000
43
180
380
43
680
210
260
120
470
550
27
160
280
The Pacific
Cook Islands a
Fiji Islands a
Kiribati a
Marshall Islands a
Micronesia, Fed. States of a
Nauru a
Palau a
Papua New Guinea
Samoa a
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga a
Tuvalu a
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
18012
…
13718
46380
…
…
6036
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
36
…
19
108
…
…
7
–
51
510
300
190
85
64
250
32
310
500
34
300
140
20
20
360
210
93
12
63
250
18
120
500
24
160
74
1
59
1200
750
94
44
83
550
21
630
620
39
76
82
32
25
110
59
34
10
110
130
36
150
660
22
44
88
Developed Member Countries
Australia a
Japan a
New Zealand a
…
…
…
…
…
…
7
53
13
7
22
8
7
43
11
5
12
5
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China a
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia a
Taipei,China
continued.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 6 Targets and Indicators
102
GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA, AND OTHER DISEASES
Goal 6 Targets and Indicators
Table 6.3 Target 6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence
of malaria and other major diseases (continued)
6.9 Death Rates Associated
with Tuberculosis
(per 100,000 population)
1990
2008
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan a
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
6.10 Proportion of Tuberculosis
Cases under DOTS (percent)
Detected
1995
Cured
2008
1995
2007
34
7
28
29
31
35
75
21
8
32
34
12
21
13
24
25
39
44
8
27
4 (1997)
95
26
13
45
41
2
64
81
30
61
71
48
130
74
65
58
49
130
48
45 (1997)
55
65
58
74 (1997)
50 (1996)
70
88
73
78
87
70
58
77
69
85
91
83
84
79
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China a
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia a
Taipei,China
30
10
12
48
…
12
6
6
21
…
20
87 (1996)
87
20
…
72
87
87
69
…
93
85 (1998)
76
74
…
94
66
82
89
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives a
Nepal
Sri Lanka
62
48
40
32
40
12
50
15
23
3
22
10
15
48
37
90
50
52
61
64
70
86
64
73
71
97
25
97
73
79
92
93
87
68
88
86
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a, b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore a
Thailand
Viet Nam
–
150
52
47
22
120
31
4
21
46
4
79
27
32
15
57
52
3
19
34
87 (1999)
35
18
12
58
10
76
87
51
51
87
56
80
67
76
43
67
87
64
62
85 (1998)
91
91
70
69
67
60
86
64
89
76
94
91
92
72
85
89
81
83
92
The Pacific
Cook Islands a
Fiji Islands a
Kiribati a
Marshall Islands a
Micronesia, Fed. States of a
Nauru a
Palau a
Papua New Guinea
Samoa a
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga a
Tuvalu a
Vanuatu
–
7
140
86
15
7
10
63
3
73
76
5
22
13
4
3
25
14
7
1
14
21
4
19
83
3
11
11
Developed Member Countries
Australia a
Japan a
New Zealand a
1
4
1
0
1
1
180
46
82
18
11
180
86
28
66
25
52
61
53
30
(1996)
(1996)
(1999)
(2002)
87 (1997)
87
87
100
95
86
44
75
340
83 (2007)
29
37
46
33
91
110
52
87
87
87
100
86
87
25
80
83 (1998)
67
56
80
65
73 (2001)
75
100 (1999)
85
100
81
93
96
65
100
60 (2006)
39
92
92
84
93
75
93
55 (1996)
80 (1998)
30 (2000)
DOTS = Directly Observed Treatment Short Course.
a The indicators incidence and death rates associated with malaria, as defined for the global monitoring, do not apply to the circumstances of the country.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
85
46
86
103
Between 1990 and 2009, the proportion of land and territorial water set aside for biodiversity protection
rose in almost all the Asia and Pacific economies. Per capita emissions of carbon dioxide are rising in most
economies in the region including all five most populous economies. About half of the economies for which
data are available are expected to reach the MDG target for improved drinking water, but only just over a
third will reach the target for improved sanitation facilities.
Introduction
Goal 7 has four targets:
7.A Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of
environmental resources. This target is applicable to the developed as well as to the developing economies of
the region, hence the relevant figures and boxes below include data for Australia, Japan, and New Zealand.
7.B Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss. This is a new target
introduced in the revised MDG framework.
7.C Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation.
7.D By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers. Slums
are defined as dwellings in urban areas with at least one of the following characteristics: (i) lack of access to
improved water supply, (ii) lack of access to improved sanitation, (iii) overcrowding (three or more persons
per room), and (iv) dwellings made of nondurable material. This target is for the world as a whole and does
not refer to any particular economy.
Only the third target can be unambiguously quantified, but the tables for the other targets give statistics that indicate
in a broad manner progress toward those targets.
Key Trends
Protecting the natural environment is making some
progress in the region. Figure 7.1 shows the percentages
of land and territorial waters that 46 economies have
dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological
diversity and of natural and associated cultural resources.
Protected areas range from nil in Cook Islands to
nearly 42% in Hong Kong, China. There has been an
increase from 1990 to 2009 in the protected areas of the
45 economies, and 15 have increased these areas by 3%
or more. Particularly large increases were made by Bhutan
(+14%), Lao People’s Democratic Republic (+15%),
Kiribati (+19%), and Cambodia (+22%).
Per capita emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) — on the
rise. Figure 7.2 shows per capita emissions of CO2 for
46 economies of region. Carbon dioxide emissions per
capita are measured as the total amount of carbon dioxide
emitted by the country divided by the midyear population.
Sources of CO2 emissions include consumption of solid,
liquid, and gas fuels; cement production; and gas flaring.
In Figure 7.2, it is seen that most economies with
high per capita GDP like Australia, Brunei Darussalam,
Japan, Republic of Korea, and Singapore are at the top.
On the other hand, economies at the lower end of the
per capita GDP scale like Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Lao
People’s Democratic Republic, Nepal, and Timor-Leste
have low levels of per capita CO2 emissions. High per
capita CO2 emissions clearly have a positive correlation
with per capita GDP.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
104
GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Fifteen of the 46 economies shown in Figure 7.2
reduced per capita emissions between 1990 and 2007.
In percentage terms the largest reduction was achieved
by Afghanistan (–87%) and reductions of between
38% and 72% were recorded for Azerbaijan, Georgia,
Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan. These reductions were
in response to increases in the cost of hydrocarbon fuels
Figure 7.1 Percentage of Protected Terrestrial and Marine Areas,
1990 and 2009
Hong Kong, China
Brunei Darussalam
Bhutan
Cambodia
Kiribati
New Zealand
Figure 7.2 Per Capita Emissions of Carbon Dioxide,
Nepal
1990 and 2007 or Nearest Year (metric tons)
Thailand
Lao PDR
Brunei Darussalam
China, People's Rep. of
Australia
Malaysia
Kazakhstan
Sri Lanka
Nauru
Mongolia
Singapore
Taipei,China
Korea, Rep. of
Australia
Palau
Japan
Japan
Pakistan
Turkmenistan
Armenia
New Zealand
Azerbaijan
Malaysia
Kyrgyz Republic
Hong Kong, China
Indonesia
China, People's Rep. of
Timor-Leste
Uzbekistan
Myanmar
Thailand
India
Mongolia
Viet Nam
Azerbaijan
Palau
Cook Islands
Maldives
Tajikistan
Indonesia
Singapore
Fiji Islands
Korea, Rep. of
Tonga
Georgia
Marshall Islands
Philippines
Armenia
Turkmenistan
India
Kazakhstan
Georgia
Tonga
Viet Nam
Uzbekistan
Kyrgyz Republic
Bangladesh
Tajikistan
Papua New Guinea
Pakistan
Samoa
Samoa
Marshall Islands
Bhutan
Vanuatu
Philippines
Afghanistan
Sri Lanka
Fiji Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Tuvalu
Papua New Guinea
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Vanuatu
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands
Kiribati
Cook Islands
Cambodia
0
10
20
1990
30
40
2009
Source: Table 7.2.
50
Bangladesh
Myanmar
Lao PDR
Timor-Leste
Nepal
Afghanistan
0
5
10
1990
Source: Table 7.1.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
15
20
2007
25
GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
105
In Figure 7.4, which covers both urban and rural
populations, most of the 41 economies put more emphasis
on providing improved drinking water than on sanitation
facilities, presumably because clean water has a more direct
impact on health. Twenty economies provide improved
drinking water to 90% or more of the total population
and 16 provide 90% or more with improved sanitation.
The situation with regard to improved sanitation remains
challenging in most developing economies including the
five most populous ones.
Among the five most populous developing economies,
the People’s Republic of China (PRC) had the highest per
capita emissions in 2007 followed by Indonesia, India,
Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
Figure 7.4 Percentage of the Total Population with Access to
Improved Water and Sanitation, 2008 or Latest Year
Singapore
Korea, Rep. of
To put CO2 emissions from Asia in a global context,
Figure 7.3 compares per capita emissions in the five most
populous economies of the Asia and Pacific region with
those in five large developed economies. The differences
between the five developed economies at the top of the
figure and the five Asian economies are striking. In 2007,
each resident in the United States was emitting as much
CO2 as four people living in the PRC, 11 in Indonesia, 14
in India, 21 in Pakistan, and 63 in Bangladesh.
Cook Islands
Uzbekistan
Samoa
Maldives
Turkmenistan
Kazakhstan
Thailand
Tonga
Malaysia
Georgia
Tajikistan
Increases in per capita CO2 emissions in the
developing economies of Asia in the future are inevitable as
their living standards rise. This calls for switching over to
cleaner energy sources to avoid the adverse consequences
of climate change.
Kyrgyz Republic
Sri Lanka
Armenia
Tuvalu
Palau
Myanmar
Philippines
Viet Nam
Figure 7.3 Per Capita Emissions of Carbon Dioxide in Five Industrialized
Countries and in the Five Most Populous Countries of Asia, 2007 (metric tons)
Marshall Islands
Bhutan
China, People's Rep. of
United States
Canada
Germany
United Kingdom
France
China, People's Rep. of
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
18.9
16.9
Indonesia
Vanuatu
6.0
4.9
Timor-Leste
1.8
1.4
0.9
0.3
0
Lao PDR
Bangladesh
9.6
8.9
Mongolia
Nauru
Papua New Guinea
5
10
15
20
Azerbaijan
Pakistan
Sources: Table 7.1 and Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010)
for Canada, France, Germany, United Kingdom, and United States.
Afghanistan
Kiribati
Solomon Islands
Nepal
Water and sanitation. Target 7.C is about improving
water sources and sanitation facilities in urban and rural
areas. The targets are to halve the proportion of households
without access to an improved drinking water source and
without use of an improved sanitation facility.
India
Cambodia
Micronesia, Fed. States of
0
20
40
Water
60
80
100
Sanitation
Source: Table 7.3.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Among the
high-income economies of the region, only Singapore
reduced emissions (by 22%) while moderate improvement
was seen in Australia, Japan, and New Zealand. In
Republic of Korea, per capita emissions were up by almost
87%. There were also some very large increases among
the other 31 economies in Figure 7.2. In Cambodia, Lao
People’s Democratic Republic, Maldives, and Viet Nam,
although still very low, per capita emissions were between
4–5 times higher at the end of the period.
106
GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Box 7.1 assesses the progress made by 40 economies
with regard to the drinking water target. Twenty-two
economies either have reached the target or, on the basis
of progress to date, are expected to do so by 2015. Thirteen
are making progress but too slowly to reach the target by
2015, while five are making no progress or are actually
regressing. Of the five most populous economies, the PRC
and India are early achievers but the other three are making
only slow progress and will not reach the target by 2015
without providing significantly more people with access to
improved drinking water.
Box 7.1 Progress toward Target for Proportion of Population
with Access to Improved Drinking Water
Early Achievers
Armenia
China, People’s Rep. of
Georgia
India
Korea, Republic of
Kyrgyz Republic
Malaysia
Nepal
On Track
Afghanistan
Cambodia
Kiribati
Micronesia, Federated States of
Slow Progress
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Cook Islands
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Maldives
No Progress/Regressing
Kazakhstan
Marshall Islands
Papua New Guinea
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Viet Nam
Mongolia
Philippines
Timor-Leste
Myanmar
Pakistan
Palau
Solomon Islands
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Box 7.2 categorizes economies with regard to access
to improved sanitation facilities. Here progress is less
encouraging, with only 17 economies out of 40 having
already achieved the target or expected to do so by 2015.
Seventeen are making only slow progress while seven
are making no progress or are regressing. All five most
populous economies are in the slow progress category.
Box 7.2 Progress toward Target for Proportion of Population
Using Improved Sanitation Facilities
Early Achievers
Cook Islands
Korea, Republic of
Malaysia
Maldives
Myanmar
Samoa
On Track
Lao PDR
Palau
Philippines
Slow Progress
Afghanistan
Armenia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Cambodia
China, People’s Rep. of
India
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
No Progress/Regressing
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kyrgyz Republic
Micronesia, Federated States of
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Uzbekistan
Viet Nam
Tajikistan
Timor-Leste
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Mongolia
Nepal
Pakistan
Solomon Islands
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Papua New Guinea
Tonga
Turkmenistan
Source: Derived from Table 7.3.
Samoa
Uzbekistan
Source: Derived from Table 7.3.
Data Issues and Comparability
Data on forests and on land set aside for protecting biodiversity come from administrative sources supplemented by satellite imagery.
They are broadly comparable and reasonably reliable. Information on CO2 emissions comes mainly from international agencies and
is derived by applying emission coefficients to estimates of fuel consumption, cement production, and gas flaring. Emissions by
international carriers (ships and aircraft) are usually omitted because they cannot be assigned to a particular country.
Data on housing conditions and access to drinking water and sanitation come mainly from population or housing censuses or from
demographic and health surveys and living standard surveys.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
107
Table 7.1 Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies
and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources
7.1 Proportion of Land
Area Covered by Forest (percent)
1990
2005
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
2.0
12.3
11.3
39.7
1.3
4.4
3.3
2.9
8.8
7.4
1.3
10.0
11.3
39.7
1.2
4.5
2.5
2.9
8.8
8.0
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China a
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
16.8
…
64.5
7.3
51.6
21.2
…
63.5
6.5
58.1 (2008)
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
6.8
64.6
21.5
3.0
33.7
36.4
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
7.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions
(thousand metric tons)
(per capita, metric tons)
1990
2007
1990
2007
2677
3682
44173
15335
261307
11049
68566
21298
28067
114014
715
5057
31775
6032
227394
6080
156394
7228
45808
116090
0.2
1.1
5.9
2.9
15.9
2.5
0.6
3.9
7.2
5.3
2460744
27660
241710
10044
…
6538367
39963
503321
10583
…
2.2
4.8
5.6
4.5
…
4.9
5.8
10.5
4.1
…
6.7
68.0
22.8
3.0
25.4
29.9
15530
128
690577
154
634
3773
43751
579
1612362
898
3425
12314
0.1
0.2
0.8
0.7
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.9
1.4
3.0
0.1
0.6
59.4
73.3
64.3
75.0
68.1
59.6
35.5
3.4
31.2
28.8
52.8
59.2
48.8
69.9
63.6
49.0
24.0
3.4
28.4
39.7
6421
451
149566
235
56593
4276
44532
46941
95833
21408
7605
4441
397143
1536
194476
13190
70916
54191
277511
111378
25.0
0.0
0.8
0.1
3.1
0.1
0.7
15.6
1.7
0.3
19.8
0.3
1.8
0.3
7.3
0.3
0.8
12.1
4.1
1.3
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
63.9
53.6
3.0
…
90.6
…
82.9
69.6
45.9
98.9
65.0
5.0
33.3
36.1
66.5
54.7
3.0
…
90.6
…
87.6
65.0
60.4
77.6
53.7
5.0
33.3
36.1
1.2
1.1
0.3
1.0
0.5 (1999)
14.4
15.7
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.2 (2002)
0.8
…
0.5
3.4
1.7
0.3
1.7
0.6
14.1
10.5
0.5
0.9
0.4
0.2
1.7
…
0.5
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
21.9
68.4
28.8
21.3
68.2
31.0
17.2
9.4
7.1
17.9
9.8
7.8
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
22
818
22
48
55 (1999)
132
235
2142
125
161
161 (2002)
77
…
70
293118
1153205
23924
66
1459
33
99
62
143
213
3366
161
198
183
176
…
103
374045
1254543
32662
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
0.0
1.6
3.7
1.4
14.8
1.1
0.9
1.1
9.2
4.3
continued.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 7 Targets and Indicators
108
GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Goal 7 Targets and Indicators
Table 7.1 Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies
and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources (continued)
7.3 Consumption of All OzoneDepleting Substances (ODP metric tons)
1990
2008
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China a
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
382
202
3
95
2356
134
1456
93
145
4
(1991)
48
18
1
6
129
12
357
4
10
2
…
38 (1995)
36 (1995)
…
33
48
69
75
100
124
36
36 (2005)
35 (2005)
3 (2005)
31
42
75
75
100
116
59674
…
42426 (1992)
8 (1995)
…
17386
…
4050
3
…
18
…
34 (1995)
1 (1995)
15
22
…
37
1
14 (2007)
202
– (1991)
–
5
25 (1991)
218
223
0
2905
4
1
10
…
…
27
…
…
20
7
1
34
…
5
25
8
9
300
4
571
2
397
150
1198
278
1
…
3
…
2
…
6 (1995)
…
…
6
…
1
3
1
2
3
6
…
21
8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
…
…
…
…
…
–
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21
…
5
20
1
–
–
81
–
4194
17
3477
4855
6984
430
0
42
–
1
–
–
–
29
4
2
0
0
–
–
(1995)
(1995)
(1991)
(1991)
7.5 Proportion of Total
Water Resources Used
1990
2000
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1992)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
7434
120074
1195
–
5
0
0
0
– (2007)
0
2
0
1
3 (2007)
0
–
1
59
1050
17
ODP = ozone-depleting potential.
a The proportion of land area covered by forest in Hong Kong, China is included in the data of the People’s Republic of China.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010); for Taipei,China: economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
109
Table 7.2 Target 7.B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010,
a significant reduction in the rate of loss
7.6 Proportion of Terrestrial and Marine Areas Protected
(percent)
1990
2009
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
0.4
6.9
6.2
2.5
2.4
6.4
10.0
1.9
3.0
2.1
0.4
8.0
7.1
3.4
2.5
6.9
10.0
4.1
3.0
2.3
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China a
13.1
41.1
3.3
4.1
9.2
16.1
41.8
3.5
13.4
12.7
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
1.3
14.2
4.8
…
7.7
13.3
1.5
28.3
5.1
…
17.0
14.5
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
23.6
–
4.0
0.8
13.6
2.6
1.9
2.6
12.5
3.1
28.4
22.2
6.4
16.3
14.5
5.2
3.3
3.5
16.9
4.9
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
–
0.1
0.3
–
0.1
…
0.4
0.9
0.9
–
–
–
–
0.4
–
0.2
20.2
0.6
0.1
…
4.8
1.4
1.2
0.1
6.4
2.5
0.2
0.5
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
7.8
7.5
15.1
12.4
10.8
18.3
a Refers to nature protected areas as percent of national territory.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010); for Taipei,China: economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 7 Targets and Indicators
110
GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Goal 7 Targets and Indicators
Table 7.3 Target 7.C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access
to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
7.8 Population Using Improved Water Sources
(percent)
Total
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
3
92
70
81
96
78
86
58
83
90
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
1990
Urban
12
99
88
94
99
98
96
91
97
97
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
Rural
1
78
49
66
92
66
81
45
72
85
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
Total
2008
Urban
Rural
48
96
80
98
95
90
90
70
84 (2005)
87
78
98
88
100
99
99
95
94
97 (2005)
98
39
93
71
96
90
85
87
61
72 (2005)
81
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China a
67
…
90 (1995)
58
84
97
…
97 (1995)
81
…
56
…
67 (1995)
27
…
89
…
98
76
92
98
…
100
97
…
82
…
88
49
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
78
91 (2000)
72
90
76
67
88
99 (2000)
90
100
96
91
76
88 (2000)
66
87
74
62
80
92
88
91
88
90
85
99
96
99
93
98
78
88
84
86
87
88
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
35
71
44 (1995)
88
57
84
100
91
58
…
52
92
78 (1995)
94
87
93
100
97
88
…
33
62
37 (1995)
82
47
76
na
89
51
…
61
80
57
100
71
91
100
98
94
…
81
89
72
100
75
93
100
99
99
…
56
71
51
99
69
87
na
98
92
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
94
…
48
95
89
90
81
41
91
69
52
100
90
57
99
92
76
94
93
90
73
89
99
94
69
100
92
91
87
…
33
97
87
na
98
32
89
65 (1995)
47 (2000)
100 (1995)
89
49
95
…
64
94
94
90
84
40
88
70
69
100
97
83
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
(2005)
(1995)
(2000)
(1995)
(2005)
(1995)
(2000)
(1995)
100
100
100
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
98
93
77
92
95
90
80
87
90
94
86
100
98
96
100
100
100
(2005)
(2000)
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
88
…
53
99
94
na
94
33
87
65
63
100
97
79
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
100
100
100
continued.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
111
Table 7.3 Target 7.C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access
to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (continued)
7.9 Population Using Improved Sanitation Facilities
(percent)
Total
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China a
29
88
57
96
96
93
28
89
98
84
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
1990
Urban
36
95
70
97
96
94
73
93
99
95
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
Rural
27
75
43
95
97
93
8
87
97
76
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
Total
2008
Urban
37
90
45
95
97
93
45
94
98
100
60
95
85
96
97
94
72
95
99
100
30
80
39
93
98
93
29
94
97
100
Rural
41
…
100
49 (1995)
…
48
…
100
67 (1995)
…
38
…
100
25 (1995)
…
55
…
100
50
…
58
…
100
64
…
52
…
100
32
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
34
62 (2000)
18
69
11
70
57
87 (2000)
49
100
41
85
28
54 (2000)
7
58
8
67
53
65
31
98
31
91
55
87
54
100
51
88
52
54
21
96
27
92
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
9
33
18 (1995)
84
49 (1995)
58
99
80
35
…
38
58
56 (1995)
88
77 (1995)
70
99
93
61
…
5
22
10 (1995)
81
39 (1995)
46
na
74
29
…
29
52
53
96
81
76
100
96
75
…
67
67
86
96
86
80
100
95
94
…
18
36
38
95
79
69
na
96
67
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
96
…
26
64
29
50
69
47
98
30
32
96
80
35
91
…
21
41
20
na
54
42
98
18 (1995)
25 (2000)
96
76
30 (1995)
100
…
35
73
25
50
83
45
100
32
50
96
84
52
100
96
49
83
61
50
96
71
100
98
76
98
88
66
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
100
100
…
(2005)
(1995)
(2000)
(1995)
100
92
36
77
55
50
76
78
100
98
55
98
86
53
100
100
…
(2005)
(1995)
(2000)
(1995)
100
100
88
100
100
…
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
100
100
…
(2000)
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
100
…
22
53
15
na
52
41
100
18
40
96
81
48
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
100
100
88 (1995)
a Refers to percent of total population served with tap water.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010); for Taipei,China: economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 7 Targets and Indicators
112
GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Goal 7 Targets and Indicators
Table 7.4 Target 7.D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives
of at least 100 million slum dwellers
7.10 Slum Population as Percentage of Urban Population a
1990
2005
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan b
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
98.5
…
…
…
…
…
78.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
47.5
…
…
…
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of b
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of b
Mongolia c
Taipei,China
43.6
…
68.5
68.5
…
31.0 (2007)
…
…
57.9
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan b
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka b
87.3
70.0
54.9
…
96.9
24.8
70.8
…
32.1 (2007)
…
60.7
…
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam d
Cambodia b
Indonesia
Lao PDR e
Malaysia
Myanmar f
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand f
Viet Nam
…
71.7
50.8
66.1
…
31.1
54.9
…
19.5
60.5
…
78.9
23.0 (2007)
79.3
…
45.6
43.7
…
26.0
41.3
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
…
…
…
…
…
a The actual proportion of people living in slums is measured by a proxy, represented by the urban population living in households with at least one of the four
characteristics: (i) lack of access to improved water supply; (ii) lack of access to improved sanitation; (iii) overcrowding (three or more persons per room); and (iv)
dwellings made of nondurable material.
b Only two shelter components (water and sanitation) from UNICEF/WHO were used to compute the estimates.
c For 1990, only two shelter components (water and sanitation), from UNICEF/WHO were used to compute the estimate. For 2005, four shelter components (water,
sanitation, sufficient living, and durable housing) from MICS 2000 were used.
d Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
e For 1990, only two shelter components (water and sanitation) from UNICEF/WHO were used to compute the estimate. For 2005, three shelter components (water,
sanitation, and durable housing) from MICS 2000 were used.
f For 1990, only two shelter components (water and sanitation) from UNICEF/WHO were used to compute the estimate. For 2005, four shelter components (water,
sanitation, sufficient living, and durable housing) were used.
Source: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
113
The load of debt service has been getting lighter since 1990 in most economies. Cellular phone subscriptions
have grown rapidly in most economies and are much more common than fixed line telephones throughout
Asia (in ten economies in the region there are more cellular phones than people). The “digital divide” as
measured by internet users per 100 population is still wide. In six economies there are 58 or more users
per 100 persons, but in 27 economies there are 17 or fewer internet users per 100 persons.
Introduction
Goal 8 has six targets but the first three are directed at developed donor countries and are not considered here. The other
three targets that are relevant to developing economies (and developed countries in some instances) are:
8.D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international
measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term.
8.E: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing
countries.
8.F: In cooperation with the private sector, make
available the benefits of new technologies,
especially information and communications.
Figure 8.1 Debt Service as a Percentage of Exports of Goods
and Services, 1990, 2000, and 2008 or Nearest Years
Bangladesh
None of these targets are quantifiable but there are
comments below on progress with targets 8D and 8F.
India
Philippines
Indonesia
Key Trends
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Myanmar
Most economies have much a lower debt service load
compared with 1990 levels. Table 8.1 shows debt service
as a percentage of exports of goods and services and factor
incomes excluding workers’ remittances. Together, these
comprise a “nationally generated” fund from which foreign
debt can be serviced without incurring additional foreign
liabilities. Debt service includes both interest and principal
repayments due on loans from nonresidents.
Mongolia
Sri Lanka
Nepal
Thailand
Solomon Islands
China, People's Rep. of
Samoa
Malaysia
Fiji Islands
Figure 8.1 covers the years 1990, 2000, and 2008. If
countries are achieving “sustainable levels of debt in the
long term” as required by the MDG goal, the ideal situation
would be for the bars to become shorter for each of the
years after 1990. This is in fact the case for 13 of the 15
economies with debt service ratios over 10% in 1990. The
two exceptions were Nepal and Samoa where debt service
ratios were a little higher in 2008 than in 2000, although
still well below their 1990 levels.
Lao PDR
Georgia
Maldives
Cambodia
Tonga
Kazakhstan
Viet Nam
Vanuatu
Azerbaijan
Armenia
Kyrgyz Republic
0
10
20
1990
2000
30
40
2008
Source: Table 8.1.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development
114
GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
In the past years, various initiatives have been
undertaken by international agencies to help developing
economies reduce their public debt. These include the
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries program of the IMF
and World Bank, and debt-relief initiatives of the Club
de Paris.
Figure 8.1 reflects the debt reduction that has come
about through internationally negotiated programs as
well as through the rapid growth of Asian exports during
this period. Higher exports automatically reduce the
ratios shown in Figure 8.1 because they enter into the
denominator. At the same time higher export earnings
provide the means to repay foreign debt and reduce the
burden of debt service.
Cellular phones versus fixed phones? No contest. Figure
8.2 shows that throughout the region cellular phones are
much more widely used than fixed line phones. The only
exceptions are the Cook Islands where fixed lines and
cellular phones are about equally common; and Kiribati,
Marshall Islands, and Myanmar where fixed lines are
much more common than cellular phones.
Hong Kong, China is the clear leader in cellular
phone subscriptions per 100 population, followed by
Maldives; Singapore; Thailand; and Taipei,China. All
five have more cellular phone subscriptions than the three
developed economies shown at the bottom of Figure 8.2.
Among the five most populous economies, Indonesia is on
top with 69 cellular phone subscriptions for every hundred
persons, followed by Pakistan, 57; People’s Republic of
China (PRC), 55; India, 44; and Bangladesh, 31.
In 10 economies in the region there are more cellular
phone subscriptions than people: Australia; Brunei
Darussalam; Hong Kong, China; Malaysia; Maldives;
New Zealand; Singapore; Taipei,China; Thailand; and
Viet Nam.
Figure 8.2 Telephone Lines and Cellular Phone Subscriptions,
2009 or Latest Year (per 100 population)
Hong Kong, China
Maldives
Singapore
Thailand
Taipei,China
Malaysia
Brunei Darussalam
Viet Nam
Korea, Rep. of
Kazakhstan
Japan
Azerbaijan
Armenia
Samoa
Mongolia
Kyrgyz Republic
Philippines
Fiji Islands
Tajikistan
Sri Lanka
Indonesia
Georgia
Palau
Uzbekistan
Pakistan
China, People's Rep. of
Lao PDR
Tonga
Bhutan
India
Afghanistan
Cambodia
Cook Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Bangladesh
Turkmenistan
Nepal
Tuvalu
Papua New Guinea
Timor-Leste
Solomon Islands
Marshall Islands
Kiribati
Myanmar
Australia
New Zealand
Japan
0
50
100
Cellular Phone Subscriptions
Source: Table 8.2.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
150
200
Telephone Lines
GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
In the Asia and Pacific region, the digital divide is
a three-way split as indicated in Figure 8.3. Six relatively
rich economies have between 58 and 82 internet users per
100 population. This is on par with the three developed
member countries shown at the bottom of the figure. Eleven
economies in the middle group have between 26 and 43,
while the majority (27 economies) have 17 or less.
Among the five most populous economies, the PRC
had 29 internet users per 100 persons in 2009, up from
22 in 2008. Next was Pakistan with 11, Indonesia with
9, and India with 5. Bangladesh had only four users per
1,000 persons.
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Internet users—the great digital divide. The number
of internet users per 100 population in 47 economies are
shown in Figure 8.3. These numbers are more reliable
when taken from household surveys, but when survey data
are not available, they are based on the numbers of internet
subscriptions that are then adjusted to include estimates of
persons who are not subscribers but who access the internet
at their place of work, in cybercafés, or by other means.
115
Figure 8.3 Internet Users, 2009
(per 100 population)
Korea, Rep. of
Brunei Darussalam
Singapore
Taipei,China
Hong Kong, China
Malaysia
Tuvalu
Azerbaijan
Kyrgyz Republic
Kazakhstan
Georgia
Cook Islands
China, People's Rep. of
Maldives
Viet Nam
Palau
Thailand
Uzbekistan
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Fiji Islands
Mongolia
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Sri Lanka
Indonesia
Tonga
Bhutan
Vanuatu
Armenia
Philippines
India
Samoa
Lao PDR
Marshall Islands
Afghanistan
Nepal
Kiribati
Solomon Islands
Papua New Guinea
Turkmenistan
Cambodia
Bangladesh
Myanmar
Timor-Leste
New Zealand
Japan
Australia
0
20
40
60
80
100
Source: Table 8.2.
Data Issues and Comparability
Data on debt service are compiled by the World Bank according to international standards based on loan-by-loan information, or
external debt reported to the World Bank’s debt exporting system by country authorities, which are broadly comparable.
Data on cellular phone subscriptions and internet access are obtained by the International Telecommunication Union through annual
questionnaires sent to government telecommunication authorities and operating companies. These data are supplemented by annual
reports and statistical yearbooks of telecommunication ministries, regulators, operators, and industry associations. Common definitions
are used and the data are considered to be reasonably accurate and comparable. Data on internet users are less reliable when these
are based on number of subscribers.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
116
GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
Goal 8 Targets and Indicators
Table 8.1 Target 8.D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries
through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
8.12 Debt Service as a Percentage of Exports of Goods and Services
1990
2000
2008
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
…
1.1
1.2
6.0
3.5
0.4
22.9
…
9.6
…
(1993)
(1995)
(1997)
(1995)
(1993)
(1996)
3.8 (2005)
7.9
5.2
13.4
8.6
9.0
20.6
9.0 (2002)
20.3 (1997)
…
1.9
0.7
2.9
0.2
2.8
8.3
6.6
…
…
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
10.6
…
…
17.1 (1992)
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
34.8
…
29.1
4.0
14.7
14.8
10.7
…
15.8
4.0
7.3
10.8
5.7
…
4.9
5.5
8.3
10.5
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
3.8 (1992)
25.6
8.5
10.6
18.2
25.6
…
11.4
3.2 (1996)
…
1.4
11.1
7.8
2.8
3.4
10.2
…
5.8
7.2
…
0.6
5.6
4.3 (2007)
1.0
1.4 (2006)
10.0
…
1.1
1.7
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
9.0
…
…
…
…
…
18.4
10.6
11.3
…
3.5
…
1.6
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
…
…
5.1
…
…
6.0
…
…
2.4
…
…
…
…
…
8.0
5.8 (1999)
2.8
…
8.3 (2001)
…
0.9
…
…
…
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
0.6
…
…
2.3 (2006)
…
…
1.2
…
…
…
…
…
5.9
7.7
2.0
…
8.8
…
1.1
…
…
…
(2005)
(2007)
(2006)
(2007)
(2007)
GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
117
Table 8.2 Target 8.F: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits
of new technologies, especially information and communications
8.14 Telephone Lines
(per 100 population)
1990
2000
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
2009
0.29
15.80
8.60
9.89
8.07
7.15
0.73
4.53
6.00
6.84
0.14
17.34
9.87
10.72
12.26
7.59
2.06
3.54
8.09
6.68
0.46
20.43
15.82
14.55
24.06
9.09
2.24
4.17
9.35
6.75
0.60
43.39
30.89
2.99
42.96 (1995)
11.43
58.89
55.70
4.92
56.75
23.31
59.65
39.91
7.07
63.19
0.19
0.34
0.59
2.90
0.30
0.70
0.35
2.52
3.11
8.97
1.09
4.09
0.94
3.78
3.09
15.84
2.80
16.98
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
13.62
0.03
0.60
0.16
8.76
0.17
0.98
34.94
2.34
0.15
24.14
0.24
3.25
0.76
19.91
0.58
3.94
48.43
8.97
3.23
20.15
0.37
14.77
2.09
15.70
1.62
4.46
39.11
10.37
34.85
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
16.82
5.86
1.67
1.06
2.53
13.11
…
0.73
2.54
1.49
…
4.63
1.35
1.74
32.34
10.78
3.99
7.67
9.01
17.93
35.06 (2002)
1.20
4.83
1.85
0.22 (2003)
9.84
6.92
3.50
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
45.56
44.26
43.39
52.42
48.90
47.33
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
8.15 Cellular Subscriptions
(per 100 population)
2000
2009
0.11 (2002)
0.57
5.18
4.10
1.32
0.18
0.21
0.02
0.17
0.21
6.73
81.71
57.76
6.47
80.24
42.63
84.98
87.83
66.59
95.90
81.85
56.96
70.48
29.35
59.73
55.51
173.84
99.20
84.20
116.70
0.20
3.02 (2003)
0.34
2.81
0.04
2.29
8.16 Internet Users
(per 100 population)
1995
2009
0.09
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.07
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.01
(1998)
(1997)
(1999)
(1999)
(1997)
3.55
6.75
41.77
30.51
33.89
40.03
11.26
10.07
1.57
17.06
0.01 (1996)
3.22
0.82
0.01
28.10 (2000)
28.53
61.24
81.60
13.10
69.83
31.07
46.90
43.83
147.94
25.97
69.65
0.04
0.14
0.03
0.23
0.02
0.01
28.49
1.02
1.79
0.23
22.01
0.03
8.31
68.37
4.90
1.00
106.66
37.78
69.25
51.18
110.60
0.90
80.98
140.43
122.57
100.56
1.02
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.15
0.02
0.03
2.87
0.07
0.01
34.69
16.11
4.08
7.09
7.86
18.61
34.51
0.89
17.84
1.57
0.21
29.82
17.12
3.01
3.14
6.87
0.36
0.86
0.09
11.95
12.44
0.16
1.42
0.28
2.21
0.18
5.14
0.19
35.10
75.36
1.02
1.61
34.32
...
64.31
13.37
84.43
5.73
10.23
50.98
20.14
1.19
0.01
0.62
0.04
0.28
2.99
20.24
0.10
0.17
0.02
0.10
0.12
5.24
0.06
42.36
34.89
43.83
44.66
52.71
39.86
113.75
90.37
110.16
2.76
1.59
4.88
(2002)
(2002)
(2003)
(2004)
(2003)
(1996)
(1999)
(1999)
(1996)
(1997)
(1997)
(1998)
(2003)
(1998)
(1998)
(1996)
(1996)
(2001)
(2002)
(1997)
(1997)
(2005)
(2000)
(1996)
0.38
7.17
5.12
28.39
2.13
8.78
79.78
0.53
8.70
4.75
57.61
0.22
6.47
77.23
25.80
27.25
30.29
13.45
2.04
3.55
15.35
...
26.97 (2004)
1.86
5.03
1.91
0.19
8.08
43.31
7.09
74.00
76.80
84.38
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010); International Telecommunication Union World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database
(International Telecommunication Union 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 8 Targets and Indicators
PART III
Regional Tables
121
The regional tables in Part III are grouped into seven themes, each with short writeups highlighting important developments
since the 1990s. Each theme is further split into related subtopics. This issue of Key Indicators contains over 100 regional
tables illustrating economic and social developments in the Asia and Pacific region.
This edition contains, for many variables, statistics for both the half-crisis year 2008 and the full-crisis year 2009.
Comparisons of these data with the precrisis years up to 2007 show how the global economic crisis has affected economic
growth, international trade, inflation, government revenue and fiscal balances, migrant workers’ remittances, and other
key variables. The need for more up-to-date and reliable statistics for countries of the Asia and Pacific region has once
again been highlighted by the global crisis. More frequent statistics such as quarterly statistics on national accounts and
industrial output are available only for a very few countries. Unemployment, labor force, and retail sales are other areas
where more and better statistics are urgently required.
The seven themes are as follows:
People
Population
Poverty Indicators
Labor Force and Employment
Social Indicators
Economy and Output
National Accounts
Production
Money, Finance, and Prices
Prices
Exchange Rates
Money and Finance
Globalization
Balance of Payments
Capital Flows
External Trade
External Indebtedness
International Reserves
Tourism
Transport, Electricity, and Communications
Transport
Communications
Electricity
Energy and Environment
Energy
Environment
Government and Governance
Government Finance
Governance
People brings together standard demographic indicators such as the size and growth of the population; birth, death,
and fertility rates; and life expectancy, with information on international migration, urbanization, employment and
unemployment, and health and education resources. Poverty reduction is embodied in the Asian Development Bank’s
Strategy 2020—a vision of an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty—and statistics on the extent of poverty in the region
are included in this theme.
The People theme also ranks economies of the Asia and Pacific region according to the United Nations Human
Development Index (HDI). The HDI combines a range of economic and social statistics into an index number reflecting
the overall level of well-being in each economy.
Economy and Output focuses on the levels and growth of gross domestic product (GDP), related statistics taken
from the national accounts, and related indicators on production. It presents how the GDP shares of agriculture, industry,
and services changed since 1990, and shows which economies are consuming more and which are investing more in
capital for future growth.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Introduction to Regional Tables
122
INTRODUCTION TO REGIONAL TABLES
This theme compares the relative size of economies both within the region and in the world as a whole using
purchasing power parities (PPPs). When countries’ national accounts are converted to a common currency using PPPs,
differences in purchasing power between countries are eliminated so that comparisons reflect only differences in the
volumes of goods and services produced and consumed in each country (see Box 1). The PPP-converted GDP figures
included under this theme show, for example, how the People’s Republic of China and India compare, in terms of real
GDP, with an industrial giant like Japan. It also shows, on a per capita basis, which are the richest and poorest economies
in the region.
Money, Finance, and Prices
contains a wide range of tables on price inflation and on monetary and financial
statistics. These include money supply, interest rates, bank lending, and stock markets, which are now established in more than
20 economies in the region.
This theme also includes market exchange rates and PPPs. The ratios of PPPs to exchange rates, or the price level
indexes, show that price levels are usually lower in poor countries than in richer ones.
Box 1 What are Purchasing Power Parities?
Purchasing power parities (PPPs) are currency exchange rates obtained by comparing the prices of identical goods and services in
different countries. These price comparisons are made by dividing the price of a specific good or service in one country by the price of
the same item in another country. For example, if a 300 milliliter can of Pepsi costs Rp16.42 in country A and $3.24 in country B, a
price relative can be calculated as 3.24/16.42, or 0.197. This is the “Pepsi PPP” for countries A and B. Also called “price relatives”,
PPPs are calculated for several hundred items covering all the final expenditure components of GDP. These PPPs for individual goods
and services are then combined to obtain PPPs for higher levels of aggregation such as “Bread and Cereals”, “Food and Beverages”,
“Household Individual Consumption” and, eventually, GDP as a whole. In combining lower-level PPPs to obtain higher aggregates, the
shares in GDP of expenditure on the various goods and services are used as weights.
PPPs are used in two ways:
•
First, they are used to convert GDP and its expenditure components to a common currency so that GDP comparisons can be
made in real terms. “Real terms” means that differences in price levels between countries have been eliminated so that
it is the underlying volumes of goods and services in each country that are compared. Note that a parallel procedure is used
when comparing real GDP from year to year in a single country; here differences in price changes over time are eliminated
by using constant prices.
•
Second, PPPs are used to measure differences in price levels among countries. Market exchange rates are currency convertors
that include differences in price levels among countries; PPPs are currency convertors that exclude these differences. The
ratios of PPPs to exchange rates, therefore, measure the differences in price levels among countries. These ratios are called
price level indexes (see also the Money, Finance, and Prices theme in this edition for application of price level indexes).
Of the 31 regional members of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for which the 2005 PPPs were directly calculated in the Asia and
Pacific region as part of the 2005 round of the International Comparison Program (ICP), the ADB coordinated the computation of PPPs
for 21 regional members and two nonmember economies. The ICP Global Office at the World Bank then combined the results for the
Asia and Pacific region with those for the other regions to provide a set of global comparisons for 146 economies. The ICP Global Office
also made econometric estimates of PPPs for a number of missing economies, including 14 in the Asia and Pacific region. The Asian
Development Bank has also computed real GDP estimates for the Asia and Pacific region back to 2000 and for 2009 using GDP price
deflators.
For a full explanation of how the PPPs are compiled and aggregated, see World Bank (2008).
Globalization gives statistics on balance of payments, external trade, international reserves, capital flows, external
indebtedness, and tourism in the Asia and Pacific region. The expansion of trade with countries in other regions and within
the region itself is a chief aspect of globalization. Globalization, however, is not confined to trade in goods and services.
It also involves international movements of labor and capital. Remittances by migrant workers and compensation of
employees temporarily working abroad are an important source of income for many Asian economies.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
INTRODUCTION TO REGIONAL TABLES
123
Tourism statistics with international tourist arrivals and international tourism receipts, which form an important
source of foreign exchange in many countries, have been introduced in this edition. The statistics show the adverse impact
of the global crisis on tourist arrivals and tourism receipts in key tourist destinations.
Transport, Electricity, and Communications replaces the Infrastructure theme in earlier editions of
Key Indicators. This theme covers road and rail networks and statistics on road motor vehicles. Electricity production
is growing rapidly in the region to support industrialization and household electrification. This theme shows both the
growth in production and the fuel sources used, such as carbon dioxide -emitting fossil fuels, and cleaner nuclear and
hydropower sources.
This theme shows how computer use and broadband access are growing in the region, and how wide is the digital
divide between high- and low-income countries. There is some overlap between this theme and Millennium Development
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development, as one of the targets under Goal 8 is to make available to people
the benefits of new technologies in communications and information processing. Goal 8 also includes data on internet
usage and on fixed line and cellular phones.
Energy and Environment brings together statistics on the production of energy (other than electricity) and
indicators related to the environment. The different forms of energy are converted to standard units, which can then be
divided into GDP to compare “energy productivity” in each economy. Energy productivity differs widely across the
region but the less energy-productive economies have improved in recent years.
The environment indicators cover land use, forest resources, and air and water pollution. The Asia and Pacific region
plays a key role in environmental issues because of its large population. Climate change would sharply accelerate if the
region’s per capita emission of greenhouse gases were to approach that of Europe and North America. Another reason for
the region’s importance in environmental issues is that the countries of South Asia and Southeast Asia contain many of
the world’s remaining rain forests. These are threatened by both commercial logging and land clearance.
There is some overlap between this theme and Millennium Development Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability,
which seeks to integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the
loss of environmental resources. Goal 7 also includes data on forests, protected areas, carbon dioxide emissions, and
consumption of ozone-depleting substances.
Government and Governance contains indicators on the traditional role of government as tax collector and
provider of defense, law and order, and social services. Government fiscal balances—the difference between current
receipts and current outlays—is an indicator of how well governments manage their budgets. As a result of the global
crisis, most fiscal balances entered into deficit as tax revenues fell and governments increased their expenditures to
compensate for lower household consumption and exports.
Governments also play an important role in determining the “business environment.” How does the government
encourage entrepreneurs to start new business ventures; how many days does it take to register a new business enterprise;
and what are the costs involved? While business startup is quick and inexpensive in some countries, others have timeconsuming and costly procedures. “Corruption” is difficult to measure objectively but through surveys, panels of
knowledgeable business people can provide broad indications of which countries are more or less corrupt.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Capital moves between countries in several ways: as official development aid from richer countries, as foreign
direct investment (FDI), and as short-term capital movements. Official development aid to the region is important for
the Pacific island economies and some of the poorer economies in other parts of Asia. Elsewhere, however, FDI is a
major source of investment funds. In addition to generating employment, FDI is particularly important because it is often
accompanied by transfers of technology and managerial know-how.
124
INTRODUCTION TO REGIONAL TABLES
Selected References
Asian Development Bank. 2007. 2005 International Comparison Program for Asia and the Pacific: Purchasing Power
Parities and Real Expenditures. Manila. Available: www.adb.org/statistics/icp/icp.asp.
Commission of the European Communities, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development, United Nations, World Bank. 1993. System of National Accounts 1993. Brussels/Luxembourg,
New York, Paris, Washington, DC.
International Monetary Fund. 1993. Balance of Payments Manual, Fifth Edition. Washington, DC. Available: www.imf.
org/external/np/sta/bop/bopman.pdf.
World Bank. 2008. Global Purchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures, 2005 International Comparison Program.
Washington, DC. Available: siteresources.worldbank.org/ICPINT/Resources/icp-final.pdf.
———. 2010a. Migration and Development Brief 12. Washington, DC.
———. 2010b. World Development Indicators 2010. Washington, DC.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
125
The Asia and Pacific region accounts for about 56% of the world’s population, with about 37% living in the
two most populous economies, People’s Republic of China (PRC) and India. Population growth rates in the
developing economies of the region had fallen to less than 1.1% by 2009 compared with 1.7% two decades
earlier. Urbanization is increasing throughout the region. In most economies women, who already have longer
life expectancies than men, have also achieved the largest increases in life expectancy since 1990.
Introduction
This people theme looks at the demography of the Asia and Pacific region—the size and growth of the population and its
breakdown by age. Migration and urbanization are now major factors in the growth of populations and their geographical
distribution.
The theme likewise analyzes indicators on labor issues—labor force participation rate, unemployment, and industry
distribution of employment; and also presents indicators on poverty and income distribution.
A number of social indicators are included in the tables—birth rates, death rates, fertility rates, life expectancy,
number of adults living with AIDS, and statistics on resources devoted to health and education services.
Key Trends
Over half of the world’s population lives in the Asia
and Pacific region. Figure 1.1 shows that the Asia and
Pacific region (comprising the 48 regional members
of ADB) accounts for about 56% of the world’s total
population. The PRC and India together account for
two thirds of the region’s population and for 37% of the
world’s total population.
The total population of the developing member
countries grew by 1.7% in 1990 but by 2009, growth
had slowed to less than 1.1%. In Figure 1.2, five out of
the 46 economies had especially high growth rates (above
2.5%) in 2009 — Cook Islands, Singapore, Solomon
Islands, Tajikistan, and Timor Leste.
Six economies had low rates (0.3% or below),
namely, Armenia, Georgia, Japan, Republic of Korea,
Marshall Islands, and Federated States of Micronesia.
Figure 1.1 Percentage Distribution of Population
by Region, 2009
West Asia and Rest of the World
3.5
South America
5.8
North America
7.9
India
17.3
Indonesia
3.4
Pakistan
2.4
Europe
11.9
Africa
14.7
Asia and Pacific
China, People's Rep. of
56.3
19.8
Others
5.7
Sources: Derived from Table 1.1 and International Data Base
(US Census Bureau 2010).
Bangladesh
2.1
Japan
1.9
Philippines
1.4
Viet Nam
1.3
Thailand
1.0
Thirty-four economies in Figure 1.2 now have lower
growth rates than in 1990. These include the five most
populous economies. Growth rates fell by 1.0 percentage
point in Pakistan, 0.9 in Bangladesh and the PRC, and
0.7 in India and Indonesia. Economies whose growth
rates in 2009 were higher than in 1990 by more than half
a percentage point are Australia, Bhutan, Cook Islands,
Kazakhstan, and Sri Lanka.
In 40% of economies in the region, more than half
of the population lives in towns; and in most economies,
the urban shares are increasing quite rapidly. Figure
1.3 shows the percentage of the population living in urban
areas in 47 economies. In three very small economies
(Hong Kong, China; Nauru; Singapore) the entire
population is urbanized. In Australia, Republic of Korea,
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
People
126
PEOPLE
and New Zealand, more than 80% live in urban areas. At
the other end of the scale, 80% or more of the population
in Cambodia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands,
and Sri Lanka were still living in rural areas in 2009.
Figure 1.2 Annual Percentage Growth of Population,
1990 and 2009
Cook Islands
Timor-Leste
Singapore
Solomon Islands
Tajikistan
Nepal
Papua New Guinea
Australia
Nauru
Malaysia
Brunei Darussalam
Afghanistan
Lao PDR
Philippines
Mongolia
Bhutan
Kiribati
Uzbekistan
Pakistan
Maldives
Myanmar
Cambodia
Vanuatu
India
Kazakhstan
Turkmenistan
Kyrgyz Republic
Bangladesh
Indonesia
Sri Lanka
Azerbaijan
New Zealand
Viet Nam
Thailand
Palau
Fiji Islands
Tuvalu
China, People's Rep. of
Samoa
Tonga
Hong Kong, China
Taipei,China
Armenia
Korea, Rep. of
Marshall Islands
Georgia
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Japan
Between 1990 and 2009, the share of the urban
population fell in the Federated States of Micronesia,
Sri Lanka, and in four countries of the former Soviet
Union—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and
Figure 1.3 Percentage of Population in Urban Areas,
1990 and 2009 or Latest Year
-4
-2
0
2
1990
4
2009
Source: Table 1.2.
6
8
Nauru
Singapore
Hong Kong, China
Australia
New Zealand
Korea, Rep. of
Palau
Brunei Darussalam
Marshall Islands
Cook Islands
Japan
Philippines
Armenia
Malaysia
Mongolia
Taipei,China
Azerbaijan
Kazakhstan
Georgia
Fiji Islands
Turkmenistan
China, People's Rep. of
Kiribati
Indonesia
Uzbekistan
Pakistan
Maldives
Kyrgyz Republic
Thailand
Myanmar
Bhutan
Lao PDR
Viet Nam
India
Timor-Leste
Tajikistan
Bangladesh
Vanuatu
Tonga
Samoa
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Afghanistan
Cambodia
Solomon Islands
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Papua New Guinea
0
20
40
1990
Source: Table 1.3.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
60
80
2009
100
PEOPLE
In the Asia and Pacific region, the number of
physicians per thousand persons is below the norm
for developed countries, but things are improving
in many countries. Figure 1.4 shows the number of
physicians per thousand population. Economies with the
highest ratios are almost all from the former Soviet Union,
while Pacific island economies are among those with the
lowest. In Europe and North America, there are generally
between two and four physicians per 1,000 persons, but
about 60% of the economies in Figure 1.4 have less than
one per thousand. In most economies, the ratios have been
rising since 1990 with particularly large gains in Republic
of Korea, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, and
Sri Lanka. In 16 economies, mainly economies of the
former Soviet Union with very high ratios at the beginning
of the period, the ratios have fallen; as also in Samoa,
Solomon Islands, and Tonga, whose already low ratios are
worsening. Australia’s ratio fell from over two physicians
in 1990 to just under one in 2007. This is the lowest ratio
among the three developed economies.
Among the five most populous economies in the
region, the PRC had the highest ratio of physicians (1.51).
The others are substantially lower, i.e., Pakistan (0.78),
India (0.58), Bangladesh (0.30), and Indonesia (0.13).
Some of the best and a few of the worst for quality
of life. The overall quality of life in each country is
measured by the Human Development Index (HDI) of the
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This
is an index constructed by combining proxies for three
important aspects of human welfare: health, education, and
a decent standard of living. Health is represented by life
expectancy; education by literacy and school enrollment;
and standard of living by GDP per capita.
UNDP’s latest index covers 182 economies, and the
rankings for 40 Asia and Pacific economies included in
the HDI rankings are shown in Box 1.1. Seven of the 40
economies in the region for which the HDI is available
belong to the highest ranking— “Very High Human
Development”, —and two more are in the “High Human
Development” group. A majority of the Asian economies
(29) are ranked only as “Medium Human Development”;
this group includes the five most populous economies
in the region of PRC (92), Indonesia (111), India (134),
Pakistan (141), and Bangladesh (146). Afghanistan and
Timor-Leste are in “Low Human Development”, the
lowest group.
Good gains in life expectancy for many economies.
Table 1.16 shows life expectancy at birth. In 2008, for both
sexes together, life expectancy ranged from over 80 years
in Australia; Hong Kong, China; Japan; New Zealand; and
Singapore; to 60 or less in Afghanistan, Marshall Islands,
and Nauru. Long life expectancy is associated with low
Figure 1.4 Number of Physicians per 1,000 Population,
1990 and 2007 or Nearest Year
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Azerbaijan
Armenia
Mongolia
Uzbekistan
Turkmenistan
Kyrgyz Republic
New Zealand
Japan
Tajikistan
Taipei,China
Korea, Rep. of
China, People's Rep. of
Singapore
Hong Kong, China
Philippines
Brunei Darussalam
Palau
Australia
Maldives
Tuvalu
Pakistan
Marshall Islands
Nauru
Malaysia
India
Viet Nam
Sri Lanka
Fiji Islands
Myanmar
Lao PDR
Thailand
Bangladesh
Tonga
Samoa
Kiribati
Nepal
Afghanistan
Vanuatu
Indonesia
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Cambodia
Bhutan
Papua New Guinea
0
1
2
1990
3
4
5
2007
Source: Table 1.21.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Uzbekistan. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union,
many unemployed town dwellers in these economies
sought work in agriculture. In the rest of the economies,
however, the number of urban dwellers increased between
1990 and 2009, with increases of 12 percentage points or
more in PRC, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines,
and Thailand.
127
128
PEOPLE
Box 1.1 Asia and the Pacific Economies Ranked by the Human
Development Index, 2007 (Out of 182 economies)
Rank
Very high human development
(HDI 0.900 and above)
Australia
2
Japan
10
New Zealand
20
Singapore
23
Hong Kong, China
24
Korea, Rep. of
26
Brunei Darussalam
30
High human development
(HDI 0.800–0.899)
Malaysia
66
Kazakhstan
82
Medium human development
(HDI 0.500–0.799)
Armenia
84
Azerbaijan
86
Thailand
87
Georgia
89
China, People’s Rep. of
92
Samoa
94
Maldives
95
Tonga
99
Sri Lanka
102
Philippines
Fiji Islands
Turkmenistan
Indonesia
Mongolia
Viet Nam
Uzbekistan
Kyrgyz Republic
Vanuatu
Tajikistan
Bhutan
Lao PDR
India
Solomon Islands
Cambodia
Myanmar
Pakistan
Nepal
Bangladesh
Papua New Guinea
Low human development
(HDI below 0.500)
Timor-Leste
Afghanistan
Rank
105
108
109
111
115
116
119
120
126
127
132
133
134
135
137
138
141
144
146
148
162
181
Source: Table 1.15.
rates of infant mortality. For this reason, life expectancy is
often used as an indicator of the efficiency of a country’s
health care system. In countries with good prenatal and
postnatal health care and wide coverage of immunization
programs, life expectancies are generally high.
Figure 1.5 shows the increase in life expectancy at
birth from 1990 to 2008 for men and women separately.
Increases of 9 years or more were achieved by both sexes
in five relatively poor economies—Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Lao PDR, Nepal, and Timor-Leste. These economies
all started with rather low life expectancies in 1990. At
the other end of the scale, gains of less than 2 years, or
actual declines for both sexes, were recorded in Georgia,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Marshall Islands, Thailand,
and Uzbekistan. In general, the Pacific island economies
and countries of the former Soviet Union are among those
making the least progress.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
Figure 1.5 Change in Life Expectancy at Birth (Years)
1990–2008 or Nearest Year
Timor-Leste
Bhutan
Nepal
Maldives
Bangladesh
Lao PDR
Solomon Islands
Indonesia
Viet Nam
Korea, Rep. of
Vanuatu
Mongolia
India
Philippines
Samoa
Singapore
Cambodia
Armenia
Kiribati
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
China, People's Rep. of
Taipei,China
Hong Kong, China
Sri Lanka
Cook Islands
Malaysia
Japan
New Zealand
Tonga
Australia
Brunei Darussalam
Tajikistan
Myanmar
Azerbaijan
Afghanistan
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Turkmenistan
Fiji Islands
Palau
Uzbekistan
Georgia
Tuvalu
Kyrgyz Republic
Kazakhstan
Thailand
Marshall Islands
-6
-4
-2
0
2
Female
Source: Derived from Table 1.16.
4
6
8
10 12 14 16
Male
PEOPLE
improvements in reproductive health. There are however
several countries where men have gained more extra years
of life than women These include Australia, Azerbaijan,
Republic of Korea, Marshall Islands, New Zealand, Palau,
and Tuvalu; in some cases this may be due to campaigns
aimed at reducing alcohol and tobacco consumption.
Data Issues and Comparability
Demographic data are either based on vital registration records or on censuses and surveys. In many of the developing countries of the
region, vital registration records are incomplete and cannot be used for statistical purposes. Population censuses are conducted every
10 years in most countries. Census data are generally reliable and comparable among countries, but estimates for intercensal years are
generally less reliable and may be based on household surveys, partial registration records, or obtained by statistical interpolation.
Statistics on the urban population are compiled according to each country’s national definition as there is no agreed international
standard for defining an urban area. For that reason the growth rates are probably more reliable than the levels.
Data on numbers of physicians are compiled by the World Health Organization.
Household surveys are the best source for labor force data but these are not carried out in all countries. Other countries rely on
census data supplemented by enterprise surveys and unemployment registration records. Unemployment registration records are often
incomplete and breakdowns by economic activities may not be available.
The statistics on the numbers of people living with AIDS are estimates based on methods and on parameters developed by the
UNAIDS Reference Group on HIV/AIDS Estimates, Modelling and Projections. The estimates are presented together with ranges, called
“plausibility bounds”, where the wider the bound, the greater the uncertainty surrounding an estimate.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
In most economies women, who already had longer
life expectancies than men in 1990, have also achieved the
largest increases since then. Particularly large differences
in favor of women were recorded in India, Kazakhstan,
Kiribati, Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, and Tonga; this
may be due to falls in maternal mortality and other
129
130
PEOPLE
Population
Table 1.1 Midyear population
(million)a
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
190.0
17.6
...
7.2
5.4
16.4
4.4
109.7
5.3
3.7
20.4
212.5
19.4
3.3
7.7
4.8
15.8
4.6
124.5
5.7
4.2
22.7
231.9
21.3
3.2
8.1
4.4
14.9
4.9
139.8
6.2
4.5
24.7
235.4
21.7
3.2
8.2
4.4
14.9
4.9
142.4
6.3
4.6
25.0
239.4
22.1
3.2
8.2
4.4
14.9
5.0
145.3
6.4
4.6
25.3
243.4
22.5
3.2
8.3
4.3
14.9
5.0
148.2
6.6
4.7
25.6
247.7
23.2
3.2
8.4
4.3
15.0
5.1
151.1
6.7
4.8
25.9
251.7
23.6
3.2
8.5
4.3
15.1
5.1
154.0
6.9
4.8
26.2
256.0
24.1
3.2
8.6
4.4
15.3
5.2
156.8
7.0
4.9
26.5
260.1
24.5
3.2
8.7
4.4
15.5
5.2
159.6
7.1
5.0
26.9
264.4
25.0
3.2
8.8
4.4
15.7
5.3
162.4
7.3
5.0
27.3
268.8
25.5
3.2
8.9
4.4
15.9
5.3
165.2
7.5
5.1
27.8
1214.3
1143.3
5.7
42.9
2.2
20.3
1286.0
1211.2
6.2
45.1
2.2
21.3
1345.7
1267.4
6.7
47.0
2.4
22.2
1355.1
1276.3
6.7
47.4
2.4
22.3
1363.8
1284.5
6.7
47.6
2.5
22.5
1371.9
1292.3
6.7
47.9
2.5
22.6
1379.9
1299.9
6.8
48.0
2.5
22.6
1387.8
1307.6
6.8
48.1
2.6
22.7
1395.0
1314.5
6.9
48.3
2.6
22.8
1402.2
1321.3
6.9
48.5
2.6
22.9
1409.3
1328.0
7.0
48.6
2.7
23.0
1416.3
1334.7
7.0
48.7
2.7
23.1
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
979.2
109.0
0.5
835.0
0.2
18.2
16.3
1080.0
118.8
0.6
923.0
0.2
20.1
17.3
1185.8
128.1
0.6
1016.0
0.3
22.3
18.5
1207.3
129.9
0.6
1035.0
0.3
22.8
18.7
1225.8
131.6
0.6
1051.0
0.3
23.3
19.0
1245.4
133.4
0.6
1068.0
0.3
23.8
19.3
1264.9
135.2
0.6
1085.0
0.3
24.4
19.5
1283.5
137.0
0.6
1101.0
0.3
24.9
19.6
1303.1
138.8
0.6
1118.0
0.3
25.5
19.9
1321.6
140.6
0.7
1134.0
0.3
26.0
20.0
1340.2
142.4
0.7
1150.0
0.3
26.6
20.2
1358.8
144.2
0.7
1165.9
0.3
27.2
20.5
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
436.8
0.3
8.6
179.4
4.1
18.1
40.8
60.9
3.0
55.8
66.0
479.6
0.3
10.5
194.8
4.6
20.7
44.7
68.4
4.6
59.4
72.0
517.9
0.3
12.5
205.8
5.1
23.5
50.1
76.9
4.0
62.2
77.6
525.8
0.3
12.7
208.6
5.2
24.0
51.1
78.5
4.1
62.8
78.6
533.7
0.3
12.9
211.4
5.3
24.5
52.2
80.2
4.2
63.4
79.5
541.5
0.3
13.1
214.3
5.4
25.1
53.2
81.9
4.1
64.0
80.5
549.4
0.4
13.3
217.1
5.5
25.6
54.3
83.6
4.2
64.5
81.4
557.5
0.4
13.5
219.9
5.6
26.1
55.4
85.3
4.3
65.1
82.4
565.6
0.4
13.6
222.7
5.7
26.6
56.5
87.0
4.4
65.6
83.3
573.6
0.4
13.8
225.6
5.9
27.2
57.5
88.7
4.6
66.0
84.2
581.5
0.4
14.0
228.5
6.0
27.7
58.4
90.5
4.8
66.5
85.1
589.4
0.4
14.2
231.4
6.1
28.3
59.3
92.2
5.0
66.9
86.0
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
6.1
17.0
737.0
72.3
44.6
97.6
9.4
15.1
3690.0
160.3
294.9
747.0
96.0
9.0
147.3
6.7
19.4
752.0
77.7
48.0
105.8
10.0
17.2
4080.0
167.3
353.2
832.0
97.5
9.2
168.4
7.9
17.9
794.6
84.5
50.7
107.0
10.1
19.1
5190.0
175.1
420.5
779.0
99.4
9.5
191.7
8.1
18.1
801.9
85.9
50.6
107.3
10.1
19.3
5312.5
176.7
432.3
787.0
99.9
9.6
196.9
8.4
18.4
807.2
87.4
50.4
107.5
10.1
19.5
5436.6
177.2
444.4
886.0
100.3
9.6
202.2
8.5
18.4
810.0
88.9
51.0
107.6
9.9
19.6
5562.1
177.7
456.8
904.0
100.7
9.7
206.9
8.7
20.3
811.5
90.4
51.5
107.8
9.7
19.8
5689.1
178.2
469.6
952.0
101.1
10.0
212.3
8.9
21.5
816.4
92.5
52.1
107.9
9.5
19.9
5817.8
178.7
482.8
983.0
101.6
10.3
217.8
9.1
23.7
821.6
94.2
52.7
108.0
9.2
20.0
5948.1
180.7
496.3
1015.0
102.0
10.4
223.5
9.3
21.0
825.1
96.0
53.3
108.0
9.4
20.2
6079.9
181.6
510.2
1047.6
102.4
11.1
229.4
9.5
22.1
829.5
97.7
53.9
108.0
9.6
20.3
6213.3
182.5
524.0
1081.0
102.8
11.0
235.4
9.7
22.9
833.9
99.5
54.1
108.0
9.8
20.4
6348.2
183.4
539.0
1115.0
103.2
11.1
238.9
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
143.9
17.1
123.5
3.3
147.2
18.1
125.5
3.7
149.9
19.2
126.8
3.9
150.4
19.4
127.1
3.9
151.0
19.7
127.4
3.9
151.6
19.9
127.7
4.0
152.0
20.1
127.8
4.1
152.3
20.4
127.8
4.1
152.6
20.7
127.8
4.2
153.1
21.1
127.8
4.2
153.5
21.5
127.7
4.3
153.8
22.0
127.6
4.3
2826.5
2970.6
5283.7
3064.9
3212.4
5696.7
3289.2
3439.4
6083.6
3331.8
3482.6
6159.2
3371.0
3522.4
6234.4
3410.7
3562.6
6308.5
3450.6
3603.0
6382.4
3489.4
3642.1
6456.4
3528.8
3681.8
6531.0
3566.8
3720.3
6606.2
3605.0
3758.8
6681.1
3643.0
3797.3
6756.0
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
TOTAL DMCs
TOTAL REGIONAL MEMBERS
WORLD
a Except for Pacific developing member countries where units are in thousands.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, International Data Base (US Census Bureau 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
PEOPLE
131
Table 1.2 Growth rates in population
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
1.9
...
1.4
0.4
-1.6
2.0
2.7
2.3
1.7
…
1.9
...
1.2
-2.8
-2.0
1.0
2.5
1.1
2.2
1.8
1.9
-0.3
1.1
-0.8
-0.3
1.1
2.3
2.1
1.3
1.4
1.9
-0.2
1.0
-0.8
-0.2
0.8
1.9
2.0
1.4
1.3
1.9
-0.1
0.9
-0.7
0.0
0.8
2.1
2.0
1.5
1.2
1.9
0.0
1.0
-0.7
0.3
0.9
2.0
2.1
1.5
1.2
2.5
0.1
1.1
-0.6
0.6
1.1
1.9
2.1
1.5
1.2
1.9
0.1
1.2
0.1
0.9
1.0
1.9
2.1
1.4
1.2
2.0
0.1
1.3
1.8
1.1
1.1
1.8
2.1
1.4
1.2
2.0
0.2
1.3
-0.1
1.1
0.8
1.8
2.1
1.4
1.4
2.0
0.2
1.3
-0.3
1.2
1.1
1.7
2.2
1.3
1.6
2.0
0.3
1.1
0.1
1.4
1.3
1.7
2.6
1.4
1.7
1.4
0.3
1.0
2.4
1.2
1.1
2.0
1.0
1.4
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.8
1.7
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.2
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.6
1.6
0.5
0.6
-0.2
0.5
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.4
1.2
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.2
1.2
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.3
1.2
0.4
0.5
1.0
0.3
1.9
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.3
1.5
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.3
1.9
0.4
2.2
1.3
2.1
2.5
2.1
-3.3
1.6
1.3
2.1
2.0
2.1
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.8
1.5
2.1
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.8
2.2
2.1
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.7
2.3
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.6
2.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.5
2.3
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.5
2.3
0.9
1.3
1.9
1.4
1.8
2.3
1.2
1.3
1.9
1.4
2.0
2.3
0.6
1.3
1.9
1.4
1.5
2.3
1.0
1.3
1.8
1.4
1.6
2.3
1.2
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
2.9
3.6
2.0
2.1
2.5
1.9
2.3
2.9
1.1
1.9
4.0
5.2
1.7
2.2
2.8
1.9
2.3
4.3
1.2
1.7
2.5
1.5
0.9
2.0
2.5
2.0
2.1
1.7
0.7
1.4
2.5
1.5
1.4
2.0
2.2
2.0
2.1
2.7
1.0
1.3
3.4
1.5
1.3
2.0
2.2
2.0
2.1
0.9
0.9
1.2
1.6
1.5
1.3
2.0
2.1
2.0
2.1
0.2
0.9
1.2
2.9
1.5
1.3
2.0
2.1
2.0
2.1
1.3
0.9
1.2
2.9
1.3
1.3
2.0
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.4
0.9
1.2
3.5
1.3
1.3
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.2
0.7
1.1
1.8
1.3
1.3
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.9
4.3
0.7
1.1
2.1
1.3
1.3
2.2
2.0
1.5
1.9
5.5
0.7
1.1
2.1
1.5
1.2
2.0
2.1
1.5
2.0
3.1
0.6
1.1
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
3.0
0.7
3.5
1.5
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.2
0.5
3.6
6.7
0.3
2.1
2.7
-0.5
0.9
1.5
1.5
0.2
0.1
2.6
2.0
0.9
3.8
1.7
0.3
0.5
2.6
9.1
0.9
1.3
-0.1
0.2
1.0
1.3
1.9
0.9
2.8
9.0
0.4
0.5
2.7
1.1
0.9
1.7
-0.3
0.2
-0.2
0.9
2.4
0.9
2.8
1.0
0.4
0.4
2.7
1.7
0.7
1.7
-0.3
0.2
-0.4
0.8
2.3
0.3
2.8
12.6
0.4
-0.2
2.7
0.0
0.3
1.7
1.1
0.2
-1.9
0.8
2.3
0.3
2.8
2.0
0.4
1.3
2.3
10.3
0.2
1.7
1.1
0.1
-2.1
0.8
2.3
0.3
2.8
5.3
0.4
3.1
2.6
5.9
0.6
2.4
1.1
0.1
-2.2
0.9
2.3
0.3
2.8
3.3
0.4
3.1
2.6
10.2
0.6
1.8
1.1
0.1
-2.4
0.6
2.2
0.5
2.8
3.3
0.4
1.4
2.6
-11.4
0.4
1.8
1.2
0.1
1.5
0.6
2.2
0.5
2.8
3.2
0.4
6.7
2.6
5.2
0.5
1.8
1.1
0.0
2.1
0.6
2.2
0.5
2.8
3.2
0.4
-0.9
2.6
3.6
0.5
1.8
0.3
0.0
2.1
0.6
2.2
0.5
2.9
3.1
0.4
0.5
1.5
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
1.5
0.3
0.9
1.2
0.2
1.5
1.2
0.2
0.6
1.4
0.2
0.6
1.2
0.2
1.8
1.2
0.2
2.0
1.2
0.0
1.5
1.3
0.0
1.1
1.5
0.0
1.2
1.8
0.0
1.0
2.0
-0.1
1.0
2.1
-0.1
1.1
TOTAL DMCs
TOTAL REGIONAL MEMBERS
WORLD
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: ADB staff estimates based on country sources and International Data Base (US Census Bureau 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Population
PEOPLE
132
Population
Table 1.3 Migration and urbanization
Net International Migration Rate a
(per 1,000 population)
1990–1995 1995–2000 2000–2005 2005–2010
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
1990
42.6
-29.6
-3.1
-20.7
-18.6
-12.2
-4.2
-10.7
2.5
-3.1
-3.8
-14.3
-3.2
-15.9
-17.1
-1.1
-0.1
-11.2
-2.3
-3.4
7.2
-6.5
-2.4
-13.4
-2.7
-2.9
-1.6
-10.9
-1.1
-3.1
7.5
-4.9
-1.2
-11.5
-1.3
-2.8
-1.6
-5.9
-1.0
-3.0
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China b
-0.1
10.1
-2.9
-15.4
…
-0.1
9.3
-0.3
-4.3
…
-0.3
3.3
-0.3
1.4
…
-0.3
3.3
-0.1
-0.8
…
26.4
99.5
73.8
54.6
50.6
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
-0.8
-38.2
-0.2
…
-1.0
-2.9
-0.8
0.1
-0.3
…
-0.9
-4.3
-1.0
11.6
-0.3
…
-0.8
-4.6
-0.7
2.9
-0.2
…
-0.7
-3.0
...
...
25.6
26.0
8.9
17.2
2.6
2.8
-0.8
-1.3
3.0
-0.6
-2.7
15.4
-0.1
-2.4
2.2
1.3
-0.9
-3.4
4.5
0.0
-2.4
19.6
-1.5
-0.5
2.0
0.2
-0.9
-4.1
1.2
-4.2
-2.2
6.7
4.4
-0.5
1.8
-0.1
-0.6
-2.4
1.0
-2.0
-2.0
22.0
0.9
-0.5
…
-9.3
…
…
-4.4
…
…
…
-15.8
…
…
-18.0
…
-1.1
…
-10.7
…
…
-25.4
…
…
…
-16.3
…
-40.9
-19.5
…
-7.9
…
-10.3
…
…
-17.9
…
…
…
-20.8
…
9.1
-15.9
…
…
…
-8.3
…
…
-16.3
…
…
…
-18.4
…
1.8
-17.5
…
…
4.2
0.8
8.1
5.0
0.1
2.3
6.5
0.1
5.1
4.8
0.2
2.4
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam c
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau d
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
a
b
c
d
16.7
...
53.7
...
57.2 (1991)
37.6
30.8 (1991)
31.3
45.1
40.3
Urban Population
(percent of total population)
1995
2000
18.1
66.3
52.3
52.9 (1997)
55.7
35.6
31.8
27.4
44.7
38.3
29.0
100.0
78.2
51.6
53.1
19.8
64.8
51.0
52.0
56.3
34.7
33.0
26.6
45.1
37.2
21.6
64.0
54.1
52.7
53.5
34.1
35.8
26.3 (2008)
47.3 (2008)
36.7 (2006)
36.2
100.0
79.6
57.2
55.8
46.6
100.0 (2008)
81.5 (2008)
62.6
59.1
...
21.0 (1996)
26.6
25.6
10.9
16.4
23.4 (2001)
21.0
27.7
27.0
13.4
15.7
25.4
30.9
29.4
35.0
17.2
15.1
(2008)
(2005)
(2008)
(2006)
(2008)
(2006)
65.8
…
30.9
15.4
51.1 (1991)
24.9
48.8
100.0
18.0
19.5
68.6
14.8 (1998)
35.9
17.4
54.7
26.1
54.0
100.0
18.0
20.7
71.1
16.0 (2001)
42.1
22.0
62.0
28.0
58.5
100.0
19.0
24.2
74.4
19.5
43.1
29.7
63.7
31.9
65.0
100.0
33.8
29.6
(2007)
58.5 (1991)
41.6
35.1
65.1
25.6
100.0
69.4
13.1
21.2
13.7
20.8
22.7
…
18.7
58.8 (1996)
43.9
36.5
66.7
25.1
100.0
71.4
13.2
21.5
14.7
22.7
22.9
…
20.2
67.6 (2001)
47.2
43.5
68.4
22.3
100.0
69.5
13.2
21.9
15.7
24.5
23.2
…
21.7
70.2
51.3
43.6
70.7
22.5
100.0
77.4
13.7
22.9
17.9
27.8
24.7
…
24.7
(2003)
(2008)
(2005)
(2007)
(2008)
(2005)
(2005)
(2008)
(2008)
(2008)
(2008)
(2008)
85.4
63.1
84.7
86.1
64.6
85.3
87.2
65.2
85.7
Refers to annual average.
For urban population, refers to localities of 100,000 or more inhabitants.
Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
For urban population, includes Koror and Airai States only. The US Census Bureau defines “Urban” as places with 2,500 persons or more.
Sources: Country sources, Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2009 (United Nations ESCAP).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
2009
(2005)
(2007)
(2007)
(2008)
(2008)
(2008)
88.7 (2008)
66.5 (2008)
86.6 (2008)
PEOPLE
133
Table 1.4 Population aged 0–14 years
(percent of total population)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
46.1
30.4
34.3
24.6
31.5
37.6
43.4
43.2
40.5
40.9
46.7
29.5
34.0
24.2
29.7
37.6
43.3
43.6
39.5
40.4
47.0
25.9
31.1
22.0
27.6
35.0
41.3
42.4
36.3
37.4
47.0
25.0
30.3
21.3
27.0
34.3
40.7
41.9
35.5
36.5
47.0
24.2
29.3
20.6
26.2
33.5
40.2
41.3
34.7
35.6
47.0
23.3
28.4
19.8
25.5
32.7
39.6
40.7
33.9
34.7
46.9
22.6
27.4
19.1
24.8
31.9
39.1
40.1
33.1
33.8
46.8
21.9
26.6
18.4
24.3
31.3
38.5
39.4
32.3
32.8
46.7
21.4
25.8
17.9
23.9
30.7
38.1
38.8
31.6
31.9
46.5
20.9
25.2
17.4
23.7
30.2
37.7
38.1
30.8
31.0
46.3
20.5
24.6
17.1
23.7
29.7
37.3
37.5
30.1
30.1
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
28.4
21.5
25.6
41.7
27.1
27.6
19.4
23.0
38.9
23.8
25.7
16.9
20.8
34.8
21.1
25.0
16.4
20.5
33.6
20.8
24.3
15.9
20.2
32.3
20.4
23.5
15.4
19.9
31.1
19.8
22.7
14.9
19.5
29.8
19.3
22.0
14.4
19.1
28.8
18.7
21.4
13.8
18.5
27.9
18.1
20.9
13.2
18.0
27.2
17.6
20.5
12.6
17.4
26.5
17.0
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
43.1
42.7
37.9
47.2
42.4
31.9
40.1
43.8
36.7
45.7
42.0
29.4
36.8
40.4
35.0
39.9
41.0
26.6
36.2
39.2
34.7
38.5
40.7
26.1
35.6
37.9
34.3
37.1
40.3
25.6
35.0
36.5
33.9
35.6
39.9
25.2
34.4
35.3
33.5
34.2
39.5
24.9
33.8
34.1
33.1
32.8
39.0
24.6
33.2
33.1
32.6
31.5
38.4
24.4
32.6
32.1
32.2
30.2
37.8
24.3
32.0
31.3
31.7
29.0
37.2
24.3
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
34.5
44.6
35.8
43.7
37.4
36.6
40.7
21.5
30.0
39.4
33.0
46.3
33.0
43.6
36.1
33.6
39.5
22.3
27.3
37.3
31.3
41.9
30.3
43.1
33.5
30.1
37.8
21.8
25.1
33.5
30.8
40.9
29.9
42.6
33.0
29.6
37.3
21.5
24.7
32.6
30.4
39.9
29.5
42.1
32.6
29.1
36.9
21.2
24.2
31.8
29.9
39.0
29.1
41.5
32.2
28.7
36.5
20.8
23.8
30.9
29.4
38.0
28.7
40.9
31.8
28.4
36.0
20.2
23.3
30.1
28.9
37.0
28.4
40.2
31.3
28.0
35.6
19.6
22.9
29.2
28.4
36.0
28.0
39.5
30.9
27.7
35.1
18.8
22.6
28.3
27.8
35.1
27.7
38.9
30.4
27.4
34.7
18.0
22.3
27.4
27.3
34.1
27.4
38.2
30.0
27.1
34.3
17.1
22.0
26.5
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
37.9
…
…
44.1
…
…
41.7
40.9
45.3
39.9
39.3
…
43.9
…
35.7
…
…
43.4
...
…
41.4
39.3
43.6
41.7
40.0
…
43.4
34.7
34.0
40.6
42.3
40.1
40.1
23.9
41.3
40.5
42.0
49.4
38.8
37.1
42.1
34.1
33.8
40.0
42.4
39.6
39.3
24.1
41.2
40.8
41.7
49.5
38.5
36.9
41.8
33.6
33.6
39.2
42.6
39.2
38.5
24.2
41.2
41.0
41.4
48.9
38.2
36.3
41.4
32.9
33.4
38.3
42.1
38.9
38.1
24.3
41.0
41.1
41.1
47.9
38.0
36.0
40.9
32.2
33.2
37.5
41.7
38.5
37.6
24.3
40.9
41.2
40.9
46.9
37.8
35.2
40.5
31.5
32.9
37.0
41.3
38.2
37.1
24.2
40.7
41.1
40.5
46.2
37.6
34.4
40.1
30.8
32.6
36.5
41.4
37.9
36.8
23.5
40.5
40.9
40.2
45.7
37.5
33.9
39.7
30.1
32.2
36.1
41.6
37.6
36.6
22.7
40.3
40.5
39.8
45.4
37.5
32.4
39.3
29.4
31.8
35.8
41.5
37.3
36.2
21.9
40.1
40.0
39.5
45.2
37.5
32.6
39.0
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
22.0
18.3
23.1
21.5
16.0
23.0
20.7
14.6
22.7
20.5
14.4
22.5
20.3
14.2
22.3
20.1
14.1
22.1
19.9
13.9
21.8
19.7
13.8
21.5
19.5
13.7
21.2
19.4
13.6
20.9
19.2
13.4
20.7
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); Statistics and Demography website (www.spc.int/sdp/index.php); for Taipei,China: Monthly Bulletin of
Statistics Online (Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Population
134
PEOPLE
Population
Table 1.5 Population aged 15–64 years
(percent of total population)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
51.6
64.0
61.5
66.1
62.7
57.4
52.9
53.0
55.7
55.1
51.0
62.1
61.1
64.6
63.1
57.0
53.1
52.5
56.4
55.4
50.7
64.2
63.2
65.6
65.5
59.6
55.1
54.1
59.4
58.3
50.7
64.6
63.8
65.9
66.1
60.2
55.6
54.5
60.1
59.1
50.7
64.9
64.5
66.2
66.5
60.8
56.1
55.0
60.8
59.9
50.8
65.2
65.2
66.5
67.0
61.5
56.7
55.5
61.6
60.7
50.9
65.6
65.9
66.8
67.4
62.2
57.2
56.1
62.3
61.5
51.0
66.1
66.6
67.1
67.8
62.9
57.6
56.7
63.1
62.4
51.1
66.6
67.3
67.6
68.2
63.6
58.1
57.3
63.9
63.4
51.3
67.3
68.0
68.0
68.6
64.2
58.4
58.0
64.8
64.4
51.5
67.9
68.6
68.5
68.9
64.9
58.7
58.8
65.6
65.3
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
66.1
70.0
69.4
54.3
66.7
66.4
70.9
71.1
57.3
68.6
67.5
72.1
71.8
61.8
70.3
68.0
72.3
71.8
62.9
70.4
68.6
72.5
71.7
64.2
70.6
69.3
72.8
71.6
65.4
70.9
69.9
73.0
71.6
66.5
71.2
70.4
73.4
71.6
67.5
71.6
70.9
73.8
71.8
68.3
71.9
71.3
74.4
72.0
69.0
72.2
71.5
74.9
72.3
69.5
72.6
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
53.9
54.0
58.3
50.2
54.3
62.5
56.7
52.4
59.3
51.3
54.7
64.5
59.8
55.2
60.7
56.7
55.6
67.0
60.4
56.4
61.0
58.0
55.8
67.5
60.9
57.7
61.3
59.3
56.1
67.9
61.5
59.0
61.6
60.6
56.4
68.2
62.0
60.2
62.0
61.9
56.8
68.4
62.5
61.3
62.3
63.2
57.3
68.6
63.1
62.3
62.7
64.4
57.7
68.6
63.6
63.2
63.1
65.6
58.3
68.6
64.1
64.0
63.5
66.7
58.8
68.5
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
62.8
52.6
60.4
52.8
58.9
58.5
56.1
72.9
65.4
55.9
64.4
50.9
62.7
52.8
60.2
61.2
57.3
71.5
67.3
57.7
65.8
55.2
64.8
53.4
62.7
64.5
58.7
71.0
68.5
60.9
66.2
56.1
65.1
53.8
63.0
65.0
59.1
71.1
68.8
61.6
66.6
57.1
65.4
54.3
63.4
65.5
59.5
71.2
69.1
62.3
67.0
58.0
65.6
54.9
63.7
65.8
59.8
71.3
69.4
63.1
67.5
58.9
65.9
55.5
64.0
66.2
60.2
71.6
69.7
63.9
67.9
59.8
66.1
56.2
64.3
66.5
60.6
71.9
70.0
64.7
68.4
60.7
66.3
56.8
64.7
66.9
60.9
72.4
70.2
65.5
68.9
61.6
66.5
57.5
65.1
67.2
61.3
73.0
70.4
66.3
69.4
62.5
66.8
58.2
65.4
67.5
61.6
73.5
70.6
67.2
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
...
59.0
...
...
52.3
...
...
56.1
55.2
51.7
58.1
56.2
...
52.5
...
61.2
…
…
53.1
…
…
56.5
56.4
53.4
56.1
55.0
…
53.1
59.1
62.4
55.9
55.5
56.1
58.6
70.7
56.5
55.1
55.1
48.2
55.8
57.0
54.5
59.7
62.6
56.5
55.4
56.6
59.4
70.5
56.5
54.8
55.4
48.0
56.0
57.3
54.9
60.0
62.6
57.2
55.2
57.0
60.2
70.3
56.6
54.5
55.6
48.5
56.2
58.3
55.4
60.5
62.7
58.2
55.8
57.3
60.5
70.1
56.7
54.3
55.9
49.4
56.3
58.6
55.8
60.9
62.8
58.9
56.2
57.6
60.9
70.0
56.8
54.2
56.2
50.4
56.5
59.4
56.2
61.5
62.9
59.5
56.5
57.9
61.2
70.3
56.9
54.3
56.5
51.0
56.6
60.2
56.6
62.0
63.1
60.0
56.4
58.3
61.9
71.0
57.1
54.4
56.8
51.5
56.7
60.7
57.0
62.6
63.3
60.4
56.3
58.6
62.1
71.8
57.3
54.7
57.1
51.7
56.7
62.4
57.4
63.2
63.6
60.7
56.3
59.0
62.5
72.6
57.5
55.2
57.5
51.9
56.7
62.2
57.8
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
66.8
69.7
65.8
66.4
69.6
65.4
66.8
68.2
65.5
66.9
67.8
65.6
67.0
67.4
65.8
67.1
67.1
66.0
67.3
66.7
66.2
67.3
66.3
66.4
67.4
65.9
66.5
67.4
65.5
66.7
67.4
65.2
66.8
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); Statistics and Demography website (www.spc.int/sdp/index.php); for Taipei,China: Monthly Bulletin of
Statistics Online (Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
PEOPLE
135
Table 1.6 Population aged 65 years and over
(percent of total population)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2.3
5.6
4.2
9.3
5.9
5.0
3.7
3.8
3.8
4.0
2.3
8.4
4.9
11.3
7.2
5.4
3.6
3.8
4.1
4.3
2.2
10.0
5.7
12.4
6.8
5.5
3.7
3.6
4.3
4.3
2.2
10.4
5.9
12.8
7.0
5.6
3.7
3.6
4.4
4.4
2.2
10.9
6.2
13.3
7.2
5.7
3.7
3.7
4.4
4.5
2.2
11.4
6.4
13.8
7.6
5.8
3.7
3.8
4.5
4.6
2.2
11.8
6.7
14.2
7.8
5.9
3.8
3.8
4.6
4.7
2.2
12.0
6.8
14.4
7.9
5.9
3.8
3.9
4.6
4.7
2.2
12.0
6.8
14.6
7.8
5.8
3.9
3.9
4.5
4.7
2.2
11.8
6.8
14.6
7.6
5.6
3.9
3.8
4.4
4.7
2.2
11.6
6.8
14.5
7.4
5.4
4.0
3.7
4.3
4.6
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
5.5
8.5
5.0
4.0
6.2
6.0
9.7
5.9
3.7
7.6
6.8
11.0
7.3
3.4
8.6
7.0
11.3
7.7
3.4
8.8
7.1
11.6
8.1
3.5
9.0
7.3
11.8
8.5
3.6
9.2
7.4
12.0
8.9
3.6
9.5
7.6
12.2
9.3
3.7
9.7
7.7
12.4
9.7
3.8
10.0
7.8
12.4
10.0
3.9
10.2
7.9
12.5
10.4
3.9
10.4
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
3.0
3.3
3.8
2.6
3.2
5.5
3.2
3.8
4.0
3.1
3.3
6.1
3.4
4.4
4.3
3.4
3.5
6.4
3.4
4.4
4.3
3.5
3.5
6.4
3.5
4.4
4.4
3.6
3.6
6.5
3.5
4.5
4.5
3.7
3.6
6.6
3.6
4.5
4.5
3.9
3.7
6.7
3.6
4.6
4.6
4.0
3.8
6.8
3.7
4.6
4.7
4.1
3.8
6.9
3.8
4.7
4.7
4.2
3.9
7.1
3.8
4.7
4.8
4.3
4.0
7.3
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
2.7
2.7
3.8
3.5
3.7
4.9
3.2
5.6
4.6
4.7
2.7
2.8
4.3
3.5
3.7
5.2
3.2
6.3
5.4
5.0
2.9
3.0
4.9
3.6
3.9
5.4
3.5
7.2
6.3
5.6
3.0
3.0
5.0
3.6
3.9
5.4
3.6
7.4
6.5
5.8
3.0
3.0
5.1
3.6
4.0
5.4
3.6
7.7
6.7
5.9
3.1
3.0
5.3
3.6
4.2
5.4
3.7
7.9
6.8
6.0
3.1
3.1
5.4
3.6
4.3
5.4
3.8
8.2
7.0
6.1
3.2
3.1
5.5
3.6
4.4
5.4
3.9
8.5
7.1
6.2
3.2
3.2
5.6
3.6
4.4
5.4
3.9
8.8
7.2
6.2
3.3
3.3
5.8
3.6
4.5
5.4
4.0
9.1
7.3
6.3
3.3
3.4
5.9
3.6
4.6
5.5
4.1
9.4
7.4
6.3
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
3.1
…
…
3.6
…
…
2.2
3.9
3.0
2.0
4.5
…
3.6
…
3.1
…
…
3.5
…
…
2.2
4.3
3.0
2.3
5.0
…
3.5
6.2
3.5
3.6
2.1
3.7
1.3
5.4
2.2
4.4
2.9
2.5
5.5
5.9
3.3
6.2
3.6
3.6
2.2
3.8
1.3
5.5
2.2
4.4
2.9
2.5
5.6
5.8
3.3
6.4
3.8
3.6
2.2
3.8
1.3
5.5
2.3
4.5
2.9
2.6
5.6
5.5
3.3
6.6
3.9
3.6
2.2
3.9
1.4
5.6
2.3
4.5
2.9
2.6
5.7
5.5
3.3
6.8
4.0
3.5
2.2
3.9
1.5
5.7
2.4
4.6
2.9
2.7
5.7
5.4
3.3
7.0
4.2
3.5
2.2
3.9
1.7
5.5
2.4
4.7
3.0
2.8
5.8
5.4
3.3
7.2
4.3
3.5
2.2
3.8
1.3
5.5
2.4
4.7
3.0
2.8
5.8
5.4
3.3
7.3
4.5
3.5
2.2
3.8
1.3
5.5
2.4
4.8
3.0
2.9
5.8
5.2
3.3
7.5
4.6
3.5
2.2
3.7
1.2
5.5
2.4
4.8
3.1
2.9
5.8
5.2
3.3
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
11.2
12.0
11.1
12.1
14.4
11.6
12.5
17.2
11.8
12.6
17.8
11.9
12.7
18.3
11.9
12.7
18.9
12.0
12.8
19.4
12.0
12.9
19.9
12.1
13.1
20.4
12.2
13.2
20.9
12.4
13.4
21.4
12.5
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); Statistics and Demography website (www.spc.int/sdp/index.php); for Taipei,China: Monthly Bulletin of
Statistics Online (Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Population
136
PEOPLE
Population
Table 1.7 Age dependency ratio
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
93.9
56.2
62.6
51.4
59.5
74.1
89.2
88.6
79.4
81.5
96.0
60.9
63.6
54.9
58.5
75.5
88.3
90.5
77.4
80.5
97.1
55.9
58.3
52.4
52.6
67.9
81.6
84.9
68.3
71.4
97.1
54.9
56.7
51.8
51.4
66.1
80.0
83.4
66.3
69.2
97.1
54.1
55.1
51.1
50.3
64.3
78.2
81.8
64.4
67.0
96.9
53.3
53.4
50.5
49.3
62.6
76.5
80.2
62.4
64.8
96.6
52.4
51.7
49.8
48.3
60.8
74.9
78.4
60.5
62.5
96.2
51.4
50.1
49.0
47.4
59.0
73.5
76.4
58.5
60.1
95.6
50.1
48.5
48.0
46.6
57.3
72.3
74.4
56.4
57.7
95.0
48.7
47.0
47.0
45.7
55.6
71.2
72.3
54.4
55.3
94.3
47.3
45.7
46.1
45.0
54.1
70.3
70.2
52.5
53.0
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
51.2
42.8
44.1
84.2
49.9
50.6
41.1
40.6
74.4
45.8
48.2
38.6
39.2
61.8
42.3
47.1
38.2
39.3
58.9
42.1
45.8
37.9
39.5
55.9
41.7
44.4
37.5
39.6
53.0
41.0
43.1
36.9
39.7
50.4
40.5
42.0
36.3
39.6
48.2
39.7
41.1
35.4
39.3
46.4
39.1
40.4
34.5
38.9
45.0
38.4
39.8
33.5
38.4
43.8
37.7
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
85.4
85.2
71.5
99.3
84.0
59.9
76.4
90.9
68.6
95.1
82.7
55.1
67.2
81.0
64.7
76.4
80.0
49.2
65.6
77.3
63.9
72.5
79.2
48.2
64.1
73.4
63.1
68.6
78.2
47.4
62.7
69.5
62.2
64.9
77.2
46.7
61.3
66.0
61.4
61.4
76.0
46.1
59.9
63.0
60.5
58.2
74.7
45.8
58.5
60.4
59.5
55.2
73.2
45.7
57.2
58.2
58.5
52.4
71.7
45.8
55.9
56.3
57.5
50.0
70.0
46.0
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
59.2
90.0
65.6
89.4
69.7
71.0
78.3
37.1
53.0
78.9
55.3
96.5
59.5
89.3
66.2
63.5
74.5
39.9
48.6
73.4
52.0
81.3
54.3
87.3
59.6
55.0
70.3
40.8
46.0
64.2
51.1
78.2
53.6
85.9
58.6
53.8
69.2
40.7
45.4
62.3
50.2
75.3
53.0
84.2
57.8
52.8
68.2
40.5
44.7
60.4
49.2
72.5
52.4
82.2
57.1
51.9
67.1
40.2
44.1
58.5
48.2
69.8
51.8
80.2
56.3
51.1
66.1
39.7
43.5
56.6
47.2
67.2
51.3
78.1
55.5
50.3
65.1
39.0
42.9
54.7
46.2
64.6
50.8
76.0
54.6
49.6
64.1
38.1
42.5
52.7
45.1
62.2
50.3
74.0
53.7
48.9
63.2
37.1
42.0
50.7
44.2
60.0
49.8
72.0
52.8
48.2
62.3
36.1
41.6
48.9
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
69.4
…
…
91.2
…
…
78.2
81.1
93.4
72.1
78.1
…
90.5
…
63.5
…
…
88.4
…
…
77.1
77.2
87.4
78.4
81.7
…
88.3
69.3
60.2
79.0
80.0
78.2
70.7
41.4
77.0
81.6
81.6
107.7
79.4
75.4
83.4
67.6
59.9
77.1
80.5
76.7
68.4
41.9
76.9
82.6
80.6
108.4
78.7
74.6
82.1
66.6
59.7
74.7
81.0
75.5
66.2
42.3
76.8
83.5
79.7
106.0
78.1
71.6
80.7
65.4
59.5
71.9
79.4
74.5
65.2
42.7
76.5
84.1
78.8
102.2
77.5
70.7
79.2
64.1
59.2
69.7
78.0
73.6
64.3
42.8
76.2
84.4
77.9
98.6
77.0
68.4
77.9
62.7
58.9
68.0
76.9
72.7
63.4
42.2
75.8
84.3
77.0
95.9
76.7
66.1
76.6
61.2
58.4
66.6
77.2
71.6
61.5
40.8
75.2
83.7
76.0
94.3
76.4
64.8
75.3
59.7
57.9
65.5
77.7
70.6
60.9
39.3
74.6
82.7
75.0
93.4
76.4
60.3
74.2
58.3
57.2
64.6
77.5
69.5
60.0
37.7
73.9
81.3
74.0
92.8
76.3
60.7
73.1
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
49.8
43.5
51.9
50.5
43.8
52.9
49.7
46.7
52.7
49.5
47.5
52.4
49.2
48.3
52.0
48.9
49.1
51.6
48.7
50.0
51.1
48.5
50.9
50.7
48.4
51.7
50.3
48.3
52.6
50.0
48.4
53.5
49.8
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: ADB staff estimates.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
PEOPLE
137
Table 1.8 Labor force participation rate
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
59.2
...
93.2
...
...
66.0
...
77.3
64.9
60.3
58.9
74.2
85.8
...
66.8
65.7
41.3
70.9
61.8
56.8
58.9
61.4
76.4
65.2
66.0
64.9
42.8
55.3
63.7
59.1
58.9
58.7
74.7
66.2
70.2
64.6
43.3
55.4
65.0
59.6
59.0
62.7
80.6
65.0
70.1
64.3
43.3
53.4
65.8
60.1
59.0
61.4
78.2
66.2
70.0
63.8
43.3
53.0
66.4
60.5
59.1
58.6
76.4
64.9
69.9
63.4
43.7
56.0
66.8
61.3
59.3
57.7
73.7
64.0
69.4
64.6
43.7
55.0
66.9
62.1
59.4
55.9
73.6
62.2
69.7
65.5
46.0
54.0
67.0
62.7
59.6
54.5
72.5
63.3
70.4
66.6
45.2
52.3
67.0
63.5
59.7
54.1
71.4
62.6
71.1
67.6
45.2
…
67.0
64.2
59.8
...
70.8
63.6
70.7
66.6
45.7
…
68.0
64.6
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
79.2
63.2
60.0
...
59.2
78.8
62.0
61.9
68.5
58.7
77.4
61.4
61.0
62.9
57.7
77.0
61.5
61.4
62.2
57.2
76.5
61.7
62.0
62.7
57.3
75.9
61.4
61.5
64.5
57.3
75.3
61.3
62.1
64.4
57.7
74.8
60.9
62.0
63.5
57.8
74.4
61.2
61.9
64.4
57.9
74.0
61.2
61.8
64.2
58.3
73.8
60.9
61.5
63.5
58.3
73.7
60.7
60.8
66.8
57.9
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
...
…
…
52.5
68.6
51.9
...
…
…
51.3
69.4
47.9
54.9
…
37.6
54.7
70.4
50.3
...
56.5
…
56.2
70.6
48.8
...
…
…
57.9
70.6
50.3
57.3
62.9
…
59.6
70.7
48.9
...
54.4
…
61.3
70.8
48.6
...
…
39.2
63.1
70.9
49.3
58.5
61.8
…
64.8
71.1
51.2
...
67.3
…
65.2
71.2
49.8
...
…
…
65.4
71.5
50.2
...
68.5
…
67.1
71.5
49.2
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore b
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
…
54.7
…
66.5
…
64.4
63.2
81.9
…
66.5
59.2
…
…
64.7
…
65.8
61.9
74.5
…
65.5
65.2
67.8
…
65.4
…
64.9
63.2
71.5
49.6
67.9
71.7
68.6
84.8
64.9
63.6
67.1
64.4
71.9
50.2
69.8
…
67.8
85.1
64.4
63.8
67.4
63.6
71.9
50.7
69.8
…
67.8
84.4
65.2
64.3
66.7
63.2
72.2
51.1
69.9
74.6
67.6
…
64.4
64.6
67.5
63.3
72.4
51.8
68.3
…
66.8
65.7
63.3
65.0
64.5
63.0
72.5
52.5
68.4
…
66.7
…
63.1
65.4
64.6
65.0
72.2
51.1
67.8
…
66.6
…
63.2
66.0
64.0
65.0
72.4
51.2
67.8
…
67.2
…
62.6
…
63.6
65.6
72.6
55.5
…
…
67.6
…
62.9
…
64.0
65.4
72.8
57.3
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
56.5
76.0
...
…
…
59.3
72.8
59.1
35.5
66.8
59.1
…
83.7
…
58.9
...
...
…
…
69.1
71.3
60.9
34.4
67.1
58.8
…
83.8
…
59.0
80.9
51.1
58.6
…
67.5
72.5
60.8
36.6
67.6
60.3
…
83.6
69.0
59.0
…
51.1
…
…
…
72.8
60.4
37.5
67.8
61.1
…
83.8
...
58.9
…
51.1
…
…
…
72.9
60.0
37.9
68.0
62.1
58.2
84.2
...
59.0
…
51.1
…
…
…
73.0
59.6
37.7
68.3
63.2
…
84.2
...
58.9
…
51.1
…
…
…
73.0
59.1
37.4
68.4
63.6
…
84.1
...
59.0
63.6
51.1
…
…
69.1
72.9
58.6
37.3
68.5
64.1
…
83.9
70.2
58.9
…
51.1
…
78.7
…
72.9
58.3
37.1
68.6
64.2
…
83.7
...
59.0
…
51.1
…
…
…
72.6
58.0
36.7
69.9
64.3
…
83.6
...
59.0
…
...
…
…
…
72.4
57.9
36.4
70.2
64.2
…
83.5
...
58.7
…
...
…
…
…
72.9
57.5
37.5
…
64.6
…
83.9
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
63.7
63.3
64.1
63.6
63.4
65.0
63.3
62.4
65.4
63.3
62.0
66.0
63.4
61.2
66.7
63.6
60.8
66.4
63.5
60.4
67.0
64.4
60.4
67.8
64.8
60.4
68.4
65.2
60.4
68.6
65.4
60.2
68.5
65.3
59.9
68.3
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
b Refers to Singapore residents only.
Sources: Country sources, Key Indicators of the Labour Market (ILO 2010), Secretariat of the Pacific Community website (www.spc.int/prism).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Labor Force and Employment
PEOPLE
138
Labor Force and Employment
Table 1.9 Unemployment rate
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
3.4
...
–
...
...
…
3.1
…
2.4
…
…
6.7
0.8
...
11.0
5.7
5.3
2.0
…
0.3
…
11.7
1.2
10.3
12.8
7.5
7.8
2.7
2.4
0.4
3.4
10.4
1.3
11.1
10.4
7.8
7.8
2.3
2.6
0.4
3.4
10.8
10.6
12.6
9.3
8.6
8.5
2.5
2.5
0.4
3.4
10.1
9.7
11.5
8.8
9.9
8.3
2.4
2.6
0.3
3.4
9.6
8.4
12.6
8.4
8.5
7.7
2.0
2.6
0.4
…
8.2
7.6
13.8
8.1
8.1
7.7
1.9
…
0.3
…
7.5
6.8
13.6
7.8
8.3
6.2
2.2
…
0.2
…
7.0
6.5
13.3
7.3
8.1
5.3
2.4
…
0.2
…
6.3
6.1
16.5
6.6
8.2
5.2
2.2
…
0.2
…
6.9
6.0
16.9
6.6
…
5.5
2.1
…
…
2.5
1.3
2.4
5.5
1.7
2.9
3.2
2.1
5.5
1.8
3.1
4.9
4.1
4.6
3.0
3.6
5.1
4.0
4.6
4.6
4.0
7.3
3.3
3.4
5.2
4.3
7.9
3.6
3.5
5.0
4.2
6.8
3.7
3.6
4.4
4.2
5.6
3.7
3.3
4.1
4.1
4.8
3.5
3.2
3.9
4.0
4.0
3.2
2.8
3.9
4.2
3.6
3.2
2.8
4.1
4.3
5.4
3.6
3.6
5.9
...
…
…
0.9
…
15.9
...
…
…
0.8
…
12.3
4.3
…
2.7
2.0
…
7.6
...
1.9
…
…
8.8
7.9
...
…
…
…
…
8.8
4.3
1.8
…
…
…
8.4
...
2.5
…
…
…
8.3
...
3.1
3.1
...
…
7.4
4.2
3.1
…
14.4
…
6.5
...
3.7
…
...
…
6.0
...
…
…
...
…
5.3
...
4.0
…
...
…
5.6
…
…
2.5
…
5.1
4.2
8.4
1.7
2.2
…
4.9
2.5
7.2
3.6
3.1
4.2
9.5
2.7
1.7
…
4.7
2.5
6.1
…
3.0
…
11.2
4.4
3.6
2.3
7.2
1.8
8.1
5.0
3.5
4.0
11.1
2.7
3.3
2.5
3.5
…
9.1
5.0
3.5
4.0
11.4
4.2
2.4
2.2
4.5
…
9.6
5.1
3.6
4.0
11.4
4.5
2.2
2.2
3.5
0.0
9.9
…
3.5
4.0
11.8
4.4
2.1
2.1
4.3
…
11.2
1.4
3.5
4.0
7.8
4.2
1.8
2.5
4.0
…
10.5
…
3.3
4.0
7.9
3.4
1.5
2.3
3.4
…
9.8
…
3.2
4.0
7.3
2.9
1.4
2.0
3.7
…
8.4
…
3.3
4.0
7.4
2.8
1.4
2.4
…
…
8.1
…
3.7
…
7.5
4.1
1.5
…
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
...
6.4
2.8
...
13.5
…
7.8
7.7
…
…
…
4.1
…
…
...
5.9
0.2
...
…
…
7.0
…
…
…
…
...
…
…
...
8.3
1.6
30.9
22.0
…
2.3
2.8
…
…
…
...
…
…
13.1
9.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
4.4
…
…
...
…
…
...
8.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
...
6.5
…
...
9.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.6
…
…
5.2
…
…
...
9.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
7.0
…
…
...
16.3
…
...
6.8
6.1
…
…
…
4.2
…
5.6
…
…
...
…
…
8.9
7.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.3
…
…
1.1
…
…
...
7.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.3
…
…
...
…
…
...
8.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.3
…
…
...
…
…
...
8.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
...
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
6.7
2.1
7.8
8.2
3.2
6.3
6.3
4.7
6.0
6.8
5.0
5.3
6.4
5.4
5.2
5.9
5.3
5.3
5.4
4.7
3.9
5.0
4.4
3.7
4.8
4.1
3.8
4.4
3.9
3.6
4.2
4.0
4.2
5.6
5.1
6.1
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia a
Azerbaijan b
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan a
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan a
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of c
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam d
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
a
b
c
d
Based on officially registered unemployed only.
Based on International Labour Organization’s methodology starting 2002.
Refers to urban areas only.
Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, Key Indicators of the Labour Market (ILO 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
PEOPLE
139
Table 1.10 Unemployment rate of 15–24-year-olds
(percent)
Total
1990
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
…
…
18.4
24.6
17.3
20.1
5.1
…
…
…
…
3.4
7.0
…
5.1
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
2.5
…
8.3
1.9
7.3
33.3
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
…
8.9
…
8.7
…
15.4
2.9
4.3
3.1
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
14.9
18.3
3.6
28.7
32.7
29.3
17.4
21.1
…
…
…
30.3
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia b
Japan c
New Zealand d
13.0
4.3
14.1
a
b
c
d
(1999)
(1999)
(2002)
(2002)
(1989)
(1994)
(1995)
(1996)
(1989)
(1998)
(1996)
(1991)
(1986)
(1988)
(1994)
(1992)
(1996)
Female
2008
…
48.2
14.0
31.5
14.3
14.6
7.5
…
…
…
(2001)
(2007)
(2007)
(2004)
(2006)
(2007)
1990
…
…
19.9
24.8
19.3
21.2
1.3
…
…
…
…
9.0
8.9
20.0
11.8
(2007)
(2007)
(2003)
…
3.3
5.5
…
…
9.3
6.3
10.5
22.2
3.0
21.2
(2005)
(2005)
(2004)
(2006)
(1999)
(2007)
2.3
…
8.0
2.9
…
46.9
…
12.2
25.1
5.0
10.9
…
14.9
8.9
4.5
4.6
(1998)
(2007)
(1995)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2004)
24.0
13.1
2.4
62.6
35.2
…
5.7
13.6
12.2
46.0
…
11.9
…
…
(2001)
(1996)
(2000)
(1999)
(2000)
9.4
7.7
9.7
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2000)
(2001)
(2001)
(1999)
(2003)
…
…
8.9
…
8.8
…
19.2
2.9
4.2
2.9
18.5
34.3
2.5
31.6
44.3
38.3
17.2
16.6
…
…
…
27.0
…
…
12.8
4.1
13.2
Male
2008
(1999)
(1999)
(2002)
(2002)
(1989)
(1994)
(1995)
(1989)
(1998)
(1996)
(1991)
(1986)
(1988)
(1994)
(1992)
(1996)
…
56.4
10.4
36.8
15.7
16.2
8.9
…
…
…
(2001)
(2007)
(2007)
(2004)
(2006)
(2007)
1990
…
…
17.0
24.4
15.7
19.3
5.7
…
…
…
…
7.2
7.2
20.7
…
(2007)
(2007)
(2003)
…
3.6
9.5
…
…
13.6
7.2
10.8
30.5
2.2
28.1
(2005)
(2005)
(2004)
(2006)
(1999)
(2007)
2.8
…
8.4
1.4
…
22.8
…
12.0
27.3
3.9
11.5
…
16.5
11.1
4.3
4.9
(1998)
(2007)
(1995)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2004)
26.4
16.7
2.3
67.0
35.5
…
6.0
9.5
15.4
48.8
…
15.1
…
…
(2001)
(1996)
(2000)
(1999)
(2000)
9.3
7.1
9.8
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2000)
(2001)
(2001)
(1999)
(2003)
…
…
9.0
…
8.6
…
13.1
2.8
4.3
3.4
12.5
12.9
4.7
27.5
24.7
22.9
17.6
24.2
…
…
…
32.0
…
…
13.2
4.5
14.8
(1999)
(1999)
(2002)
(2002)
(1989)
(1994)
(1995)
(1989)
(1998)
(1996)
(1991)
(1986)
(1988)
(1994)
(1992)
(1996)
2008
…
41.9
18.2
28.1
13.1
13.6
7.1
…
…
…
(2001)
(2007)
(2007)
(2004)
(2006)
(2007)
…
11.0
11.4
19.5
…
(2007)
(2007)
(2003)
8.0
5.5
10.4
15.5
4.0
17.1
(2005)
(2005)
(2004)
(2006)
(1999)
(2007)
…
12.3
23.8
6.4
10.5
…
13.9
6.9
4.6
4.4
(1998)
(2007)
(1995)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2004)
22.1
11.3
2.0
59.8
35.0
…
5.5
17.4
10.6
44.4
…
9.9
…
…
(2001)
(1996)
(2000)
(1999)
(2000)
9.4
8.3
9.6
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2000)
(2001)
(2001)
(1999)
(2003)
Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Excludes Jervis Bay Territory beginning 1993.
Data are averages of monthly estimates.
Excludes Chathams, Antarctic Territory, and other minor offshore islands. Data are averages of quarterly estimates.
Sources: Key Indicators of the Labour Market (ILO 2010); The Pacific Islands Regional Millennium Development Goals Report (The Secretariat of the Pacific Community
2004); World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2009 (United Nations ESCAP); for Taipei,China:
Social Indicators Online (Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Labor Force and Employment
140
PEOPLE
Labor Force and Employment
Table 1.11 Employment in agriculture
(percent of total employment)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
69.6
…
30.9
…
18.8
32.7
51.1
43.0
41.8
39.3
…
37.4
30.8
…
…
47.0
46.7
59.1
44.8
41.2
…
44.4
41.0
…
31.5
53.1
48.4
65.0
47.6
34.4
69.6
45.1
40.0
52.8
35.3
52.9
48.4
66.6
48.4
33.5
69.6
45.3
40.2
53.8
35.3
52.7
43.2
67.6
48.7
32.6
69.6
46.0
40.0
54.9
35.0
43.2
42.1
67.6
48.2
31.9
69.6
46.9
39.5
54.0
33.2
38.9
43.0
66.6
48.2
31.0
…
46.2
39.3
54.3
32.2
38.5
43.0
67.4
…
29.1
…
46.2
39.1
55.3
31.1
36.3
43.4
67.0
…
…
…
46.0
38.7
53.4
31.2
34.5
43.7
66.5
…
…
…
44.2
38.4
…
29.5
34.0
44.6
66.7
…
…
…
…
38.5
…
29.2
…
45.1
…
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
60.1
0.7
17.9
33.0
12.8
52.2
0.7
11.8
46.1
10.5
50.0
0.3
10.6
48.6
7.8
50.0
0.3
10.0
48.3
7.5
50.0
0.3
9.3
44.9
7.5
49.1
0.3
8.8
41.8
7.3
46.9
0.3
8.1
40.2
6.6
44.8
0.3
7.9
39.9
5.9
42.6
0.3
7.7
38.8
5.5
40.8
0.3
7.4
37.7
5.3
39.6
0.3
7.2
36.2
5.1
38.1
0.3
7.0
34.7
5.3
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
…
…
…
25.2
…
46.8
…
…
…
22.2
…
36.7
50.8
…
59.9
13.7
…
36.0
…
…
…
…
65.7
32.6
…
…
…
…
…
34.5
51.7
…
…
…
…
34.0
…
…
…
…
…
33.5
…
…
56.1
…
…
32.8
48.1
62.8
…
3.8
…
32.2
…
66.6
…
…
…
31.3
…
…
…
…
…
34.0
…
65.4
…
…
…
34.0
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
…
55.9
…
26.0
65.6
44.9
0.4
63.3
72.1
2.5
81.4
44.0
…
20.0
64.1
43.4
0.2
46.7
71.3
…
73.7
45.3
…
16.7
…
37.1
…
44.2
64.4
1.4
70.2
43.8
82.7
15.1
…
37.2
0.9
42.4
63.6
…
70.0
44.3
82.4
14.9
…
37.0
0.8
42.5
58.7
…
64.8
46.4
82.2
14.3
…
36.6
0.9
41.0
56.9
…
60.3
43.3
…
14.6
…
36.0
0.8
39.3
58.7
…
60.3
44.0
78.5
14.6
…
36.0
…
38.6
57.1
…
60.3
44.5
…
14.6
…
35.8
1.3
39.7
55.4
…
59.1
43.7
…
14.8
…
35.1
1.1
39.5
53.9
…
59.1
40.3
…
14.0
…
35.3
…
39.7
52.6
…
…
41.2
…
13.5
…
32.3
…
39.0
51.9
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati b
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
6.1
2.5
…
…
…
…
8.0
…
…
…
…
38.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.0
…
…
…
…
7.1
72.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
7.2
1.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.4
…
…
…
…
7.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
4.9
1.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
27.9
…
…
…
1.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
5.6
7.2
10.2
4.9
5.7
9.7
4.9
5.1
8.7
4.8
4.9
9.1
4.4
4.7
8.8
3.9
4.6
9.4
3.7
4.5
7.5
3.6
4.4
7.1
3.4
4.3
7.1
3.3
4.2
7.2
3.3
4.2
6.7
3.3
4.2
6.6
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
b Refers to cash work and unpaid village work for 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005.
Sources: Country sources, Key Indicators of the Labour Market (ILO 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
PEOPLE
141
Table 1.12 Employment in industry
(percent of total employment)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
15.3
…
12.7
…
21.0
27.9
12.8
20.1
10.8
15.1
…
20.5
9.7
…
…
16.5
10.5
14.2
10.1
12.9
…
14.1
4.6
…
13.9
10.5
11.5
9.0
13.0
12.7
6.2
13.4
4.4
5.5
12.4
10.3
11.5
8.5
13.5
12.7
6.2
13.7
4.5
4.6
12.3
10.3
11.6
8.2
14.2
12.7
6.2
13.2
4.5
4.9
12.2
15.0
13.8
7.7
13.8
12.8
6.2
12.9
4.8
5.1
12.1
17.6
13.7
8.9
13.8
13.0
…
12.8
4.9
3.4
12.3
17.6
13.7
8.7
…
13.2
…
12.9
4.9
4.7
12.2
19.4
13.8
8.5
…
…
…
12.3
4.9
4.9
12.1
20.3
13.5
8.2
…
…
…
11.4
4.9
…
11.9
20.7
12.9
7.8
…
…
…
…
4.9
…
11.9
…
12.9
…
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
19.0
36.7
35.4
…
40.8
21.0
27.0
33.4
17.9
38.7
17.3
20.3
28.1
14.1
31.2
17.3
19.5
27.5
13.7
29.9
17.7
18.4
27.3
14.3
35.2
…
17.0
27.6
15.6
34.8
…
15.5
27.5
16.1
35.2
…
15.0
26.8
16.8
35.8
…
14.7
26.3
…
36.6
…
14.2
25.9
…
36.8
…
…
…
…
36.8
…
…
…
…
36.1
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
13.0
…
…
…
…
19.4
…
…
…
23.9
…
22.2
10.3
...
16.3
19.0
…
23.6
…
…
…
…
13.4
23.9
…
…
…
…
…
22.4
13.7
…
…
23.4
…
23.0
…
…
…
…
…
24.1
14.5
17.2
18.8
…
…
25.4
…
…
…
24.3
…
26.6
…
…
…
…
…
26.6
…
…
…
…
…
25.8
…
…
…
25.0
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a, b
Cambodia a
Indonesia a
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand a
Viet Nam a
…
…
10.8
…
20.5
7.7
10.6
…
9.9
8.8
8.9
2.3
13.4
…
23.7
9.1
10.6
31.0
15.1
8.6
…
7.0
13.5
…
23.8
…
10.4
33.8
15.0
10.1
11.2
8.9
13.3
8.7
23.6
…
10.3
25.8
15.5
10.9
…
8.9
13.9
9.0
22.0
…
9.9
25.1
15.4
11.1
…
9.3
13.2
9.3
21.9
…
9.9
25.0
15.8
12.1
…
9.7
12.9
…
20.6
…
10.1
24.0
15.9
12.5
…
9.7
13.7
…
20.2
…
9.9
…
16.0
18.2
…
9.7
13.2
…
20.7
…
9.7
22.1
15.6
19.2
…
8.7
13.4
…
19.1
…
9.6
22.6
15.7
20.0
…
8.7
13.3
…
18.8
…
9.0
…
14.9
20.8
…
…
13.2
…
17.2
…
8.7
…
14.4
21.5
The Pacific
Cook Islands a
Fiji Islands
Kiribati a
Marshall Islands a
Micronesia, Fed. States of a
Nauru
Palau a
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga a
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
8.2
33.1
…
…
…
…
1.7
…
…
8.8
…
15.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.0
…
…
12.4
…
…
…
…
…
33.8
…
…
…
…
0.7
3.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.0
34.0
...
…
…
...
...
...
...
…
...
…
...
...
…
30.7
...
…
…
...
...
...
...
…
...
…
...
...
…
31.1
...
…
…
...
...
...
...
…
...
…
...
...
…
31.3
...
…
…
...
...
...
...
…
...
…
...
...
…
30.1
...
…
…
...
2.6
...
...
…
...
…
...
...
…
30.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
30.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
30.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
25.1
34.1
24.6
22.9
33.6
25.1
21.8
31.2
23.2
20.9
30.5
22.8
21.0
29.7
22.6
21.0
29.3
22.3
21.2
28.4
22.7
21.1
27.9
22.0
21.2
28.0
22.3
21.2
27.9
21.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan a
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic a
Pakistan a
Tajikistan a
Turkmenistan a
Uzbekistan a
a Refers to manufacturing and mining. Also includes construction sector for Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, Key Indicators of the Labour Market (ILO 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Labor Force and Employment
142
PEOPLE
Labor Force and Employment
Table 1.13 Employment in services
(percent of total employment)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
15.3
…
31.1
…
…
39.4
28.9
…
…
…
…
41.2
35.8
…
…
36.1
34.6
21.6
…
34.9
…
40.8
48.1
37.9
…
36.5
33.5
…
…
…
…
40.6
49.2
37.8
48.1
36.7
33.5
…
…
…
…
41.0
48.3
38.0
48.2
38.9
37.1
…
…
…
…
40.9
48.4
36.5
47.8
41.7
37.1
…
…
…
…
40.2
48.5
36.9
49.1
43.5
36.6
…
…
…
…
41.0
48.6
36.2
…
43.9
36.6
…
…
…
…
40.9
48.3
35.5
…
44.3
35.9
…
…
…
…
38.9
48.4
36.0
…
…
35.4
…
…
…
…
39.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
40.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
9.9
62.4
46.7
…
40.8
12.2
72.4
54.7
35.9
50.7
12.7
79.4
61.2
37.2
62.3
12.7
80.4
62.5
38.0
63.8
16.1
81.3
63.3
40.7
57.3
…
82.7
63.5
42.6
57.9
…
84.2
64.3
43.7
58.2
…
84.7
65.1
43.3
58.3
…
85.1
65.9
43.9
57.9
…
85.6
66.6
44.5
57.9
…
…
…
44.2
58.9
…
…
…
…
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
16.2
…
…
48.5
…
33.8
…
…
…
50.4
…
41.1
23.5
…
23.7
50.2
…
40.3
…
…
…
…
20.1
43.5
…
…
…
…
…
43.1
34.6
…
…
56.6
…
43.0
…
…
…
…
…
42.4
37.4
39.2
25.1
…
…
41.8
…
…
…
59.8
…
41.2
…
…
…
…
…
42.1
…
…
…
…
…
40.2
…
…
…
…
…
41.1
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
…
30.2
…
46.5
21.0
39.7
61.7
23.0
…
…
…
37.6
…
47.7
…
40.3
67.9
29.4
…
…
17.7
37.3
…
49.5
…
46.5
65.5
33.5
22.3
77.2
19.1
37.5
8.6
51.7
…
47.0
73.3
35.1
22.1
…
…
36.9
8.6
53.1
…
47.2
74.0
34.0
23.3
…
…
35.9
8.6
53.7
…
47.1
74.1
35.3
23.9
…
8.6
38.7
…
55.3
…
47.5
75.2
37.1
24.7
…
…
37.2
…
55.6
…
48.1
…
37.1
…
…
…
39.3
…
55.1
…
48.5
76.7
37.0
…
…
…
39.9
…
56.7
…
48.8
76.2
37.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
64.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
...
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
64.3
…
…
…
…
…
22.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
64.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
67.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
67.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
37.3
…
…
…
67.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
68.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
68.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
68.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
68.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
69.3
58.2
64.5
72.2
60.4
65.2
73.3
63.1
67.7
74.2
63.9
67.9
74.5
64.8
68.4
75.0
65.1
69.3
74.8
66.0
69.6
75.0
66.4
70.6
75.0
66.6
70.2
75.1
66.7
70.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Key Indicators of the Labour Market (ILO 2010), country sources, World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
PEOPLE
143
Table 1.14 Poverty and inequality
Proportion of Population
below $2 (PPP) a Day (percent)
1995
Latest Year
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
…
38.9
39.4
13.1
18.8
30.1
83.3
78.5
85.7
53.6
(1996)
(1996)
(1996)
(1993)
(1997)
(1999)
(1993)
(1998)
…
21.0
2.0
30.4
2.0
27.5
60.3
50.9
49.7
76.7
Income Ratio of Highest
20% to Lowest 20% a
1995
Latest Year
(2007)
(2005)
(2005)
(2007)
(2007)
(2005)
(2004)
(1998)
(2003)
…
9.3
6.1
7.1
6.3
22.7
3.9
4.9
6.2
12.7
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of b
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
75.5
…
…
43.5
…
35.7 (2005)
…
…
13.6 (2008)
…
…
…
…
5.6
5.4
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India b
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
79.5
…
81.7 (1993)
…
88.1 (1996)
46.7
81.3
49.5
75.6
…
77.6
39.7
4.3
...
...
…
6.0
5.5
…
77.9
77.2
84.8
11.0
…
52.6
…
17.5
85.7
…
57.8
54.6
76.9
7.8
…
45.0
…
11.5
48.4
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia b
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
c
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
(1994)
(1996)
(1992)
(1994)
(1996)
(1993)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
77.5 (2001)
...
...
...
...
...
...
(2005)
(2003)
(2005)
(2004)
(2002)
(2004)
(2006)
…
5.9
5.2
5.4
12.2
…
8.3
…
8.4
5.6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
57.4 (1996)
...
...
72.8 (2007)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
7.0
...
7.0
...
...
...
...
(2007)
(2005)
(2002)
(2004)
(2006)
Gini
Coefficient
1995
Latest Year
(1996)
(1996)
(1993)
(1997)
(1999)
(1993)
(1998)
…
4.5
2.3
8.7
4.6
4.8
4.5
5.4
7.8
6.2
(2007)
(2005)
(2005)
(2007)
(2007)
(2005)
(2004)
(1998)
(2003)
…
0.444
0.350
0.371
0.353
0.537
0.287
0.315
0.354
0.454
(1993)
8.3
9.7
4.7
6.2
6.1
4.4
9.9
5.6
6.8
8.9
7.1
(1996)
(1996)
(1996)
(1996)
…
8.1
6.2
4.9
7.0
…
9.0
9.7
8.1
6.4
(1994)
(1993)
(1997)
(1994)
(1996)
(1993)
(2001)
(1994)
...
9.8
5.7
…
8.9
...
...
12.5
8.1
...
4.6
7.7
10.0
2.1
...
...
...
(1996)
(1996)
(1993)
(1997)
(1999)
(1993)
(1998)
…
0.302
0.168
0.408
0.309
0.335
0.312
0.336
0.408
0.367
(2007)
(2005)
(2005)
(2007)
(2007)
(2005)
(2004)
(1998)
(2003)
(2005)
(1996)
(1998)
(2008)
(2003)
…
…
…
0.332
0.313 (1993)
0.415
0.434
0.316
0.366
0.339
(2005)
(1996)
(1998)
(2008)
(2003)
(2005)
(2003)
(2005)
(2004)
(2004)
(2002)
0.335 (1996)
…
0.329 (1993)
…
0.377 (1996)
0.354
0.332
0.468
0.368
0.374
0.473
0.411
(2005)
(2003)
(2005)
(2004)
(2004)
(2002)
…
0.383
0.344
0.349
0.485
…
0.429
…
0.434
0.357
(1996)
(1993)
…
0.442
0.376
0.326
0.379
…
0.440
0.425
0.425
0.378
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.395 (2001)
…
…
…
…
0.490
…
…
0.408
…
…
0.509
0.430
…
0.319
0.420
0.430
…
(2007)
(2007)
(2002)
(2004)
(2006)
(1998)
(2004)
(2006)
(1990)
(1996)
(1998)
(1996)
(2002)
(2007)
(2001)
(2004)
(1998)
7.0 (1994)
3.4 (1993)
6.8 (1997)
...
...
...
(1996)
(1994)
(1993)
(1997)
(1994)
(2007)
(2007)
(2002)
(2004)
(2006)
(1998)
(2004)
(2006)
(1990)
(1998)
(1996)
(2002)
(2007)
(2001)
(1994)
0.352 (1994)
0.249 (1993)
0.362 (1997)
a Derived from income or expenditure share of the highest 20% and lowest 20% groups.
b Values are weighted average of urban and rural.
c Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: PovcalNet Database Online (World Bank 2010), World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010), Secretariat of the Pacific Community website (www.spc.
int/prism), ADB staff estimates.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Poverty Indicators
144
PEOPLE
Poverty Indicators
Table 1.15 Human development index
1990
1995
2000
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Rank in 2007 a
…
0.731
…
…
0.778
…
0.449
0.707
…
…
…
0.693
…
…
0.730
…
0.469
0.636
…
…
…
0.738
…
0.739
0.747
0.687
…
0.641
…
0.687
…
0.752
0.725
0.747
0.779
0.689
0.518
0.669
…
0.691
…
0.759
0.730
0.751
0.789
0.692
0.526
0.676
…
0.695
0.347
0.777
0.755
0.765
0.794
0.702
0.555
0.677
…
0.703
0.350
0.787
0.773
0.768
0.800
0.705
0.568
0.683
0.739
0.706
0.352
0.798
0.787
0.778
0.804
0.710
0.572
0.688
0.739
0.710
181
84
86
89
82
120
141
127
109
119
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
0.608
…
0.802
…
…
0.657
…
0.837
…
…
0.719
…
0.869
0.676
…
0.738
…
0.911
0.698
…
0.744
…
0.917
0.709
…
0.756
0.939
0.927
0.713
…
0.763
0.943
0.933
0.720
…
0.772
0.944
0.937
0.727
…
92
24
26
115
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
0.389
…
0.489
…
0.407
0.683
0.415
…
0.511
0.683
0.436
0.696
0.493
…
0.556
0.730
0.500
0.729
0.500
0.585
0.576
0.733
0.501
0.726
0.504
0.591
0.585
0.738
0.503
0.729
0.527
0.602
0.596
0.755
0.537
0.752
0.535
0.608
0.604
0.765
0.547
0.755
0.543
0.619
0.612
0.771
0.553
0.759
146
132
134
95
144
102
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
0.876
…
0.624
…
0.737
0.487
0.697
0.851
0.706
0.599
0.889
…
0.658
0.518
0.767
0.506
0.713
0.884
0.727
0.647
0.905
0.515
0.673
0.566
0.797
…
0.726
…
0.753
0.690
0.910
0.534
0.709
0.582
0.807
0.571
0.734
0.911
0.764
0.703
0.912
0.554
0.714
0.588
0.812
0.576
0.739
0.913
0.772
0.709
0.917
0.575
0.723
0.607
0.821
0.583
0.744
…
0.777
0.715
0.919
0.584
0.729
0.613
0.825
0.584
0.747
0.942
0.780
0.720
0.920
0.593
0.734
0.619
0.829
0.586
0.751
0.944
0.783
0.725
30
137
111
133
66
138
105
23
87
116
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.432
0.697
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.461
0.716
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.742
…
…
0.759
…
0.663
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.513
0.752
…
…
0.775
…
0.671
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.514
0.753
0.584
…
0.770
…
0.674
…
0.744
…
…
…
…
…
0.532
0.764
0.599
0.488
0.765
…
0.681
…
0.744
…
…
…
…
…
0.536
0.766
0.604
0.484
0.767
…
0.688
…
0.741
…
…
…
…
…
0.541
0.771
0.610
0.489
0.768
…
0.693
…
108
…
…
…
…
…
148
94
135
162
99
…
126
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
0.902
0.918
0.884
0.938
0.931
0.911
0.954
0.943
0.930
0.959
0.948
0.939
0.962
0.951
0.941
0.967
0.956
0.946
0.968
0.958
0.948
0.970
0.960
0.950
2
10
20
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Rank among the 182 countries classifed in UNDP’s Human Development Report 2009.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Human Development Report (UNDP 2009, 2006, 2005).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
PEOPLE
145
Table 1.16 Life expectancy at birth
(years)
1990
Both Sexes
2000
2008
1990
Female
2000
2008
1990
Male
2000
2008
41.3
67.8
65.5
70.3
68.3
68.3
60.7
62.9
62.7
66.7
41.8
71.0
67.0
71.2
65.5
68.6
63.9
63.8
63.9
66.9
43.9
73.5
70.2
71.5
66.4
67.4
66.5
66.7
64.8
67.8
41.2
70.8
69.8
74.2
73.1
72.6
60.9
66.1
66.4
70.0
41.8
74.4
70.4
74.8
71.1
72.4
64.4
67.8
67.9
70.2
43.9
76.9
72.6
75.1
72.5
72.0
66.9
69.5
69.0
71.0
41.4
64.9
61.4
66.5
63.8
64.2
60.4
59.8
59.1
63.6
41.9
67.8
63.9
67.7
60.2
64.9
63.5
59.9
60.1
63.8
44.0
70.4
67.9
68.2
60.7
63.0
66.2
64.1
60.8
64.7
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
68.1
77.4
71.3
60.8
73.8
71.3
80.9
75.9
64.2
76.7
73.1
82.3
79.8
66.6
78.8
69.5
80.3
75.5
62.6
76.8
72.9
83.9
79.6
67.1
79.6
74.9
85.5
83.3
69.9
82.0
66.7
74.6
67.3
59.0
71.3
69.8
78.0
72.3
61.4
73.8
71.4
79.3
76.5
63.4
75.5
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
54.1
52.6
58.2
60.3
54.0
69.5
61.3
61.4
61.3
66.1
61.7
71.0
66.1
66.1
63.7
71.6
66.7
74.1
54.8
54.2
58.5
59.7
53.7
72.9
62.2
63.1
62.3
67.4
62.0
74.9
67.2
68.0
65.2
73.2
67.4
78.0
53.4
51.1
58.0
60.9
54.2
66.3
60.4
59.7
60.3
64.9
61.3
67.4
65.1
64.3
62.3
70.1
66.0
70.4
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
74.1
54.9
61.5
54.3
70.2
58.9
65.4
74.3
69.2
65.5
76.1
56.9
67.4
61.0
72.5
59.9
69.5
78.1
68.2
71.9
77.4
61.0
70.8
65.0
74.4
61.6
71.8
80.7
68.9
74.4
76.3
56.6
63.3
55.6
72.3
60.8
67.5
76.9
72.9
67.3
78.5
59.0
69.3
62.2
75.0
62.0
71.6
80.1
73.0
73.8
79.8
62.8
72.8
66.4
76.8
63.8
74.1
83.2
72.1
76.4
72.0
53.2
59.8
53.1
68.2
57.0
63.4
71.9
65.6
63.7
73.8
54.9
65.6
59.8
70.2
58.0
67.4
76.1
63.6
70.2
75.0
59.2
68.8
63.6
72.1
59.4
69.7
78.4
65.8
72.5
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
69.0
66.8
63.0
62.0
66.2
60.0
69.0
54.8
65.0
56.7
45.8
69.6
62.0
63.2
71.0
67.3
66.0
59.0
67.3
59.0
70.0
58.1
69.5
62.2
56.2
70.8
63.0
67.6
74.0
68.9
67.0
59.0
68.6
60.0
72.0
61.1
71.8
66.3
61.1
71.9
64.0
70.3
71.0
69.0
64.0
65.0
66.8
63.0
75.0
57.6
68.4
57.1
46.6
71.1
63.0
64.7
74.0
69.5
68.0
60.0
67.9
62.0
74.0
60.9
72.8
62.8
57.0
72.8
63.0
69.4
76.0
71.2
70.0
60.0
69.4
63.0
77.0
63.3
75.0
67.2
62.0
74.8
63.0
72.3
67.0
64.8
62.0
59.0
65.7
57.0
64.0
52.1
61.8
56.4
45.0
68.1
61.0
61.8
69.0
65.2
64.0
58.0
66.7
56.0
67.0
55.3
66.3
61.6
55.5
68.8
63.0
65.9
72.0
66.7
65.0
58.0
67.8
57.0
68.0
59.0
68.7
65.3
60.3
69.1
64.0
68.4
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
77.0
78.8
75.4
79.2
81.1
78.6
81.4
82.6
80.2
80.2
81.9
78.4
82.0
84.6
81.3
83.7
86.1
82.2
74.0
75.9
72.5
76.6
77.7
76.1
79.2
79.3
78.2
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); World Health Statistics (WHO 2010); for Taipei,China: Statistical Yearbook Online (Directorate-General of
Budget, Accounting and Statistics 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Social Indicators
146
PEOPLE
Social Indicators
Table 1.17 Births, deaths, and fertility
Crude Birth Rate
(per 1,000 people)
1990
2000
2008
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
1990
Crude Death Rate
(per 1,000 people)
2000
2008
Total Fertility Rate
(births per woman)
1990
2000
2008
51.5
21.2
25.9
16.7
21.7
29.3
40.4
39.1
34.7
33.7
50.9
13.3
14.8
12.1
14.7
19.8
32.7
30.8
23.4
21.4
46.5
15.3
17.8
12.1
22.7
24.4
30.1
28.1
21.9
21.7
22.8
7.7
6.1
9.2
7.7
7.0
10.5
8.2
8.5
6.1
22.2
8.5
5.9
10.3
10.1
7.0
8.0
7.7
7.6
5.5
19.6
8.7
6.2
12.0
9.7
7.1
6.9
6.4
7.7
5.3
8.0
2.5
2.7
2.2
2.7
3.7
6.1
5.2
4.3
4.1
7.7
1.7
2.0
1.6
1.8
2.4
4.7
4.0
2.8
2.6
6.6
1.7
2.3
1.6
2.6
2.7
4.0
3.4
2.5
2.6
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
21.1
12.0
15.4
32.6
17.0
14.0
8.1
13.4
19.5
13.8
12.1
11.3
9.4
18.8
8.6
6.7
5.2
5.8
8.8
5.0
6.5
5.1
5.2
6.9
5.7
7.1
5.9
5.0
6.6
6.3
2.3
1.3
1.6
4.2
1.8
1.8
1.0
1.5
2.2
1.7
1.8
1.0
1.2
2.0
1.1
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
34.6
38.6
30.2
40.0
38.5
20.8
27.1
27.5
25.8
21.7
32.6
18.4
21.4
21.5
22.8
18.7
25.4
18.8
12.1
13.9
9.7
9.3
12.9
6.5
8.3
8.8
8.5
5.9
8.6
6.1
6.6
7.1
7.4
4.6
6.4
5.8
4.4
5.9
4.0
6.1
5.2
2.5
3.0
3.8
3.3
2.8
4.0
2.2
2.3
2.6
2.7
2.0
2.9
2.3
27.7
43.6
25.7
41.4
30.4
26.9
33.0
18.4
19.7
31.4
23.2
28.3
21.3
32.6
23.5
21.7
27.5
11.8
15.8
19.8
19.8
24.7
18.6
27.3
20.4
20.5
24.7
10.2
14.5
17.2
3.4
12.3
8.6
13.1
5.3
10.5
6.7
4.8
6.3
7.9
2.8
9.9
6.9
8.8
4.6
10.0
5.2
3.9
8.1
5.4
2.8
8.3
6.3
7.0
4.5
9.8
4.8
4.4
9.0
5.4
3.2
5.8
3.1
6.0
3.7
3.4
4.3
1.9
2.1
3.7
2.5
3.9
2.5
4.6
3.0
2.5
3.5
1.4
1.8
2.3
2.1
2.9
2.2
3.5
2.6
2.3
3.1
1.3
1.8
2.1
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
32.0
28.5
32.2
…
33.7
39.0
21.6
36.8
34.3
39.7
43.0
30.1
34.0
36.8
23.0
24.3
29.4
40.7
30.2
28.0
14.5
35.7
31.1
35.0
43.1
28.2
25.0
32.9
17.0
20.9
26.6 (2005)
35.0 (2007)
25.3
28.0
12.0 (2006)
31.4
23.5
30.4
40.0
27.7
23.0
30.2
7.0
6.1
10.5
…
6.5
9.0
7.7
11.0
6.8
11.5
18.0
6.0
11.0
7.3
6.0
6.3
7.5
4.9 (1999)
6.3
7.0
6.5
9.4
5.9
8.0
11.4
6.1
11.0
6.2
4.0
3.4
4.0
…
5.0
4.9
2.8
4.8
4.8
5.9
5.3
4.6
3.8
4.9
3.2
3.1
3.8
5.5
4.3
3.7
1.5
4.5
4.5
4.6
7.1
4.2
3.6
4.5
2.6
2.7
3.4 (2005)
4.5 (2007)
3.6
2.9
…
4.1
4.0
3.9
6.5
4.0
3.2
4.0
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
15.4
10.0
17.5
13.0
9.4
14.9
13.8
8.7
15.1
1.9
1.5
2.2
1.8
1.4
2.0
1.9
1.3
2.2
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
7.0
6.7
8.1
6.7
7.7
6.9
7.0
6.6
8.7 (2005)
…
6.1
7.0
6.6 (2006)
7.9
5.3
6.2
8.7
6.1
10.0
5.0
6.7
9.1
6.8
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); International Data Base (US Census Bureau 2010); for Taipei,China: Statistical Yearbook Online
(Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
PEOPLE
147
Table 1.18 Primary education completion rate
(percent)
Both Sexes
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
Female
2000
2008
2000
…
100.8 (2001)
89.5
98.8
94.4
94.6
60.8 (2005)
95.1
…
95.6
38.8 (2005)
97.5
121.1
99.7
104.8 (2009)
92.1
60.3
97.7
…
96.4 (2007)
…
101.1 (2001)
90.0
98.1
94.9
94.1
50.4 (2005)
89.8
…
95.5
…
107.5 (2001)
103.0
90.1
96.0
95.3 (2005)
98.7
93.3
…
101.8 (2003)
103.2
92.7
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
59.5
51.6
72.4
148.1 (2003)
65.8
107.3 (2001)
57.5
88.5
93.6
112.9
75.5
104.9
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
121.7
47.2
98.2
69.3
94.0
79.9
101.5
…
87.0
96.4
105.7
79.5
108.1
74.7
96.4
96.9
92.3
…
87.5
…
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
87.9
100.4
98.9
97.5
…
90.4
98.8
51.7
94.4
69.9
…
98.4
125.5
86.2
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
(2001)
(1999)
(2001)
(1999)
(1999)
(1999)
(2001)
(1995)
(1994)
(1999)
…
101.9 (1995)
96.7 (1995)
…
91.8
124.8
90.7
…
79.0
119.1
…
100.1
…
79.8
104.9
105.3
79.3
…
…
…
(2006)
(2009)
(2007)
(2006)
(2007)
(2007)
(2006)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2005)
(2007)
(2007)
(2004)
(2007)
(2006)
(2006)
(2007)
Male
2008
21.4
98.4
119.2
96.7
104.9
91.7
53.4
92.7
…
95.3
(2007)
55.1
96.8
122.8
102.6
104.8
92.5
66.9
96.8
…
97.4
97.9
94.2 (2005)
97.1
92.4
…
104.7 (2003)
102.8
87.4
94.4
96.4 (2005)
100.2
94.2
57.5
55.3
79.9
145.4 (2003)
74.1
107.9 (2001)
55.6
84.6
95.3
116.7
79.1
104.8
122.0
53.1
97.8
75.1
94.6
82.0
96.8
…
87.3
98.5
104.6
79.9
109.3
78.3
96.5
94.1
89.6
…
86.6
…
59.6
92.4
91.7
109.0
71.8
105.0
121.3
41.2
98.7
63.3
93.4
77.8
106.3
…
86.7
94.2
106.9
79.0
106.9
71.0
96.2
99.7
95.1
…
88.5
…
85.9
99.5
95.0
87.2
…
93.2
90.4
47.4
95.8
…
…
101.1
122.4
88.1
(2001)
(1999)
(2001)
(1999)
(1999)
(1999)
(2001)
(1995)
(1999)
2008
…
100.6 (2001)
89.0
99.5
93.9
95.2
70.6 (2005)
100.2
…
95.7
61.4
47.9
64.2
150.9 (2003)
57.0
106.7 (2001)
…
91.4
126.0
92.3
…
79.7
…
…
99.6
…
79.0
108.1
118.2
81.2
…
101.9 (1995)
96.5 (1995)
(2005)
2000
(2009)
(2007)
(2006)
(2009)
(2007)
(2006)
(2007)
(2007)
(2006)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2005)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2006)
(2006)
(2007)
…
…
…
89.8
101.3
102.5
107.4
…
88.1
106.7
55.8
93.2
…
…
96.1
128.3
84.4
…
…
…
(2001)
(1999)
(2001)
(1999)
(1999)
(1999)
(2001)
(1995)
(1999)
…
92.3
123.7
89.2
…
78.3
…
…
100.6
…
80.5
101.9
93.2
77.5
(2005)
(2009)
(2007)
(2007)
(2006)
(2009)
(2007)
(2006)
(2007)
(2007)
(2006)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2005)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2006)
(2006)
(2007)
…
…
…
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010), Millenium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Social Indicators
148
PEOPLE
Social Indicators
Table 1.19 Adult literacy rate
(15 years and over, percent)
Both Sexes
2000
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
…
99.4
98.8
99.7
99.5
98.7
42.7
99.5
98.8
98.6
(2001)
(1999)
(2002)
(1999)
(1999)
(1998)
(1995)
Female
2008
Male
2000
…
99.5
99.5 (2007)
99.7
99.7
99.3
53.7
99.7
99.5
99.2
…
99.2
98.2
99.6
99.3
98.1
29.0
99.2
98.3
98.1
93.7
…
…
97.3
...
86.5
…
…
97.5
…
40.8
…
47.8
96.4
34.9
89.1
2008
2000
2008
…
99.4
99.2 (2007)
99.7
99.5
99.1
40.0
99.5
99.3
98.9
…
99.7
99.5
99.8
99.8
99.3
55.3
99.7
99.3
99.2
90.5
…
…
97.8
...
95.1
…
…
98.0
…
(2001)
(2001)
49.8
38.7 (2005)
50.8 (2006)
98.4 (2006)
45.4
89.1
53.9
…
73.4
96.2
62.7
92.3
(2001)
(2001)
60.0
65.0 (2005)
75.2 (2006)
98.4 (2006)
71.1
92.2
(2001)
(1999)
(2002)
(1999)
(1999)
(1998)
(1995)
(2001)
(1999)
(2002)
(1999)
(1999)
(1998)
(1995)
…
99.7
99.8 (2007)
99.8
99.8
99.5
66.8
99.8
99.7
99.5
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
90.9
…
…
97.8
92.4
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
47.5
…
61.0
96.3
48.6
90.7
(2001)
(2001)
55.0
52.8 (2005)
62.8 (2006)
98.4 (2006)
57.9
90.6
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
92.7 (2001)
67.3 (1998)
90.4 (2004)
69.6
88.7
89.9
92.6
92.5
92.6
90.2
95.0
77.6
92.0 (2006)
72.7 (2005)
92.1
91.9
93.6
94.5
93.5 (2005)
92.5
90.2 (2001)
57.0 (1998)
86.8 (2004)
58.5
85.4
86.4
92.7
88.6
90.5
86.6
93.3
70.9
88.8 (2006)
63.2 (2005)
89.8
89.2
93.9
91.6
91.5 (2005)
90.2
95.2 (2001)
79.5 (1998)
94.0 (2004)
81.4
92.0
93.9
92.5
96.6
94.9
93.9
96.6
85.1
95.2 (2006)
82.5 (2005)
94.3
94.7
93.3
97.4
95.6 (2005)
95.1
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
99.0
93.0
…
97.0
93.0
99.0
…
57.3
98.6
76.6
…
98.9
99.0
78.2
…
…
92.0 (2005)
…
…
…
98.0 (2005)
59.6
98.7
…
…
99.0 (2006)
…
81.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
50.9
98.2
69.0
…
99.0
…
76.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
55.6
98.5
…
…
99.1 (2006)
…
79.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
63.4
98.9
83.7
…
98.8
…
80.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
63.6
99.0
…
…
99.0 (2006)
…
83.0
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
…
…
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(1996)
(1999)
(2002)
(2004)
(1999)
(1996)
(2002)
(2004)
…
…
…
(2001)
(2001)
(2004)
(1999)
(1996)
(2004)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
96.7
…
…
96.7
…
(2001)
(2001)
(2004)
(1999)
(1996)
(2004)
…
…
…
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Institute for Statistics (UNESCO 2010); Education Indicators Online (Secretariat of the Pacific Community 2010); for Taipei,China: Statistical Yearbook Online
(Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
PEOPLE
149
Table 1.20 Education resources
1990
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
41.2
21.0
19.5
17.2
21.6
15.9
43.0
21.3
…
24.1
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
22.3
27.2
36.3
29.8
22.4
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
63.0
…
46.0
…
39.2
29.1
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
15.3
35.0
23.3
28.2
20.4
44.9
32.7
25.8
20.3
34.2
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
17.3
33.6
28.6
…
…
…
…
31.7
24.0
19.4
…
24.0
…
27.2
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
16.7
21.2
18.0
Primary Pupil–Teacher Ratio
2000
2008
32.1
20.3
18.7
16.8
18.7
24.1
33.0
21.8
…
21.4
(1998)
(2001)
43.0
19.3
11.3
8.7
16.4
24.2
40.7
22.7
…
18.2
19.4
21.3
32.1
32.6
19.0
(2001)
47.0
41.1
40.0
22.7
42.6
26.3
(2005)
(1995)
(1995)
(1991)
(1991)
(1995)
(1991)
13.7
50.1
22.4
30.1
19.6
32.8
35.2
25.3
20.8
29.5
17.8
28.1
31.7
14.9
…
21.5
15.7
35.4
24.0
19.2
50.8
22.1
19.7
22.5
(1991)
17.9
20.7
18.4
(2001)
(2001)
(1995)
(1999)
(1999)
(2001)
(1999)
17.7
16.5
25.6
30.4
16.1
43.7
27.7
40.2
13.3
37.8
23.8
12.6
48.5
18.8
30.5
15.7
29.1
33.7
19.3
16.0
19.9
16.2
26.0
24.7
16.9
16.6
19.9
12.5
35.8
23.8
…
40.8
22.3
19.2
23.8
…
18.5
15.7
1990
(2007)
(2009)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2009)
(2009)
(2009)
(2004)
(2007)
(2007)
(2006)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
24.8
9.5
10.3
6.9
13.3
13.8
19.5
10.6
…
10.9
14.6
20.7
27.7
18.8
20.1
(1995)
(1995)
(1991)
(1995)
(1991)
(1995)
27.4
…
28.7
…
31.1
19.1
11.8
20.1
12.9
11.8
19.3
12.8
33.3
17.9
16.2
18.0
(2006)
(2004)
(2007)
16.6
…
12.2
…
…
…
…
21.7
18.2
17.5
…
17.7
…
15.8
(2007)
(2007)
11.6
17.1
15.4
(2005)
(2003)
(2007)
(2007)
(2005)
(2006)
(2007)
Secondary Pupil–Teacher Ratio
2000
2008
28.0
6.9
7.8
7.5
11.3
13.3
19.8
16.4
…
11.5
17.1
20.6
21.0
19.9
17.4
38.4
32.5
33.6
15.3
30.2
19.6
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
10.9
18.5
15.8
21.3
18.4
31.9
36.4
…
24.0
28.0
13.9
20.2
17.6
21.6
…
17.4
15.1
…
21.2
10.1
28.4
14.6
…
24.7
12.6
14.0
15.5
(1995)
(2002)
(1996)
(1995)
(2002)
(2001)
(2001)
(1999)
(2001)
(1995)
31.6
7.4
7.8
7.5
9.7
13.6
41.9
16.6
…
13.1
(2007)
16.4
…
18.1
18.6
16.4
(2007)
25.2
20.6
32.7
13.7
40.9
19.5
(2007)
(2009)
(2004)
(2003)
10.5
28.9
13.0
22.8
17.0
32.8
35.1
16.4
21.2
20.7
14.7
18.7
17.0
16.7
…
22.4
…
…
20.8
…
23.7
14.4
…
13.9
…
12.2
14.6
(2007)
(2009)
(2007)
(2004)
(2007)
(2007)
(2009)
(2004)
(2007)
(2007)
(2005)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2005)
(2003)
(2004)
(2005)
(2002)
(2002)
(2007)
(2007)
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); Institute for Statistics Online (UNESCO 2010); for Taipei,China: Monthly Bulletin of Statistics Online
(Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Social Indicators
150
PEOPLE
Social Indicators
Table 1.21 Health care resources
(per 1,000 population)
1990
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Physicians
2000
2007
1990
Hospital Beds
2000
2008
0.11
3.92
3.92
4.93
3.98
3.37
0.46
2.55
3.61
3.39
0.19 (2001)
2.99
3.61
4.73
3.29
2.82
0.66 (2001)
2.13
4.18 (2002)
2.95
0.20 (2005)
3.70
3.79
4.54
3.88
2.30
0.78
2.01 (2006)
2.44
2.62
0.25
9.09
10.10
9.80
13.67
11.98
0.64
10.66
11.48
12.48
0.40 (2001)
5.47
8.68
4.77
7.19
7.40
0.70 (2003)
6.54
7.11 (1997)
5.33
0.40
4.10
7.90
3.30
7.70
5.10
0.60
5.41
4.00
4.80
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
1.55
1.20 (1993)
0.80
2.54
1.09
1.64
1.32 (1995)
1.30
2.54 (1999)
1.50
1.51
...
1.71
2.63
1.83
(2005)
2.58
...
3.10
11.49 (1991)
4.37
2.52
...
6.10
7.50 (2002)
5.68
2.23 (2006)
...
8.64 (2006)
6.11 (2007)
6.64
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
0.18
0.33
0.48 (1992)
0.07
0.05
0.15 (1993)
0.23
0.05
0.51
0.78
0.05
0.43
0.30
0.02
0.58
0.92
0.21
0.55
(2005)
0.30
0.85
0.91 (1991)
0.76
0.24
2.74
0.30 (1999)
1.60 (2002)
...
1.70
0.20 (1999)
2.90
0.40
1.70
0.90
2.60
5.00
3.10
(2005)
(2006)
(2003)
(2005)
(2006)
(2004)
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
0.75 (1991)
0.11 (1992)
0.14
0.23
0.39
0.08
0.12
1.27
0.23
0.40
1.01
0.16
0.16
0.59 (1996)
0.70
0.30
0.59
1.35 (1999)
0.37
0.52 (1999)
1.14
...
0.13
0.35
0.71
0.36
1.15
1.50
0.31
0.56
(2002)
...
2.07
0.67
2.57
2.13
0.64
1.39
3.61
1.63
3.83
2.60
0.60
0.60
0.90
1.80
0.70
1.00
2.90
2.20
2.40
2.79
0.10
0.60
1.20
1.76
0.60
1.06
3.22
2.20
2.66
(2006)
(2004)
(2002)
(2005)
(2007)
(2006)
(2006)
(2007)
(2002)
(2006)
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
...
0.47
0.19
0.42
0.45
...
1.11
0.07
0.36
0.16
...
0.51
...
0.10
...
0.34
0.30
0.47
0.60
...
1.58
0.05
0.70
0.13
...
0.50
...
0.11
...
0.45
0.23
...
0.55
0.77
...
...
0.28
0.13
0.10
0.29
0.91
0.14
...
...
4.27
2.27
...
...
...
4.02
...
0.83
...
...
...
...
...
2.60
1.80
2.10
2.80
...
4.40
...
3.30
...
...
3.20
...
3.10
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
2.20
1.70
1.90
(1992)
(1996)
(1993)
(1998)
(1992)
(1992)
(1991)
(1991)
(2001)
(1999)
(1998)
(2001)
(1999)
(1998)
(1999)
(1999)
(1997)
2.50
1.90
2.20
(2004)
(2002)
(2008)
(2005)
(2004)
(2004)
(2004)
(2003)
(2004)
(2002)
(2004)
(2002)
(2003)
(2002)
(2002)
(2003)
(2004)
(2003)
(2004)
(2003)
(2003)
(2004)
(2002)
(2003)
(2004)
0.96 (2006)
2.12 (2004)
2.20 (2003)
9.20 (1991)
15.60 (1993)
8.50
(2001)
(1998)
(2002)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(1999)
(1998)
(1999)
(1998)
(2001)
(2001)
7.80
14.70
6.20 (1998)
...
2.09
1.51
...
3.31
3.51
5.00
...
1.00
1.40
...
2.40
5.56
3.69
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2005)
(2005)
(2006)
(2004)
(2007)
(2005)
(2005)
(2004)
(2001)
3.97 (2006)
13.98 (2006)
6.20 (2002)
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); Global Health Observatory Online (WHO 2010); for Taipei,China: Statistical Yearbook Online (DirectorateGeneral of Budget, Accounting and Statistics 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
PEOPLE
151
Table 1.22 Estimated number of adults living with HIV
(aged 15 years and over, thousands)
Total
Women
2001
2007
2001
2007
…
1.8
<0.5
<0.5
3.4
1.0
50.0
2.4
…
1.4
…
2.4
7.8
2.7
12.0
4.2
94.0
10.0
<0.5
16.0
…
<0.5
…
<0.1
<1.0
…
13.0
<0.5
…
<0.5
…
…
1.3
<1.0
3.3
1.1
27.0
2.1
…
4.6
470.0
…
6.8
…
…
690.0
…
13.0
<1.0
…
120.0
…
1.8
…
…
200.0
…
3.6
<0.2
…
7.5
…
2600.0
…
55.0
3.0
12.0
<0.5
2300.0
…
68.0
3.7
<0.1
…
1000.0
…
12.0
<1.0
2.0
<0.1
880.0
…
17.0
1.4
…
120.0
93.0
1.1
43.0
290.0
<1.0
2.9
650.0
150.0
…
70.0
270.0
5.4
79.0
240.0
8.2
4.1
600.0
280.0
…
31.0
10.0
<0.5
10.0
97.0
<0.5
<1.0
240.0
37.0
…
20.0
54.0
1.3
21.0
100.0
2.2
1.2
250.0
76.0
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
53.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
3.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
14.0
8.1
1.2
18.0
9.6
1.4
<1.0
1.8
<0.2
1.2
2.3
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic (UNAIDS/WHO 2008).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Social Indicators
152
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
Economy and Output
The Asia and Pacific region accounts for almost one third of global GDP measured in purchasing power parity
(PPP) terms. Many economies in the region have made substantial increases in their per capita GDP measured
in PPP since the beginning of this century. GDP growth rates in constant prices in 2009 were down in most
economies of the region, but despite the current global crisis, quite healthy growth was recorded by some of the
larger economies. Export markets weakened in 2009 and the shares of exports in GDP were lower in almost all
economies compared with their precrisis levels.
Introduction
The first two tables in this economy and output theme present total and per capita GDP. Purchasing power parities have
been used to convert the data in national currencies to international dollars.
Converting GDP to international dollars using PPPs eliminates differences in price levels among countries
so that comparisons reflect only differences in the volumes of goods and services. Using PPPs to compare the real
differences in GDP among countries for a single year is like using constant prices to compare the real growth of GDP
between years for a single country. When comparisons are made using exchange rates, the comparison is falsified by the
differences in price levels. It is like trying to compare growth over time for a single country using data at current prices;
the comparison is falsified by the changes in prices from one year to the next.
This theme also gives the standard range of macroeconomic statistics showing the industrial structure of GDP and
its breakdown by final expenditure. Most of these tables are taken from the national accounts, but there are also tables
showing the growth of output indexes for agricultural and manufactured products. Note that PPPs are only relevant when
levels of GDP and related aggregates are being compared. Neither PPP exchange rates nor market exchange rates are
needed for comparing growth rates or the percentage structure of GDP.
Key Trends
How is global GDP distributed? Figure 2.1 divides the
real GDP of the world economy for 2008 into seven regions.
Each country’s GDP has been converted into a common
currency using PPPs. The world economy is measured by
the total GDP of 177 economies for which updated PPPs
are available. North America includes Mexico and the
Caribbean islands, while Asia and the Pacific covers both
developed and developing regional members of ADB.
Figure 2.1 shows that the Asia and Pacific region
accounted for almost one third of global GDP. Europe
accounted for 28%, North America about 24%, and the
other regions in total generate 15% of global GDP.
Seventy percent of the region’s GDP comes from just
three countries—People’s Republic of China (PRC),
India, and Japan. Figure 2.2 shows the breakdown of
total real GDP within the region in 2009. The PRC alone
accounted for well over a third of total GDP for the Asia
and Pacific region. Japan’s and India’s shares were also
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
Figure 2.1 Percentage Distribution of GDP at PPP:
Asia and Pacific Region in the World Economy, 2008
North America
24.5
South America
5.7
Africa
3.9
West Asia
3.2
Europe
28.0
Rest of the World
1.8
Asia and the Pacific
33.0
Sources: Derived from Table 2.1 and World Development Indicators Online
(World Bank 2010).
substantial at 17% and 16%, respectively. Other economies
with significant shares include: Republic of Korea (6%);
Indonesia (4%); and Australia and Taipei,China (3% each).
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
in the Asia and Pacific Region, 2009
Thailand
2.2
Taipei,China
3.0
Malaysia
1.6
Australia
3.3
Indonesia
3.9
China, People's
Rep. of
37.5
Korea, Rep. of
5.6
Others
8.7
Japan
16.9
India
15.6
In 2009, Singapore’s per capita GDP of about $50,800
was nearly 60 times higher than that of Timor-Leste
at $860. The differences within the two figures are also
striking. Singapore, the top economy in Figure 2.3a, had a
per capita income more than seven times larger than that of
the PRC, which occupies the last place among the higherincome economies. Armenia, the top economy among the
lower-income economies, has a per capita income of about
$4,900—more than five times that of Timor-Leste.
Many economies have made substantial increases in
their per capita GDP in PPP terms since the beginning of
the century. The PRC nearly tripled its per capita GDP by
Source: Derived from Table 2.1.
Many economies in the region are poor but a few are
very rich. Figures 2.3a and 2.3b show per capita GDP
in the region. Figure 2.3a covers 12 economies with per
capita GDP above the 2009 weighted average of $5,489
for thirty two ADB developing member economies for
which data are reported for 2009. Figure 2.3b covers 22
economies with per capita GDP below this average. A few
ADB member economies are not included in either figure
because data are not yet available for 2009.
Figure 2.3b Per Capita GDP in PPP Terms: Lower Income Economies,
2000 and 2009 (thousand, current international dollars)
Armenia
Georgia
Tonga
Sri Lanka
Samoa
Indonesia
Figure 2.3a Per Capita GDP in PPP Terms: Higher Income Economies,
Philippines
2000 and 2009 (thousand, current international dollars)
Mongolia
India
Singapore
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Brunei Darussalam
Viet Nam
Hong Kong, China
Pakistan
Australia
Uzbekistan
Japan
Kiribati
Papua New Guinea
Taipei,China
Kyrgyz Republic
Korea, Rep. of
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Solomon Islands
Kazakhstan
Tajikistan
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Thailand
Nepal
China, People's Rep. of
Timor-Leste
0
10
20
30
2000
Source: Table 2.2.
40
50
0
60
1
2
2000
2009
3
4
5
6
2009
Source: Table 2.2.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Singapore; Brunei Darussalam; and Hong Kong,
China are at the top of the chart, just ahead of two developed
member countries, Australia and Japan. In Figure 2.3b the
three lowest (in descending order) are Bangladesh, Nepal,
and Timor-Leste.
Figure 2.2 Percentage Distribution of GDP at PPP
Pakistan
1.8
153
154
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
2009 to about $6,900 from $2,350 in 2000. Others that
had more than doubled their per capita GDP in PPP terms
include: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, India, Kazakhstan,
Mongolia, Tajikistan, and Viet Nam.
rate of 3.5% per year, and that of the PRC at 9.0%, then the
PRC would catch up with the US by 2020. If GDP of the
US grows more slowly than 3.5% while that of the PRC
more rapidly, then the catch-up date draws nearer.
Note that there is not necessarily a link between the
total size of GDP and GDP on a per capita basis. Figure 2.2
shows that countries with low per capita GDP such as India
and Indonesia account for substantial shares of total GDP
in the region, while economies with high per capita GDP
like Singapore and Brunei Darussalam generate relatively
small shares of regional GDP.
2009 GDP contracted in many cases but quite healthy
growth was recorded by some of the larger economies.
Figure 2.5 provides a comparison of the growth in GDP
measured in constant prices for 42 economies between
the precrisis year 2007, half-crisis year 2008, and full
crisis year 2009. In 2007, just three economies reported
declining GDP; this figure rose to eight in 2008, and to
20 in 2009. The simple unweighted average of the growth
rates reflecting the relative average experience of the
41 economies (excluding Nauru with extreme growth
rate in 2008) in 2007 is pegged at 7.3%, decelerating to
4.3% in 2008, and recording a sluggish growth of 1.2%
in 2009. Nevertheless, the larger economies posted good
growth despite the crisis: PRC (+9.1%), India (+7.4%),
and Indonesia (+4.5%). Other economies that fared well
were Myanmar (+10.4%), Uzbekistan (+7.0%), Viet Nam
(+5.3%), and Bangladesh (+5.7%). On the other hand,
GDP in Japan, the world’s third largest economy, declined
in 2009 (–5.2%) along with Kazakhstan (–5.0%) and
Thailand (–2.3%).
Six of the world’s top 20 economies are in the Asia and
Pacific region. Figure 2.4 shows the top 20 economies in
the world in 2008. It is a widely held belief that Japan
has the second largest economy after the US. Figure 2.4
shows that when the comparison is made in real terms
(using PPPs), the PRC is substantially larger than Japan.
Three of the top 5 economies (PRC, Japan, and India)
are in the Asia and Pacific region and a further three among
top 20 are also from the region (Australia, Indonesia,
Republic of Korea,). The largest global economy, the
United States (US), generated about 20% of global GDP
as of 2008, while the PRC is some way behind at 12%,
although the gap is closing quite rapidly. Assuming that
from now on, GDP of the US were to grow at an average
Figure 2.4 Top Twenty Economies in the World in Terms
of GDP at PPP, 2008 (percent of global GDP)
United States
China, People's Rep. of
Japan
India
Germany
Russian Federation
United Kingdom
France
Brazil
Italy
Mexico
Spain
Korea, Rep. of
Canada
Turkey
Indonesia
Australia
Netherlands
Poland
Saudi Arabia
0
3
6
9
12
15
Sources: Derived from Table 2.1 and World Development Indicators Online
(World Bank 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
18
21
Export shares in GDP fell in 2009 from their precrisis
levels. Figure 2.6 shows exports of goods and services
as a percentage of GDP. The percentages in 2009 are
compared with 2007, the precrisis year. In a majority of
the economies, the shares of exports in GDP fell from their
precrisis level, with particularly large falls in some of the
major exporters. Shares in GDP fell by 11 percentage points
in the PRC and the Philippines; by 14 points in Malaysia
and Hong Kong, China; by 15 points in Azerbaijan; and
by nearly 20 percentage points in Singapore. On the other
hand, exports shares in 2009 were up by 8 percentage
points in Republic of Korea; by 3 points in Australia and
the Kyrgyz Republic; and almost unchanged between 2007
and 2009 in India.
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
REGIONAL TABLES
Figure 2.5 Real GDP Growth, 2007, 2008, and 2009 (percent)
155
Figure 2.6 Exports of Goods and Services as a Percentage
of GDP, 2007 and 2009
Singapore
Azerbaijan
China, People's Rep. of
Armenia
Georgia
Myanmar
Solomon Islands
Mongolia
Cambodia
Uzbekistan
Cook Islands
India
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Singapore
Viet Nam
Timor-Leste
Lao PDR
Tajikistan
Maldives
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Samoa
Malaysia
Bangladesh
Hong Kong, China
Indonesia
Taipei,China
Korea, Rep. of
Thailand
Tuvalu
Australia
Nepal
Marshall Islands
New Zealand
Japan
Kiribati
Brunei Darussalam
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Tonga
Nauru
Hong Kong, China
Malaysia
Thailand
Viet Nam
Taipei,China
Kyrgyz Republic
Mongolia
Azerbaijan
Korea, Rep. of
Kazakhstan
Philippines
Georgia
China, People's Rep. of
Indonesia
Australia
Sri Lanka
India
Bangladesh
Armenia
Tonga
Pakistan
Japan
Nepal
0
100
2007
150
200
250
2009
Source: Table 2.10.
-21 -18 -15 -12 -9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
2007
Source: Table 2.13.
50
2008
2009
100
Consumption and capital formation in Asia.
Figure 2.7 shows, for 28 developing member countries,
shares of private consumption and capital formation in
GDP. Shares for the three developed member countries are
shown at the bottom of the chart for comparison. Private
consumption covers current purchases by households and
by private nonprofit institutions, which are quite small in
most cases; capital formation consists of fixed investment
in the form of buildings, civil engineering, machinery and
equipment, and net increase in inventories.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
156
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
Five economies have private consumption shares
below 40%, namely, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Brunei
Darussalam, PRC, and Singapore; two others have shares
under 50%, namely, Kazakhstan and Malaysia. These
shares are low in comparison to developed countries
(Australia, Japan, and New Zealand), which were in the
range of 56–59%. In Europe and North America, shares
around 60% are common. The counterpart to low consumer
spending in Asia is a high rate of household saving. To the
extent that much of this is precautionary saving, the spread
of social protection schemes would encourage greater
spending by households, thereby reducing dependence on
exports as the driving force for growth.
Several economies in Figure 2.7 have very high shares
of private consumption, for example, Afghanistan (98%),
Kyrgyz Republic (91%), Tajikistan (86%), and Nepal
(80%). High household consumption is associated with low
savings ratios, which in turn lead to low capital formation.
Capital formation in Figure 2.7 goes from a low of
12% of GDP in Brunei Darussalam to a high of 47% in
Mongolia. An important difference between developed
and developing countries is that the former have a much
larger and more modern stock of capital assets. High
rates of capital formation mean that a country’s stock of
assets is not just growing in size but is also incorporating
more modern technology. Among the five most populous
countries, the PRC stands out with capital formation
accounting for 44% of GDP; India is at 36%. The other
three devote much less of their GDP to capital formation—
Indonesia (28%), Bangladesh (24%), and (Pakistan) 21%.
It seems likely that over the long term, growth of GDP
in the PRC and India will continue to outstrip other large
economies in the region.
Figure 2.7 Private Consumption and Capital Formation
as a Percentage of GDP, Average of Latest Three Years
Afghanistan
Kyrgyz Republic
Tajikistan
Nepal
Pakistan
Georgia
Armenia
Cambodia
Bangladesh
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Viet Nam
Indonesia
Hong Kong, China
Taipei,China
India
Thailand
Korea, Rep. of
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Mongolia
Malaysia
Kazakhstan
Singapore
Bhutan
Azerbaijan
China, People's Rep. of
Brunei Darussalam
New Zealand
Japan
Australia
0
20
40
Private Consumption
60
80
Capital Formation
Sources: Derived from Tables 2.7 and 2.9.
Data Issues and Comparability
The national accounts statistics are all compiled according to the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA). Many countries
still use the 1968 version of the SNA. Others have changed to the 1993 SNA or are in the process of doing so. The differences between
the two systems are not significant for most countries when comparisons are made for GDP and its main components. The national
accounts data can therefore be considered as reasonably comparable.
The PPPs for Asia were calculated as part of the global 2005 International Comparison Program (ICP) exercise coordinated by the
World Bank. Extensive consultations were held with participating economies to ensure the comparability and reliability of the PPP
calculations. PPPs for 2005 were directly calculated for 31 ADB regional members. For an additional 14 ADB regional members, PPPs
were calculated by the ICP Global Office located at the Development Data Group of the World Bank, mainly on the assumption that PPPs
are a function of per capita gross national income calculated using the World Bank Atlas Method.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
100
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
157
Table 2.1 Gross domestic product at PPP
(current international dollars, million)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
6242
17727
9779
71169
6528
235893
5473
…
35592
…
7006
19952
10496
82722
7041
246364
6177
…
37980
14393
8068
22452
11264
92419
7163
258761
6857
…
40190
16805
9394
25499
12777
103166
7830
277084
7723
…
42771
18919
10678
28907
13913
116318
8621
306039
8780
…
47111
22372
12559
37731
15747
131765
8887
340262
9682
…
50015
25675
14675
52381
17778
150557
9450
372905
10757
…
57989
30631
17134
67263
20526
168365
10529
404693
11850
…
65205
32005
18293
80400
21392
177489
11572
419952
13109
…
66592
…
15891
88888
20794
170573
12177
440370
13715
…
72098
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
2975575
175599
809429
3740
450178
3300193
180723
860671
3946
451603
3663514
187272
936042
4234
484692
4115745
197012
965846
5286
512142
4661613
219830
1039100
6015
559236
5364252
243081
1096741
6662
607026
6248476
268514
1191057
7465
662688
7338207
293330
1287679
8449
720344
8261107
306426
1347661
9226
737706
9228164
301494
1366683
9185
732208
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
111165
1369
1543873
835
20999
51979
119851
1556
1663545
885
22525
52178
127331
1735
1756416
959
21375
54162
136880
1898
1944007
1063
22691
58603
149636
2012
2227153
1198
24436
63569
163725
2255
2526818
1180
26022
69740
180200
2433
2871673
1430
27858
77504
196935
2982
3247143
1587
29549
84997
213626
3220
3518362
1706
31709
91994
228568
…
3832659
…
33643
96383
14024
11406
495123
5992
211439
…
177778
135763
307076
109678
14756
12583
525524
6497
217653
…
185256
136594
321288
120064
15595
13693
558781
7112
233402
…
196885
145081
344294
130837
16390
15174
597970
7556
252174
…
210994
153836
376738
143411
16946
17224
646094
8320
277015
…
230902
173095
412147
159023
17567
20143
705159
9687
301308
…
250244
193557
445195
178075
18929
23031
767884
10928
329365
…
272091
217586
483165
198928
19502
26063
838366
11804
359349
…
299184
244587
520617
221551
19443
30135
907466
12726
384098
…
316760
253630
544913
241482
19576
…
959973
13855
381994
…
324478
253345
538984
257355
…
2397
164
…
276
…
…
9281
494
537
630
355
…
674
…
2491
166
…
285
…
…
9492
543
526
750
375
…
666
…
2592
179
…
294
…
…
9822
578
528
589
384
…
653
…
2599
198
…
305
…
…
10602
618
594
602
399
…
676
…
2820
203
…
302
…
…
11311
666
659
645
414
…
721
…
3027
215
…
321
…
…
11299
724
728
707
417
…
764
…
3106
224
…
330
…
…
11878
760
850
688
463
…
837
…
3084
224
…
339
…
…
13231
838
967
762
461
…
907
…
3125
232
…
336
…
…
13937
833
1105
882
485
…
967
…
…
233
…
336
…
…
14741
828
1093
959
489
…
…
506061
3250282
81151
532018
3330099
85520
568058
3417249
90149
594958
3509948
94441
631769
3708493
100186
666878
3872842
104412
711010
4080362
110679
766996
4295148
117671
797098
4337250
118268
815254
4160908
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste b
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
8002206 8616169 9345004 10238664 11454647 12858094 14573581 16549730 18076657 19412157
DEVELOPING MEMBER COUNTRIES c
REGIONAL MEMBERS c
11853724 12578561 13436055 14454401 15912041 17519794 19494561 21749048 23348715 24407895
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
b GDP estimates beginning 2002 exclude value added of activities of the United Nations.
c For reporting countries only.
Sources: ADB staff estimates using World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010), country sources, CEIC data, and US Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
National Accounts
158
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
National Accounts
Table 2.2 GDP per capita at PPP
(current international dollars)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
1938
2196
2205
4782
1335
1688
884
…
1444
…
2180
2447
2385
5567
1429
1731
978
…
1521
651
2512
2728
2577
6220
1443
1781
1065
…
1590
746
2925
3069
2942
6920
1563
1870
1175
…
1673
815
3322
3442
3224
7755
1702
2026
1309
…
1821
948
3903
4439
3644
8704
1742
2210
1413
…
1911
1065
4556
6084
4039
9835
1817
2379
1539
…
2189
1250
5310
7711
4671
10873
2025
2536
1660
…
2427
1280
5656
9097
4882
11324
2183
2586
1796
…
2439
…
4899
9943
4742
10733
2298
2666
1836
…
2597
2348
26346
17219
1552
20292
2586
26916
18174
1617
20214
2852
27768
19656
1707
21577
3185
29270
20181
2114
22699
3586
32407
21630
2378
24694
4102
35678
22783
2602
26706
4754
39159
24661
2882
29035
5554
42353
26574
3200
31432
6221
43915
27726
3443
32077
6914
43046
28036
3365
31727
868
2300
1520
3093
941
2815
923
2580
1607
3207
989
2786
968
2841
1671
3419
917
2850
1026
3067
1820
3730
952
3044
1107
3210
2053
4139
1003
3266
1195
3552
2295
4017
1045
3550
1298
3762
2569
4783
1094
3897
1401
4526
2863
5205
1135
4248
1500
4799
3059
5510
1191
4550
1585
…
3287
…
1236
4713
43177
912
2405
1178
9001
…
2310
33706
4934
1413
44338
991
2519
1252
9065
…
2359
33010
5113
1527
45309
1063
2643
1343
9515
…
2454
34742
5429
1645
46883
1160
2791
1399
10067
…
2577
37386
5888
1782
47111
1297
2976
1510
10829
…
2763
41542
6387
1953
47465
1497
3207
1723
11531
…
2935
45374
6839
2161
49424
1689
3447
1902
12364
…
3128
49436
7368
2388
50005
1886
3715
2011
13226
…
3373
53303
7883
2631
48851
2152
3971
2121
13851
…
3508
52409
8196
2837
48194
…
4149
2264
13493
…
3514
50795
8056
2992
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste b
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
3017
1939
…
2583
…
…
1788
2823
1276
809
3570
…
3518
…
3107
1933
…
2661
…
…
1787
3071
1216
952
3750
…
3385
…
3211
2049
…
2732
…
…
1807
3259
1187
665
3830
…
3231
…
3208
2229
…
2830
…
…
1906
3477
1301
666
3959
…
3266
…
3476
2243
…
2802
…
…
1988
3738
1403
678
4092
…
3396
…
3707
2328
…
2977
…
…
1942
4054
1508
720
4111
…
3507
…
3780
2376
…
3057
…
…
1997
4208
1713
678
4538
…
3743
…
3737
2332
…
3134
…
…
2176
4614
1896
728
4501
…
3954
…
3767
2372
…
3107
…
…
2243
4562
2108
816
4715
…
4106
…
…
2342
…
3114
…
…
2322
4512
2029
860
4742
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
26421
25624
20808
27405
26191
21820
28907
26814
22585
29904
27482
23451
31389
29027
24510
32698
30310
25258
34352
31939
26449
36398
33616
27829
37077
33963
27704
37132
32620
…
2490
3524
2648
3694
2820
3877
3054
4124
3378
4490
3750
4891
4203
5385
4723
5946
5104
6319
5489
6620
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
DEVELOPING MEMBER COUNTRIES c
REGIONAL MEMBERS c
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
b GDP estimates beginning 2002 exclude value added of activities of the United Nations.
c For reporting countries only.
Sources: ADB staff estimates using World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010), country sources, CEIC data, and US Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
159
Table 2.3 GNI per capita, Atlas method
(current US dollars)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
…
…
…
…
…
…
400
…
…
…
…
450
400
510
1280
350
490
200
610
580
…
660
610
700
1260
280
490
160
650
630
…
710
650
670
1350
280
500
170
740
560
…
800
720
730
1520
290
510
170
870
450
…
950
820
860
1800
340
560
210
1130
420
230
1150
950
1050
2300
400
640
270
1450
460
280
1470
1270
1330
2930
450
730
330
2060
530
290
1920
1890
1680
3860
500
790
390
2930
610
350
2580
2710
2110
4970
620
860
460
2920
730
370
3350
3830
2500
6160
780
950
600
2840
910
310
11950
5660
1120
8339
530
23490
10770
400
13121
930
26570
9910
410
14908
1000
25930
10890
440
13405
1100
24850
11830
490
13718
1270
25850
12680
560
14198
1500
27500
14830
680
15507
1740
28150
16900
810
16455
2010
29530
18950
1010
16910
2410
31570
21210
1280
17595
2940
31420
21530
1670
17954
250
560
370
…
190
450
310
560
380
…
200
700
350
730
450
2150
220
880
350
790
460
2150
230
830
350
830
470
2210
220
860
370
930
530
2380
240
950
410
1060
630
2600
270
1070
440
1190
740
2610
290
1200
450
1270
820
3000
320
1350
480
1530
950
3240
350
1540
520
1900
1040
3640
400
1780
12540
…
590
190
2260
…
690
11200
1410
120
15800
280
1020
360
4030
…
1020
23260
2690
250
14670
280
580
280
3450
…
1030
22960
1960
390
16030
300
690
300
3540
…
1030
21180
1900
410
17060
300
740
320
3780
…
1010
20970
1900
430
17690
340
840
340
4160
…
1050
22290
2060
470
19810
390
1020
400
4740
…
1170
24870
2360
540
22770
450
1170
450
5210
…
1260
27670
2580
620
27050
500
1300
510
5710
…
1370
30360
2860
690
…
560
1520
610
6420
…
1600
31890
3240
770
…
640
1880
760
7250
…
1890
34760
3670
890
The Pacific
Cook Islands a
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru a
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu a
Vanuatu
3759
1710
690
…
…
…
…
790
1010
…
…
1160
976
1120
4814
2480
1200
…
2280
…
5780
1040
1010
890
…
1740
1195
1240
4513
2260
1330
2420
2270
…
6260
620
1360
1000
…
1650
1461
1250
4777
2160
1340
2540
2200
…
6400
550
1390
920
…
1540
1427
1210
5544
2180
1260
2800
2240
…
6150
510
1430
820
330
1510
1562
1050
7765
2420
1370
2860
2340
…
6420
500
1610
820
340
1610
1924
1150
8438
3020
1590
3100
2370
2857
7190
570
1940
840
500
1890
2201
1370
8559
3550
1770
3170
2490
2780
7760
680
2240
890
740
1990
2157
1580
7597
3650
1790
3140
2450
2751
7960
720
2480
960
960
2320
2249
1770
9608
3670
1820
3190
2470
2467
8250
860
2790
990
1520
2460
2530
1940
9202
4010
2040
3270
2460
4341
8630
1040
2820
1010
2460
2690
2685
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
16130
25300
12150
19000
40350
14770
20710
34620
13450
19690
35120
13270
19500
33240
13700
20630
33420
16330
24880
36690
20650
29480
38950
24280
33190
38590
25160
35660
37780
27050
40240
38130
27830
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China a
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
a Based on GNI/GDP per capita and exchange rates from the country source.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010), ADB staff estimates derived from country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
National Accounts
160
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
National Accounts
Table 2.4 Agriculture value added
(percent of total value added)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
29.3
…
…
33.6
26.0
30.1
32.2
33.2
…
40.8
26.9
…
12.8
43.1
26.1
35.9
16.9
32.4
…
25.1
17.0
21.7
8.6
36.6
25.9
27.3
22.9
34.4
…
27.9
16.0
22.2
9.3
37.0
24.1
26.1
24.7
34.0
45.2
25.7
15.1
20.4
8.5
37.3
23.4
24.6
23.4
34.5
46.0
23.4
13.4
20.4
8.3
36.7
23.4
27.0
22.4
33.1
41.6
24.4
11.7
17.8
7.4
32.8
22.2
21.5
22.5
31.1
39.5
20.6
9.8
16.5
6.6
31.3
21.5
23.8
22.7
28.1
38.8
20.2
7.4
12.7
5.7
32.0
20.4
23.9
22.5
26.5
37.5
20.0
6.9
10.6
5.8
30.2
20.5
21.9
22.6
24.0
31.6
18.1
5.9
9.3
5.4
28.8
20.3
22.5
22.6
26.2
…
17.6
7.1
9.5
6.3
23.9
21.6
21.2
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
27.1
0.2
8.7
15.2
...
20.0
0.1
6.2
38.0
3.5
15.1
0.1
4.6
29.1
2.1
14.4
0.1
4.4
24.9
2.0
13.7
0.1
4.0
20.5
1.9
12.8
0.1
3.7
20.7
1.8
13.4
0.1
3.7
22.2
1.7
12.1
0.1
3.3
21.9
1.7
11.1
0.1
3.2
19.5
1.7
10.8
0.1
2.9
20.5
1.5
10.7
0.1
2.7
21.6
1.6
10.3
…
2.6
21.2
1.6
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
30.2
34.9
29.3
…
48.4
24.2
26.4
31.7
26.5
…
38.9
19.5
25.5
27.4
23.4
…
37.8
17.6
24.1
27.0
23.2
…
36.6
16.8
22.7
26.9
20.9
…
37.4
16.0
21.8
25.8
21.0
…
36.5
14.7
21.0
25.0
18.9
…
35.9
14.2
20.1
23.3
18.8
…
35.2
13.5
19.6
23.0
18.1
…
33.6
13.0
19.2
19.3
18.0
…
32.5
13.2
19.0
19.5
17.2
…
31.7
13.4
18.7
18.3
17.1
…
32.6
12.6
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
1.0
56.5
19.4
61.2
15.0
57.3
21.9
0.3
12.5
38.7
1.2
49.6
17.1
55.0
12.7
60.0
21.6
0.2
9.5
27.2
1.0
37.9
15.6
48.5
8.3
57.2
15.8
0.1
9.0
24.5
1.1
36.7
15.6
45.5
7.7
57.1
15.1
0.1
9.1
23.2
1.1
32.9
15.5
42.7
8.7
54.5
15.1
0.1
9.4
23.0
1.2
33.6
15.2
41.0
9.1
50.6
14.6
0.1
10.4
22.5
1.1
31.2
14.3
39.0
9.1
48.2
15.1
0.1
10.3
21.8
0.9
32.4
13.1
36.7
8.2
46.7
14.3
0.1
10.3
21.0
0.7
31.7
13.0
32.4
8.6
43.9
14.2
0.0
10.8
20.4
0.7
31.9
13.7
33.4
9.9
43.3
14.2
0.0
10.7
20.3
0.6
32.5
14.5
32.2
10.0
40.3
14.9
0.0
11.6
22.2
…
…
15.3
32.8
9.3
38.2
14.8
0.0
11.6
20.9
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
20.7
…
3.8
…
…
…
…
29.7
…
…
…
34.7
25.6
20.7
9.5
18.8
29.0
…
…
…
5.9
35.1
18.4
…
29.5
22.2
24.0
16.6
13.0
16.6
22.0
…
…
…
3.9
35.2
16.7
…
25.8
22.2
17.3
22.2
11.2
14.4
22.1
…
…
…
3.9
35.6
14.8
…
24.1
20.6
17.4
22.7
12.0
14.9
23.9
…
…
…
3.3
38.6
14.4
…
32.1
21.1
15.9
23.1
14.9
14.3
25.5
…
…
…
3.4
37.4
12.3
…
32.7
22.6
17.9
21.8
13.3
14.1
26.6
…
…
7.2
3.3
34.9
13.2
…
33.5
23.4
19.1
22.6
12.4
14.1
24.8
…
…
7.8
3.5
34.0
12.3
…
33.5
21.5
21.2
21.2
11.3
14.4
25.0
…
…
7.8
3.5
32.1
12.0
…
35.7
19.1
22.3
20.0
7.8
14.5
26.1
…
…
9.3
3.5
32.2
12.0
…
…
20.3
22.9
19.9
7.4
13.9
26.4
…
…
5.3
…
32.7
11.5
…
…
18.8
23.2
18.7
…
…
27.4
…
…
4.1
…
34.5
11.7
…
…
19.0
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
4.6
2.4
6.6
3.2
1.8
7.1
3.4
1.7
8.5
3.9
1.6
8.8
4.5
1.6
6.6
3.2
1.6
6.5
3.4
1.6
6.1
3.1
1.5
5.2
3.0
1.4
5.4
2.4
1.4
…
2.4
1.4
…
2.6
…
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
161
Table 2.5 Industry value added
(percent of total value added)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
33.7
…
…
35.5
25.2
38.4
29.6
34.8
…
31.0
32.9
…
31.2
19.4
23.8
36.5
64.8
27.8
…
38.3
45.1
22.1
40.1
31.3
23.3
38.4
41.8
23.1
…
35.8
46.8
21.8
38.4
28.7
24.0
39.7
42.3
22.6
19.7
38.5
49.9
24.1
38.0
23.1
23.9
38.8
45.0
22.2
18.7
41.5
52.3
25.4
37.0
22.1
23.9
37.0
42.7
23.5
23.4
40.6
54.3
26.2
36.9
23.8
27.0
34.6
40.1
25.2
25.3
44.7
63.2
26.5
39.2
22.0
27.1
30.7
42.5
28.8
26.6
44.1
68.0
24.6
40.8
19.6
26.9
30.5
41.7
30.0
24.9
43.2
70.0
24.0
38.7
18.7
26.9
29.8
41.4
32.6
26.3
42.8
69.2
21.6
41.2
19.1
26.8
27.8
41.9
30.4
…
35.4
61.0
21.1
38.1
22.3
24.3
24.4
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
41.3
24.4
39.9
40.6
…
47.2
15.2
39.3
27.5
34.7
45.9
13.4
38.1
21.9
31.5
45.2
12.6
36.6
22.0
29.6
44.8
11.7
36.2
22.8
31.3
46.0
10.8
36.7
25.7
32.2
46.2
10.0
38.1
29.2
32.7
47.4
9.3
37.7
33.5
32.2
47.9
8.8
37.2
40.4
32.3
47.3
7.7
37.1
39.7
32.3
47.4
8.0
36.5
32.9
30.1
46.3
…
36.7
32.1
30.6
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
21.5
24.6
26.9
…
12.3
28.9
24.6
33.5
27.8
…
17.7
29.3
25.3
36.0
26.2
…
17.3
29.9
25.9
37.5
25.3
…
17.3
30.6
26.4
38.3
26.5
…
17.5
30.0
26.3
39.1
26.2
…
17.6
30.5
26.6
37.0
28.0
…
17.3
30.4
27.2
36.6
28.2
…
17.1
32.2
27.9
37.2
29.0
…
16.7
32.6
28.4
45.4
29.1
…
16.6
31.8
28.5
42.6
28.4
…
16.8
29.4
28.7
43.6
28.2
…
15.8
29.7
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
61.6
11.3
39.1
14.5
41.5
10.5
34.5
31.9
37.2
22.7
54.3
14.8
41.8
19.0
40.5
9.9
32.1
33.3
40.7
28.8
63.7
23.0
45.9
19.1
46.8
9.7
32.3
34.5
42.0
36.7
60.0
23.6
46.5
18.3
44.7
10.6
31.6
31.8
42.1
38.1
60.7
25.6
44.5
19.5
43.9
13.0
31.8
31.9
42.4
38.5
64.1
26.3
43.7
21.3
45.4
14.3
31.9
31.1
43.6
39.5
67.9
27.2
44.6
20.5
47.4
16.4
31.7
32.8
43.4
40.2
71.6
26.4
46.5
23.5
48.7
17.5
31.9
31.6
44.0
41.0
73.2
27.6
46.9
29.8
48.6
19.3
31.7
31.3
44.3
41.5
71.3
26.8
46.8
28.3
46.6
20.4
31.6
29.0
44.7
41.5
74.1
22.4
48.1
27.7
47.3
22.7
31.7
26.0
44.2
39.8
…
…
47.6
25.2
43.4
24.4
30.2
26.3
43.3
40.2
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
7.4
…
8.6
…
…
…
…
31.2
…
…
…
13.6
14.5
12.3
7.6
22.8
8.8
…
…
…
9.4
33.3
29.4
…
25.5
22.1
14.0
11.5
8.1
21.6
11.6
…
…
…
15.3
40.7
26.8
…
18.5
20.7
13.1
10.9
8.1
22.8
11.3
…
…
…
16.2
39.8
28.1
…
16.4
21.0
13.3
8.7
7.8
22.3
10.2
…
…
…
17.9
37.3
28.2
…
19.5
20.6
14.1
8.7
8.4
21.5
9.6
…
…
…
17.1
39.6
30.2
…
16.5
19.9
11.1
7.9
9.0
22.6
8.7
…
…
-1.8
17.7
42.1
30.3
…
15.3
18.7
10.2
7.4
8.3
19.2
6.7
…
…
-6.5
16.1
44.3
30.5
…
16.0
18.7
8.4
7.6
8.6
19.2
7.2
…
…
2.1
17.7
47.0
29.6
…
13.9
17.7
6.9
7.9
9.8
18.5
7.7
…
…
17.6
20.7
47.0
30.6
…
…
18.2
10.4
7.7
10.0
18.6
8.3
…
…
38.1
…
46.4
28.2
…
…
18.2
9.3
8.8
…
…
9.1
…
…
51.1
…
42.1
26.0
…
…
18.1
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
31.2
37.9
26.5
28.9
33.0
25.8
26.6
31.1
24.3
25.9
29.8
23.6
25.5
29.1
24.0
26.5
29.0
23.6
26.2
29.3
24.1
26.8
29.1
24.4
27.8
28.9
24.0
27.6
28.5
…
27.4
27.3
…
27.1
…
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
National Accounts
162
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
National Accounts
Table 2.6 Services value added
(percent of total value added)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
37.0
…
…
31.0
48.8
31.5
38.2
32.0
…
28.2
40.2
…
56.0
37.5
50.1
27.6
18.3
39.8
…
36.5
37.9
56.1
51.3
32.1
50.7
34.3
35.2
42.5
…
36.2
37.2
56.0
52.4
34.3
51.9
34.2
33.0
43.4
35.1
35.8
35.1
55.5
53.5
39.5
52.8
36.6
31.6
43.4
35.3
35.1
34.4
54.2
54.7
41.2
52.7
36.0
35.0
43.4
35.0
35.1
34.0
56.0
55.7
43.4
50.8
44.0
37.5
43.7
35.2
34.6
27.0
57.0
54.2
46.7
51.4
45.6
34.7
43.1
34.5
35.6
24.6
62.7
53.5
48.4
52.8
45.6
35.7
43.5
37.6
36.8
23.0
65.4
55.6
51.1
52.6
48.3
36.0
43.4
42.1
39.1
25.0
69.2
53.3
52.1
52.9
49.7
35.5
43.4
…
46.9
31.9
69.5
55.6
53.8
54.2
54.5
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
31.5
75.4
51.5
44.2
...
32.9
84.7
54.6
34.5
61.8
39.0
86.5
57.3
49.0
66.4
40.5
87.3
59.0
53.1
68.4
41.5
88.3
59.8
56.7
66.8
41.2
89.2
59.6
53.6
66.1
40.4
89.9
58.1
48.6
65.5
40.5
90.6
59.0
44.6
66.1
40.9
91.2
59.7
40.1
66.1
41.9
92.3
60.0
39.8
66.2
41.8
92.0
60.8
45.5
68.3
43.4
…
60.7
46.7
67.8
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
48.3
40.5
43.8
…
39.3
46.9
49.1
34.8
45.7
…
43.4
51.3
49.2
36.6
50.5
…
44.9
52.5
50.0
35.5
51.5
…
46.1
52.6
50.9
34.8
52.7
…
45.1
54.0
52.0
35.1
52.8
…
45.9
54.9
52.4
38.0
53.1
…
46.8
55.4
52.6
40.1
53.0
…
47.7
54.3
52.5
39.8
52.9
…
49.7
54.4
52.4
35.2
52.9
…
50.9
55.1
52.5
37.8
54.4
…
51.5
57.2
52.6
38.2
54.6
…
51.6
57.7
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
37.5
32.2
41.5
24.3
43.5
32.2
43.6
67.8
50.3
38.6
44.6
35.5
41.1
26.0
46.8
30.1
46.3
66.5
49.7
44.1
35.3
39.1
38.5
32.4
44.9
33.1
52.0
65.4
49.0
38.7
38.8
39.7
38.3
36.2
47.6
32.4
53.2
68.1
48.7
38.6
38.2
41.5
40.1
37.8
47.4
32.5
53.1
68.1
48.1
38.5
34.6
40.1
41.1
37.7
45.5
35.1
53.4
68.8
46.0
38.0
31.0
41.7
41.0
40.5
43.5
35.5
53.2
67.1
46.3
38.0
27.5
41.2
40.3
39.8
43.1
35.8
53.8
68.3
45.8
38.0
26.1
40.8
40.1
37.7
42.8
36.8
54.2
68.6
44.9
38.1
28.0
41.3
39.5
38.3
43.5
36.3
54.2
71.0
44.6
38.2
25.3
45.1
37.4
40.1
42.7
37.0
53.4
74.0
44.2
37.9
…
…
37.1
42.0
47.3
37.4
55.0
73.7
45.1
38.8
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
71.9
…
87.6
…
…
…
…
39.0
…
…
…
51.7
59.8
67.0
83.0
58.3
62.1
…
…
…
84.7
31.7
52.2
…
45.1
55.7
62.0
71.9
78.9
61.8
66.4
…
…
…
80.8
24.1
56.6
…
55.7
57.0
69.7
58.3
80.7
62.8
66.6
…
…
…
79.9
24.5
57.0
…
59.6
58.4
69.3
60.2
80.2
62.9
65.9
…
…
…
78.7
24.1
57.4
…
48.4
58.3
70.1
60.6
76.6
64.2
64.9
…
…
…
79.6
23.0
57.5
…
50.8
57.5
71.0
63.2
77.6
63.3
64.7
…
…
94.5
79.0
23.0
56.5
…
51.1
57.9
70.7
62.7
79.3
66.8
68.5
…
…
98.7
80.4
21.7
57.2
…
50.5
59.9
70.4
63.7
80.1
66.4
67.8
…
…
90.1
78.8
20.9
58.4
…
50.4
63.3
70.8
64.9
82.4
67.0
66.2
…
…
73.1
75.8
20.8
57.4
…
…
61.5
66.7
63.9
82.5
67.6
65.3
…
…
56.7
…
20.9
60.3
…
…
63.0
67.6
62.7
…
…
63.4
…
…
44.8
…
23.4
62.3
…
…
62.9
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
64.2
59.8
66.9
67.9
65.2
67.1
70.0
67.2
67.2
70.2
68.6
67.6
70.0
69.3
69.4
70.3
69.4
69.9
70.4
69.1
69.8
70.1
69.4
70.4
69.3
69.7
70.6
70.1
70.1
…
70.2
71.3
…
70.3
…
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
163
Table 2.7 Private consumption expenditure
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
...
...
52.6
...
...
71.3
71.4
63.0
49.3
61.4
...
106.1
84.3
...
71.1
75.0
72.4
60.5
60.6
50.6
...
96.7
64.4
90.5
61.9
65.7
75.4
87.7
36.5
61.9
...
93.3
61.5
79.5
57.9
64.8
76.3
84.3
52.3
61.6
111.5
88.6
62.9
77.8
54.6
67.5
74.8
80.8
45.7
60.2
123.3
83.1
60.0
72.3
54.5
77.9
73.9
78.5
56.8
55.7
120.1
82.5
55.8
73.2
53.5
76.0
74.2
74.0
62.1
51.7
105.1
75.5
42.1
66.9
49.9
84.5
76.9
81.1
46.2
50.9
98.4
72.3
37.1
78.7
45.7
95.1
75.0
82.9
55.1
55.5
98.1
71.6
33.4
70.7
45.1
87.5
75.5
84.2
54.5
52.7
97.9
71.6
33.4
76.9
43.5
94.4
76.5
89.6
51.9
53.0
…
80.5
43.2
82.7
46.1
91.0
80.5
…
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
50.6
57.1
50.7
62.2
53.9
46.7
62.0
52.3
63.4
57.2
46.2
59.0
54.8
71.6
58.8
44.9
60.3
55.9
74.8
60.7
43.7
58.6
56.7
77.4
59.9
41.8
58.3
54.8
73.0
59.8
40.8
59.4
52.6
65.9
59.9
39.3
58.2
53.8
55.6
60.4
38.0
58.5
54.5
48.7
59.2
36.0
60.2
54.4
49.8
58.1
35.2
61.0
54.7
50.0
60.1
35.7
61.5
54.3
49.7
60.8
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
82.9
50.4
66.2
…
…
74.8
82.2
40.5
63.1
36.8
…
70.7
77.5
47.7
63.7
32.9
…
70.9
77.5
44.9
64.4
31.9
80.2
70.4
76.8
43.2
63.2
30.5
82.1
71.3
76.0
44.2
61.7
28.8
82.8
71.8
74.9
44.1
59.2
26.6
79.6
70.9
74.4
41.1
58.0
44.8
79.5
69.0
74.2
39.3
57.5
...
82.3
67.7
74.1
38.2
56.9
...
81.0
67.2
74.4
38.6
57.7
...
80.3
70.0
74.6
…
57.3
...
79.5
64.3
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
26.5
90.4
58.9
…
51.8
…
71.2
45.4
56.6
89.6
36.6
92.6
61.6
…
47.9
…
74.1
41.4
53.2
73.6
24.8
86.7
61.7
…
43.8
…
69.6
41.9
56.1
66.5
26.3
83.1
63.2
…
46.1
…
70.6
45.7
57.3
64.9
25.6
83.9
67.6
…
45.0
…
69.4
46.3
57.2
65.1
27.3
83.6
68.1
…
44.6
…
69.2
45.5
57.2
66.3
26.6
85.1
66.8
…
44.0
…
68.7
42.1
57.2
65.1
22.5
84.3
64.4
…
44.8
…
69.3
40.1
57.2
63.5
19.8
81.0
62.7
…
45.0
…
70.1
38.5
55.8
63.3
20.2
78.2
63.5
…
45.6
…
69.4
36.9
53.4
64.8
17.7
64.6
60.6
…
45.2
…
71.3
39.1
55.1
67.4
…
…
58.6
…
49.9
…
73.9
40.9
55.0
66.5
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
59.0
…
…
…
93.7
…
63.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
42.7
…
…
…
95.2
…
56.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
44.6
…
…
111.6
91.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
47.7
…
…
99.8
88.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
55.4
…
…
109.3
91.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
50.4
…
…
109.4
93.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
52.4
…
…
111.2
96.1
…
…
…
51.4
…
…
…
…
…
48.0
…
…
99.3
103.2
…
…
…
53.4
…
…
…
…
…
47.1
…
…
92.3
97.1
…
…
…
51.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
100.8
…
…
…
53.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
100.5
…
58.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
99.6
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
55.7
53.0
61.1
58.7
55.1
58.9
58.4
56.2
59.7
59.1
57.1
58.3
58.5
57.7
59.1
58.9
57.5
59.2
58.4
57.1
58.9
58.0
57.0
59.6
56.5
57.1
59.7
56.0
56.7
58.2
55.5
57.8
58.7
55.1
59.6
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
National Accounts
164
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
National Accounts
Table 2.8 Government consumption expenditure
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
...
...
17.6
...
...
25.0
15.1
6.8
23.0
25.3
...
11.3
12.8
...
13.6
19.5
11.7
10.9
8.4
22.3
...
12.2
15.2
8.5
12.1
20.0
8.6
11.6
14.2
18.7
...
11.5
13.6
9.6
13.4
17.5
7.8
13.9
11.4
18.4
7.9
10.5
12.4
9.8
11.6
18.6
8.7
12.8
11.1
18.0
9.4
10.4
12.4
9.8
11.3
16.8
8.8
12.2
12.0
17.5
9.8
10.2
12.9
14.0
11.6
18.2
8.2
11.8
12.7
17.1
9.7
10.5
10.4
17.3
11.2
17.5
7.8
14.6
13.2
16.4
9.9
10.1
8.5
15.3
10.2
18.0
10.8
11.1
12.7
17.9
10.6
10.2
9.7
21.9
11.1
17.1
9.2
8.9
12.9
17.1
10.0
10.2
8.5
25.9
10.2
16.5
12.5
7.3
12.9
17.1
…
14.3
12.9
24.4
12.3
19.2
8.1
…
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
14.1
7.2
11.8
29.8
17.4
13.8
8.4
11.2
13.1
14.6
15.8
9.1
12.0
18.0
13.4
16.1
9.9
12.7
19.5
14.0
15.9
10.3
12.6
19.1
13.6
15.2
10.5
13.0
14.8
13.2
14.0
9.9
13.3
14.5
12.7
14.3
8.8
13.9
12.4
12.5
14.1
8.3
14.5
11.4
12.0
13.5
8.1
14.7
13.0
11.8
13.3
8.3
15.3
15.4
12.3
13.0
8.7
16.0
14.0
12.9
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
4.2
16.3
11.7
…
…
13.2
4.6
18.0
10.9
16.8
…
14.7
4.6
21.9
12.6
22.9
…
13.7
4.5
21.1
12.4
23.2
8.1
13.1
5.0
20.4
11.9
23.2
8.4
12.7
5.3
20.1
11.3
21.8
8.7
12.2
5.5
21.3
11.0
24.2
8.6
12.6
5.5
22.3
10.9
22.2
8.9
13.1
5.5
21.8
10.4
...
8.7
15.4
5.5
19.1
10.4
...
9.2
15.3
5.3
19.2
11.7
...
9.9
16.2
5.3
…
12.3
...
10.7
17.6
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
22.0
7.2
8.8
…
13.8
…
10.1
9.5
9.4
7.5
26.8
4.9
7.8
…
12.4
…
11.4
8.4
9.9
8.2
25.8
5.2
6.5
…
10.2
…
13.1
10.9
11.3
6.4
29.4
5.3
6.7
…
12.0
…
12.2
12.1
11.3
6.3
27.2
7.6
7.3
…
13.0
…
11.5
12.3
11.1
6.2
24.1
7.3
8.1
…
13.0
…
11.1
11.8
10.7
6.3
22.1
6.3
8.3
…
12.6
…
10.1
10.9
11.1
6.4
18.4
5.8
8.1
…
12.3
…
9.7
10.5
11.9
6.2
18.1
5.3
8.6
…
11.9
…
9.8
10.5
11.8
6.0
22.6
5.7
8.3
…
12.2
…
9.8
9.7
12.2
6.1
17.1
5.1
8.4
…
12.5
…
9.4
10.7
12.4
6.1
…
…
9.6
…
14.1
…
10.5
11.5
13.3
6.3
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
24.8
…
…
…
18.7
…
30.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
17.1
…
…
…
16.8
…
27.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
16.6
…
…
35.2
18.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
16.2
…
…
39.8
19.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
16.7
…
…
47.8
14.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
13.9
…
…
51.7
15.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
16.6
…
…
51.5
15.4
…
…
…
16.0
…
…
…
…
…
16.1
…
…
47.5
15.5
…
…
…
18.2
…
…
…
…
…
16.8
…
…
53.8
20.8
…
…
…
16.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
18.0
…
…
…
14.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
18.6
…
14.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
19.6
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
16.8
13.3
18.9
17.7
15.2
17.3
17.6
16.9
17.3
17.5
17.5
17.2
17.4
18.0
17.0
17.4
18.1
17.2
17.3
18.0
17.4
17.4
18.1
17.9
17.2
17.9
18.5
17.0
17.9
18.7
17.1
18.5
19.9
17.2
19.7
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
165
Table 2.9 Gross domestic capital formation
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
...
...
26.5
...
...
24.1
18.9
12.3
40.1
32.1
...
18.4
23.8
...
23.3
18.3
18.5
28.7
33.7
24.2
...
18.6
20.7
26.6
18.1
20.0
17.2
9.4
34.7
19.6
...
19.8
20.7
30.3
26.9
18.0
17.0
9.7
31.7
21.1
11.6
21.7
34.6
28.5
27.3
17.6
16.6
9.4
27.6
21.2
16.2
24.3
53.2
31.3
25.7
11.8
16.8
10.0
25.4
20.8
17.4
24.9
58.0
31.9
26.3
14.5
16.6
12.2
23.1
23.9
31.3
30.5
41.5
33.5
31.0
16.4
19.1
11.6
22.9
23.0
32.8
35.9
29.9
30.9
33.9
24.2
22.1
16.0
23.8
18.5
30.6
37.8
21.5
32.1
35.5
26.6
22.5
24.6
23.3
21.8
27.6
40.9
18.7
26.0
27.5
24.8
22.1
26.5
23.3
21.1
…
31.8
18.3
12.1
29.6
19.0
19.0
…
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
36.1
27.0
38.1
34.3
24.4
41.9
34.1
36.9
31.7
26.7
35.1
27.5
30.6
36.2
25.7
36.3
25.3
29.2
36.1
19.8
37.9
22.8
29.2
39.6
19.3
41.2
21.9
29.9
35.5
19.9
43.3
21.8
29.9
34.5
23.7
42.1
20.6
29.7
37.0
22.7
43.0
21.7
29.6
35.1
22.7
41.7
20.9
29.4
40.2
22.1
44.0
20.4
31.2
52.2
22.7
47.7
22.6
25.9
49.0
17.4
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
17.1
32.4
26.0
…
…
20.7
19.1
45.4
26.2
31.3
…
25.6
23.0
48.2
24.3
26.3
…
25.4
23.1
59.2
22.8
28.1
22.3
22.2
23.1
59.2
25.2
25.5
20.2
22.0
23.4
56.8
27.6
27.1
21.4
21.6
24.0
64.1
32.5
35.0
24.5
24.7
24.5
50.8
34.3
53.5
26.5
26.1
24.7
47.3
35.5
...
26.9
27.4
24.5
36.6
37.7
...
28.7
27.3
24.2
40.5
34.9
...
30.3
27.1
24.4
…
35.0
...
31.9
24.4
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
8.3
30.7
…
32.4
13.4
24.2
35.1
41.4
14.4
…
14.3
31.9
…
43.6
14.2
22.5
33.3
42.1
27.1
13.1
16.9
22.2
…
26.9
12.4
21.2
33.2
22.8
29.6
14.4
18.5
22.5
…
24.4
11.6
19.0
26.8
24.1
31.2
21.3
18.1
21.4
…
24.8
10.1
17.7
23.8
23.8
33.2
15.1
20.1
25.6
…
22.8
11.0
16.8
16.1
25.0
35.4
13.5
16.2
24.1
…
23.0
12.2
16.7
21.7
26.8
35.5
11.4
18.5
25.1
…
20.0
13.2
14.6
20.0
31.4
35.6
10.4
20.6
25.4
…
20.5
13.7
14.5
20.8
28.3
36.8
13.0
20.8
24.9
…
21.6
14.7
15.4
21.2
26.4
43.1
13.7
16.6
27.8
…
19.3
…
15.3
29.9
28.9
39.7
…
…
31.0
…
14.5
…
14.6
27.2
21.8
38.1
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
24.4
…
…
…
18.1
…
34.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21.9
…
…
…
26.3
…
23.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21.9
…
…
25.6
21.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
23.0
…
…
30.3
24.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
25.0
…
…
38.0
30.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21.4
…
…
29.3
25.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21.4
…
…
20.6
23.5
…
…
…
17.1
…
…
…
…
…
17.5
…
…
20.7
22.4
…
…
…
16.2
…
…
…
…
…
15.7
…
…
20.7
19.5
…
…
…
14.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
19.7
…
…
…
17.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
26.3
…
32.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
26.0
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
28.4
32.7
19.8
25.6
28.3
23.0
26.1
25.4
21.3
23.2
24.8
22.1
24.0
23.1
22.0
25.7
22.8
23.2
26.9
23.0
24.4
27.2
23.6
24.7
27.9
23.8
23.2
28.2
23.7
23.9
29.6
23.6
22.4
28.3
20.4
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
National Accounts
166
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
National Accounts
Table 2.10 Exports of goods and services
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
...
43.9
...
...
29.2
14.8
–
111.2
29.0
…
23.9
32.5
...
39.0
29.5
16.7
112.0
142.5
31.6
…
23.4
40.2
23.0
56.6
41.8
13.4
92.4
95.5
26.5
…
25.5
41.5
24.5
46.5
36.7
14.7
66.0
81.4
30.8
30.6
29.4
42.8
29.2
47.0
39.6
15.2
62.9
69.0
31.6
41.9
32.2
42.0
31.8
48.4
38.7
16.7
63.9
62.3
36.9
30.3
29.7
48.8
31.6
52.5
42.6
15.7
58.8
61.7
40.6
25.2
28.8
62.9
33.7
53.5
38.3
15.7
54.3
65.0
39.7
22.9
23.4
66.5
32.9
51.2
41.7
15.2
58.2
63.0
41.1
17.3
19.2
68.1
31.2
49.4
52.9
14.2
51.0
63.2
40.5
17.2
15.0
65.8
28.6
57.2
56.5
12.9
32.7
63.8
40.4
…
15.2
53.2
29.5
44.4
56.2
12.8
…
…
…
14.7
130.6
27.6
…
45.7
20.2
143.2
28.5
…
47.0
23.3
143.3
38.6
…
52.9
22.6
138.7
35.7
…
50.0
25.1
149.5
33.1
…
52.2
29.6
171.0
35.4
57.7
55.5
34.0
190.2
40.9
68.1
61.4
37.1
198.7
39.3
64.2
62.5
39.1
205.5
39.7
64.4
68.0
38.4
208.0
41.9
64.2
72.1
35.0
212.6
53.0
58.3
72.7
27.2
193.8
49.9
55.8
62.5
6.1
26.8
7.1
…
10.5
30.5
10.9
37.8
11.0
92.7
24.2
35.9
14.0
29.0
13.2
89.5
23.3
38.2
15.4
28.1
12.8
86.8
22.6
38.4
14.3
24.6
14.5
86.5
17.7
34.9
14.2
25.8
15.2
87.5
15.7
34.7
15.5
32.1
17.6
91.9
16.7
35.3
16.6
39.7
19.2
67.0
14.6
32.3
19.0
64.4
21.3
...
13.4
30.1
19.8
64.0
20.6
...
12.9
29.1
20.3
70.7
23.5
...
12.8
24.8
19.4
…
20.6
...
12.4
21.4
61.8
2.4
25.3
…
74.5
1.9
27.5
177.4
34.1
26.4
59.7
31.2
26.3
…
94.1
0.8
36.4
183.1
41.8
32.8
67.4
49.9
41.0
…
119.8
0.5
55.4
192.4
66.8
55.0
69.5
52.7
39.0
…
110.4
0.5
49.2
188.1
65.9
54.6
67.1
55.4
32.7
…
108.3
0.4
50.2
189.0
64.2
56.8
69.3
56.5
30.5
…
106.9
0.2
49.6
207.7
65.7
59.3
68.8
63.6
32.2
…
115.4
0.2
50.9
219.6
70.7
65.7
70.2
64.1
34.1
…
117.5
0.2
47.6
230.0
73.6
69.4
71.7
68.6
31.0
…
116.5
0.2
47.3
235.1
73.6
73.6
67.9
65.3
29.4
…
110.0
0.1
42.5
219.1
73.4
76.9
78.3
52.7
29.8
…
103.3
…
36.9
228.9
76.5
77.9
…
…
24.1
…
96.4
…
31.7
199.3
68.4
68.3
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste b
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
40.6
…
…
…
33.2
…
49.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
59.3
…
…
…
17.5
…
45.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
66.2
…
…
0.4
15.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
65.3
…
…
1.2
13.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
59.8
…
…
11.4
18.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
65.9
…
…
12.1
19.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
67.9
…
…
11.9
20.6
…
…
…
52.9
…
…
…
…
…
74.5
…
…
11.5
19.5
…
…
…
49.8
…
…
…
…
…
82.8
…
…
12.1
15.5
…
…
…
48.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
13.5
…
…
…
54.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.4
…
47.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
13.1
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
14.9
10.4
26.5
17.7
9.1
28.7
19.3
11.0
35.1
22.0
10.6
34.7
20.5
11.4
32.1
18.8
12.0
28.7
17.0
13.3
28.7
18.0
14.3
27.4
19.6
16.1
28.7
19.7
17.6
28.4
19.8
17.5
30.8
22.7
12.6
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
b GDP estimates beginning 2002 exclude value added of activities of the United Nations.
Sources: Country sources and ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
167
Table 2.11 Imports of goods and services
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
...
39.2
...
...
49.5
20.2
–
123.7
47.8
…
62.2
53.4
...
43.5
42.4
19.4
121.2
145.0
28.7
…
50.5
38.4
39.7
49.1
47.6
14.7
100.2
80.9
26.7
…
46.1
37.3
38.9
48.1
37.0
15.7
77.3
76.9
31.9
61.6
46.6
50.0
42.4
47.0
43.3
15.3
76.0
53.4
31.0
90.8
50.0
65.5
46.4
43.0
45.3
16.1
73.7
56.6
30.8
77.6
45.3
72.7
48.2
43.9
51.3
14.6
69.6
59.5
33.3
71.3
43.2
52.9
51.6
44.7
56.8
19.6
72.8
47.8
30.0
64.0
39.3
38.8
57.0
40.5
79.0
23.2
83.0
54.6
33.0
56.6
39.2
28.5
58.0
42.8
84.1
21.3
86.3
54.0
32.1
52.7
40.7
23.5
58.4
37.1
93.6
23.9
79.0
52.1
31.7
…
42.5
27.5
49.0
35.7
80.6
20.4
…
…
…
12.0
122.0
28.3
…
41.4
18.6
147.6
29.0
…
45.5
20.9
138.8
35.7
…
50.8
20.5
134.2
33.5
…
44.5
22.6
141.2
31.7
…
45.0
27.4
161.8
33.1
74.9
48.5
31.4
181.3
36.7
79.1
57.7
31.6
186.3
36.6
67.9
58.1
31.4
194.1
38.3
58.0
61.9
29.6
197.1
40.4
62.8
64.1
27.3
202.4
54.2
73.9
67.7
22.7
186.7
46.0
62.6
53.6
13.5
31.9
8.5
…
21.1
38.5
17.3
42.6
12.2
77.2
34.6
45.5
19.2
53.5
14.2
71.6
32.4
48.4
21.5
46.4
13.6
70.0
33.2
44.5
19.0
44.1
15.5
65.6
28.5
41.4
20.0
43.5
15.9
65.5
28.5
40.7
20.8
58.8
19.3
80.8
29.5
44.2
23.0
63.8
21.9
87.6
29.5
41.3
25.2
68.9
24.4
...
31.3
41.1
26.7
64.6
24.7
...
31.7
39.5
28.8
75.6
29.0
...
33.3
38.5
26.6
…
25.3
...
34.6
27.9
37.3
8.4
23.7
…
72.4
3.6
33.3
167.4
41.7
35.7
55.8
47.4
27.6
…
98.0
1.7
44.2
166.3
48.6
41.9
35.8
61.7
30.5
…
100.6
0.6
53.5
179.6
58.1
57.5
39.2
61.4
30.8
…
93.0
0.5
52.3
172.5
59.4
56.9
41.6
64.3
26.4
…
91.1
0.3
50.7
171.6
57.5
62.0
36.0
66.6
23.1
…
87.3
0.2
55.6
179.8
58.9
67.7
31.8
70.9
27.5
…
95.0
0.1
54.6
193.9
65.8
73.3
27.3
72.7
29.9
…
94.6
0.1
51.7
200.6
74.7
73.5
25.2
76.0
25.6
…
93.9
0.1
48.0
204.9
70.1
78.2
27.9
72.9
25.4
…
89.4
0.1
42.3
187.3
65.0
92.7
27.6
75.7
28.7
…
80.3
…
38.4
208.2
73.7
93.1
…
…
21.3
…
74.9
…
30.8
178.2
57.9
78.7
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste b
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
48.9
…
…
…
63.8
…
76.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
41.1
…
…
…
55.9
…
54.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
49.2
…
…
72.8
46.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
52.3
…
…
71.1
46.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
56.9
…
…
106.5
55.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
51.5
…
…
102.5
54.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
58.3
…
…
95.2
55.6
…
…
…
65.1
…
…
…
…
…
56.1
…
…
79.1
60.6
…
…
…
69.6
…
…
…
…
…
62.4
…
…
78.9
53.0
…
…
…
63.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
52.1
…
…
…
74.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
57.7
…
56.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
58.4
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
16.9
9.4
26.3
19.7
7.7
27.9
21.3
9.5
33.5
21.8
9.9
32.4
20.4
10.1
30.3
20.9
10.4
28.4
19.5
11.4
29.4
20.6
12.9
29.6
21.1
14.9
30.1
21.0
15.9
29.3
21.8
17.4
32.1
22.3
12.3
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
b GDP estimates beginning 2002 exclude value added of activities of the United Nations.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
National Accounts
168
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
National Accounts
Table 2.12 Gross domestic saving
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
31.8
…
…
3.7
13.5
0.3
27.6
13.2
…
-17.5
2.9
…
15.3
5.5
15.8
28.7
31.0
27.1
…
-8.9
20.4
0.9
26.0
14.3
16.0
0.6
49.3
19.4
…
-4.8
24.9
10.9
28.7
17.7
15.9
1.8
36.2
20.0
-19.4
0.9
24.7
12.4
33.8
13.8
16.5
6.4
43.2
21.8
-32.7
6.5
27.6
17.9
34.3
5.3
17.3
9.3
31.1
26.9
-29.9
7.4
31.3
12.7
34.9
5.8
17.6
14.2
25.2
31.2
-14.8
14.0
47.5
15.7
38.9
-2.1
15.2
4.3
40.5
32.7
-8.3
17.7
54.4
5.9
44.1
-13.1
14.1
6.0
32.3
26.6
-8.7
18.2
56.9
7.4
43.8
-4.6
15.4
6.9
32.7
30.2
-7.9
18.2
58.1
-2.7
46.3
-10.8
11.0
3.1
35.2
29.8
…
5.2
43.9
-7.1
41.6
…
11.4
…
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
35.2
35.7
37.6
8.0
28.7
39.6
29.6
36.5
23.4
28.2
38.0
31.9
33.3
10.4
27.8
39.0
29.8
31.3
5.7
25.3
40.4
31.1
30.7
3.4
26.5
43.0
31.2
32.2
12.2
26.9
45.2
30.7
34.1
19.5
27.4
46.4
33.0
32.3
32.0
27.1
47.9
33.1
31.0
39.8
28.8
50.5
31.8
30.9
37.2
30.1
51.5
30.6
30.0
36.3
27.6
51.2
29.7
29.7
36.3
26.3
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
12.9
33.4
22.8
…
7.9
12.0
13.1
41.5
24.4
46.4
14.8
14.6
17.9
30.3
23.7
44.2
15.2
15.4
18.0
33.9
23.5
44.9
11.7
16.5
18.2
36.4
26.3
46.3
9.5
16.0
18.6
35.6
29.8
49.3
8.6
16.0
19.5
34.6
32.2
49.2
11.7
16.4
20.0
36.6
33.1
32.9
11.6
17.9
20.3
38.8
34.4
…
9.0
17.0
20.4
42.7
36.4
…
9.8
17.6
20.3
42.3
32.5
…
9.8
13.9
20.1
…
30.4
…
9.7
18.0
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
51.5
2.3
32.3
…
34.4
11.7
18.7
45.1
34.0
2.9
36.6
2.5
30.6
…
39.7
13.4
14.5
50.0
36.9
18.2
49.4
8.1
31.8
…
46.1
12.3
17.3
46.0
32.5
27.1
44.3
11.6
30.0
…
41.8
11.5
17.1
42.3
31.4
28.8
47.2
8.5
25.1
…
42.0
10.2
19.1
41.2
31.7
28.7
48.6
9.1
23.7
…
42.5
11.0
19.7
44.0
32.0
27.4
51.4
8.5
24.9
…
43.4
12.3
21.2
47.4
31.7
28.5
59.1
9.9
27.5
…
42.8
13.1
21.0
49.4
30.9
30.3
62.1
13.8
28.7
…
43.1
15.2
20.1
51.0
32.4
30.6
59.3
16.1
28.1
…
42.1
14.9
20.8
53.0
34.4
29.2
…
30.3
31.0
…
42.3
…
19.3
50.6
32.5
26.6
…
…
31.8
…
36.0
…
15.6
48.3
31.7
27.2
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
16.1
…
…
…
-12.5
…
5.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
40.2
…
…
…
-12.1
…
17.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
38.8
…
…
-46.8
-9.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
36.0
…
…
-39.7
-8.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
27.9
…
…
-57.1
-6.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
35.7
…
…
-61.1
-8.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
31.0
…
…
-62.8
-11.5
…
…
…
32.5
…
…
…
…
…
35.9
…
…
-46.8
-18.7
…
…
…
28.4
…
…
…
…
…
36.1
…
…
-46.1
-17.9
…
…
…
31.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-18.8
…
…
…
31.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-19.1
…
26.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-19.2
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
27.5
32.9
20.0
23.5
28.8
23.8
24.1
26.4
23.0
23.4
24.3
24.4
24.1
23.6
23.9
23.7
23.8
23.6
24.4
24.0
23.8
24.7
24.6
22.5
26.4
24.2
21.8
27.0
24.1
23.1
27.5
21.9
21.4
27.1
…
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
169
Table 2.13 Growth rates of real GDP
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
…
…
…
…
4.6
…
…
…
…
…
-12.0
…
-8.2
-5.4
5.1
6.0
-7.2
0.9
…
5.9
11.1
1.8
9.8
5.4
3.9
8.3
5.5
4.0
…
9.6
9.9
4.8
13.5
5.3
2.0
9.6
4.3
4.5
…
15.1
10.6
5.5
9.8
-0.0
3.1
10.8
0.3
4.2
14.3
14.0
11.2
11.1
9.3
7.0
4.7
11.1
3.3
4.4
9.4
10.5
10.2
5.9
9.6
7.0
7.5
10.3
5.0
7.7
14.5
13.9
26.4
9.6
9.7
-0.2
9.0
6.7
13.0
7.1
11.2
13.2
34.5
9.4
10.7
3.1
5.8
6.6
11.4
7.4
16.2
13.7
25.1
12.3
8.9
8.5
6.8
7.7
11.6
9.6
2.3
6.9
10.8
2.3
3.3
7.6
3.7
7.9
9.8
9.0
…
-14.1
9.3
-3.9
-5.0
4.0
1.2
3.4
…
7.0
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
3.8
3.9
9.3
-2.5
6.9
10.9
2.3
8.9
...
6.4
8.4
8.0
8.8
1.1
5.8
8.3
0.5
4.0
1.0
-1.7
9.1
1.8
7.2
3.8
5.3
10.0
3.0
2.8
6.1
3.7
10.1
8.5
4.6
10.6
6.2
11.3
7.1
4.0
7.3
4.7
12.7
7.0
5.2
8.6
5.4
14.2
6.4
5.1
10.2
6.0
9.6
2.2
2.3
8.9
0.7
9.1
-2.8
0.2
-1.6
-1.9
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
5.9
2.4
5.3
16.9
4.7
6.2
4.9
7.1
7.3
7.4
3.4
5.5
6.0
6.9
4.4
4.8
6.0
6.0
5.3
8.8
5.8
3.5
5.4
-1.4
4.4
10.9
3.8
6.5
0.1
4.0
5.3
7.2
8.5
8.5
3.9
5.9
6.3
4.0
7.5
9.5
4.7
5.4
6.0
7.0
9.5
-4.6
3.5
6.2
6.6
6.4
9.7
18.0
3.4
7.7
6.4
19.7
9.2
7.2
3.4
6.8
6.2
5.0
6.7
5.8
6.1
6.0
5.7
…
7.4
-2.6
4.9
3.5
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
1.1
1.2
9.0
6.7
9.0
2.8
3.0
10.1
11.2
5.1
4.5
6.5
8.2
7.1
9.8
6.9
4.7
7.3
9.2
9.5
2.8
8.4
4.9
6.3
8.9
13.7
4.4
9.1
4.8
6.8
2.7
7.7
3.6
4.6
0.5
11.3
1.8
-1.2
2.2
6.9
3.9
7.0
4.5
6.9
5.4
12.0
4.4
4.2
5.3
7.1
2.9
8.5
4.8
6.2
5.8
13.8
4.9
4.6
7.1
7.3
0.5
10.3
5.0
7.0
6.8
13.6
6.4
9.2
6.3
7.8
0.4
13.3
5.7
6.8
5.3
13.6
5.0
7.4
4.6
8.4
4.4
10.8
5.5
8.6
5.8
13.1
5.3
8.6
5.1
8.2
0.2
10.2
6.3
7.8
6.5
12.0
7.1
8.5
4.9
8.5
-1.9
6.7
6.0
7.8
4.7
10.2
3.7
1.8
2.5
6.3
-0.5
-2.0
4.5
7.6
-1.7
10.4
1.1
-1.3
-2.3
5.3
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste b
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
7.9
3.6
2.1
9.8
4.0
…
…
-0.4
-7.5
2.9
…
2.0
15.4
0.0
…
…
-1.0
-0.3
1.4
…
…
-3.4
6.6
10.0
9.5
4.0
-5.0
-0.0
13.9
-1.7
7.2
5.1
4.6
…
…
-2.5
7.0
-14.2
13.7
3.2
-1.0
5.8
4.9
1.9
-3.1
3.6
0.9
…
…
-0.0
8.1
-8.0
16.5
3.5
13.2
-3.3
2.6
3.2
6.2
3.1
1.1
…
…
2.0
3.2
-2.8
2.4
3.6
5.5
-4.2
8.2
0.8
4.5
3.0
1.6
…
…
4.4
5.6
6.5
0.1
2.6
-3.2
3.7
4.3
5.4
0.9
4.0
-3.6
…
…
0.6
4.6
8.0
4.2
1.0
-1.3
4.4
0.0
-1.3
0.3
0.7
3.0
-9.8
…
3.9
5.2
5.0
6.2
-1.0
-4.1
5.1
0.7
1.9
1.9
2.4
-0.4
-20.3
…
2.3
0.5
5.1
-5.8
0.5
6.6
7.2
9.5
-0.5
0.4
3.3
-0.0
-10.8
…
7.2
6.6
11.8
8.4
-1.2
4.9
6.7
-1.2
-0.1
-1.1
-2.0
-2.9
95.6
…
6.7
-3.2
7.3
12.8
2.0
1.3
6.3
0.3
…
-0.7
–
-1.0
-18.2
…
4.5
-1.8
-2.2
7.5
-0.2
1.5
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
5.6
-0.0
4.4
1.9
4.2
4.0
2.9
2.4
2.0
0.2
3.5
3.8
0.3
4.9
3.2
1.4
4.3
4.1
2.7
3.7
2.8
1.9
3.1
3.1
2.0
0.8
3.8
2.4
2.9
3.7
-1.2
-1.5
1.1
-5.2
-0.4
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
b GDP estimates beginning 2002 exclude value added of activities of the United Nations.
Sources: Country sources and CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
National Accounts
170
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
National Accounts
Table 2.14 Growth rates of real GDP per capita
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.9
…
…
…
…
…
-13.0
…
-6.3
-6.4
2.5
4.9
-9.2
-0.9
…
6.2
9.9
2.6
10.2
4.3
1.6
6.1
4.1
2.6
…
9.8
8.8
5.6
13.7
4.5
0.1
7.4
2.9
3.2
…
15.2
9.5
6.2
9.7
-0.8
1.0
8.6
-1.2
2.9
12.2
14.0
10.1
11.8
9.0
6.0
2.7
8.9
1.7
3.2
6.8
10.4
9.0
6.5
8.9
5.9
5.4
8.0
3.5
6.4
12.4
13.8
24.9
9.4
8.7
-1.2
6.9
4.5
11.4
5.9
9.0
13.1
32.7
7.4
9.5
2.0
3.9
4.5
9.9
6.1
13.9
13.5
23.4
12.5
7.7
7.7
4.9
5.5
10.1
8.0
0.2
6.7
9.3
2.6
2.0
6.4
1.9
5.5
8.4
7.3
…
-14.4
8.0
-4.0
-6.3
2.7
-0.5
0.8
…
5.2
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
2.3
3.6
8.2
-4.8
5.6
9.7
0.3
7.8
…
5.5
7.6
7.1
7.9
-0.6
5.0
7.5
-0.2
3.2
-0.2
-2.3
8.4
1.4
6.6
2.2
4.7
9.3
3.2
2.3
5.3
3.2
9.5
7.7
4.2
9.3
5.8
10.6
6.6
3.8
6.0
4.3
12.1
6.3
4.9
7.3
5.0
13.6
5.3
4.7
8.1
5.5
9.0
1.4
2.0
7.3
0.4
8.6
-3.2
-0.1
-3.4
-2.3
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
3.7
1.1
3.1
14.1
2.6
9.9
3.2
5.7
5.1
5.3
1.3
4.4
4.5
5.6
2.6
3.2
3.8
4.5
3.8
7.4
3.9
1.2
3.3
-2.8
3.1
9.5
2.3
4.8
-2.1
2.5
3.8
5.9
6.8
6.8
1.7
4.6
4.9
2.6
5.8
7.8
2.4
4.3
4.6
5.6
7.9
-6.0
1.2
5.3
5.3
4.4
8.1
15.9
1.1
6.4
5.1
17.5
7.7
5.2
1.1
6.1
4.8
3.0
5.2
4.2
3.8
4.9
4.4
…
6.0
-4.1
2.5
2.4
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
-1.7
-2.4
6.9
4.5
6.4
0.9
0.7
7.0
9.9
3.1
0.4
1.3
6.5
4.8
6.8
5.0
2.3
2.9
8.0
7.8
0.3
6.8
3.9
4.2
6.2
11.5
2.3
7.2
4.0
5.4
0.3
6.1
2.3
2.6
-1.7
9.1
-0.3
-3.8
1.2
5.5
0.4
5.4
3.1
4.8
3.2
9.8
2.3
3.3
4.3
5.8
1.3
6.9
3.4
4.1
3.6
11.6
2.7
4.4
6.2
6.1
-2.3
8.7
3.7
4.9
4.6
11.3
4.2
7.8
5.4
6.5
-2.4
11.8
4.3
4.7
3.1
11.3
2.9
4.9
3.7
7.2
0.9
9.3
4.2
6.3
3.8
10.8
3.3
5.2
4.4
7.0
-1.6
8.8
5.0
5.6
4.4
10.1
5.0
4.0
4.2
7.3
-4.0
5.3
4.7
5.4
2.7
8.5
1.8
-3.5
1.8
5.2
-2.5
-3.4
3.3
5.5
-3.7
8.8
-0.9
-4.3
-2.9
4.2
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste b
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
4.8
2.9
-1.3
8.3
2.0
…
…
-2.5
-7.9
-0.7
…
1.7
12.9
-2.5
…
…
-2.4
-1.7
1.2
…
…
-5.3
5.6
6.0
7.6
3.7
-5.5
-2.5
4.3
-2.6
5.9
5.2
4.3
…
…
-4.3
6.0
-16.5
4.3
2.7
-1.5
3.1
3.8
0.9
-4.7
3.9
0.6
…
…
-2.4
7.1
-10.5
15.4
3.1
12.8
-5.9
0.9
2.5
4.4
3.4
0.9
…
…
-0.3
2.9
-5.4
-9.0
3.2
5.7
-6.7
8.2
0.5
2.8
1.8
1.4
…
…
2.0
5.3
3.6
-1.9
2.1
-4.4
1.3
-5.4
5.2
-0.8
2.8
-3.7
…
…
-1.7
4.4
5.1
-1.1
0.6
-4.3
1.7
-5.6
-1.9
-2.1
-0.4
2.9
-7.8
…
1.6
4.9
2.2
2.9
-1.4
-6.9
2.5
-8.6
1.2
0.1
1.2
-0.5
-18.4
…
0.1
0.0
2.2
-8.7
0.1
5.1
4.5
23.6
-0.9
-1.4
2.1
-0.1
-12.1
…
4.8
6.2
8.7
5.1
-1.6
-1.7
4.0
-6.1
-0.7
-2.9
-3.1
-2.9
91.6
…
4.4
-3.6
4.4
9.3
1.6
2.2
3.6
-3.2
…
-2.4
…
-1.0
-19.8
…
2.3
-2.3
-4.9
4.2
-0.6
1.0
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
5.3
-1.0
3.2
1.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
1.8
0.6
-0.0
2.9
2.6
0.1
3.1
1.9
1.2
2.3
2.9
2.7
2.1
1.5
1.9
2.0
1.6
2.0
-0.4
1.9
2.4
1.8
1.7
-1.2
-2.4
-1.0
-5.1
-1.5
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
b GDP estimates beginning 2002 exclude value added of activities of the United Nations.
Sources: ADB staff estimates using country sources and CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
171
Table 2.15 Growth rates of agriculture real value added
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
...
...
…
...
...
...
3.0
…
…
…
...
...
-7.8
...
-24.4
-2.0
6.6
…
-54.0
2.0
...
-1.0
12.1
-12.0
-3.2
2.6
6.1
…
-2.6
3.2
...
11.8
11.1
8.2
17.1
7.3
-2.2
8.0
8.1
4.1
...
3.6
6.4
-1.4
3.2
3.1
0.1
14.2
-11.7
6.0
17.1
4.0
5.6
10.3
2.2
3.2
4.1
10.4
0.6
6.8
-4.9
14.2
5.0
-7.9
-0.1
4.1
2.4
15.3
9.3
10.1
6.7
11.2
7.5
12.0
7.1
-4.2
6.5
2.8
11.0
5.6
0.6
0.5
0.9
-11.7
6.0
1.7
6.3
5.8
11.2
6.2
24.6
10.4
4.0
3.3
8.9
1.6
4.1
6.4
12.4
6.1
-16.5
3.3
6.1
-4.4
-6.2
0.7
1.0
…
9.3
6.0
…
-0.1
3.5
-5.7
13.2
-0.9
4.0
…
…
…
7.3
...
-5.9
-1.0
…
5.0
...
6.7
...
2.8
2.4
...
1.1
-15.9
1.7
2.8
4.1
1.6
-18.3
-6.0
2.9
-1.1
-2.2
-12.4
9.7
2.5
-6.3
-5.4
4.9
-1.6
6.3
2.7
9.1
15.8
-5.4
5.2
-1.0
1.3
10.8
-4.2
5.0
-5.0
1.5
7.4
13.8
3.7
-6.4
4.0
15.8
-2.4
5.4
-18.8
5.6
5.8
0.6
4.2
0.9
1.6
1.5
-3.1
9.4
5.1
4.0
9.7
5.8
8.8
-0.3
1.5
-0.7
1.0
-0.9
3.4
7.4
5.4
-0.2
-0.2
4.9
2.3
3.1
10.6
6.3
5.0
5.5
-3.8
–
2.7
-7.2
17.0
3.1
2.0
3.1
2.2
10.0
1.6
3.3
1.5
4.1
-2.6
0.0
2.5
4.8
1.3
2.2
0.7
5.2
12.4
3.5
2.9
4.9
4.2
3.7
-0.6
1.8
7.2
4.6
-0.3
4.7
-16.1
1.0
2.8
3.2
1.0
1.6
-5.1
5.8
7.5
4.1
…
0.2
-17.6
3.0
3.2
2.6
1.2
3.1
8.7
-0.6
1.8
0.5
-8.3
-4.7
1.0
2.9
3.5
4.4
3.1
-2.5
4.8
0.9
-3.7
4.0
4.8
6.6
-1.2
1.9
4.2
6.1
11.0
3.4
-4.9
7.2
4.6
5.8
4.5
3.3
-0.6
-0.2
8.7
3.7
-10.8
3.2
3.0
5.2
-3.5
3.4
1.9
2.9
6.0
4.0
-17.5
0.7
4.2
11.3
10.5
3.8
2.5
6.0
11.7
3.8
-7.9
12.7
3.6
12.0
-0.9
2.8
3.4
4.7
11.0
5.2
-3.3
-2.4
4.4
1.3
15.7
2.7
0.7
2.6
12.1
2.0
2.1
-1.8
4.0
-9.9
5.5
3.4
2.5
5.2
9.7
3.8
3.3
5.4
3.7
-4.5
5.0
3.5
8.6
1.3
7.9
4.8
2.5
0.9
3.8
3.7
5.7
4.8
3.7
4.3
5.6
3.2
-4.4
3.5
4.7
…
…
4.1
3.1
0.4
5.4
0.0
-1.4
-0.5
1.8
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
13.2
-4.6
-20.7
…
…
…
…
2.2
...
-1.0
…
3.9
13.1
15.5
…
…
9.1
…
…
…
…
-0.7
12.7
11.8
-4.3
0.0
0.6
2.9
0.1
-1.3
-6.1
…
…
…
…
2.1
0.1
-17.1
-14.3
7.0
-2.0
4.7
-2.9
-5.6
-1.7
…
…
…
…
-4.7
-3.7
-3.5
8.7
2.1
-2.7
-0.3
9.5
4.7
1.5
…
…
…
…
-0.6
-6.0
4.8
6.0
0.3
-9.4
-0.7
28.3
-4.4
9.4
…
…
…
…
7.7
-6.4
19.1
-0.4
0.1
0.3
3.7
-2.6
5.2
3.1
…
…
…
…
-0.2
-5.0
11.1
6.0
4.5
4.5
5.0
-3.5
0.9
-5.7
…
…
…
…
5.6
4.8
5.2
6.3
-4.8
0.9
2.1
-4.6
5.0
7.9
…
…
…
…
1.0
-3.6
3.9
0.3
-0.3
7.2
1.0
-11.9
-5.0
0.2
…
…
…
…
4.2
6.9
13.9
…
1.7
3.0
2.0
-3.7
2.1
1.8
…
…
…
…
4.3
-8.6
6.6
…
0.6
0.4
3.8
...
…
1.4
…
…
…
…
2.3
0.7
-7.3
…
-1.3
...
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
-0.3
16.7
-14.6
-4.6
7.3
6.3
2.1
2.7
3.8
-2.4
1.8
2.7
6.0
-0.1
-21.3
-5.9
8.7
25.5
-7.1
-3.0
4.0
3.6
5.2
2.8
-2.0
1.7
-15.3
4.2
1.2
6.8
6.9
-0.9
16.2
…
3.2
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
National Accounts
172
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
National Accounts
Table 2.16 Growth rates of industry real value added
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
...
...
…
...
...
...
6.5
…
…
…
...
...
-13.3
...
-15.9
-12.3
4.1
…
22.8
-5.2
...
12.8
5.7
3.9
15.3
8.8
1.3
…
1.0
1.8
...
-4.8
8.3
-0.8
15.4
4.5
4.1
15.6
1.8
2.9
...
12.0
15.2
13.9
11.8
-9.0
2.7
8.9
-0.9
3.4
6.1
14.8
14.1
15.8
9.2
12.7
4.2
12.3
-0.4
3.2
32.1
-0.3
11.9
12.1
11.2
3.0
16.3
-1.5
2.3
5.0
23.9
14.8
43.4
12.0
10.7
-9.8
12.1
7.7
16.5
8.9
20.1
16.6
49.8
13.5
13.4
-6.9
4.1
4.7
10.2
7.5
7.3
11.7
32.9
14.5
8.0
10.3
8.8
2.7
11.3
8.3
7.0
7.8
9.7
-3.9
2.5
10.7
1.4
…
10.4
…
…
-30.5
10.6
-4.2
0.6
17.4
-1.9
…
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
3.2
...
14.2
-4.9
…
13.9
...
8.7
...
4.4
9.4
...
11.3
0.3
5.4
8.4
-4.1
3.3
15.5
-7.4
9.8
-3.7
7.4
4.3
10.2
12.7
-4.9
6.0
5.9
7.7
11.1
-2.0
7.9
18.3
9.5
12.1
-1.1
4.8
15.5
6.9
13.4
-1.9
6.6
-2.7
7.8
15.1
-0.5
6.0
7.0
9.0
9.9
0.8
2.0
-1.4
-0.2
9.9
-1.7
-0.6
-1.9
-4.7
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
7.1
-1.7
7.1
16.4
4.8
8.0
9.9
16.0
11.6
4.7
4.3
8.3
6.2
7.3
6.4
1.2
8.6
9.0
7.5
10.4
2.7
8.0
4.1
-2.0
6.5
17.7
7.1
9.9
0.9
3.5
7.3
7.7
7.4
8.2
3.1
5.7
7.6
0.9
10.3
12.8
1.4
3.4
8.3
4.0
9.3
2.9
3.0
8.3
9.7
6.8
12.7
15.5
4.5
8.5
8.4
48.1
9.5
9.9
3.9
8.9
6.8
2.6
3.9
5.5
1.7
5.9
6.5
…
9.3
-5.5
-0.2
4.2
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
-0.3
-2.1
11.5
16.2
11.0
5.5
2.6
9.3
16.1
2.3
5.4
18.9
10.4
13.3
14.9
12.7
6.7
9.6
10.9
13.6
3.0
31.2
5.9
9.3
13.6
21.3
4.9
12.4
5.3
10.1
0.8
11.4
2.7
-1.5
-2.6
21.8
-2.5
-9.0
1.7
10.4
4.5
16.8
4.3
10.8
4.2
35.0
3.9
4.5
7.1
9.5
3.5
12.0
3.8
19.4
7.5
20.8
4.0
1.4
9.6
10.5
-0.5
16.6
3.9
3.7
7.3
21.4
5.2
10.9
7.9
10.2
-1.8
12.7
4.7
10.6
3.6
19.9
3.8
8.2
5.4
10.7
2.9
18.3
4.5
14.1
4.5
20.0
4.5
10.6
5.6
10.4
-5.6
8.4
4.7
4.4
3.0
19.6
6.8
6.9
5.9
10.2
-5.4
4.1
3.7
10.4
0.8
18.0
4.8
-1.4
3.3
6.0
…
…
3.5
16.1
-6.6
17.6
-0.9
-1.5
-4.2
5.5
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
20.2
3.0
1.3
…
…
…
…
-2.5
...
22.7
…
0.3
-32.1
-1.1
…
…
0.0
…
…
…
…
-10.0
1.8
31.6
16.6
8.7
-13.0
-2.2
18.2
-5.5
8.4
…
…
…
…
-0.8
14.4
-29.7
22.9
-0.5
13.3
37.0
13.3
7.2
-11.3
…
…
…
…
-0.1
14.7
-36.2
2.7
4.5
10.3
-21.0
-0.3
2.3
-3.7
…
…
…
…
2.3
6.2
-4.5
-10.6
4.0
6.5
-6.5
16.7
0.8
1.2
…
…
…
…
8.3
10.9
-0.4
-15.1
3.0
11.6
-5.4
10.6
10.0
-10.3
…
…
…
…
0.8
5.3
4.0
-0.7
-2.9
-13.7
-1.4
-12.3
-6.7
-13.1
…
…
…
…
4.1
4.7
6.7
10.6
-6.3
-18.6
4.5
1.5
0.7
11.0
…
…
…
…
1.5
-2.9
7.0
-18.1
-0.9
28.3
10.5
29.6
-5.2
12.7
…
…
…
…
7.3
13.3
11.5
…
-2.0
30.8
7.7
-0.5
-1.1
-7.1
…
…
…
…
7.2
-10.4
3.5
…
1.7
-8.2
15.5
...
…
-1.6
…
…
…
…
4.6
-8.5
2.0
…
3.8
...
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
7.9
-4.4
4.1
0.7
3.0
3.2
2.7
0.7
-0.1
-4.2
0.8
3.5
-1.8
9.2
5.5
2.4
3.9
1.3
4.8
3.6
2.0
3.8
1.4
2.6
2.4
-3.9
4.5
1.5
2.1
3.8
-2.4
-5.6
-1.8
…
-5.4
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
173
Table 2.17 Growth rates of services real value added
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
...
...
…
...
...
...
4.5
…
…
…
...
...
-13.1
...
0.3
-4.6
4.8
…
-16.0
-0.9
...
3.0
9.6
7.4
8.4
5.8
4.8
…
18.0
5.4
...
21.0
7.1
4.8
12.3
3.8
3.1
3.9
-5.7
5.1
...
25.8
5.9
4.6
9.8
4.2
4.8
10.1
-11.0
3.3
13.7
22.3
8.9
10.1
11.0
7.4
5.2
10.0
16.5
3.2
16.2
23.6
9.2
7.5
10.8
11.7
5.8
18.3
16.6
7.4
14.6
14.7
9.4
10.4
10.4
8.4
8.5
7.7
1.7
7.1
16.9
15.5
17.1
14.6
10.9
9.4
6.5
8.3
15.6
8.6
14.2
13.8
11.6
12.1
13.2
12.4
7.0
12.0
12.9
13.4
16.0
5.0
12.8
5.4
4.2
11.4
6.0
…
7.6
…
…
-0.1
7.8
-5.0
-12.4
2.4
1.6
…
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
2.3
...
8.4
-2.2
…
9.8
...
7.9
...
8.2
9.7
...
6.0
15.3
5.9
10.3
1.7
4.3
6.1
0.3
10.4
2.7
7.4
11.0
2.7
9.5
4.3
1.8
6.7
2.5
10.1
9.9
2.3
4.1
4.8
12.2
7.5
3.5
0.3
4.0
14.1
7.1
4.4
17.6
4.4
16.0
7.0
5.1
9.7
4.6
10.4
2.5
2.8
16.7
1.2
9.3
-2.0
1.0
-2.8
0.1
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
-1.9
2.8
5.2
18.7
4.2
4.3
4.9
5.0
10.1
14.8
5.9
5.2
5.5
8.7
5.7
6.0
5.9
6.1
5.5
5.0
7.2
2.4
4.5
-0.3
5.4
7.1
7.5
4.7
-1.8
4.8
5.4
9.3
8.5
9.6
3.7
8.9
5.7
12.1
9.1
9.7
6.8
6.1
6.4
14.3
11.1
-8.2
3.3
4.5
6.4
8.0
10.2
21.3
5.6
7.6
6.9
5.7
10.5
9.1
4.5
9.2
6.5
9.7
9.8
6.7
7.3
5.6
6.3
…
8.5
-0.9
6.3
3.3
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
3.6
2.7
9.8
-0.4
11.3
3.2
4.9
9.8
12.7
10.2
2.9
8.3
7.6
10.2
9.6
7.3
5.0
6.3
8.9
9.8
2.5
8.9
5.2
6.9
6.0
13.4
4.4
7.7
3.7
5.3
6.1
8.7
4.9
14.7
4.1
12.9
4.3
2.9
2.4
6.1
2.8
10.0
5.2
11.3
5.8
14.8
5.1
4.7
4.6
6.5
1.6
5.9
6.4
3.8
4.2
14.6
6.1
5.9
3.5
6.5
2.0
13.2
7.1
12.0
6.4
14.4
7.7
8.7
6.8
7.3
4.1
13.1
7.9
9.9
7.3
13.1
7.0
7.4
5.2
8.5
7.4
10.1
7.4
9.7
7.6
16.2
6.5
7.8
4.6
8.3
9.2
10.1
9.0
9.1
10.6
13.2
8.1
8.6
4.8
8.9
2.6
9.0
8.7
9.7
7.7
11.6
3.1
4.6
1.3
7.4
…
…
5.7
7.0
2.7
11.9
2.8
-1.4
-0.4
6.6
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
5.2
8.4
7.2
…
…
…
…
-6.3
...
4.1
…
1.8
36.1
-4.8
…
…
-7.8
…
…
…
…
-1.0
6.4
3.2
13.3
3.5
-4.8
-0.4
15.4
0.8
-0.4
…
…
…
…
-12.7
6.2
-5.7
30.1
3.3
19.1
2.3
5.0
2.9
1.5
…
…
…
…
7.5
8.8
-4.6
24.6
3.7
6.4
-0.7
1.7
2.4
6.7
…
…
…
…
5.1
4.4
-9.5
6.1
4.0
3.4
-3.9
3.7
0.8
6.5
…
…
…
…
-1.5
6.0
-5.9
6.5
2.7
-3.8
6.0
4.8
3.6
0.6
…
…
…
…
-0.7
6.5
4.6
4.5
1.8
0.6
4.4
2.3
-17.0
8.0
…
…
…
…
3.6
5.6
4.3
4.9
1.7
-5.1
6.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
…
…
…
…
5.6
3.1
6.5
-5.9
1.5
4.9
8.7
11.2
1.8
-0.1
…
…
…
…
9.4
3.3
8.8
…
-1.9
1.0
5.1
-0.9
-0.3
2.6
…
…
…
…
9.1
1.7
9.0
…
2.2
3.9
4.3
...
…
-2.2
…
…
…
…
6.9
1.1
4.6
…
-0.7
...
…
…
4.0
0.0
5.6
3.0
4.6
4.4
1.9
3.2
3.6
2.1
5.0
3.8
1.7
3.8
3.3
1.2
3.5
4.2
1.1
4.5
3.2
1.9
3.7
3.4
1.1
2.3
4.4
1.6
3.7
3.8
-1.2
0.3
1.1
…
0.6
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
National Accounts
174
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
National Accounts
Table 2.18 Growth rates of real private consumption expenditure
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
…
…
…
…
4.5
…
…
…
…
…
-2.9
…
-20.6
-16.7
7.1
…
11.0
…
…
8.3
10.0
…
1.7
-5.0
0.4
…
-49.2
…
…
7.6
9.4
…
8.1
2.2
0.5
8.6
49.7
…
…
8.6
8.0
…
2.7
4.7
1.4
13.5
-12.4
…
…
7.2
9.7
…
11.8
24.0
0.4
16.1
28.4
…
…
9.2
11.2
…
13.9
7.5
10.1
13.1
14.8
…
…
8.8
13.2
…
10.7
8.3
12.9
20.6
-15.9
…
…
8.3
14.5
…
12.6
19.2
1.0
14.0
32.7
…
…
13.2
17.0
…
10.8
2.7
4.7
17.1
10.4
…
…
5.4
17.4
…
5.4
14.7
-2.7
…
4.7
…
…
-2.3
8.5
…
-2.8
-4.0
11.3
…
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
…
6.3
9.7
…
8.4
…
1.7
10.3
…
5.9
…
5.1
9.2
…
4.7
…
1.8
5.7
…
1.0
…
-0.9
8.9
…
3.3
…
-1.3
-0.4
…
2.9
…
7.0
0.3
…
5.2
…
3.0
4.6
…
2.9
…
5.9
4.7
…
1.5
…
8.5
5.1
…
2.1
…
2.4
1.3
…
-0.6
…
-0.4
0.2
…
1.4
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
7.6
…
4.5
…
…
6.4
3.5
1.9
6.1
…
…
4.0
4.1
-3.9
3.4
3.2
…
4.0
4.7
6.0
6.0
0.4
…
1.5
4.9
7.3
2.9
2.3
3.5
9.1
3.5
10.7
5.9
4.3
3.2
8.3
3.2
2.3
5.2
5.4
1.0
3.3
3.9
1.3
9.0
…
4.7
1.7
4.3
1.3
8.2
…
5.4
6.5
5.9
14.7
9.8
…
3.2
3.9
5.5
1.3
6.8
…
1.3
7.5
5.9
…
4.3
…
5.7
1.5
4.8
2.5
17.2
…
11.9
…
5.4
7.6
12.9
…
-4.8
8.6
12.6
…
11.7
…
3.8
2.7
7.8
…
-7.0
4.9
1.6
…
13.0
…
3.5
13.9
5.2
3.1
4.2
2.4
3.5
…
3.0
…
3.6
5.8
4.1
4.5
0.7
8.4
3.8
…
3.9
…
4.1
4.9
5.4
7.6
15.8
8.1
3.9
…
8.1
…
5.3
1.6
6.5
8.0
12.3
12.5
5.0
…
9.8
…
5.9
6.1
6.2
7.1
-0.6
12.3
4.0
…
9.1
…
4.8
3.6
4.6
7.3
3.7
6.8
3.2
…
6.8
…
5.5
3.1
3.2
8.3
2.0
6.2
5.0
…
10.5
…
5.8
6.5
1.7
10.8
1.8
…
5.3
…
8.5
…
4.7
2.7
2.7
9.3
…
…
4.9
…
0.7
…
4.1
0.4
-1.1
3.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-13.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-5.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-28.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-13.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
16.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-8.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
7.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
5.2
0.2
5.2
1.9
4.0
4.4
0.7
1.4
3.6
1.6
2.7
3.1
1.1
4.8
3.4
0.4
6.4
5.6
1.6
4.6
4.4
1.3
4.5
2.8
1.5
2.3
4.2
1.6
3.2
4.0
-0.7
-1.1
0.8
-1.0
0.6
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
175
Table 2.19 Growth rates of real government consumption expenditure
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
…
…
…
…
-3.2
…
…
…
…
…
-2.4
…
-5.4
-13.4
5.5
…
11.5
…
…
2.9
2.3
…
15.0
5.9
7.5
…
25.7
…
…
3.1
5.3
…
19.2
-1.3
-5.6
10.8
-16.1
…
…
5.1
14.5
…
-7.5
-0.2
15.0
0.1
-2.7
…
…
11.1
22.1
…
8.9
1.2
7.2
2.4
12.1
…
…
8.8
4.4
…
10.6
4.6
1.4
2.2
10.7
…
…
19.1
3.4
…
10.8
-2.7
1.7
0.4
17.9
…
…
14.0
4.7
…
7.3
1.5
48.3
2.5
6.5
…
…
5.2
3.9
…
14.0
1.8
-9.6
1.3
13.4
…
…
-1.9
4.9
…
2.6
1.3
38.9
…
10.3
…
…
-4.9
4.6
…
1.1
11.7
-31.5
…
…
…
…
5.5
10.5
…
13.1
…
3.0
3.8
…
4.2
…
2.0
1.8
…
1.2
…
6.0
5.0
…
1.9
…
2.4
4.9
…
1.5
…
1.8
4.4
…
-1.2
…
0.7
3.8
…
0.6
…
-3.2
4.3
…
0.2
…
0.3
6.6
…
-0.7
…
3.0
5.4
…
2.1
…
1.8
4.3
…
0.7
…
2.4
5.0
…
3.6
0.4
…
3.5
…
…
4.4
2.3
27.5
7.8
…
…
8.9
0.9
0.0
0.9
14.1
…
5.3
4.5
8.1
2.3
4.4
…
-1.7
19.1
8.7
-0.4
7.1
7.8
-1.8
13.2
7.6
2.6
8.5
10.5
4.8
10.7
7.4
3.6
14.7
8.8
9.3
7.7
13.0
8.3
…
1.2
12.0
6.0
3.9
3.8
…
0.8
9.6
6.4
4.0
9.7
…
7.2
7.4
3.6
10.3
16.7
…
3.3
9.8
5.9
…
10.5
…
9.7
16.0
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
2.3
-4.6
4.8
…
5.9
…
6.8
11.5
6.9
…
2.3
-23.2
1.3
…
6.1
…
5.6
11.8
5.2
…
7.7
12.4
-0.9
…
1.6
…
6.1
17.5
2.3
5.0
9.3
8.8
7.6
…
15.7
…
-5.3
5.5
2.5
6.6
-2.0
53.6
13.0
…
11.9
…
-3.8
5.6
0.7
5.4
-2.6
3.8
10.0
…
8.6
…
2.6
0.5
2.5
7.2
4.1
-5.0
4.0
…
7.6
…
1.4
2.2
5.7
7.8
-1.0
3.9
6.6
…
6.5
…
2.3
5.2
11.3
8.2
12.8
1.7
9.6
…
5.0
…
10.4
7.3
2.2
8.5
15.8
19.5
3.9
…
6.6
…
6.6
3.0
9.7
8.9
-0.8
…
10.4
…
10.7
…
0.4
8.4
4.6
7.5
…
…
15.7
…
3.1
…
10.9
8.2
5.8
7.6
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-2.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-5.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
3.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
7.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
11.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-14.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
19.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
10.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
3.3
1.0
3.6
4.0
4.9
3.3
4.3
-2.1
1.7
3.0
4.1
3.1
2.4
1.3
3.0
2.3
4.9
4.2
1.9
4.1
3.2
1.6
4.9
2.5
0.4
4.5
3.7
1.5
4.9
3.2
0.3
4.2
3.0
1.5
1.4
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
National Accounts
176
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
National Accounts
Table 2.20 Growth rates of real gross domestic capital formation
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
…
…
…
…
5.2
…
…
…
…
…
55.2
…
-42.4
96.3
3.8
…
-29.0
…
…
5.2
2.6
…
10.7
22.1
4.9
…
-7.6
…
…
16.3
20.6
…
40.5
-5.6
4.3
39.2
-4.7
…
…
22.5
84.0
…
11.0
-6.4
-0.3
5.7
-12.9
…
…
30.7
61.5
…
6.4
-26.1
6.4
23.1
-4.8
…
…
17.5
21.4
…
15.1
23.6
-5.2
-3.2
-4.8
…
…
26.9
5.8
…
35.0
13.7
12.9
2.6
12.4
…
…
32.2
14.5
…
31.7
53.3
18.4
9.4
15.7
…
…
19.7
6.0
…
23.4
14.6
12.9
43.9
9.1
…
…
12.6
20.7
…
-12.8
-2.2
6.8
…
10.1
…
…
-34.4
-14.0
…
4.7
-21.9
-10.1
…
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
…
9.7
15.7
…
6.7
…
13.1
8.5
…
5.8
…
16.3
15.6
…
8.3
…
-2.8
-0.3
…
-23.7
…
-1.6
7.5
…
2.1
…
1.9
4.5
…
3.1
…
1.7
2.7
…
17.8
…
-0.1
2.4
…
0.0
…
8.4
4.4
…
0.5
…
8.1
3.0
…
-0.7
…
-0.8
0.3
…
-6.1
…
4.1
-13.7
…
-22.6
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
6.3
…
16.8
…
…
5.5
9.1
-5.1
7.6
…
…
-0.3
7.3
30.2
-3.5
-14.7
…
8.7
5.8
30.1
-2.9
8.5
…
-13.2
8.2
13.8
16.8
-4.4
-14.0
5.3
7.9
-0.9
17.6
46.5
6.5
13.1
9.2
16.8
21.8
11.1
17.4
14.1
10.7
-13.2
15.3
…
9.5
9.4
8.7
-24.9
14.5
…
4.4
13.3
8.1
-4.8
16.9
…
5.0
8.2
1.8
14.6
-4.0
…
29.6
4.4
6.2
…
9.3
…
9.7
1.4
…
-23.5
10.9
…
21.4
29.2
15.8
17.2
31.2
…
…
39.4
13.1
…
20.3
28.5
3.5
14.3
14.3
…
…
8.6
12.9
…
29.2
11.3
5.5
25.6
11.3
10.1
6.7
21.3
8.6
…
-9.3
2.8
-7.3
-20.8
2.7
10.8
45.7
3.8
-4.5
…
7.9
10.1
-4.3
-6.5
6.0
12.7
-20.8
21.7
10.8
…
-1.5
24.8
3.0
-30.2
13.5
11.9
2.8
-7.9
6.9
…
6.9
25.9
7.2
51.2
12.8
10.5
0.5
29.9
12.4
…
-2.5
29.8
-8.8
-0.4
12.8
11.2
1.4
24.8
1.3
…
11.3
21.4
5.1
15.1
-3.6
11.8
26.5
13.7
1.9
…
8.4
27.5
12.4
12.4
0.9
26.8
13.2
…
12.4
…
-2.3
…
2.3
38.0
7.1
6.3
…
…
2.8
…
-14.6
…
-5.7
-16.1
-23.9
4.3
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
36.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
7.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
17.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-11.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-9.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-1.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
7.3
-8.6
12.4
3.1
9.9
4.1
4.9
-1.1
-7.4
-1.6
6.7
6.9
-6.0
6.8
15.3
0.4
13.2
8.4
2.9
9.6
6.9
2.7
4.5
7.5
1.1
-4.0
6.3
0.2
6.1
10.7
-4.1
-7.2
0.2
-15.5
-11.1
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
177
Table 2.21 Growth rates of real exports of goods and services
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.1
…
…
…
…
…
-4.2
…
5.0
-17.4
-3.1
…
-8.9
…
…
19.0
15.4
…
27.9
10.5
…
…
79.4
…
…
27.0
34.1
…
-1.8
-3.2
12.2
-20.8
-11.1
…
…
35.8
-6.3
…
15.1
8.1
10.0
7.6
-14.9
…
…
29.1
19.6
…
7.5
5.3
28.4
29.5
-6.8
…
…
-1.7
39.6
…
11.2
12.8
-1.5
22.6
3.9
…
…
15.9
52.8
…
1.1
-11.0
9.6
2.9
19.2
…
…
-7.4
48.3
…
6.5
8.9
9.9
31.2
7.9
…
…
-3.5
36.1
…
9.0
25.8
2.3
15.1
12.0
…
…
-13.1
7.4
…
0.8
17.9
-5.3
…
10.7
…
…
-11.5
14.3
…
-6.2
-8.1
-3.3
…
…
…
…
8.5
4.9
…
0.8
…
10.0
24.7
…
12.8
…
16.3
18.1
…
18.3
…
-1.7
-3.4
…
-8.6
…
9.0
12.1
…
11.4
…
12.8
14.5
…
10.2
…
15.4
19.7
…
15.4
…
10.6
7.8
…
7.8
…
9.4
11.4
…
11.4
…
8.3
12.6
…
9.6
…
2.5
6.6
…
0.6
…
-10.1
-0.8
…
-9.1
17.8
…
11.1
…
…
…
30.7
34.3
31.4
…
…
7.7
14.4
-2.5
18.2
7.6
…
17.1
14.9
8.6
4.3
0.2
…
-8.0
-2.3
-1.2
21.1
6.2
-23.2
3.4
6.9
14.3
9.6
16.2
-4.7
3.4
12.5
26.6
27.2
11.9
12.3
7.7
15.6
33.3
25.9
…
-3.0
6.6
25.8
69.5
21.8
…
-1.3
3.8
13.0
14.7
5.2
…
-0.9
7.3
7.0
8.7
19.3
…
0.7
0.4
0.0
…
-6.7
…
3.9
-12.3
1.3
-23.5
0.4
…
17.8
14.5
1.9
12.9
13.4
…
16.8
35.1
7.7
…
19.0
-22.0
12.0
22.1
15.4
…
11.9
39.4
26.5
…
16.1
79.3
17.7
14.5
17.5
…
1.3
16.5
0.6
…
-6.8
16.6
-3.4
-3.5
-4.2
…
5.8
13.0
-1.2
…
5.4
20.6
4.0
7.6
12.0
-9.9
2.3
11.1
5.9
…
5.1
-25.0
4.9
14.2
7.1
-16.6
-0.7
28.1
13.5
…
16.1
12.3
15.0
19.1
9.6
…
-1.3
16.4
16.6
…
8.3
3.6
4.8
12.4
4.2
…
3.7
19.2
9.4
…
6.6
25.3
13.4
11.2
9.1
…
-9.6
10.1
8.5
…
4.1
-3.1
5.4
8.9
7.8
…
-6.2
…
9.5
…
1.6
…
-1.9
4.1
5.1
…
…
…
-9.7
…
-10.4
…
-13.4
-9.0
-12.7
…
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-4.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
3.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
7.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
10.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-1.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
14.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
7.2
7.3
4.7
4.2
2.3
9.5
12.7
6.3
7.5
-6.9
3.0
-0.7
7.5
7.8
-0.5
9.2
1.1
1.2
13.9
4.8
2.9
7.0
-0.2
2.3
9.7
2.9
4.0
8.4
3.1
3.9
1.6
-3.4
2.5
-23.9
2.9
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
National Accounts
178
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
National Accounts
Table 2.22 Growth rates of real imports of goods and services
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
...
...
...
...
...
-3.5
…
…
…
…
...
17.8
...
-19.9
-18.4
4.0
…
-6.4
…
…
7.2
17.3
...
28.0
0.4
…
…
2.2
…
…
6.4
48.0
...
-1.5
-13.8
2.2
-14.5
-0.9
…
…
18.9
16.4
...
0.5
13.1
3.0
11.1
-30.3
…
…
26.5
57.6
...
-7.6
16.0
11.2
23.7
9.5
…
…
-2.9
33.9
...
14.9
16.3
-8.6
25.9
10.4
…
…
14.3
19.8
...
12.5
6.5
40.5
16.5
-9.3
…
…
3.8
20.1
...
12.2
45.0
18.7
39.6
27.4
…
…
13.0
20.1
...
25.8
11.0
-3.5
36.5
10.3
…
…
7.3
16.5
...
-11.5
19.1
3.5
…
6.0
…
…
-19.5
0.5
...
-15.9
-20.1
-15.2
…
…
…
…
11.4
13.3
…
5.5
…
12.4
22.5
…
10.1
…
16.5
22.6
…
15.3
…
-1.5
-4.9
…
-14.8
…
7.4
14.4
…
6.2
…
11.4
11.1
…
7.7
…
13.8
11.7
…
17.5
…
8.0
7.6
…
3.2
…
9.1
11.3
…
4.6
…
9.1
11.7
…
3.0
…
2.3
4.4
…
-3.1
…
-8.8
-8.2
…
-13.4
9.3
…
3.4
…
...
…
48.4
13.6
28.1
…
...
0.8
10.2
10.4
4.5
-5.1
...
14.8
11.2
-2.7
2.8
1.4
...
-10.7
-11.2
7.1
12.3
0.6
-15.1
10.9
7.4
7.6
13.8
14.6
0.1
11.2
10.6
37.5
22.2
25.2
8.5
9.0
19.1
17.0
32.5
...
6.9
2.7
18.2
12.9
22.0
...
6.5
6.9
16.0
8.1
10.0
...
2.9
3.7
-2.1
15.2
23.0
...
8.2
4.0
-2.6
…
-7.3
...
12.6
-9.1
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
17.9
-25.1
21.4
…
26.3
48.0
10.0
14.5
23.7
…
15.9
33.1
20.9
…
23.7
19.8
16.0
22.9
20.0
…
-6.2
30.6
25.9
…
24.4
-8.0
4.0
20.0
27.1
…
3.2
9.6
4.2
…
-8.2
11.0
3.5
-5.9
-5.5
…
13.3
15.3
-4.2
…
6.2
-17.5
5.6
5.8
13.7
-13.6
-8.1
12.9
1.6
…
4.5
-15.8
10.8
9.6
8.4
-18.5
-3.1
19.8
26.7
…
19.6
-16.5
5.8
22.9
13.4
…
10.2
17.3
17.8
…
8.9
2.3
2.4
11.3
9.0
…
4.1
16.0
8.6
…
8.1
42.4
1.8
11.2
3.3
…
13.2
12.1
9.1
…
5.9
7.4
-4.1
7.8
4.4
…
11.0
…
10.0
…
2.2
…
0.8
9.2
8.5
…
…
…
-15.0
…
-12.3
…
-1.9
-11.0
-21.8
…
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-16.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
14.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-4.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
8.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
17.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-6.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
13.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
4.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
3.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
8.1
0.7
16.5
14.2
6.8
12.1
9.2
-0.7
-1.2
0.6
4.0
1.4
0.9
7.2
13.3
3.9
12.7
12.6
8.1
12.5
12.3
5.8
4.2
7.3
4.2
-1.6
9.2
1.6
10.0
14.1
1.0
-4.7
-2.7
-16.7
-9.6
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
179
Table 2.23 Growth rates of agriculture production index
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
7.3
…
…
…
…
…
4.0
…
…
…
4.6
-2.7
-5.1
7.7
-20.8
-7.3
9.1
-11.1
0.7
1.1
-17.4
-4.6
10.2
-16.6
-9.8
4.6
2.4
10.1
6.8
2.1
-0.4
3.5
7.2
7.7
19.1
5.0
-2.4
13.0
17.4
1.4
14.0
5.6
3.8
-5.7
0.7
-8.3
1.3
11.6
-5.6
3.8
3.8
5.8
4.3
14.7
-0.7
6.6
3.5
5.9
5.8
1.3
-3.4
21.4
3.0
-7.0
-2.6
3.0
7.6
8.6
10.9
8.6
13.8
9.8
14.2
12.2
8.6
-3.8
3.0
-3.1
1.6
6.2
-10.2
3.6
0.4
-39.4
8.6
0.7
1.6
1.6
-2.1
4.8
9.5
9.6
0.3
15.9
10.0
-1.3
4.4
0.6
2.4
0.6
-12.0
9.9
1.7
-10.3
-8.9
-2.5
3.4
0.8
-1.9
6.3
20.3
1.1
2.3
-9.8
15.9
0.5
3.4
2.3
–
–
9.1
-14.0
1.5
-1.9
…
8.1
–
1.1
6.2
3.7
3.3
2.4
1.9
-1.8
2.2
2.3
2.4
-0.9
-20.9
-1.2
4.7
–
-6.0
-7.0
4.1
1.6
-4.7
-1.1
-13.7
0.1
6.9
-9.8
2.4
16.4
-4.2
3.6
13.5
-1.2
-8.2
-5.7
2.3
-9.5
1.8
-0.2
0.7
1.9
-21.1
0.8
8.7
-2.5
4.5
-40.0
3.9
14.1
-5.1
1.5
-16.7
0.0
22.4
…
1.1
5.7
0.8
6.3
5.3
8.3
3.1
5.0
2.7
1.0
7.7
2.4
6.8
-17.3
-0.8
2.6
5.4
2.6
-1.9
2.6
3.0
-8.6
3.5
-3.0
2.5
-0.2
-7.4
-1.8
2.6
2.2
2.5
11.7
10.9
10.8
3.7
2.1
-1.9
10.5
-0.8
10.0
4.3
-3.8
12.2
30.1
5.1
-31.3
2.3
9.2
2.6
3.8
4.8
34.4
1.2
0.4
5.1
-2.1
7.7
-2.8
-0.6
-0.7
7.6
–
1.6
-1.9
6.2
10.8
-2.9
–
-2.9
-4.1
3.4
-1.7
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
-13.1
-3.2
4.5
11.2
2.1
-0.4
9.1
-37.3
-5.9
2.4
3.6
27.8
9.2
-7.6
2.7
3.5
1.6
-5.5
1.7
5.9
14.5
2.0
3.0
18.8
3.2
9.6
3.7
-63.8
4.3
6.6
14.3
1.5
2.0
0.2
5.8
8.5
4.0
21.5
3.7
3.6
-6.1
-4.7
6.2
9.3
1.2
4.7
3.0
30.8
0.9
7.8
-0.6
19.0
6.4
-3.6
7.0
8.2
2.6
18.4
5.5
1.3
14.9
-4.9
6.0
5.2
5.2
6.0
5.9
16.5
0.3
5.5
-16.3
29.1
2.8
4.0
6.0
9.5
1.7
-23.9
-1.4
3.3
20.3
8.2
4.5
1.5
4.6
9.8
4.0
22.7
3.4
3.8
22.1
5.2
3.6
9.0
0.8
3.6
4.4
3.3
7.5
3.9
-0.1
9.0
3.4
9.7
7.0
-0.7
2.1
-10.1
0.1
3.5
-0.0
4.6
3.8
1.4
-1.4
-0.5
0.0
15.9
0.9
1.2
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
-5.7
3.6
-17.9
…
…
1.7
…
0.3
-9.8
-0.5
8.6
-0.1
-7.5
30.5
-0.5
2.2
-0.1
58.5
…
–
…
0.6
7.9
10.2
0.4
-11.9
0.3
3.2
-0.4
-0.3
-6.0
-74.9
-0.1
–
…
3.2
3.6
1.8
7.4
-1.5
0.5
-5.0
-7.5
-7.5
1.5
-12.1
–
–
…
-1.9
1.5
-4.1
1.4
0.6
3.7
1.1
-16.0
4.8
1.6
249.0
0.2
0.1
…
3.5
1.8
0.8
6.5
3.5
2.1
-9.3
-23.5
-6.5
0.5
131.5
-0.0
0.1
…
1.7
0.5
2.4
-3.7
-0.3
3.5
4.7
-15.1
5.6
23.4
-38.1
0.0
-0.1
…
1.8
2.6
7.8
-6.3
0.1
2.5
15.5
-0.2
2.1
0.5
–
0.0
0.0
…
2.2
2.8
7.8
8.0
-0.1
–
-0.9
0.3
3.7
0.6
2.5
-0.0
-0.2
…
4.7
-0.6
-2.0
3.5
4.0
–
0.4
23.0
-8.8
2.2
31.5
3.1
6.8
…
3.4
3.1
2.4
-5.2
1.1
3.1
1.6
0.1
-1.2
-2.9
–
–
–
…
0.1
-0.3
0.8
2.6
–
–
-0.0
–
-4.3
–
–
–
–
…
–
0.6
0.4
–
–
–
–
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
5.8
-0.6
-4.0
9.3
-2.6
1.5
-2.3
-0.3
7.3
5.0
-1.9
3.7
-16.6
0.5
1.4
12.7
-3.4
4.9
-6.7
1.3
4.6
9.3
1.1
-2.2
-17.1
-2.4
1.2
3.3
1.4
2.1
6.3
0.2
-0.7
1.1
-1.8
-3.0
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: FAO provisional estimates, country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Production
180
ECONOMY AND OUTPUT
Production
Table 2.24 Growth rates of manufacturing production index
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
…
…
-0.4
…
4.9
0.2
-0.9
…
…
…
…
…
-16.3
…
1.5
-16.3
-4.9
-1.7
…
…
…
…
17.3
…
–
12.0
13.4
–
…
…
…
…
15.1
…
1.0
16.3
13.3
1.4
…
…
…
…
8.0
…
13.7
22.5
...
1.1
…
…
…
…
8.0
…
7.2
9.9
...
-2.3
…
…
…
…
9.2
…
18.9
15.1
...
2.7
…
…
…
…
7.6
…
18.2
10.5
...
…
…
…
…
…
8.1
…
9.2
6.1
...
…
…
…
…
…
6.7
…
8.7
9.3
...
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
4.0
-3.7
...
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-8.1
-6.2
...
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
...
-0.7
8.9
…
-0.7
...
0.9
12.0
…
5.3
...
-0.5
17.2
…
7.8
...
-4.4
0.1
…
-9.0
...
-9.8
8.1
…
8.9
...
-9.2
5.6
…
9.6
...
2.9
10.7
…
10.0
...
2.5
6.4
…
3.7
...
2.2
8.7
…
4.5
...
-1.4
7.1
…
8.3
...
-6.7
3.4
…
-1.6
...
-8.3
-0.9
…
-8.0
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
12.8
…
9.0
…
-1.0
…
5.8
…
14.1
…
9.3
…
4.9
…
5.3
…
6.5
…
6.5
…
2.9
…
3.5
…
4.8
…
6.0
…
-6.6
…
6.3
…
7.4
…
2.4
…
7.1
…
9.2
…
2.0
…
8.5
…
9.1
…
…
…
10.8
…
12.5
…
2.0
…
10.1
…
9.0
…
2.5
…
7.2
…
2.8
…
-0.9
…
7.8
…
9.5
…
...
…
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
…
13.7
…
15.6
0.5
10.2
10.0
14.2
…
…
…
11.0
…
14.2
7.7
15.0
10.3
6.2
…
…
48.8
3.6
…
24.9
…
16.0
15.3
6.9
…
…
2.0
-1.1
…
-6.5
…
7.3
-11.6
2.7
…
…
…
3.3
…
5.2
…
8.9
8.4
9.1
…
…
…
5.5
…
10.9
…
6.1
3.0
14.0
…
…
…
3.3
…
12.8
…
11.7
13.9
11.7
…
…
…
1.3
…
5.1
…
13.9
9.5
9.1
…
…
…
-1.6
…
8.9
…
6.3
11.9
7.4
…
…
…
5.6
…
2.2
…
6.3
5.9
8.2
…
…
…
3.0
…
0.6
…
12.1
-4.2
5.3
…
…
…
1.3
…
-11.7
…
-7.9
-4.1
-5.2
…
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa b
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
7.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
-9.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
19.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
-5.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
13.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
-0.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
-2.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
-4.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
4.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
-16.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
–
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
-1.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
-3.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
-1.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
-15.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-11.1
…
…
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
…
-3.6
2.1
3.3
3.2
0.9
5.7
4.4
2.2
-6.8
0.5
2.1
-1.2
5.7
3.7
3.1
5.2
0.9
4.8
4.0
-1.2
1.4
-2.0
-0.5
4.5
-5.2
1.9
2.8
-0.8
3.3
-3.4
-2.1
-4.2
-22.0
-10.4
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
b Refers to volume indexes of industrial production.
Sources: Country sources, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development website (www.oecd.org).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
181
Inflation rates fell sharply throughout the region in 2009 although food prices rose faster than other consumer
items. Since 2000 many Asian currencies have strengthened against the US dollar, but in 2009 dollar exchange
rates of almost all Asian economies fell sharply. Growth of the money supply accelerated in most economies
as governments implemented stimulus packages. Asian stock markets, with the exception of India, continued
to decline in 2009, though more slowly than in 2008.
Introduction
The tables in this money, finance, and prices theme highlight some significant developments in money supply, finance,
and inflation since 1990. This theme also looks at changes in exchange rates, and at the development of stock markets,
which are growing in importance as a source of business finance. PPPs from the global 2005 International Comparison
Program are used to provide an indication of the price levels in the region.
Figure 3.1 Consumer Price Indexes, 2008 and 2009
Key Trends
(annual percentage change)
Japan
Inflation sharply down in 2009. Figure 3.1 shows that
in 2009, inflation as measured by consumer price indexes
(CPI) fell sharply throughout the region. This is in marked
contrast to 2008 when inflation rates were significantly up
from 2007. The decline in 2009 was most likely due to
falling consumer demand because of the current global
crisis. In many economies where inflation had been high
in 2008, the rate of inflation fell dramatically—around
20% in Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Mongolia, and Sri Lanka,
for example. Even in economies where 2008 inflation had
been fairly modest, inflation in 2009 was down by 5–7%—
Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand among
them. Five economies actually moved from inflation in
2008 to deflation in 2009—prices on average were lower
in 2009 by around 1% in Cambodia; People’s Republic
of China; Taipei,China; and Thailand; and by 1.4% in
Japan. Only four economies reported higher inflation—
in Uzbekistan and the Federated States of Micronesia,
inflation rates rose by just under 1% and, perhaps because
of civil unrest, inflation was up by substantially more in
Nepal (+5%) and Pakistan (+8%).
Thailand
Taipei,China
Cambodia
China, People's Rep. of
Timor-Leste
Lao PDR
Hong Kong, China
Singapore
Malaysia
Brunei Darussalam
Azerbaijan
Myanmar
Australia
Tonga
New Zealand
Solomon Islands
Korea, Rep. of
Vanuatu
Georgia
Philippines
Armenia
Sri Lanka
Fiji Islands
Maldives
Bhutan
Indonesia
Turkmenistan
Viet Nam
India
Samoa
Food prices continued to rise faster than that of other
consumer items. In recent years food prices have generally
been rising faster than the overall CPI. Figure 3.2 shows that
this continued to be the case in 2009. For most economies,
the food price bars are longer than the all items ones. The
simple average of overall CPI inflation in the region in 2009
was 3.8% compared with 4.8% for food items. The main
exceptions were Maldives, Myanmar, and six economies in
Central and West Asia. Food prices rose more slowly than
other items in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz
Republic, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
Tajikistan
Cook Islands
Bangladesh
Kyrgyz Republic
Papua New Guinea
Kazakhstan
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Mongolia
Kiribati
Uzbekistan
Nepal
Pakistan
-5
0
5
10
2008
Source:
15
20
25
30
2009
Table 3.1.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Money, Finance, and Prices
182
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
As noted in previous Key Indicators, food is the
largest item of expenditure for the poor, and rising food
prices threaten to exacerbate poverty in developing Asia
by reducing the real incomes of the already poor, while
pushing many others below the poverty line. This may
reverse the gains in poverty reduction recorded over the
past decade.
Figure 3.2 Price Increases for All Items and Food Components, 2009
(annual percentage change)
Japan
Thailand
Taipei,China
Cambodia
China, People’s Rep. of
Timor-Leste
Money supply grew faster in 2009 as governments
fought the global crisis. Figure 3.3 presents the growth
of money supply. This is the total currency in circulation
and the value of deposits held by banks, including
transferable, current accounts, and term deposits. Most
governments try to keep the growth of money supply in
line with the growth of nominal GDP, i.e., growth of real
GDP plus the rate of inflation. Higher growth may cause
inflation to accelerate while lower growth may restrict
increases in real GDP. The size of the money supply is
largely determined by the level of government and private
borrowing from banks. Governments influence the supply
through their control of government borrowing and by
setting interest rates.
Lao PDR
Hong Kong, China
Singapore
Malaysia
Brunei Darussalam
Azerbaijan
Myanmar
Australia
Tonga
New Zealand
Solomon Islands
Korea, Rep. of
Vanuatu
Georgia
Philippines
Armenia
Sri Lanka
In 2009 the money supply in most economies
grew faster than in 2008. The simple averages of
growth rates for the 39 economies shown in Figure
3.3 were 17% in 2009 compared with 13% in 2008.
The growth in 2009 was certainly larger than the
growth of nominal GDP in the region and this may
herald a rise in inflation. The acceleration in money
supply growth was largely due to the global crisis as
many governments introduced stimulus packages and
borrowed more from the banks.
Fiji Islands
Maldives
Bhutan
India
Samoa
Tajikistan
Cook Islands
Bangladesh
Kyrgyz Republic
Papua New Guinea
Kazakhstan
Kiribati
Uzbekistan
Nepal
Pakistan
-5
0
5
10
All Items
15
20
Food
Sources: Tables 3.1 and 3.2.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
25
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
183
2008 and 2009
Cook Islands
Bhutan
Timor-Leste
Afghanistan
Cambodia
Tajikistan
Lao PDR
Viet Nam
Nepal
Differences in lending rates among economies are
largely determined by expectations regarding inflation
and perceived risk. Low lending rates, which encourage
business investment and consumer borrowing, are typical
of countries with low inflation rates and a small risk of
civil disturbance or armed conflict.
China, People's Rep. of
Mongolia
Kyrgyz Republic
Bangladesh
Papua New Guinea
Sri Lanka
Kazakhstan
Figure 3.4 Bank Lending Rates, 2008 and 2009
India
(annual percentage interest rates)
Armenia
Pakistan
Solomon Islands
Australia
Indonesia
Maldives
Singapore
Korea, Rep. of
Malaysia
Samoa
Georgia
Philippines
Fiji Islands
Thailand
Taipei,China
Hong Kong, China
Japan
Vanuatu
New Zealand
Azerbaijan
Tonga
Brunei Darussalam
-30
-20 -10
0
10
2008
Source: Table 3.5.
20
30
40
2009
50
60
70
Georgia
Kyrgyz Republic
Tajikistan
Mongolia
Azerbaijan
Armenia
Myanmar
Cambodia
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Solomon Islands
Bangladesh
Indonesia
Maldives
Tonga
India
Samoa
Timor-Leste
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Nepal
Fiji Islands
Australia
Thailand
Korea, Rep. of
Vanuatu
Brunei Darussalam
Singapore
China, People's Rep. of
Malaysia
Hong Kong, China
Taipei,China
Japan
0
5
10
2008
15
20
25
30
2009
Source: Table 3.9.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Bank lending rates were little changed in 2009.
Figure 3.4 shows bank lending rates in 2008 and 2009.
In response to the global crisis many central banks in
Europe and North America reduced their rates to
encourage bank lending. Some economies in the Asia and
Pacific region did likewise—Australia; Republic of Korea;
Malaysia; New Zealand; Taipei,China; and Thailand for
example—but bank lending rates rose in most economies.
The simple average of the lending rates for the 33 countries
in Figure 3.4 were little changed at 11.6% in 2009 against
11.7% in 2008.
Figure 3.3 Growth of Money Supply,
184
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
The recent trend of appreciation against the US dollar
was reversed and dollar exchange rates of most Asian
economies fell in 2009. In Figure 3.5, bars to the right
indicate that the local currency is depreciating against the
US dollar, e.g., in 2009, one rupee, riel, peso, etc. bought
fewer US dollars than in 2008. Bars to the left indicate that
a country’s currency appreciated against the US dollar.
In 36 of the 43 economies listed in Figure 3.5,
currencies fell against the US dollar. This is in marked
contrast to the earlier years of the decade when most
Asian currencies rose against the dollar. In 2009, falls
of 15% or more were recorded in Armenia, Fiji Islands,
Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea, Kyrgyz Republic,
Mongolia, Pakistan, and Tajikistan. Significant falls
were also recorded in Bhutan, Georgia, India, Nepal,
New Zealand, and Uzbekistan (11–12%). When a
currency depreciates against the dollar, its exports to
the United States become more competitive but, on the
downside, imports of petroleum and other commodities
priced in dollars become more expensive. Six currencies
appreciated against the dollar in 2009, but of these only
the Japanese yen made serious gains, rising by 9%
compared to 2008.
Figure 3.5 Percentage Fall in Dollar Exchange Rates,
2009 Compared with 2008
Mongolia
Fiji Islands
Kazakhstan
Tajikistan
Armenia
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Korea, Rep. of
New Zealand
Cook Islands
Georgia
Uzbekistan
India
Bhutan
Nepal
Philippines
Australia
Tuvalu
Nauru
Kiribati
Indonesia
Sri Lanka
Malaysia
Vanuatu
Taipei,China
Tonga
Viet Nam
Solomon Islands
Samoa
Thailand
Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
Myanmar
Cambodia
Papua New Guinea
Bangladesh
Maldives
Afghanistan
Hong Kong, China
China, People's Rep. of
Azerbaijan
Lao PDR
Japan
-10
Source: Derived from Table 3.16.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
REGIONAL TABLES
Stock exchanges in Asia have had a mixed
performance over the past decade. They fell sharply in
2008 and fell further in 2009. Stock exchanges are an
important source of funding for enterprises, and a means
for households to share the benefits of economic growth.
In the last two decades, new stock exchanges have been
established in several Asian economies, and existing stock
exchanges have seen substantial growth in capitalization.
Figures 3.6a and 3.6b show the price indexes in five major
and five smaller stock markets since 2000 (“major” and
“smaller” are determined by stock market capitalization
based on 2000–2009 average; see Table 3.14).
185
Figure 3.6a Price Indexes of Five Major Stock Markets
(based on stock market capitalization; 2000=100)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Stock markets in Hong Kong, China; Malaysia;
Singapore; and Taipei,China have moved slowly since
2000 but in the People’s Republic of China, India,
Indonesia, and Sri Lanka, markets have been more
volatile, offering opportunities for substantial capital
gains and losses. Prices in all 10 markets peaked in 2007
and fell sharply in 2008. Markets in most economies
continued to fall in 2009, though at a slower rate. India
and Sri Lanka were the only exceptions, with India
recording a particularly sharp rise.
China, People's Rep. of
India
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Taipei,China
Source: Derived from Table 3.13.
Figure 3.6b Price Indexes of Five Smaller Stock Markets
(based on stock market capitalization; 2000=100)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Indonesia
Malaysia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Source: Derived from Table 3.13.
Data Issues and Comparability
The coverage and content of CPIs are not standardized. In some countries the CPI covers prices in specific areas such as urban or
capital city. In addition, the “market basket” may be based on expenditures of a particular socioeconomic group and not the population
as a whole. Wholesale price indexes are not always based on wholesale prices but on prices at the factory or farm gate.
The stock market price indexes are the most widely tracked indexes on the stock exchange.
Data on bank credit and on interest rates are taken from the International Financial Statistics (IMF 2010) and are generally compiled
according to IMF guidelines.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
186
Prices
Table 3.1 Growth rates of consumer price index a
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
...
…
...
...
...
6.0
...
…
…
…
176.0
…
...
176.2
43.5
13.0
...
…
…
…
-0.8
1.9
4.6
13.2
18.7
3.6
32.9
8.3
24.9
…
3.1
1.5
3.4
8.4
6.9
4.4
38.6
11.6
27.4
…
1.1
2.9
5.4
5.9
2.1
3.5
12.3
8.8
27.6
…
4.7
2.2
7.0
6.4
3.1
3.1
16.4
5.6
10.3
…
7.0
6.7
7.5
6.9
4.1
4.6
7.1
5.9
3.7
…
0.6
9.5
6.2
7.6
4.3
9.2
7.1
10.7
7.8
7.2
2.9
8.2
8.8
8.6
5.6
7.9
10.0
10.5
6.8
9.7
4.4
16.9
11.0
10.8
10.2
7.8
13.1
8.6
6.8
33.2
9.0
20.9
5.5
17.0
24.5
12.0
20.5
12.0
7.8
-9.6
3.4
1.5
3.0
7.3
6.8
20.8
6.4
5.5
8.4
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
3.1
10.2
8.6
...
4.1
17.1
9.0
4.4
56.8
3.7
0.4
-3.8
2.3
11.6
1.3
0.7
-1.6
4.1
6.2
-0.0
-0.8
-3.1
2.8
0.9
-0.2
1.2
-2.5
3.5
5.2
-0.3
3.9
-0.4
3.6
8.3
1.6
1.8
0.9
2.8
12.8
2.3
1.5
2.1
2.2
4.8
0.6
4.8
2.0
2.5
9.6
1.8
5.9
4.3
4.7
28.0
3.5
-0.7
0.6
2.8
8.0
-0.9
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal c
Sri Lanka b
3.9
10.0
9.0
3.6
9.7
21.5
8.9
9.5
10.2
5.5
7.7
7.7
2.8
4.0
4.0
-1.2
3.4
6.2
1.9
3.4
3.9
0.7
2.4
14.2
2.8
2.5
4.1
0.9
2.9
9.6
4.4
2.6
4.0
-2.9
4.8
5.8
5.8
4.2
5.8
6.4
4.0
9.0
6.5
5.3
5.0
1.6
4.5
11.0
7.2
5.0
…
3.5
8.0
10.0
7.2
5.2
7.9
7.4
6.4
15.8
9.9
8.3
8.0
12.3
7.7
22.6
6.7
4.4
6.1
4.0
13.2
3.4
2.1
141.8
...
35.9
3.1
…
12.4
3.4
6.0
…
6.0
7.8
9.5
19.6
4.0
…
6.7
1.7
5.9
…
1.2
-0.8
9.3
23.1
1.5
-0.2
4.0
1.3
1.6
-1.6
0.6
0.2
12.5
7.7
1.4
21.2
6.8
1.0
1.6
-0.5
-2.3
3.3
10.0
10.7
1.8
57.0
3.0
-0.4
0.7
4.0
0.3
1.1
6.8
15.5
1.2
36.6
3.5
0.5
1.8
3.2
0.9
3.9
6.1
10.4
1.4
4.5
6.0
1.7
2.7
7.8
1.1
5.8
10.5
7.2
3.1
9.4
7.6
0.5
4.5
8.3
0.2
4.7
13.1
6.8
3.6
20.0
6.2
1.0
4.7
7.1
1.0
5.9
6.4
4.5
2.0
20.9
2.8
2.1
2.3
8.3
2.1
19.7
9.8
7.5
5.4
17.9
9.3
6.6
5.5
23.1
1.1
-0.7
4.8
0.1
0.6
1.5
3.2
0.6
-0.9
5.9
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati b
Marshall Islands b
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands b
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu f
Vanuatu b
5.3
8.1
10.2
0.7
…
12.6
…
6.9
15.3
8.8
…
10.9
2.0
5.1
0.9
2.2
4.1
8.3
…
1.8
…
17.3
-2.9
9.6
…
0.4
5.6
1.8
3.2
1.1
0.4
1.6
1.7
…
…
15.6
0.9
7.1
…
6.2
1.3
2.1
8.7
4.3
6.0
1.7
1.3
…
…
9.3
4.7
7.7
…
6.7
1.3
3.5
3.4
0.7
3.2
1.3
-0.1
…
1.6
11.8
8.1
9.3
…
10.7
8.0
2.1
2.0
4.2
1.9
-2.8
-0.2
…
-1.9
14.7
0.1
10.0
…
13.1
3.3
1.1
0.9
2.8
-1.0
2.2
1.7
…
5.0
2.1
16.3
7.1
…
11.0
2.8
3.2
2.5
2.3
-0.3
4.4
4.2
…
3.9
1.8
1.9
7.2
1.5
8.7
3.2
1.2
3.4
2.5
-1.5
4.3
4.3
…
4.5
2.4
3.8
11.2
4.2
6.1
0.9
2.6
2.5
4.8
4.2
3.1
3.7
…
3.2
0.9
5.5
7.6
8.9
5.8
0.6
4.1
7.8
7.8
11.0
17.5
6.7
…
12.0
10.8
11.5
17.3
7.6
10.0
0.9
5.8
6.7
3.6
8.4
...
7.4
…
…
6.9
6.3
2.5
0.1
1.8
...
2.8
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
7.3
3.1
6.1
4.6
-0.1
3.8
4.5
-0.8
2.6
4.4
-0.7
2.6
3.0
-0.9
2.7
2.8
-0.3
1.8
2.3
0.0
2.3
2.7
-0.3
3.0
3.5
0.3
3.4
2.3
0.0
2.4
4.4
1.4
4.0
1.8
-1.4
2.1
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan b
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam d
Cambodia b
Indonesia e
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
a
b
c
d
e
Unless otherwise indicated, data refer to the whole country.
Data refer to capital city.
Data refer to urban areas only.
Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
For 1990, data refer to CPI for 27 cities with April 1988–March 1989 as base period; for 2002, CPI for 43 cities with 1996 as base period; for 2003–2007, CPI for 45
cities with 2002 as base period; and for 2008–2009, CPI for 66 cities with 2007 as base period.
f Data prior to 1999 cover Funafuti only.
Sources: Country sources, CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
187
Table 3.2 Growth rates of food consumer price index a
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
...
…
...
...
...
4.5
...
...
…
…
190.5
…
...
163.8
40.1
16.5
...
...
…
…
-2.2
2.3
7.5
16.0
18.5
2.2
30.7
...
18.9
…
4.2
2.7
3.7
11.5
5.7
3.6
46.4
...
27.9
…
1.2
3.7
8.1
6.8
0.2
2.5
12.1
...
28.0
…
6.1
3.2
9.4
7.0
2.8
2.8
14.5
...
5.4
…
9.9
10.0
13.6
7.7
3.2
6.0
5.5
...
-1.2
…
0.7
10.9
8.3
8.1
5.4
12.5
5.9
...
6.7
6.4
3.0
12.0
9.3
8.7
7.6
6.9
9.2
...
3.9
13.2
6.0
16.2
12.0
12.2
12.6
10.3
15.0
...
3.3
48.4
10.0
28.5
5.1
23.4
29.1
17.7
26.1
...
2.7
-15.5
-0.9
-1.5
3.6
6.0
2.1
23.7
5.3
...
3.2
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
...
10.0
9.9
...
3.5
22.9
7.1
2.8
...
4.3
-2.6
-2.2
0.9
...
0.4
0.0
-0.8
5.1
...
-0.9
-0.6
-2.1
4.8
...
-0.2
3.4
-1.5
4.7
...
-0.1
9.9
1.0
8.1
...
4.2
2.9
1.8
3.1
...
7.3
2.3
1.7
0.5
...
-0.6
12.3
4.3
2.5
...
2.9
14.3
10.1
5.0
...
8.6
0.5
1.3
7.5
...
-0.4
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal c
Sri Lanka b
2.5
...
8.8
…
10.9
23.3
9.3
...
11.7
…
7.4
6.9
2.6
...
1.8
-10.5
0.4
4.5
1.4
2.2
2.2
10.2
-2.3
15.2
1.6
2.0
2.6
5.9
3.7
10.6
3.5
1.5
3.4
-5.7
4.4
2.6
6.9
2.7
2.4
10.9
3.3
9.1
7.9
5.0
5.0
0.2
4.0
11.4
7.7
5.2
…
4.7
7.8
8.9
8.2
8.1
9.3
16.0
7.2
20.3
12.3
11.9
10.6
17.8
10.1
30.5
7.2
9.0
7.5
1.5
16.7
2.6
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam d
Cambodia b
Indonesia e
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
-0.4
…
...
…
4.2
…
10.9
0.8
8.0
…
2.6
…
13.2
…
4.8
…
8.0
2.3
8.0
…
0.0
-3.4
2.7
…
1.9
-2.6
1.6
0.6
-1.2
…
0.5
-2.5
7.3
6.7
0.7
19.5
4.7
0.5
0.7
…
0.3
1.8
10.8
9.6
0.7
68.3
2.3
0.0
0.3
…
-0.8
1.5
0.8
15.2
1.3
36.3
2.2
0.6
3.6
…
1.6
6.4
5.9
10.4
2.2
1.1
6.2
2.0
4.5
…
0.5
8.4
10.0
7.7
3.6
9.3
6.4
1.3
5.0
…
-0.3
6.5
14.8
9.4
3.4
20.6
5.5
1.5
4.6
…
2.5
12.6
11.4
8.1
3.0
21.3
3.3
3.0
4.0
…
4.1
29.9
16.9
11.2
8.8
18.6
12.9
7.7
11.6
…
2.3
-0.5
…
2.3
4.1
0.3
5.8
2.4
4.4
…
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands b
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands b
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu f
Vanuatu b
3.8
8.2
…
3.3
…
…
…
9.6
20.2
8.4
…
...
-1.4
5.1
-0.3
0.7
…
3.0
…
…
…
18.0
-6.9
7.6
…
...
5.6
3.8
3.4
-3.2
0.7
-0.2
1.0
…
…
13.6
-0.1
6.6
…
0.4
1.1
2.0
9.3
4.1
6.1
0.3
-0.1
…
-2.4
9.6
5.1
9.4
…
8.6
5.3
2.0
6.9
0.5
3.4
2.4
0.5
…
-1.3
17.1
11.6
10.6
…
18.8
3.9
1.0
2.6
6.2
2.8
-0.2
-1.1
…
0.8
13.3
-1.9
4.1
…
10.8
7.4
–
0.9
3.8
0.0
3.4
3.6
…
7.1
0.6
27.0
9.2
…
9.1
2.8
3.9
1.1
1.7
-0.0
0.3
3.4
…
-1.5
3.4
0.3
5.6
0.4
6.0
5.5
0.5
2.4
1.8
-4.0
2.9
2.0
…
-1.2
5.3
4.0
9.8
3.7
2.9
1.3
3.5
0.2
9.7
5.7
1.3
2.4
…
5.3
0.6
7.7
5.9
12.6
7.4
0.9
3.8
5.9
11.5
16.6
16.8
9.1
…
…
16.6
14.1
24.1
9.2
9.1
0.8
11.4
10.8
6.7
10.4
...
…
…
…
7.2
10.2
3.8
-0.4
6.4
...
3.9
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
4.4
4.0
7.4
3.9
-1.3
1.3
2.4
-1.9
1.3
6.6
-0.6
6.0
3.6
-0.8
3.1
3.7
-0.2
0.1
2.3
0.9
0.8
2.4
-0.9
1.4
7.7
0.5
2.9
2.4
0.3
3.9
4.6
2.6
7.8
3.7
0.2
5.7
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan b
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a
b
c
d
e
Coverage of food varies by country. Unless otherwise indicated, data refer to the whole country.
Data refer to capital city.
Data refer to urban areas only.
Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
For 1990, data refer to CPI for 27 cities with April 1988–March 1989 as base period; for 2002, CPI for 43 cities with 1996 as base period; for 2003–2007, CPI for 45
cities with 2002 as base period; and for 2008–2009, CPI for 66 cities with 2007 as base period.
f Data prior to 1999 cover Funafuti only.
Sources: Country sources, CEIC data, for Bhutan and Maldives: economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Prices
188
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
Prices
Table 3.3 Growth rates of wholesale/producer price index
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
...
…
...
...
...
7.3
...
…
…
…
275.4
…
...
139.8
21.8
16.0
...
…
…
…
0.8
…
5.7
38.0
32.0
1.8
39.2
…
60.9
…
-0.4
1.8
3.7
0.3
9.1
6.2
25.2
…
42.2
…
2.5
-2.3
6.1
0.3
5.3
2.1
9.1
…
48.0
…
8.9
16.1
2.5
9.3
5.6
5.6
15.4
…
29.9
…
21.7
12.9
4.3
16.7
8.8
7.9
16.5
…
29.6
…
7.7
18.9
7.5
23.7
4.9
6.7
10.4
…
25.6
…
0.9
17.7
10.8
18.4
15.3
10.2
42.7
…
24.0
…
0.6
8.0
11.6
12.4
11.8
6.9
21.2
…
10.9
…
2.2
11.6
9.8
36.8
26.4
16.4
20.3
…
7.7
…
7.1
-19.2
-5.5
-22.0
12.0
18.2
-3.4
…
29.5
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
4.1
…
4.2
…
-0.6
14.9
2.8
4.7
…
7.4
2.8
0.2
2.0
…
1.8
-1.3
-1.6
-0.4
…
-1.3
-2.2
-2.7
-0.3
…
0.0
2.3
-0.3
2.2
…
2.5
6.1
2.3
6.1
…
7.0
4.9
-7.9
2.1
…
0.6
3.0
2.2
0.9
…
5.6
3.1
3.0
1.4
…
6.5
6.9
5.6
8.6
…
5.1
-5.4
-1.7
-0.2
…
-8.7
South Asia
Bangladesh a
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
8.5
…
10.3
…
…
22.2
4.6
…
8.0
…
…
8.8
-0.4
…
7.2
…
…
1.7
-1.5
…
3.6
…
1.4
11.7
0.2
…
3.4
…
4.9
10.7
5.3
…
5.5
…
3.8
3.1
3.7
…
6.5
…
4.1
12.5
3.4
…
4.4
…
7.3
11.5
8.9
…
5.4
…
8.9
11.7
…
…
4.7
…
9.0
24.4
…
…
8.4
…
9.1
24.9
…
…
3.8
…
12.8
-4.2
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
…
10.0
…
0.7
…
…
1.7
…
…
…
…
11.4
…
4.7
…
…
0.1
…
…
…
…
12.5
…
3.6
…
5.8
10.1
3.8
…
…
…
13.0
…
0.2
…
7.8
-1.7
2.5
2.1
…
…
4.4
…
-0.7
…
5.0
-3.1
1.6
1.8
…
…
3.4
…
4.7
…
5.0
2.0
4.0
2.6
…
…
7.4
…
6.2
…
8.4
5.2
6.7
7.3
…
…
15.3
…
5.9
…
11.4
9.6
9.2
4.4
…
…
13.6
…
3.1
…
8.4
5.0
7.0
4.2
…
…
13.8
…
5.5
…
3.1
0.3
3.3
6.8
…
…
25.8
…
10.2
…
11.9
7.5
12.4
21.8
…
…
…
…
-7.3
…
-4.2
-13.8
-3.8
…
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
6.0
1.0
3.6
3.6
-0.8
1.3
7.1
0.1
5.2
3.1
-2.3
4.9
0.2
-2.1
1.3
0.5
-0.8
0.2
4.0
1.3
1.9
6.0
1.6
3.4
7.9
2.2
4.6
2.3
1.8
2.6
8.3
4.5
8.6
-5.4
-5.2
0.6
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a For agricultural and industrial products.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
189
Table 3.4 Growth rates of GDP deflator
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
...
…
...
...
...
6.5
...
...
…
…
...
545.8
...
161.0
42.0
13.9
314.8
...
362.5
…
-1.4
12.5
4.7
17.4
27.2
2.7
22.7
...
47.1
…
4.1
2.5
5.4
10.1
7.3
7.9
31.0
...
44.8
…
0.7
3.2
5.9
5.8
2.0
2.5
18.8
...
45.2
3.8
4.6
6.0
3.4
11.7
4.0
4.4
27.0
...
26.5
6.8
6.3
8.4
8.4
16.1
5.1
7.8
17.5
...
15.1
8.4
3.2
16.1
7.9
17.9
7.1
7.0
9.5
...
16.5
8.3
4.6
11.3
8.5
21.5
9.4
10.5
21.5
...
27.1
6.8
4.2
21.0
9.7
15.5
14.9
7.7
27.3
...
23.9
4.8
5.9
27.8
9.7
21.0
21.2
16.2
28.2
...
10.0
…
3.3
-21.2
-2.0
5.6
2.1
20.0
12.6
...
33.0
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
5.8
7.5
10.4
...
3.6
13.7
4.1
7.5
...
2.3
2.0
-3.6
1.0
9.0
-0.2
2.1
-1.9
3.9
8.4
-0.9
0.6
-3.5
3.2
6.8
-0.4
2.6
-6.2
3.6
9.8
-0.9
6.9
-3.5
3.0
17.2
0.1
3.8
-0.0
0.7
20.4
-1.4
3.8
-0.3
-0.1
23.1
-1.1
7.6
2.9
2.1
12.3
-0.5
7.8
1.5
2.9
20.2
-2.4
-0.6
0.2
3.4
2.2
0.5
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
6.3
12.0
10.7
…
10.9
22.2
7.4
8.0
9.1
…
6.0
8.4
1.9
3.7
3.5
1.5
4.2
6.7
1.6
6.6
3.0
0.8
2.7
13.0
3.2
4.1
3.8
1.0
3.9
8.2
4.5
3.7
3.6
-1.1
3.1
5.1
4.2
2.4
…
0.6
4.2
8.8
5.1
6.0
4.7
-0.5
6.1
10.4
5.2
4.8
5.6
1.8
7.4
11.3
6.8
4.3
5.3
...
7.6
14.0
8.8
4.5
7.2
...
5.6
16.3
6.5
…
3.8
...
15.9
5.7
8.4
145.6
7.7
33.1
3.8
18.5
13.0
4.4
5.8
42.1
2.9
11.7
9.9
20.6
3.6
19.6
7.6
2.8
5.6
17.0
29.0
-3.1
9.6
21.8
4.9
2.5
6.5
3.6
1.3
3.4
-5.6
2.7
14.3
9.9
-1.6
24.8
6.4
-2.2
2.1
1.9
0.4
0.7
5.9
11.4
3.1
41.5
4.5
-0.9
0.8
4.0
6.1
1.8
5.5
13.3
3.3
20.5
3.8
-1.5
1.3
6.7
15.9
4.8
8.6
10.4
6.0
3.6
6.1
4.3
3.1
8.2
18.8
6.1
14.3
7.8
4.6
19.2
6.5
2.1
4.5
8.2
10.0
4.6
14.1
14.4
3.9
21.3
5.2
1.6
5.3
7.3
1.1
6.5
11.3
4.3
4.9
23.7
2.9
6.5
3.6
8.2
12.7
19.1
18.2
6.0
10.3
13.6
7.5
0.9
3.8
22.1
-24.4
…
8.4
-4.3
-6.7
4.6
2.6
-1.8
2.0
6.0
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste b
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
3.8
8.1
-4.7
-2.0
5.0
…
…
7.4
12.6
37.5
…
7.8
…
8.2
…
…
2.1
11.6
2.8
…
…
16.0
-6.9
4.2
3.1
-3.4
…
2.7
2.2
-2.8
0.3
-1.7
1.0
…
…
13.1
2.6
6.9
3.0
3.3
14.5
2.2
10.2
3.0
8.1
-1.0
1.0
…
…
6.8
1.4
7.3
-0.2
2.6
-2.9
3.8
4.5
2.4
4.2
4.2
0.4
…
…
11.9
3.7
9.4
0.3
8.8
-1.4
1.7
3.1
5.0
1.1
0.1
0.7
…
…
6.9
1.6
10.1
4.7
9.2
2.4
1.2
0.7
2.4
-4.3
0.9
1.1
…
…
1.1
7.0
6.9
-0.3
4.8
5.4
1.6
1.1
7.1
2.1
3.4
1.6
1.6
…
7.9
4.7
7.3
1.0
7.9
1.4
0.4
5.5
3.1
0.2
1.8
1.5
23.0
…
9.4
6.0
12.2
4.5
17.5
0.6
4.8
-9.7
3.1
4.5
1.1
2.7
-8.3
…
3.8
7.8
6.7
12.3
4.0
3.0
4.7
6.6
4.4
4.5
2.7
4.8
-8.3
…
7.9
3.3
17.0
11.2
5.8
3.6
5.8
6.5
…
4.6
2.8
7.5
71.5
…
-3.6
0.8
13.0
10.0
-1.3
3.7
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
9.7
2.4
2.5
1.2
-0.5
2.0
2.6
-1.7
3.2
4.7
-1.2
3.8
3.1
-1.5
0.3
2.7
-1.6
2.6
3.3
-1.1
3.3
4.1
-1.2
2.4
4.9
-0.9
4.1
5.1
-0.7
4.7
4.4
-0.9
3.5
4.9
-1.0
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
b GDP estimates beginning 2002 exclude value added of activities of the United Nations.
Sources: Country sources, CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Prices
190
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
Money and Finance
Table 3.5 Growth rates of money supply (M2)
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
40.6
...
…
...
...
...
14.4
...
…
…
…
64.3
24.0
...
109.0
78.2
13.8
…
448.0
151.9
…
38.6
86.7
39.2
45.0
12.1
12.1
57.1
94.6
37.1
…
4.3
-12.1
21.4
45.1
11.3
11.7
68.1
16.7
54.3
…
34.0
14.5
17.9
32.8
34.1
16.8
18.6
1.5
29.7
31.5
10.4
29.6
22.8
27.0
33.5
17.5
45.0
33.4
27.1
38.3
22.3
47.8
42.4
69.7
32.0
20.3
70.7
13.6
47.8
44.6
27.8
22.3
26.5
25.2
9.9
17.5
42.9
5.6
54.2
55.5
32.9
86.8
39.7
78.1
51.6
14.5
80.0
10.7
36.8
31.0
42.3
71.4
49.7
25.9
33.3
19.7
78.5
96.4
46.1
35.9
2.4
44.0
6.9
35.4
12.6
5.6
-4.5
-7.6
32.4
39.3
16.4
-0.3
8.2
17.9
20.4
14.8
32.6
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
34.2
22.4
25.3
10.8
11.0
32.3
14.6
23.3
32.9
9.4
12.3
7.8
5.2
17.6
6.5
17.6
-2.7
8.1
27.9
4.4
16.9
-0.9
14.0
42.0
2.6
19.6
8.4
3.0
49.6
5.8
14.9
9.3
6.3
20.4
7.4
16.5
5.1
7.0
34.6
6.6
16.7
15.4
12.5
34.8
5.3
16.7
20.8
10.8
56.3
0.9
17.8
2.7
12.0
-5.5
7.0
27.6
5.3
9.9
26.9
5.7
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India a
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
16.9
10.5
15.1
18.6
18.6
19.1
16.0
36.0
13.6
15.4
16.1
19.2
18.6
16.1
16.8
4.2
21.8
12.9
16.6
7.6
14.1
7.8
15.2
13.6
13.1
28.5
14.7
21.6
4.4
13.4
15.6
-0.2
16.7
17.2
9.8
15.3
13.8
19.9
12.1
31.4
12.8
19.6
16.7
11.9
17.0
10.6
8.3
19.1
19.3
32.9
21.7
18.9
15.6
17.8
17.1
2.2
21.4
24.1
13.8
16.6
17.6
24.5
18.9
21.8
25.3
8.5
19.2
39.8
16.8
12.5
27.7
18.6
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
8.2
240.9
41.8
7.8
12.8
41.36
18.4
20.0
26.7
53.1
6.7
44.3
28.0
16.4
24.0
40.5
25.2
8.5
17.0
22.6
25.9
26.9
14.3
45.9
5.3
42.2
4.8
-2.0
3.7
56.2
-7.1
20.4
14.3
20.1
2.3
44.8
…
5.9
4.2
25.5
-1.4
31.1
4.7
27.0
6.0
34.2
9.6
-0.3
2.6
17.6
12.9
15.3
8.1
19.2
11.1
0.2
4.2
8.1
…
24.9
27.0
30.0
8.2
22.3
25.2
34.5
10.0
6.2
5.8
29.5
6.8
16.1
16.3
8.2
15.6
24.1
9.8
6.2
6.1
29.7
-3.9
38.2
14.9
30.1
17.1
…
22.1
19.4
8.2
33.6
4.6
62.9
19.3
38.7
9.5
…
10.7
13.4
6.3
46.1
21.6
4.8
14.9
18.3
13.4
…
15.4
12.0
9.2
20.3
-16.8
36.8
13.0
31.2
9.5
…
7.6
11.3
6.6
29.0
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands a
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
21.9
24.3
…
…
…
…
…
4.5
19.2
10.8
…
9.3
…
11.27
...
4.7
…
…
…
…
…
10.7
21.8
9.9
…
17.0
…
11.5
4.8
-2.1
…
…
…
…
…
5.4
16.4
0.4
…
8.3
…
5.5
14.4
-3.1
…
…
…
…
…
9.6
6.1
-9.5
155.5
26.6
…
5.6
3.2
7.9
…
…
…
…
…
7.3
10.0
6.4
-14.5
7.8
…
-1.7
9.9
25.1
…
…
…
…
…
-4.4
14.1
23.8
40.9
13.4
…
-0.8
9.6
10.4
…
…
…
…
…
14.8
8.3
17.7
7.0
18.6
…
9.8
-5.2
15.0
…
…
…
…
…
29.5
15.7
46.1
18.3
12.1
…
11.6
22.4
19.8
…
…
…
…
…
38.9
13.7
26.4
28.2
14.4
…
7.0
-5.8
10.4
…
…
…
…
…
27.8
11.0
21.7
43.9
14.0
…
16.1
4.0
-6.9
…
…
…
…
…
11.2
6.3
8.0
34.1
8.3
…
13.2
65.9
7.4
…
…
…
…
…
19.1
8.6
14.1
39.3
-1.9
…
0.5
Developed Member Countries
Australia a
Japan
New Zealand a
12.3
7.4
-0.0
7.5
3.2
14.9
7.3
1.9
0.9
8.5
3.3
14.7
6.1
1.8
8.0
13.6
…
4.1
10.2
0.8
2.7
8.9
0.4
11.7
10.1
-0.4
16.4
16.3
0.8
-2.7
19.1
0.8
7.3
13.8
2.0
-0.2
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia a
Kazakhstan a
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan a
Uzbekistan
a Refers to M3.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
191
Table 3.6 Money supply (M2)
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
216.8
...
…
...
...
...
40.1
...
…
…
…
7.7
12.2
4.8
11.4
17.1
43.6
20.7
18.8
17.7
…
14.7
16.6
10.1
15.3
11.3
38.6
8.2
19.4
12.2
…
13.4
12.9
11.1
17.7
11.1
39.2
9.6
16.5
12.4
11.4
15.6
13.0
11.7
20.3
14.6
43.3
8.7
13.0
10.6
12.6
14.4
14.3
12.5
21.1
17.5
46.5
8.9
14.1
10.3
14.9
15.0
17.7
15.5
28.1
20.5
48.3
11.7
13.8
12.2
17.4
16.3
14.7
16.6
27.2
21.1
49.3
14.4
10.5
15.1
22.4
18.3
18.4
19.5
36.0
28.4
48.1
20.0
9.2
15.2
23.7
22.0
20.8
23.7
36.0
30.3
50.6
26.0
15.0
16.3
30.0
19.8
21.2
22.6
39.0
26.2
45.2
17.9
11.6
18.0
…
26.0
24.5
25.9
45.9
29.7
41.7
20.4
…
…
81.9
202.0
76.1
53.8
140.0
99.9
204.6
90.5
18.5
176.0
135.7
277.0
117.3
25.4
185.5
144.4
273.2
117.4
29.7
198.8
153.7
275.4
121.0
38.0
194.5
162.9
308.8
117.1
42.4
200.3
158.9
322.5
115.5
39.4
202.4
160.1
316.7
118.1
41.0
208.8
159.8
342.6
126.5
41.4
210.7
151.8
378.0
130.6
52.2
201.7
151.3
374.2
138.9
37.7
219.4
178.0
404.5
147.4
47.6
235.5
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India a
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
22.2
20.6
46.7
…
28.4
28.6
27.7
33.1
50.3
31.2
34.4
34.5
31.5
33.1
62.5
41.1
45.7
37.6
34.4
33.1
65.7
42.5
48.6
38.3
36.1
33.1
70.0
48.2
48.8
38.0
37.9
33.1
72.8
52.3
50.0
39.4
39.0
33.1
69.5
61.3
51.7
41.1
40.9
33.1
73.4
70.2
51.0
41.7
43.5
33.1
77.3
68.3
53.1
41.0
44.8
33.1
81.2
73.6
54.3
39.2
45.6
33.1
85.7
75.1
60.7
34.5
48.2
33.1
89.5
72.3
63.8
37.4
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
70.8
10.3
39.5
7.2
70.5
28.8
27.6
87.9
70.0
27.1
120.9
7.7
49.1
13.5
89.4
30.7
39.6
82.6
79.1
23.0
93.6
13.0
53.2
17.4
100.0
32.7
42.4
105.1
102.2
50.5
89.7
14.1
51.3
18.2
103.4
34.1
46.2
115.1
102.1
58.1
84.8
17.2
48.5
19.4
100.9
28.9
46.4
111.1
98.7
61.4
87.7
18.0
47.5
19.2
102.5
21.1
44.4
116.5
119.3
67.0
95.6
20.2
45.0
19.9
113.4
24.1
43.3
108.7
115.1
74.4
85.7
19.5
43.4
18.7
118.9
22.1
42.5
105.3
111.8
82.3
71.7
23.3
41.4
19.6
126.7
…
46.9
113.8
109.2
94.7
74.1
32.3
41.8
24.2
124.1
…
47.1
111.7
106.8
117.9
81.6
26.6
38.3
25.0
121.9
…
48.7
121.9
109.6
109.2
90.2
…
38.1
31.9
145.6
…
50.6
140.0
117.2
126.2
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands a
Timor-Leste c
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
47.9
50.9
…
…
…
…
…
35.1
46.8
29.8
…
26.5
…
104.1
34.2
55.0
…
…
…
…
…
29.7
33.9
30.5
…
25.3
…
111.5
47.6
42.4
…
…
…
…
…
31.2
38.2
31.7
6.3
29.3
…
87.3
47.1
39.0
…
…
…
…
…
32.0
37.0
29.0
13.9
34.9
…
91.8
45.3
39.5
…
…
…
…
…
30.1
38.0
29.0
15.4
33.4
…
92.6
44.6
45.4
…
…
…
…
…
25.8
40.4
30.6
20.7
33.8
…
87.5
46.6
46.6
…
…
…
…
…
29.1
39.1
31.2
21.3
37.9
…
90.7
43.7
49.4
…
…
…
…
…
33.6
41.0
40.5
23.5
39.8
…
95.8
50.3
56.1
…
…
…
…
…
41.7
43.8
43.4
30.6
38.5
…
91.3
47.9
60.7
…
…
…
…
…
47.8
42.3
44.3
36.1
42.7
…
94.8
47.3
54.4
…
…
…
…
…
46.2
45.0
38.1
38.6
42.9
…
95.4
73.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
54.7
49.3
39.3
45.5
42.7
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia a
Japan
New Zealand a
52.8
114.0
32.3
57.3
112.9
33.8
65.1
129.2
35.3
66.2
134.9
37.7
65.6
139.1
38.7
70.3
209.9
37.6
72.0
208.2
36.1
73.3
207.6
38.1
74.7
204.4
42.3
79.7
202.7
38.2
87.6
208.5
40.2
94.0
226.6
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia a
Kazakhstan a
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan a
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
a Refers to M3.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
c GDP estimates beginning 2002 exclude value added of activities of the United Nations.
Source: Country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Money and Finance
192
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
Money and Finance
Table 3.7 Interest rate on savings deposits
(percent per annum, period averages)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.94
...
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
7.58
...
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
5.90
...
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
4.98
...
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
3.77
5.28
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.40
6.62
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.94
3.67
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.71
3.63
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.95
2.22
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.10
2.18
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
5.40
3.36
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
5.48
3.26
…
…
2.58
5.90
5.00
3.00
4.25
3.15
4.20
3.00
27.30
3.50
0.99
4.50
7.08
7.20
3.50
0.99
2.20
5.46
5.40
3.04
0.74
0.14
4.71
5.90
1.53
0.72
0.03
4.15
6.80
0.63
0.72
0.02
3.75
7.60
0.55
0.72
0.97
3.57
7.80
0.55
0.72
2.50
4.36
8.00
0.55
0.76
2.10
5.01
8.10
0.55
0.66
0.14
5.67
2.40
0.54
0.36
0.01
3.23
2.60
0.24
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
9.50
5.00
5.00
3.25
9.00
14.00
5.36
5.00
4.50
5.50
7.00
12.00
5.81
6.00
4.00
5.50
5.25
8.40
5.24
6.00
4.00
5.50
5.00
8.40
4.60
5.50
4.00
4.00
4.38
6.00
4.11
5.00
3.50
3.50
4.25
5.00
4.24
4.50
3.50
2.25
3.50
5.00
4.19
4.50
3.50
2.25
3.38
5.00
5.24
4.50
3.50
2.25
3.50
5.00
5.20
4.50
3.50
2.25
3.50
5.00
5.20
4.75
3.50
2.13
4.25
5.00
5.11
4.75
…
2.10
4.75
5.00
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
…
15.00
…
3.43
…
10.90
3.83
11.00
2.40
…
7.25
…
…
3.70
…
8.00
2.72
5.00
…
…
6.13
8.86
…
2.72
…
7.40
1.28
2.50
0.20
…
3.00
9.19
…
2.28
…
7.50
0.77
1.75
0.20
…
2.41
8.96
…
2.12
…
4.20
0.44
1.50
2.40
1.13
2.19
5.14
…
1.86
…
4.20
0.24
0.75
2.40
1.00
2.13
4.47
…
1.58
…
4.26
0.23
0.75
2.40
0.87
2.08
4.32
…
1.41
…
3.80
0.30
1.88
3.00
1.15
1.83
4.75
…
1.48
…
3.50
0.25
2.50
3.00
…
1.90
3.48
…
1.44
…
2.20
0.25
0.75
3.06
…
2.05
3.33
…
1.40
…
2.22
0.22
0.75
3.68
…
1.21
3.00
…
0.87
…
2.10
0.15
0.50
2.85
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
5.25
5.90
…
…
6.25
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
4.00
3.00
…
…
4.30
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
3.88
3.00
…
…
3.24
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
3.88
3.00
…
…
3.13
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.38
2.75
…
0.20
3.13
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.13
2.75
…
0.75
3.15
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.88
2.75
…
0.79
3.22
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.80
2.75
…
0.75
3.25
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.00
2.75
…
0.65
3.21
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.80
2.75
…
0.74
3.20
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.75
…
0.75
3.20
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.25
…
0.75
1.84
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.91
…
…
0.09
…
…
0.05
…
…
0.02
…
…
0.01
…
…
0.01
…
5.40
0.01
…
5.60
0.06
…
6.05
0.21
…
7.20
0.21
…
3.20
0.06
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
193
Table 3.8 Interest rate on time deposits of 12 months
(percent per annum, period averages)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
...
...
…
...
...
9.38
...
…
…
…
...
...
…
...
45.40
10.93
...
…
…
…
21.86
10.40
…
8.00
28.07
8.60
...
…
…
…
17.72
8.60
…
6.79
26.58
8.96
...
…
…
…
11.94
9.40
…
9.49
17.55
6.18
14.84
…
…
…
7.83
8.54
…
9.87
13.06
2.70
18.24
…
…
…
5.29
8.53
…
10.68
9.58
2.84
17.81
…
…
…
6.37
9.38
…
10.29
9.78
5.83
20.16
…
…
…
6.00
10.50
…
10.29
9.88
6.01
20.84
…
…
…
6.69
12.10
…
10.53
8.91
6.90
17.81
…
…
…
7.41
12.21
…
11.57
8.79
8.51
18.45
…
…
…
9.74
12.19
…
10.68
10.75
8.59
19.36
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
9.80
8.20
10.00
4.00
9.50
10.98
6.30
8.10
56.85
7.00
2.25
5.40
7.94
13.20
4.98
2.25
2.50
5.79
13.20
3.76
2.00
0.74
4.95
14.00
2.17
1.98
0.12
4.25
14.10
1.47
2.05
0.26
3.87
12.60
1.43
2.25
1.73
3.72
13.50
1.77
2.36
3.02
4.50
13.40
2.10
3.29
2.79
5.17
13.60
2.40
3.80
0.97
5.87
12.90
2.50
2.25
0.30
3.48
…
0.82
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan e
India
Maldives b
Nepal
Sri Lanka
12.13
8.00
9.00
…
11.50
16.00
6.31
9.00
12.50
6.00
8.00
16.00
8.97
9.50
7.10
6.50
6.88
15.00
8.92
9.50
7.10
6.50
6.13
13.00
8.50
9.00
5.75
5.50
5.25
10.00
8.81
6.75
5.00
5.25
5.00
7.00
8.20
6.00
4.98
4.50
4.25
8.00
8.31
6.50
5.32
4.50
3.63
9.00
10.32
6.50
8.55
4.50
3.63
11.00
10.70
6.50
8.63
4.50
3.63
15.00
10.86
6.50
8.25
4.10
4.25
15.00
10.93
6.50
6.75
4.50
6.10
9.50
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam f
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines g
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
…
18.53
…
7.21
…
19.70
5.48
13.75
…
…
…
16.28
…
6.89
…
10.70
4.01
10.62
12.00
…
7.20
12.17
…
4.24
…
10.50
2.42
3.50
6.24
…
8.33
15.48
…
4.00
…
10.80
1.53
2.88
6.84
…
7.20
15.28
…
4.00
…
9.20
1.32
2.00
7.80
1.69
7.00
10.39
…
3.70
…
8.00
0.70
1.00
7.20
1.62
6.60
7.07
…
3.70
…
8.18
0.72
1.00
7.56
1.63
6.83
10.95
…
3.70
…
6.00
0.86
3.00
8.40
1.14
6.40
11.63
…
3.73
…
5.01
0.88
4.50
8.40
…
7.05
8.24
…
3.70
…
3.10
0.83
2.32
8.80
…
7.65
10.43
…
3.50
…
3.96
0.70
1.88
13.46
…
6.52
9.55
…
2.50
…
2.50
0.53
0.83
10.37
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
10.50
9.20
…
…
8.00
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
8.13
7.50
…
…
5.40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.38
7.35
…
…
5.95
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
8.63
7.30
…
…
5.93
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
5.88
6.38
…
…
5.97
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.00
6.38
…
1.26
5.97
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.00
6.38
…
1.28
6.25
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.30
6.38
…
1.28
6.30
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.80
6.63
…
1.29
7.20
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.30
7.75
…
1.28
7.08
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
7.75
…
1.33
6.90
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
4.88
…
1.30
5.90
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan h
New Zealand a
14.45
…
11.50
7.10
1.16
8.00
5.90
0.24
6.49
4.35
0.13
4.60
4.35
0.07
5.58
3.55
0.05
5.22
4.75
0.04
6.28
4.55
0.03
6.82
5.40
0.16
7.23
5.90
0.38
8.36
7.60
0.41
4.81
3.55
0.26
4.24
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia a
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan b
Kyrgyz Republic c
Pakistan
Tajikistan d
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Figures are derived simple averages of monthly rates for time deposits of 6 months.
For time deposits of over 12 months.
From 1996, data refer to interest rates of commercial banks in national currency for 6–12 months.
Figures are derived simple averages of monthly rates for time deposits of 6 months to 1 year.
For fixed deposits of 1 year to less than 3 years.
Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Refers to rates charged on interest-bearing deposits with maturities of over 1 year.
For time deposits from 12 months to less than 2 years.
Sources: Country sources, CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Money and Finance
194
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
Money and Finance
Table 3.9 Lending interest rate
(percent per annum, period averages)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
...
...
...
...
…
...
…
...
…
…
...
111.86
...
...
…
...
…
...
…
…
...
31.57
19.66
32.75
…
51.90
…
25.59
…
…
...
26.69
19.71
27.25
…
37.33
…
21.05
…
…
...
21.14
17.37
31.83
…
24.81
…
14.20
…
…
...
20.83
15.46
32.27
…
19.13
…
16.57
…
…
...
18.63
15.72
31.23
…
29.27
…
20.32
…
…
...
17.98
17.03
21.63
…
26.60
…
23.27
…
…
17.97
16.53
17.86
18.75
…
23.20
…
24.37
…
…
18.14
17.52
19.13
20.41
…
25.32
…
22.87
…
…
14.92
17.05
19.76
21.24
…
19.86
…
23.70
…
…
...
18.76
20.03
25.52
…
23.03
…
22.91
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China a
9.36
10.00
10.00
...
10.05
12.06
8.75
9.00
...
7.67
5.85
9.50
8.55
36.95
7.71
5.85
5.13
7.71
37.35
7.38
5.31
5.00
6.77
35.52
7.10
5.31
5.00
6.24
31.91
3.43
5.58
5.00
5.90
31.47
3.52
5.58
7.75
5.59
30.57
3.85
6.12
7.75
5.99
26.94
4.12
7.47
6.75
6.55
21.83
4.31
5.31
5.00
7.17
20.58
4.21
5.31
5.00
5.65
21.67
2.56
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
16.00
15.00
16.50
...
14.42
13.00
14.00
16.00
15.46
...
...
18.04
15.50
16.00
12.29
13.00
9.46
16.16
15.83
15.75
12.08
13.00
7.67
19.39
16.00
15.25
11.92
13.54
...
13.17
16.00
15.00
11.46
14.00
...
10.34
14.75
15.00
10.92
13.00
8.50
9.47
14.00
14.00
10.75
13.00
8.13
10.76
15.33
14.00
11.19
13.00
8.00
12.85
16.00
14.00
13.02
13.00
8.00
17.08
16.38
...
13.31
13.00
8.00
18.89
14.60
...
12.19
13.00
8.00
...
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
...
…
20.83
...
8.79
8.00
24.12
7.36
14.42
...
...
18.70
18.85
25.67
8.73
16.50
14.68
6.37
13.25
...
5.50
17.34
18.46
32.00
7.67
15.25
10.91
5.83
7.83
10.55
5.50
16.50
18.55
26.17
7.13
15.00
12.40
5.66
7.25
9.42
5.50
16.23
18.95
29.33
6.53
15.00
9.14
5.37
6.88
9.06
5.50
18.47
16.94
30.50
6.30
15.00
9.47
5.31
5.94
9.48
5.50
17.62
14.12
29.25
6.05
15.00
10.08
5.30
5.50
9.72
5.50
17.33
14.05
26.83
5.95
15.00
10.18
5.30
5.79
11.03
5.50
16.40
15.98
30.00
6.49
16.08
9.78
5.31
7.35
11.18
5.50
16.18
13.86
28.50
6.41
17.00
8.69
5.33
7.05
11.18
5.50
16.01
13.60
24.00
6.08
17.00
8.75
5.38
7.04
15.78
5.50
15.81
14.50
...
5.08
17.00
8.57
5.38
5.96
...
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
11.86
…
…
...
…
…
15.52
...
18.00
...
13.50
…
17.33
…
11.06
…
…
15.00
…
…
13.14
...
16.17
...
10.47
…
10.50
…
8.40
…
…
15.33
…
…
17.54
...
14.58
...
11.34
…
9.85
…
8.34
…
…
15.33
…
…
16.21
...
14.55
...
11.34
…
8.81
…
8.05
…
…
15.28
…
…
13.89
11.45
14.62
...
11.40
…
7.41
…
7.60
…
…
15.00
…
…
13.36
11.28
14.70
16.66
11.34
…
5.90
…
7.17
…
…
15.38
…
…
13.25
11.23
14.29
15.54
11.59
…
7.61
…
6.78
…
…
16.38
…
…
11.47
11.43
14.12
16.65
11.38
…
7.47
…
7.35
…
…
15.62
…
…
10.57
11.72
13.92
16.55
11.97
…
8.25
…
9.01
…
…
14.03
…
…
9.78
12.65
14.12
15.05
12.16
…
8.16
…
7.97
…
…
14.38
…
…
9.20
12.66
14.44
13.11
12.46
…
5.29
…
7.85
…
…
15.38
…
…
10.09
12.08
15.26
11.17
12.51
…
5.50
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
17.90
6.95
15.26
10.70
3.51
11.31
9.27
2.07
9.26
8.66
1.97
9.00
8.16
1.86
8.84
8.41
1.82
8.82
8.85
1.77
9.42
9.06
1.68
10.48
9.41
1.66
11.04
8.20
1.88
11.73
8.91
1.91
12.21
6.02
1.72
10.28
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Refers to base lending rates but figures before 2003 are prime lending rates.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: International Financial Statistics Online (IMF 2010); for Taipei,China: economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
195
Table 3.10 Yield on short-term treasury bills a
(percent per annum)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
37.810
...
...
48.980
34.903
12.486
...
...
...
...
24.403
16.733
...
6.590
32.259
8.375
...
...
...
...
20.591
16.510
29.928
5.280
19.078
10.710
...
...
...
...
14.750
14.119
43.419
5.200
10.154
6.078
...
...
...
...
11.912
7.998
44.263
5.860
7.208
1.865
...
...
...
...
5.271
4.622
19.159
3.280
4.944
2.489
...
...
...
...
4.050
7.515
...
3.280
4.401
7.181
...
...
...
...
4.865
10.038
...
3.280
4.752
8.540
...
...
...
...
6.089
10.639
...
7.010
4.901
8.989
...
...
...
...
7.688
...
...
7.000
13.163
11.367
...
...
...
...
9.420
3.307
...
7.000
10.566
12.519
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
6.530
...
5.550
14.054
...
4.990
2.601
5.690
7.078
...
...
2.521
1.690
5.318
...
...
2.152
1.350
4.805
...
...
2.618
-0.080
4.306
...
...
2.793
0.070
3.788
...
...
1.858
3.650
3.649
...
1.350
2.536
3.290
4.476
...
2.325
3.512
1.960
5.161
...
3.512
4.033
0.050
5.488
...
4.296
1.586
0.070
2.628
...
1.706
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India e
Maldives f
Nepal
Sri Lanka
...
...
...
...
7.930
14.083
...
...
12.660
...
9.900
16.805
...
...
8.950
...
5.300
14.016
...
...
6.880
...
5.000
17.568
...
...
6.320
...
3.800
12.471
...
...
4.630
...
3.850
8.092
...
...
4.910
...
2.400
7.714
...
...
5.680
...
2.200
9.027
...
...
6.640
...
1.980
10.984
...
...
7.100
5.500
3.590
16.603
...
...
7.100
6.000
4.720
18.914
...
...
3.570
5.998
6.350
...
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam g
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR h
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam i
...
...
...
...
6.116
...
23.672
3.617
...
...
...
...
...
20.456
5.504
...
11.761
1.051
...
...
...
...
...
29.937
2.861
...
9.913
2.180
...
5.417
...
...
...
22.702
2.792
...
9.734
1.687
...
5.490
...
...
...
21.406
2.732
...
5.494
0.813
1.921
5.918
...
...
...
24.874
2.788
...
5.870
0.643
1.354
5.827
...
...
...
20.368
2.396
...
7.320
0.960
1.303
5.692
...
...
...
18.614
2.484
...
6.130
2.038
2.673
6.127
...
...
...
18.337
3.227
...
5.290
2.952
4.656
4.728
...
...
...
18.360
3.434
...
3.380
2.344
3.479
4.153
...
...
...
12.481
3.390
...
5.390
0.870
3.189
...
...
...
...
...
2.053
...
4.190
0.328
1.240
...
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea j
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
...
4.396
...
...
...
...
...
11.396
...
11.000
...
...
...
...
...
3.150
...
...
...
...
...
17.403
...
12.500
...
...
...
...
...
3.633
...
...
...
...
...
16.996
...
7.050
...
...
...
...
...
1.507
...
...
...
...
...
12.355
...
8.228
...
...
...
...
...
1.659
...
...
...
...
...
10.928
...
6.866
...
...
...
...
...
1.061
...
...
...
...
...
18.686
...
5.847
...
...
...
...
...
1.561
...
...
...
...
...
8.853
...
6.000
...
...
...
...
...
1.938
...
...
...
...
...
3.808
...
4.533
...
...
...
...
...
7.450
...
...
...
...
...
4.010
...
3.409
...
...
...
...
...
4.484
...
...
...
...
...
4.667
...
3.169
...
...
...
...
...
0.253
...
...
...
...
...
6.193
...
3.201
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
7.077
...
3.999
...
...
...
...
Developed Member Countries
Australia k
Japan
New Zealand
14.543
5.042
13.780
7.726
0.374
8.824
6.178
0.230
6.392
4.899
0.033
5.562
4.747
0.005
5.522
4.896
0.003
5.213
5.478
0.003
5.849
5.644
0.003
6.524
5.988
0.419
7.047
6.668
0.553
7.548
6.973
0.357
7.007
3.434
0.121
2.827
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan b
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of c
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of d
Mongolia
Taipei,China
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
Refers to 3-month treasury bills unless otherwise indicated.
Refers to weighted average yield on 6-month treasury securities.
Refers to 3-month treasury bonds trading rate.
Refers to 91-day certificates of deposit.
Figures are for fiscal year ending March.
Refers to rate on 28-day treasury bills.
Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Refers to weighted average auction rate for 6-month treasury bills.
Refers to average monthly yield on 360-day treasury bills sold at auction.
Refers to rate on 182-day treasury bills.
Refers to 90-day bank-accepted bills.
Sources: International Financial Statistics Online (IMF 2010); for Australia, People’s Republic of China, Republic of Korea: OECD Statistics Online (OECD 2010); for India,
Philippines (2008 and 2009); for Taipei,China: economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Money and Finance
196
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
Money and Finance
Table 3.11 Domestic credit provided by banking sector
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
…
…
…
…
50.9
…
…
...
…
9.1
12.5
8.1
9.5
25.7
51.0
…
1.1
...
…
11.5
9.6
21.5
12.3
12.2
41.6
17.9
26.9
...
…
9.3
9.8
20.0
11.6
10.0
37.7
24.3
18.6
...
…
7.4
8.7
20.5
13.1
11.6
36.6
21.1
…
...
…
5.6
9.4
20.2
14.8
11.6
37.1
14.0
…
...
…
6.7
10.9
19.1
21.0
8.4
41.0
16.5
…
...
…
8.8
11.2
21.7
24.7
9.4
43.9
16.4
…
...
-1.7
8.1
13.1
23.9
32.5
11.6
42.9
15.4
…
...
0.2
12.1
17.2
31.6
41.0
14.0
45.9
27.5
…
...
3.5
16.7
17.1
32.9
33.5
…
…
…
…
...
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
89.4
152.0
53.4
…
...
87.7
142.4
52.2
7.6
...
119.7
136.0
79.5
9.3
...
123.0
138.5
83.8
11.2
...
143.5
142.5
89.6
15.1
...
151.9
146.1
92.0
23.8
...
140.4
146.7
87.4
30.9
...
135.6
142.8
91.4
30.2
...
136.2
134.5
99.9
21.4
...
132.0
125.4
101.8
30.1
...
120.8
124.7
112.3
34.4
...
147.9
166.6
112.4
…
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
22.4
-1.1
53.3
33.0
28.0
38.0
26.7
10.4
45.8
34.9
34.0
40.9
34.2
3.0
53.7
34.8
40.8
43.7
47.8
6.7
55.8
40.0
45.8
45.4
50.4
11.7
60.0
41.7
41.4
42.2
49.7
12.0
59.3
36.3
41.4
40.7
51.9
18.5
61.6
42.8
42.0
43.3
54.9
15.7
62.3
72.1
42.8
43.6
58.1
13.9
65.9
80.0
43.7
47.1
58.3
14.4
66.6
102.3
49.2
45.0
59.4
…
72.5
122.7
52.7
42.8
…
…
79.3
…
…
…
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
…
46.7
5.0
72.7
32.8
26.9
61.9
94.1
…
…
5.3
51.8
9.9
173.0
32.5
64.3
61.6
141.3
20.1
38.6
6.4
60.7
9.0
179.2
32.1
66.9
79.2
138.3
35.1
35.6
5.6
54.5
13.1
189.2
33.9
63.3
94.2
128.6
39.7
37.7
5.6
52.4
10.0
184.8
28.7
61.4
76.7
127.8
44.8
29.4
6.6
49.2
8.6
180.9
22.1
60.1
82.5
130.7
51.8
20.5
8.0
49.6
8.2
149.5
24.8
58.1
74.4
124.5
61.9
10.4
7.2
46.2
8.1
136.2
…
50.6
64.3
119.2
71.2
16.3
8.9
41.7
6.3
119.2
…
48.6
64.7
108.9
75.4
18.5
12.9
40.6
6.5
113.4
…
46.0
72.0
131.5
96.2
…
16.2
36.7
10.5
115.2
…
…
77.7
130.6
95.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
93.9
…
…
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
...
38.5
...
...
…
...
...
35.7
6.7
34.6
...
45.7
...
36.1
...
45.8
...
...
-31.2
...
...
29.2
10.0
36.0
...
57.8
...
36.4
...
37.9
...
...
-43.7
...
...
28.2
21.8
38.5
...
61.0
...
39.6
...
35.0
...
...
-31.6
...
...
24.1
23.7
59.4
...
63.9
...
41.4
...
34.5
...
...
-48.1
...
...
28.1
25.7
58.7
-13.6
65.2
...
49.3
...
37.9
...
...
-43.7
...
...
24.2
27.9
51.5
-11.6
63.5
...
48.3
...
39.6
...
...
-31.1
...
...
24.4
27.9
39.5
-31.8
57.1
...
48.2
...
47.3
...
...
-25.2
...
...
22.1
32.1
41.5
-13.7
70.2
...
47.6
...
53.4
...
...
-27.5
...
...
23.3
38.8
42.9
8.7
67.3
...
44.7
...
55.6
...
...
-30.0
...
...
22.6
41.2
47.4
-29.7
60.3
...
44.1
...
55.3
...
...
-17.0
...
...
24.9
41.1
48.7
-25.5
58.8
...
51.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
39.4
…
…
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
67.8
262.6
78.8
77.2
288.1
92.6
89.7
308.9
111.8
91.4
299.5
110.6
97.6
299.2
112.8
101.1
307.3
120.9
105.6
303.2
120.6
108.9
312.8
130.1
114.5
304.9
139.2
130.9
294.4
144.9
137.1
293.0
155.1
140.9
…
155.5
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); International Financial Statistics Online (IMF 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
197
Table 3.12 Bank nonperfoming loans
(percent of total gross loans)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
...
17.5
...
...
...
...
19.5
...
...
...
...
24.4
28.0
11.6
...
...
23.4
...
...
...
...
9.9
21.5
7.9
...
...
21.8
...
...
...
...
5.4
...
2.4
...
...
17.0
...
...
...
...
2.1
...
2.0
...
...
11.6
...
...
...
...
1.9
...
1.2
...
...
8.3
...
...
...
...
2.5
...
0.8
...
...
6.9
...
...
...
...
2.4
...
0.8
...
...
7.2
...
...
...
...
4.4
...
4.1
5.1
...
9.1
...
...
...
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
22.4
7.3
8.9
...
5.3
29.8
6.5
3.4
...
7.5
26.0
5.0
2.4
...
6.1
20.4
3.9
2.6
...
4.3
13.2
2.3
1.9
...
2.8
8.6
1.4
1.2
...
2.2
7.1
1.1
0.8
...
2.1
6.2
0.8
0.7
...
1.8
2.4
0.9
1.1
...
1.5
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
34.9
...
12.8
...
...
...
31.5
...
11.4
...
...
15.3
28.1
...
10.4
...
...
15.3
22.1
...
8.8
...
...
...
17.5
...
7.2
...
...
...
13.2
...
5.2
...
...
...
12.8
...
3.3
...
...
...
14.5
...
2.5
...
...
...
11.2
...
2.3
...
...
...
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
...
...
34.4
...
15.4
...
24.0
3.4
17.7
...
...
...
31.9
...
17.8
...
27.7
8.0
11.5
...
...
...
24.0
...
15.9
...
26.5
7.7
15.7
...
...
...
6.8
...
13.9
...
16.1
6.7
13.5
...
...
...
4.5
...
11.7
...
14.4
5.0
11.9
...
...
...
7.6
...
9.6
...
10.3
3.8
9.1
...
...
...
6.1
...
8.5
...
7.5
2.8
8.4
...
...
...
4.1
...
6.5
...
5.8
1.5
7.9
...
...
...
3.2
...
4.8
...
4.5
1.4
5.7
...
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
0.5
5.3
...
0.6
8.4
...
0.4
7.4
...
0.3
5.2
...
0.2
2.9
...
0.2
1.8
...
0.2
1.5
...
0.2
1.4
...
0.5
1.7
...
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); for Taipei,China: economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Money and Finance
198
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
Money and Finance
Table 3.13 Growth rates of stock market price index
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
...
...
...
...
...
...
6.3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
-28.9
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
26.3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
-24.4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
8.7
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
71.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
55.4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
29.3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
19.8
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
8.4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
...
...
-18.7
...
-21.4
-0.5
-5.5
-4.8
...
-11.3
37.3
26.5
-8.7
...
5.7
2.3
-21.6
-21.7
...
-37.5
-19.6
-16.8
32.2
...
6.5
-6.0
-1.8
-10.2
...
-1.2
-0.0
25.7
22.6
...
16.9
-22.1
11.1
28.5
...
1.0
41.4
17.7
26.3
...
12.3
161.1
37.3
26.7
...
24.4
-28.1
-9.8
-10.6
...
-17.5
-10.0
-13.8
-7.0
...
-8.0
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
-25.1
...
53.7
...
...
...
12.8
...
-22.5
...
...
...
12.2
...
-15.0
...
...
-10.3
17.6
...
-18.8
...
...
-8.4
17.9
...
0.0
...
...
56.3
2.3
...
63.6
...
...
41.8
67.6
...
17.9
...
...
35.7
23.4
...
43.3
...
...
46.8
-12.8
...
48.7
...
...
15.7
54.8
...
49.5
...
...
14.0
26.0
...
-50.4
...
...
-14.8
6.9
...
72.9
...
...
6.8
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
...
...
...
...
21.8
...
-12.3
3.6
...
...
...
...
...
...
-6.9
...
-10.9
-5.5
...
...
...
...
-9.1
...
21.4
...
-6.3
5.0
-18.7
...
...
...
-17.9
...
-24.0
...
-35.6
-19.3
-11.4
...
...
...
11.6
...
11.2
...
-24.8
-5.0
20.8
-37.5
...
...
13.8
...
-0.9
...
-15.7
-4.8
31.6
-21.1
...
...
56.4
...
20.8
...
41.8
28.1
37.5
59.4
...
...
35.0
...
6.4
...
151.7
16.2
4.2
8.3
...
...
32.6
...
5.8
...
106.0
15.9
4.1
95.6
...
...
53.6
...
37.0
...
199.9
33.9
6.6
95.5
...
...
-4.9
...
-12.4
...
31.7
-23.5
-10.3
-52.2
...
...
-4.5
...
-5.9
...
...
-12.0
-15.4
-10.3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
34.8
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
19.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
17.8
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
52.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
36.1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
15.4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
19.8
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
-8.7
...
...
...
...
...
...
-7.6
-15.5
-12.0
-0.7
-13.7
5.4
7.9
11.6
2.3
3.2
-22.7
5.3
-2.9
-18.0
10.0
-4.1
-6.2
11.0
16.3
21.8
27.4
21.3
13.5
20.2
19.2
28.2
9.8
20.7
2.3
15.4
-21.0
-28.6
-21.3
-16.1
-26.9
-12.3
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: International Financial Statistics Online (IMF 2010); for Taipei,China: economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
199
Table 3.14 Stock market capitalization
(US$ million)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
9286
...
...
...
...
...
...
24
1342
4
6581
...
...
32
...
2
...
89
1204
4
4944
...
...
28
...
10
...
105
1341
7
10200
...
...
31
...
27
...
203
2425
31
16579
...
...
14
...
18
...
206
3941
34
29002
...
...
4
...
43
...
355
10521
42
45937
...
...
37
...
60
...
668
43688
93
45518
...
...
715
...
105
...
1389
41378
121
70262
...
...
...
...
176
...
327
31075
94
23491
...
...
...
...
141
...
733
57655
72
33239
...
...
...
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
...
83400
11100
...
99736
42055
303705
181955
27
192944
580991
623398
171587
37
262335
523952
506073
220046
37
303181
463080
463085
249639
32
263048
681204
551237
329616
42
373910
639765
665248
428649
25
418562
780763 2426326 6226305 2793613 5010656
693486 895249 1162566 1328837 2291578
718180 835188 1123633 494631 836462
46
113
612
407
430
486021 595641 655481 371435 635457
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
321
...
38600
...
...
917
1338
...
127199
...
244
1998
1186
...
148064
...
790
1074
1145
...
110396
...
494
1332
1193
...
131011
...
417
1681
1622
...
279093
...
483
2711
3317
...
387851
...
853
3657
3035
...
553074
...
1344
5720
3610
6793
...
...
818879 1819101
...
...
1805
4909
7769
7553
6671
7068
...
...
645478 1226676
...
...
4894
5485
4326
8133
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
...
...
8080
...
48600
...
5930
34300
23900
...
...
...
66585
...
222729
...
58930
148004
141507
...
...
...
26834
...
116935
...
25957
152827
29489
...
...
...
23006
...
120007
...
41523
117338
36349
...
...
...
29991
...
123872
...
39021
101900
46173
...
...
...
54659
...
168376
...
23565
229328
121233
154
...
...
73251
...
190011
...
28948
277004
116695
248
...
…
81428
...
181236
...
40153
316658
124864
461
...
...
138886
...
235356
...
68382
276329
141093
9093
...
...
211693
...
325663
...
103224
353489
196046
19542
...
...
98761
...
187066
...
52101
180021
102594
9589
...
...
178191
...
255952
...
80132
310766
138189
21199
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
67
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
244
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
121
...
...
...
...
...
1520
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
373
...
...
...
...
...
1423
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
433
...
...
...
...
...
2339
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
539
...
...
...
...
...
2942
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
587
...
...
...
...
...
3166
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
637
...
...
...
...
...
6632
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
522
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
568
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
109000 245218 372794 375131 378846 585475 776403 804074 1095858 1298429 675619 1258456
Japan
2920000 3667292 3157222 2251814 2126075 3040665 3678262 4736513 4726269 4453475 3220485 3377892
New Zealand
8840
31950
18866
17779
21745
33052
43731
43409
44940
47454
24166
67061
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); S&P Global Stock Markets Factbook 2010 (Standard and Poor’s 2010); for Taipei,China: economy
sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Money and Finance
200
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
Money and Finance
Table 3.15 Stock market capitalization
(percent of GDP)
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
...
...
...
...
...
...
7.1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
15.3
...
...
...
...
...
...
0.8
7.3
0.3
8.9
...
...
0.2
...
0.1
...
2.8
5.4
0.3
6.8
...
...
0.2
...
0.4
...
3.1
5.4
0.5
14.1
...
...
0.3
...
1.0
...
5.1
7.9
1.6
19.9
...
...
0.1
...
0.5
...
4.0
9.1
1.5
29.6
...
...
0.0
...
0.9
...
5.5
18.4
1.7
41.9
...
...
0.3
...
0.9
...
8.6
53.9
3.3
35.7
...
...
4.2
...
1.1
...
13.7
39.5
3.2
49.1
...
...
...
...
1.5
...
2.6
23.3
1.9
14.3
...
...
...
...
1.6
...
6.8
52.8
1.6
22.5
...
...
...
...
108.5
42.1
...
60.5
5.8
210.6
35.2
2.2
70.2
48.5
368.6
32.2
3.4
80.4
39.5
303.8
43.6
3.2
103.2
31.9
282.7
43.3
2.5
87.4
41.5
347.6
51.2
2.9
120.3
33.1
401.0
59.4
1.4
123.1
34.6
390.1
85.0
2.0
133.2
89.4
471.4
87.8
3.6
158.3
178.2
561.4
107.1
15.6
166.7
61.8
217.6
53.1
7.9
92.2
100.5
1088.3
100.5
10.2
168.1
1.1
...
12.2
...
...
11.4
3.5
...
35.7
...
5.5
15.3
2.5
...
32.2
...
14.4
6.6
2.4
...
23.1
...
8.8
8.5
2.5
...
25.8
...
6.9
9.8
3.1
...
46.6
...
7.6
14.4
5.9
...
55.3
...
11.7
17.7
5.0
...
68.3
...
16.5
23.4
5.8
...
89.5
...
19.9
27.5
9.9
...
154.6
...
47.7
23.3
8.4
...
55.7
...
38.8
10.7
7.9
...
101.2
...
42.9
19.4
...
...
7.1
...
110.4
...
13.4
93.1
28.0
...
...
...
32.9
...
250.7
...
79.5
175.6
84.2
...
...
...
16.3
...
124.7
...
34.2
164.8
24.0
...
...
...
14.3
...
129.3
...
58.3
137.0
31.5
...
...
...
15.3
...
122.8
...
50.8
115.4
36.4
...
...
...
23.3
...
152.8
...
29.6
246.0
85.0
0.4
...
...
28.5
...
152.3
...
33.3
252.6
72.3
0.5
...
...
28.5
...
131.4
...
40.6
261.8
70.8
0.9
...
...
38.1
...
150.5
...
58.2
198.5
68.1
15.2
...
...
49.0
...
174.4
...
71.7
211.7
79.3
28.5
...
...
19.3
...
84.2
...
31.2
98.9
37.7
10.6
...
...
33.0
...
132.7
...
49.8
170.5
52.3
21.8
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3.4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
14.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
7.3
...
...
...
...
...
49.3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
20.2
...
...
...
...
...
47.4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
18.7
...
...
...
...
...
66.1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
19.7
...
...
...
...
...
74.9
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
19.8
...
...
...
...
...
64.6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
20.1
...
...
...
...
...
118.3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
15.6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
15.8
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
34.0
96.7
20.1
66.2
69.9
51.5
96.9
67.6
37.1
102.3
55.0
34.1
91.8
54.3
33.7
112.2
71.9
38.7
122.1
79.9
43.4
113.7
104.1
39.8
145.4
108.3
41.3
142.2
101.7
35.2
68.2
65.6
18.6
128.8
66.7
...
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); S&P Global Stock Markets Factbook 2010 (Standard and Poor’s 2010); ADB staff estimates; for
Taipei,China: economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
201
Table 3.16 Official exchange rate
(local currency units per US$, period averages)
1990
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan Manats | New Manat
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR b
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
43.51
...
...
...
...
...
21.71
...
…
0.00
36.57
47.36
47.50
47.26
48.76
47.85
49.49
49.93
49.96
50.25
50.23
405.91 539.53 555.08 573.35 578.76 533.45 457.69 416.04 342.08 305.97 363.28
0.88
0.89
0.93
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.95
0.89
0.86
0.82
0.80
...
1.98
2.07
2.20
2.15
1.92
1.81
1.78
1.67
1.49
1.67
60.95 142.13 146.74 153.28 149.58 136.04 132.88 126.09 122.55 120.30 147.50
10.82
47.70
48.38
46.94
43.65
42.65
41.01
40.15
37.32
36.57
42.90
31.64
53.65
61.93
59.72
57.75
58.26
59.51
60.27
60.74
70.41
81.71
0.12
2.08
2.37
2.76
3.06
2.97
3.12
3.30
3.44
3.43
4.14
207.70 8478.60 9827.90 10097.50 10033.50 10375.00 11015.20 10881.90 10690.00 13041.50 |
2.61
29.78 236.61 690.75 754.31 968.79 1014.43 1106.10 1215.60 1260.83 1314.17 1465.60
4.78
7.79
707.76
...
26.89
8.35
8.28
8.28
8.28
8.28
8.28
8.19
7.97
7.61
6.95
6.83
7.74
7.79
7.80
7.80
7.79
7.79
7.78
7.77
7.80
7.79
7.75
771.27 1130.96 1290.99 1251.09 1191.61 1145.32 1024.12 954.79 929.26 1102.05 1276.93
448.61 1076.67 1097.70 1110.31 1146.54 1185.30 1205.25 1179.70 1170.40 1165.80 1437.80
26.48
31.23
33.80
34.58
34.42
33.42
32.17
32.53
32.84
31.52
33.05
34.57
17.51
17.50
9.55
29.37
40.06
40.28
32.43
32.43
11.77
51.89
51.25
52.14
44.94
44.94
11.77
71.09
77.01
55.81
47.19
47.19
12.24
74.95
89.38
57.89
48.61
48.61
12.80
77.88
95.66
58.15
46.58
46.58
12.80
76.14
96.52
59.51
45.32
45.32
12.80
73.67
101.19
64.33
44.10
44.10
12.80
71.37
100.50
68.93
45.31
45.31
12.80
72.76
103.91
68.87
41.35
41.35
12.80
66.42
110.62
1.81
1.42
1.72
1.79
1.79
426.25 2450.83 3840.75 3916.33 3912.08
1842.81 2248.61 8421.78 10260.90 9311.19
707.75 804.69 7887.64 8954.58 10056.30
2.70
2.50
3.80
3.80
3.80
6.28
5.61
6.43
6.68
6.57
24.31
25.71
44.19
50.99
51.60
1.81
1.42
1.72
1.79
1.79
25.59
24.92
40.11
44.43
42.96
6482.80 11038.30 14167.70 14725.20 15279.50
1.74
3973.33
8577.13
10569.00
3.80
6.08
54.20
1.74
41.48
15509.60
1.69
4016.25
8938.85
10585.40
3.80
5.75
56.04
1.69
40.22
15746.00
1.66
4092.50
9704.74
10655.20
3.79
5.76
55.09
1.66
40.22
15858.90
1.59
4103.25
9159.32
10159.90
3.67
5.78
51.31
1.59
37.88
15994.30
1.51
4056.17
9141.00
9603.16
3.44
5.56
46.15
1.51
34.52
16105.10
68.60
43.51
43.51
12.80
69.76
108.33
69.04
48.41
48.41
12.80
77.55
114.95
1.42
1.45
4054.17 4139.33
9698.96 10389.90
8744.06 8516.04
3.34
3.52
5.39
5.52
44.32
47.68
1.41
1.45
33.31
34.29
16302.30 17065.10
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands c
Micronesia, Fed. States of c
Nauru
Palau c
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste c
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
1.68
1.48
1.28
…
…
1.28
…
0.96
2.31
2.53
…
1.28
1.28
117.06
1.52
1.41
1.35
…
…
1.35
…
1.28
2.47
3.41
…
1.27
1.35
112.11
2.20
2.13
1.72
…
…
1.72
…
2.78
3.29
5.09
…
1.76
1.72
137.64
2.38
2.28
1.93
…
…
1.93
…
3.39
3.48
5.28
…
2.12
1.93
145.31
2.16
2.19
1.84
…
…
1.84
…
3.90
3.38
6.75
…
2.20
1.84
139.20
1.72
1.90
1.54
…
…
1.54
…
3.56
2.97
7.51
…
2.15
1.54
122.19
1.51
1.73
1.36
…
…
1.36
…
3.22
2.78
7.48
…
1.97
1.36
111.79
1.42
1.69
1.31
…
…
1.31
…
3.10
2.71
7.53
…
1.94
1.31
109.25
1.54
1.73
1.33
…
…
1.33
…
3.06
2.78
7.61
…
2.03
1.33
110.64
1.36
1.61
1.20
…
…
1.20
…
2.97
2.62
7.65
…
1.97
1.20
102.44
1.42
1.59
1.19
…
…
1.19
…
2.70
2.64
7.75
…
1.94
1.19
101.33
1.60
1.96
1.28
…
…
1.28
…
2.76
2.73
8.06
…
2.03
1.28
106.74
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan d
New Zealand
1.28
144.79
1.68
1.35
94.06
1.52
1.72
107.77
2.20
1.93
121.53
2.38
1.84
125.39
2.16
1.54
115.93
1.72
1.36
108.19
1.51
1.31
110.22
1.42
1.33
116.30
1.54
1.20
117.75
1.36
1.19
103.36
1.42
1.28
93.57
1.60
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
b A floating exchange rate policy was adopted in September 1995 that allowed commercial banks to set their own rates and hence, figures for 1996 onward are simple
averages of midpoint rates reported daily.
c Unit of currency is the US Dollar.
d Figures beginning 1993 are not comparable to those prior to 1993 due to change in appropriation standard in accordance with the bank’s significant accounting policies.
Sources: International Financial Statistics Online (IMF 2010); Transition Report (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 2009); UN National Accounts Main
Aggregates Database (UN 2010); ADB staff estimates; for Taipei,China: economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Exchange Rates
202
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
Exchange Rates
Table 3.17 Purchasing power parity conversion factor
(local currency units per US$, period averages)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
...
165.23
0.27
0.62
36.53
10.01
16.22
0.33
…
91.47
...
167.85
0.27
0.64
39.30
10.49
17.09
0.42
…
129.68
13.66
168.87
0.27
0.66
40.86
10.52
17.21
0.49
…
185.38
13.89
172.95
0.28
0.67
44.70
10.71
17.60
0.62
…
230.01
14.41
178.68
0.30
0.71
50.47
10.94
18.43
0.70
…
258.74
15.13
178.58
0.33
0.74
57.61
11.35
19.10
0.74
…
304.12
15.88
181.00
0.36
0.78
67.84
12.04
20.44
0.87
…
357.99
16.51
183.81
0.42
0.83
76.32
13.48
21.43
1.08
…
432.27
16.94
195.06
0.50
0.89
90.44
15.99
24.39
1.35
…
507.41
…
199.20
0.39
0.86
94.39
16.13
28.93
1.50
…
667.10
3.33
7.50
745.26
272.42
22.63
3.32
7.19
756.87
282.72
21.99
3.28
6.82
769.77
292.16
21.48
3.30
6.27
794.24
314.13
20.89
3.43
5.88
795.78
357.77
20.32
3.45
5.69
788.92
417.22
19.34
3.46
5.49
762.97
497.66
18.48
3.62
5.51
757.19
544.38
17.92
3.80
5.47
761.65
652.47
17.21
3.69
5.41
777.84
659.30
17.09
21.33
14.41
13.62
8.80
19.41
24.77
21.16
14.71
13.70
8.64
19.60
27.49
21.46
15.23
13.97
8.55
21.49
30.21
21.96
15.48
14.17
8.33
21.69
31.10
22.25
15.55
14.54
8.30
21.97
32.89
22.64
15.74
14.67
8.13
22.65
35.17
23.07
16.26
14.92
8.19
23.48
37.92
23.99
16.56
15.24
8.51
24.63
42.10
25.55
16.81
15.84
9.46
25.72
47.95
26.90
…
16.26
…
29.47
50.06
0.74
1235.24
2806.92
2155.97
1.69
…
18.87
1.20
16.03
4026.74
0.68
1238.06
3132.72
2286.40
1.62
…
19.60
1.15
15.98
4008.64
0.67
1225.48
3260.37
2486.30
1.64
…
20.13
1.12
15.83
4094.88
0.70
1221.48
3367.52
2817.31
1.66
…
20.46
1.09
15.71
4277.52
0.79
1244.64
3553.39
3022.87
1.71
…
21.10
1.10
15.75
4498.15
0.90
1278.55
3934.26
2988.38
1.73
…
21.75
1.08
15.93
4712.69
0.96
1296.05
4348.60
3292.46
1.74
…
22.17
1.06
16.25
4897.56
0.95
1344.39
4712.61
3428.21
1.79
…
22.22
1.09
16.38
5162.31
1.05
1477.68
5456.25
3631.46
1.93
…
23.39
1.08
16.65
6149.68
0.78
…
5847.50
3433.27
1.78
…
23.67
1.05
16.79
6443.97
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
...
1.30
0.72
...
0.81
...
...
1.05
1.54
2.71
0.50
0.93
...
57.31
...
1.32
0.74
...
0.80
...
...
1.10
1.53
2.73
0.49
0.94
...
58.22
...
1.34
0.76
...
0.78
...
...
1.21
1.54
2.89
0.48
1.03
...
57.86
...
1.41
0.73
...
0.77
...
...
1.25
1.55
3.01
0.49
1.12
...
58.73
...
1.40
0.69
...
0.76
...
...
1.19
1.61
3.14
0.48
1.14
...
58.35
...
1.43
0.66
...
0.75
...
...
1.34
1.63
3.20
0.47
1.20
...
58.13
...
1.46
0.65
...
0.74
...
...
1.42
1.65
3.23
0.47
1.28
...
59.64
...
1.51
0.68
...
0.74
...
...
1.42
1.72
3.39
0.52
1.33
...
61.51
...
1.56
0.68
...
0.76
...
...
1.55
1.73
3.73
0.57
1.36
...
64.92
...
…
0.70
…
0.80
…
…
1.48
1.73
4.16
0.61
1.33
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
1.31
154.75
1.44
1.33
149.46
1.47
1.34
143.77
1.47
1.35
139.69
1.50
1.37
134.37
1.51
1.39
129.55
1.54
1.41
124.34
1.52
1.42
120.02
1.54
1.48
116.46
1.56
1.54
113.96
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: ADB staff estimates using World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010), country sources, CEIC data, and US Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MONEY, FINANCE, AND PRICES
203
Table 3.18 Price level indexes
(PPPs to official exchange rates, period averages, United States = 100)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
30.63
29.74
31.27
25.70
20.99
30.23
15.72
…
38.66
…
30.24
28.61
30.67
26.78
21.69
27.59
17.50
…
18.77
28.90
29.45
27.77
30.15
26.66
22.42
28.81
17.81
…
24.58
28.48
29.88
28.54
31.24
29.89
24.54
30.47
20.14
…
23.74
30.13
33.49
30.03
36.84
37.10
25.66
31.64
23.65
…
25.51
30.57
39.02
35.10
40.71
43.35
27.68
32.10
23.88
…
27.49
31.80
43.51
40.06
43.57
53.80
29.99
33.92
26.31
…
29.45
33.04
53.73
49.13
49.56
62.28
36.12
35.28
31.39
…
34.28
33.71
63.75
60.76
59.81
75.18
43.71
34.64
39.37
…
38.61
…
54.83
48.40
51.67
63.99
37.60
35.40
36.30
…
45.52
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
40.28
96.31
65.90
25.30
72.47
40.14
92.18
58.63
25.76
65.06
39.68
87.46
61.53
26.31
62.13
39.87
80.49
66.65
27.40
60.68
41.44
75.46
69.48
30.18
60.81
42.07
73.13
77.03
34.62
60.13
43.42
70.73
79.91
42.19
56.79
47.61
70.59
81.48
46.51
54.57
54.71
70.21
69.11
55.97
54.62
54.01
69.84
60.91
45.85
51.71
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
40.90
32.07
30.30
74.74
27.30
32.16
37.91
31.18
29.03
70.62
26.15
30.75
37.06
31.32
28.75
66.79
27.60
31.58
37.76
33.23
30.42
65.12
28.49
32.22
37.39
34.31
32.09
64.81
29.81
32.50
35.20
35.69
33.26
63.54
31.74
35.00
33.47
35.89
32.93
64.02
32.27
36.49
34.83
40.05
36.85
66.45
37.09
38.06
37.25
38.65
36.42
73.88
36.87
44.26
38.96
…
33.59
…
38.00
43.55
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
42.79
32.16
33.33
27.33
44.36
…
42.70
69.47
39.97
28.42
37.96
31.61
30.53
25.53
42.63
…
38.44
64.21
35.96
27.22
37.47
31.33
35.02
24.72
43.21
…
39.01
62.48
36.85
26.80
40.01
30.74
39.26
26.66
43.70
…
37.74
62.38
37.86
27.58
46.45
30.99
39.75
28.56
45.03
…
37.65
65.11
39.15
28.57
54.26
31.24
40.54
28.05
45.79
…
39.49
64.80
39.61
29.72
60.60
31.59
47.48
32.41
47.55
…
43.20
66.67
42.89
30.62
62.80
33.14
51.55
35.70
51.98
…
48.15
72.27
47.47
32.05
74.03
36.45
56.26
41.53
57.83
…
52.77
76.23
49.99
37.72
53.87
…
56.28
40.32
50.48
…
49.63
71.93
48.98
37.76
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
61.25
41.65
…
80.60
…
…
37.71
46.73
53.23
50.19
53.14
…
41.64
…
57.80
38.42
…
79.51
…
…
32.32
44.10
51.74
49.08
44.29
…
40.07
…
61.10
41.43
…
78.46
…
…
31.03
45.71
42.90
48.25
47.09
…
41.57
…
74.45
47.23
…
77.32
…
…
35.05
52.03
40.14
49.47
51.98
…
48.07
…
80.94
50.52
…
76.02
…
…
36.93
57.78
41.93
47.95
57.69
…
52.20
…
84.55
50.58
…
74.83
…
…
43.07
60.07
42.50
46.91
62.01
…
53.21
…
84.53
48.98
…
73.61
…
…
46.54
59.45
42.49
47.49
63.37
…
53.90
…
93.92
57.13
…
73.63
…
…
47.91
65.88
44.29
52.20
67.25
…
60.04
…
97.58
57.17
…
75.52
…
…
57.47
65.60
48.10
56.56
70.02
…
64.07
…
…
54.93
…
80.21
…
…
53.63
63.25
51.65
61.50
65.24
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
76.06
143.60
65.59
68.92
122.98
61.88
72.61
114.66
67.94
87.68
120.49
87.13
100.69
124.20
100.37
106.02
117.54
108.08
105.99
106.92
98.63
119.06
101.93
113.21
124.36
112.67
109.83
119.88
121.79
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: ADB staff estimates.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Exchange Rates
204
GLOBALIZATION
Globalization
The largest part of Asia’s external trade is within the region, while trade with Europe and North and Central
America accounts for smaller shares of both imports and exports. The global economic crisis caused a sharp fall
in merchandise exports from Asia and Pacific economies in 2009. International tourism has suffered from
the crisis; tourist arrivals and receipts in popular destinations mostly fell in 2009. Migrant workers’ remittances
were expected to fall victim to the global crisis but they held up relatively well except in Central and West Asia.
Net FDI inflows as a percentage of GDP are sharply down compared with precrisis years.
Introduction
The statistics in this theme illustrate the extent of globalization in the Asia and Pacific region. Globalization means the
growing freedom to move goods and services across borders and for migrants to work abroad while remitting a part of
their incomes to their families at home. Globalization also means fewer restrictions on capital flows between countries.
The tables show the size and direction of merchandise trade, the current account balance, migrant workers’
remittances, official and private capital flows, international tourist arrivals and receipts, international reserves, and
external indebtedness.
Key Trends
The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is the region’s
top importer. Figures 4.1a and 4.1b show how the shares of
merchandise imports by economies of the Asia and Pacific
region changed between 1995 and 2009. They cover the 11
largest trading economies that together account for more
than 90% of total imports in the region. The PRC was the
largest importer in the region in 2009 with its share of
imports growing from 9.4 % in 1995 to 27.2 % in 2009.
India is another economy to have significantly increased
its share, which more than doubled from 2.7% to 7.4%.
All other economies except Australia saw their shares fall
over the period.
Asia’s trade remains mainly within Asia. The
destinations of merchandise exports are shown in
Figure 4.2a for major trading economies. Other Asian
economies are by far the biggest export market for all
economies except Kazakhstan, which has nearly 55% of
its exports (mainly petroleum products) going to Europe.
The origin of merchandise imports shows a similar pattern,
Figure 4.1a Percentage Distribution of Merchandise
Figure 4.1b Percentage Distribution of Merchandise
Imports in the Asia and Pacific Region, 1995
Imports in the Asia and Pacific Region, 2009
Others
6.7
Japan
23.9
Others
India
2.7 Indonesia
2.9
Australia
4.1
Thailand
5.1
Japan
14.9
Hong Kong,
China
9.4
7.2
India
7.4
Indonesia
2.6
Australia
4.2
Thailand
3.5
Malaysia
5.5
Malaysia
3.3
Korea
Taipei,China
7.4
Hong Kong,
China
13.8
Taipei,China
8.7
4.7
Singapore
Korea
9.6
Singapore
8.9
6.6
China, People's Rep. of
27.2
China, People's Rep. of
9.4
Source: Derived from Table 4.10.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
Source: Derived from Table 4.10.
GLOBALIZATION
Figure 4.2a Destination of Merchandise Exports,
2009 (percent)
Taipei,China
Australia
PRC, India, and Kazakhstan are exceptions to this,
as Asia accounts for only 45% or less of both exports
and imports. Kazakhstan’s commerce is still very closely
linked with Russia; its exports, mainly raw materials
including petroleum, go to Russia in return for imports
of consumer goods, machinery, and equipment. Asia
accounts for about 40% of both the PRC’s imports and
exports with the remaining 60% shared among countries in
Africa, America, Europe, and the Middle East.
Hong Kong, China
The global crisis cuts demand for Asia’s exports.
Figure 4.3 shows the growth in merchandise exports for
the fourteen largest exporters for which data are available
for 2009 in the region. Exports mostly grew in 2007 and
2008 but the global economic crisis caused exports to fall
sharply in 2009. Exports from Singapore; Taipei,China;
Malaysia; Philippines; and Japan were down by over 20%.
The turnaround was particularly severe for India and Viet
Nam, moving from growth of over 20% in each of the two
previous years to a fall of around 9–10% in 2009.
Singapore
Philippines
Malaysia
Indonesia
Thailand
Korea, Rep. of
Japan
Viet Nam
China, People's Rep. of
India
Kazakhstan
0
20
40
60
80
100
Figure 4.3 Annual Growth in Merchandise Exports in US Dollars,
2007, 2008, and 2009 (percent)
Asia
Source:
Europe
North and Central America
Others
Viet Nam
Table 4.13.
India
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Figure 4.2b Origin of Merchandise Imports,
Thailand
2009 (percent)
Indonesia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
New Zealand
Indonesia
Australia
Malaysia
Viet Nam
Singapore
Philippines
Taipei,China
Thailand
Malaysia
Taipei,China
Philippines
Singapore
Japan
-30
Australia
Korea, Rep. of
-20
-10
2007
China, People’s Rep. of
0
10
2008
20
30
40
2009
Source: Table 4.9.
Japan
Kazakhstan
India
0
Asia
Source: Table 4.14.
Europe
20
40
60
80
North and Central America
100
Other
Migrant workers’ remittances are a vital source
of income for many economies. Migrant workers’
remittances consist of earnings of persons who work abroad
for only a few months in the year; transfers of capital when
people change their country of residence; and money sent
back to home countries by migrants working abroad for
several years at a time. The last of these is by far the largest
component and, for simplicity, all three kinds of transfers
are referred to here as migrants’ remittances.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
i.e., for most major importers, other Asian economies are
the dominant source (Figure 4.2b).
205
206
GLOBALIZATION
Table 4.4 shows that in about 40% of the developing
member countries for which data are available, workers’
remittances have been growing by 10% or more per year
since 2005 when converted into local currency units.
Figure 4.4 shows workers’ remittances as a
percentage of GDP; this is a measure of each country’s
dependence on this source of income. Since the end of
the Soviet Union, employment opportunities in Tajikistan
and the Kyrgyz Republic have become rather limited and
those who cannot find work at home are now employed
in neighboring countries or the Russian Federation. The
global crisis led to a marked fall in remittances from these
sources in 2009, and Tajikistan was hit particularly hard.
Both Tonga and Samoa are heavily dependent on workers’
remittances from Australia and New Zealand, but the
economic crisis seems not to have affected either one;
in fact, their GDP shares actually rose slightly in 2009.
Bangladesh, Nepal, and Philippines are other remittancedependent economies, where remittances as a percent of
GDP increased slightly in 2009 despite the crisis.
Statistics show that migrants’ remittances to the Asia
and Pacific region fell by only about 2.8% in 2009 in US$
terms. With the depreciation of many Asian currencies
in 2009, the fall in local currency terms would be much
less and there may even have been an increase. However,
although the picture turns out to be not as bad as expected a
year ago, the global crisis has clearly interrupted the steady
growth of remittances that occurred during the past decade.
The real cost of the crisis can be seen as the difference
between the remittances actually received and the much
higher amounts had past growth trend continued.
International tourist arrivals and receipts in popular
destinations were mostly down in 2009. Figure 4.5a
shows international tourist arrivals in the five most visited
tourist destinations (PRC; Malaysia; Hong Kong, China;
Thailand; and Republic of Korea). The figure also shows
the next five most popular (Singapore, Japan, Indonesia,
Australia, and India) in terms of 2009 arrivals.
Figure 4.5a International Tourist Arrivals
(thousands)
Figure 4.4 Migrant Workers’ Remittances as a Percent of GDP,
60,000
2008 and 2009
50,000
Tajikistan
Tonga
40,000
Samoa
Nepal
30,000
Kyrgyz Republic
Philippines
20,000
Bangladesh
Armenia
10,000
Viet Nam
Sri Lanka
0
Kiribati
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Pakistan
Georgia
Mongolia
India
China, People's Rep. of
Malaysia
Hong Kong, China
Thailand
Korea, Rep. of
Next Five Largest
Solomon Islands
Source: Table 4.25.
Azerbaijan
Indonesia
Malaysia
China, People's Rep. of
0
10
20
2008
30
40
2009
Source: Table 4.5.
50
The dip in 2003 coincided with the SARS epidemic
and the Bali nightclub bombing. The global economic
crisis reduced the growth in international tourist arrivals
in PRC; Hong Kong, China; Thailand; and the next five
most popular destinations as a whole but seems not to have
discouraged tourists from going to Republic of Korea and
Malaysia.
Figure 4.5b shows the growth of international tourist
receipts in the top five economies with the highest receipts
from international tourism, and the next five combined.
The next five, in order of their 2009 receipts, were India;
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GLOBALIZATION
(US$ million)
60,000
less developed economies. FDI is profit-motivated, being
undertaken to earn returns that may not be available in
the home country. FDI mainly benefits countries that are
growing rapidly and are seen as politically stable.
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
China, People's Rep. of
Australia
Hong Kong, China
Thailand
Malaysia
Next Five Largest
Figure 4.6 compares net inflows of FDI as a
percentage of GDP for 2009 and 2007. The latter year is
shown because it was the last full precrisis year. In all but
six economies, net inflows were substantially lower in 2009
than before the global crisis. Compared with 2007, net FDI
inflows as a percentage of GDP were down by half or more
in eight economies, including some large recipients like
PRC, Indonesia, and Malaysia.
Figure 4.6 Net Inflows of Foreign Direct Investment,
2007 and 2009 (percent of GDP)
Hong Kong, China
Source: Table 4.26.
Solomon Islands
Kazakhstan
Singapore
Japan; Republic of Korea; Singapore; and Taipei,China. In
line with tourist arrivals, receipts were also down in 2009
for most destinations, but Australia; Hong Kong, China;
and Malaysia saw some modest gains.
Armenia
Georgia
India
Thailand
Pakistan
To summarize, the current global economic crisis
has reduced the growth trend of international tourism to
popular destinations. Excluding the 2003 crises, there
has been steady growth in both arrivals and receipts since
2000. If this trend had continued in 2008 and 2009, both
arrivals and receipts would now be considerably higher.
China, People's Rep. of
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Indonesia
Malaysia
Bangladesh
Taipei,China
Foreign direct investment: reduced inflows. Foreign
direct investment (FDI) is a financial investment made
abroad with the purpose of acquiring significant influence
or outright control over a foreign enterprise. It may
involve establishing a new company abroad or investing
in an existing enterprise. FDI is important because
besides creating jobs, it usually involves the transfer of
technology and managerial skills from more developed to
Tajikistan
Nepal
Japan
Korea, Rep. of
0
10
2007
20
30
2009
Source: Table 4.7.
Data Issues and Comparability
International trade statistics are closely monitored by the World Trade Organization and other international agencies. Common definitions
are used by all countries, and the larger Asian countries use standard forms and procedures for data processing.
International tourist arrivals and receipts data come from the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), a specialized agency of the United
Nations. It serves as a global forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism know-how.
Most of the other international transactions in this section are taken from balance of payments statistics. Countries follow guidelines
of the International Monetary Fund in compiling these statistics and meet regularly to discuss methodology, but many countries have
difficulty in accurately recording nonofficial transactions such as migrant workers’ remittances and private capital flows.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Figure 4.5b International Tourism Receipts
207
208
GLOBALIZATION
Balance of Payments
Table 4.1 Trade in goods balance
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
...
...
...
...
...
-6.3
...
…
…
…
-31.3
-15.4
...
0.7
-8.2
-4.3
...
14.0
2.3
…
-24.2
6.1
-17.4
11.9
0.3
-2.0
-9.5
25.3
3.6
…
-19.8
10.8
-17.1
4.4
2.0
-1.9
-10.6
14.4
2.6
-29.3
-15.5
7.7
-14.4
8.1
-4.6
-0.4
-10.1
23.0
3.3
-39.5
-15.5
-1.3
-16.0
11.9
-6.9
-0.4
-7.7
16.0
8.2
-39.1
-12.8
1.9
-17.9
15.7
-7.7
-1.3
-6.5
11.4
10.0
-63.4
-12.0
24.9
-18.9
18.1
-17.0
-4.1
-14.0
24.6
10.5
-60.4
-14.0
36.9
-26.1
18.1
-31.3
-6.7
-23.8
44.0
10.4
-59.3
-17.4
46.1
-28.5
14.4
-33.6
-6.8
-41.9
41.8
10.3
-61.2
-22.8
47.1
-30.0
25.1
-37.7
-10.3
-41.2
51.2
8.6
…
-24.0
33.9
-22.3
13.9
-24.4
-8.1
-24.4
…
4.9
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
2.3
...
-0.9
-25.3
9.0
2.5
...
-0.8
2.1
4.8
2.9
-4.8
3.2
-7.7
4.2
2.6
-5.0
2.7
-9.9
7.0
3.0
-3.1
2.6
-14.0
8.3
2.7
-3.6
3.4
-15.7
8.4
3.1
-5.6
5.2
-5.5
5.1
5.9
-4.3
3.9
-4.3
5.3
8.0
-7.4
2.9
4.3
6.4
9.0
-9.5
2.7
-1.3
7.7
8.0
-10.7
0.6
-11.6
4.6
5.0
-12.8
6.7
-3.7
8.1
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
-6.5
-9.5
-2.9
…
-11.9
-8.9
-6.2
-9.0
-3.1
-37.8
-20.3
-11.6
-4.1
-16.1
-2.7
-37.4
-14.8
-10.8
-4.4
-18.0
-2.4
-37.8
-13.8
-7.2
-3.7
-18.3
-2.1
-33.2
-11.8
-8.2
-4.3
-14.8
-2.3
-37.9
-14.0
-8.1
-4.1
-15.2
-4.7
-49.4
-14.4
-10.9
-5.7
-30.9
-6.2
-65.9
-14.4
-10.3
-4.8
-14.1
-6.5
-64.5
-16.9
-11.9
-5.0
3.9
-7.6
-69.9
-16.7
-11.3
-6.7
-5.8
-9.3
-70.6
-20.5
-14.7
-5.3
-11.3
-9.1
-46.6
-21.3
-7.4
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
...
-5.5
4.7
-12.3
6.0
-1.2
-9.1
-4.2
-11.5
-0.6
8.7
-9.7
3.2
-15.8
0.0
-0.8
-12.1
9.7
-8.7
-11.3
...
-14.7
15.2
-12.5
22.2
-0.1
-7.9
14.5
4.5
1.2
45.7
-13.1
14.1
-11.5
19.8
0.0
-8.8
19.5
2.2
1.5
38.1
-13.8
12.0
-8.3
18.8
0.0
-7.2
20.5
2.2
-3.0
48.3
-12.5
10.5
-6.3
23.3
0.1
-7.3
30.2
2.6
-6.5
47.3
-12.7
7.8
-14.7
22.1
0.0
-6.5
27.0
0.9
-4.9
50.7
-16.1
6.1
-12.1
24.7
0.1
-7.9
29.0
-4.7
-4.6
52.5
-14.8
8.1
-5.0
23.9
0.1
-5.7
29.3
0.5
-4.6
46.4
-15.6
7.6
-3.4
20.2
0.1
-5.8
26.1
5.2
-14.6
57.5
-16.4
4.5
-5.9
23.0
0.1
-7.7
13.7
0.0
-14.0
48.0
…
6.5
-7.3
20.9
0.0
-5.5
16.5
7.4
-8.5
…
-16.8
-100.2
-66.2
-66.9
…
…
2.8
-54.7
-3.9
…
-34.6
-52.3
-43.5
…
-11.9
-47.8
-28.8
-40.5
…
…
29.1
-41.6
4.2
…
-28.1
-67.1
-22.4
…
-14.0
-47.2
-66.5
-39.8
…
-96.4
31.4
-120.7
-8.1
…
-27.4
-64.4
-17.7
…
-16.2
-50.5
-60.5
-43.8
…
-66.8
28.5
-153.3
-12.7
…
-29.9
-67.8
-21.7
…
-17.8
-58.5
-48.0
-39.4
…
-63.9
18.4
-142.9
4.5
…
-24.1
-95.1
-25.2
…
-17.1
-52.7
-49.8
-41.0
…
-65.0
27.5
-37.6
1.8
…
-27.4
-99.4
-19.9
…
-21.2
-56.4
-39.7
-47.1
…
-75.9
26.3
-37.3
9.1
…
-28.9
...
-19.7
…
-25.7
-67.5
-49.4
-43.4
…
-64.7
36.0
-40.3
-5.6
…
-34.4
...
-22.6
…
-31.2
-55.0
-51.6
-44.2
…
-64.6
40.1
-46.1
-17.4
-28.0
-36.1
...
-25.3
…
-26.8
-47.0
-48.8
-43.1
…
-58.6
33.5
-38.6
-17.6
-42.5
-31.2
...
-29.6
…
-33.2
-49.1
-49.3
-45.6
…
-65.6
33.2
-44.0
-15.4
-59.5
-36.2
...
-33.7
…
…
-47.1
…
-48.5
…
-51.0
19.1
-37.2
-13.4
-63.7
-40.0
...
…
0.1
2.3
2.1
-1.1
2.5
0.8
-1.2
2.5
1.7
0.5
1.7
1.8
-1.3
2.4
0.5
-2.9
2.4
0.5
-2.8
2.8
-0.8
-1.9
2.1
-1.4
-1.3
1.9
-2.4
-1.9
2.4
-1.6
-0.4
0.8
-1.0
-0.5
0.9
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GLOBALIZATION
209
Table 4.2 Trade in services balance
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
…
…
…
…
-1.8
…
…
…
…
-1.8
-5.5
…
-1.4
-10.5
-2.0
…
…
-2.7
…
-2.9
-4.3
-0.3
-4.4
-6.3
-1.3
…
…
-0.5
…
-0.8
-6.6
2.5
-6.2
-2.7
-1.4
…
…
-1.9
-3.5
-1.7
-15.0
1.4
-8.1
-0.4
0.3
-2.9
…
-1.8
-9.2
-2.4
-22.2
1.8
-6.6
-0.1
-0.4
-2.1
…
-2.7
-8.0
-2.8
-25.8
1.7
-7.2
-0.6
-2.9
-4.3
…
-2.8
-8.0
-2.4
-14.9
1.6
-9.2
-1.3
-3.7
-4.5
…
-1.1
-5.8
-2.0
-9.2
2.5
-7.3
-2.9
-4.1
-9.2
…
-0.1
-4.2
-2.3
-6.4
2.1
-7.8
2.7
-3.7
-11.9
…
0.1
-2.7
-2.8
-4.8
0.2
-5.0
-1.9
-3.9
-5.3
…
0.9
…
-3.1
-3.7
2.6
-5.3
…
…
-2.2
…
0.5
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
0.4
…
-0.2
…
-2.9
-0.8
…
-0.6
-3.1
-3.3
-0.5
9.3
-0.5
-9.0
-2.0
-0.4
9.7
-0.8
-9.0
-1.6
-0.5
11.4
-1.4
-7.4
-1.0
-0.5
12.9
-1.2
-3.4
-0.8
-0.5
14.5
-1.1
-9.1
-1.5
-0.4
16.7
-1.6
-2.7
-1.8
-0.3
18.8
-2.0
-1.2
-0.9
-0.2
20.3
-1.9
…
-1.0
-0.3
20.9
-1.8
…
-0.1
…
19.9
-2.1
…
0.3
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan c
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
-1.1
0.1
-0.5
…
1.0
-2.5
-2.2
-2.3
-0.4
39.1
8.1
-2.9
-1.8
-3.5
-0.6
38.2
5.3
-4.1
-1.7
0.6
-0.6
39.1
3.4
-2.5
-1.2
-4.0
-0.3
39.3
1.2
-1.8
-1.4
-12.4
-0.2
45.0
1.6
-1.4
-1.5
-9.4
0.4
45.1
1.0
-1.8
-1.7
-6.9
0.7
14.6
-0.7
-2.2
-1.7
-2.3
1.3
35.0
-1.2
-2.7
-1.8
0.2
1.5
36.0
-1.9
-2.6
-2.1
-5.7
1.3
28.2
-1.1
-2.5
-1.6
-4.2
…
…
-1.0
-1.5
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam d
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
…
-3.1
-0.3
-3.7
0.1
3.3
10.7
0.1
…
…
-2.1
-4.0
-1.4
-3.8
0.1
3.3
5.4
-2.4
…
…
2.8
-6.3
8.1
-3.0
0.0
-2.5
-1.4
-1.3
-1.8
-10.2
4.5
-6.5
8.1
-2.4
0.0
-3.2
-5.0
-1.4
-1.8
-7.7
5.3
-5.3
8.2
-1.6
0.0
-2.6
-4.4
-1.0
-2.1
-9.1
2.4
-5.2
4.5
-3.6
-0.0
-2.5
-3.8
-1.7
-2.0
-6.8
5.4
-3.4
5.8
-1.7
-0.0
-2.0
-2.6
-2.5
-1.9
-5.2
7.6
-3.2
5.4
-1.7
-0.0
-1.4
-1.5
-3.9
-0.6
-4.1
6.8
-2.7
4.6
-1.3
-0.0
0.1
-0.5
-4.0
0.0
-4.1
7.3
-2.7
4.8
0.4
…
1.6
3.2
-3.3
-1.1
-3.7
5.5
-2.5
…
0.0
…
0.7
2.1
-4.7
-0.9
…
…
-2.6
…
…
…
1.0
…
-3.0
…
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands e
Micronesia, Fed. States of a
Nauru
Palau a
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste a
Tonga
Tuvalu a
Vanuatu
…
13.6
-45.4
9.7
-1.8
…
…
-6.1
9.7
-28.5
…
1.8
17.4
24.1
…
9.8
…
4.5
-6.2
…
…
-6.6
10.2
-10.7
…
…
11.4
20.4
…
7.0
…
27.6
-12.6
…
36.7
-15.1
…
-7.1
…
…
-50.8
21.2
…
8.4
…
20.1
-15.6
…
43.2
-12.3
…
-10.9
…
-4.8
-44.3
17.3
…
14.5
…
19.7
-14.3
…
43.1
-16.9
…
-14.4
…
-5.1
-32.6
15.5
…
12.0
…
27.0
-15.8
…
59.2
-17.1
…
-15.4
…
-4.8
-35.8
15.4
…
9.9
…
16.5
-13.0
…
70.2
-19.0
13.7
-3.8
…
-6.2
...
15.1
…
13.7
…
5.8
-11.3
…
34.3
-17.8
13.2
-5.4
…
-2.0
...
16.0
…
11.4
…
6.1
-8.1
…
28.7
…
16.9
-4.1
136.8
-4.5
...
16.5
…
11.7
…
2.3
-5.5
…
36.1
…
15.1
-8.8
268.4
-5.3
...
20.2
…
12.9
…
-0.1
-7.5
…
31.8
…
…
-10.7
393.5
-4.9
...
…
…
…
…
…
-7.1
…
28.8
…
…
-4.7
227.2
…
...
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
-1.1
-1.4
-1.9
-0.2
-1.1
-0.3
0.2
-1.0
-0.2
0.2
-1.1
0.2
0.3
-1.1
1.0
0.3
-0.8
1.4
0.1
-0.8
1.0
0.1
-0.5
0.4
0.1
-0.4
0.2
0.1
-0.5
0.1
-0.3
-0.4
-0.4
…
-0.4
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan a
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan b
a
b
c
d
e
Includes income.
Includes other goods and income starting 2003.
Prior to 2000, services, income, and transfer receipts and payments were grouped as service transfer receipts and service transfer payments.
Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Includes other goods and income.
Sources: International Financial Statistics Online (IMF 2010), country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Balance of Payments
210
GLOBALIZATION
Balance of Payments
Table 4.3 Current account balance
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
...
...
...
...
...
-3.4
...
…
…
…
-17.0
-16.6
...
-1.3
-15.7
-3.7
...
0.7
-0.2
…
-14.6
-3.2
-5.3
2.0
-5.7
-0.3
-7.2
13.6
1.6
…
-9.4
-0.9
-6.6
-6.3
-1.2
0.5
-5.6
3.2
-1.6
-3.4
-6.2
-12.3
-6.4
-4.2
-3.0
3.7
-1.4
13.0
1.2
3.0
-6.8
-27.8
-9.6
-0.9
-4.4
4.8
-0.3
5.5
8.7
1.7
-0.5
-29.8
-6.9
0.8
1.3
1.9
-2.8
1.3
10.1
-2.7
-1.1
1.3
-11.1
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-0.8
10.8
14.2
-4.6
-1.8
17.7
-15.2
-2.5
-10.1
-3.9
-1.5
32.1
17.2
0.8
-6.4
27.3
-19.7
-7.9
-6.0
-4.8
-13.3
31.7
19.1
-1.8
-11.8
33.7
-22.8
4.7
-12.5
-9.5
0.9
28.4
17.4
…
-15.4
23.6
-11.9
-3.1
-0.3
-5.9
-2.1
…
12.6
3.1
...
-0.7
-32.6
6.6
0.2
...
-1.6
3.2
2.0
1.7
4.1
2.3
-7.4
2.7
1.3
5.9
1.6
-6.1
6.4
2.4
7.6
0.9
-9.4
8.8
2.8
10.4
1.9
-6.6
9.8
3.6
9.5
3.9
3.5
5.8
7.1
11.4
1.8
3.8
4.8
9.3
12.1
0.6
11.8
7.0
10.6
12.3
0.6
4.4
8.4
9.6
13.6
-0.6
-13.1
6.2
6.0
8.7
5.1
-9.1
11.1
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
-1.5
-9.3
-3.0
…
-7.7
-4.7
-1.8
-11.3
-1.6
-4.6
-5.2
-6.1
-0.9
5.5
-0.6
-8.2
-2.3
-6.4
-2.4
-8.8
0.7
-9.4
-2.5
-1.3
0.3
-14.9
1.3
-5.6
4.0
-1.4
0.3
-21.8
2.4
-4.5
2.3
-0.3
0.3
-17.6
-0.3
-15.8
2.7
-3.1
-1.0
-29.2
-1.2
-36.4
1.9
-2.7
1.4
-4.3
-1.0
-33.0
2.2
-5.3
1.4
12.2
-1.3
-41.5
-0.1
-4.3
0.9
-2.2
-2.2
-51.4
3.1
-9.5
2.8
-8.8
-3.0
-28.5
4.2
-0.5
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
...
-3.5
-2.6
-9.6
-2.1
-1.8
-5.8
8.0
-8.4
-4.0
51.3
-3.1
-3.2
-7.5
-9.8
-0.2
-4.4
16.4
-7.9
-9.0
...
-2.7
4.8
-0.3
9.0
-0.1
-2.9
10.8
7.6
3.6
31.7
-1.1
4.3
-4.2
7.9
-0.0
-2.4
12.8
4.4
2.1
26.2
-2.3
4.0
0.2
8.0
0.0
-0.4
12.9
3.7
-1.7
47.7
-3.6
3.5
-2.2
12.1
-0.0
0.4
22.8
3.4
-4.9
48.6
-2.2
0.6
-8.0
12.1
-0.0
1.9
17.1
1.7
-2.1
52.8
-3.6
0.1
-7.1
15.0
0.0
2.0
21.3
-4.3
-1.1
56.3
0.4
3.0
1.2
16.7
0.0
4.5
24.2
1.1
-0.3
50.9
-2.6
2.4
1.8
15.9
0.0
4.9
26.7
6.3
-10.0
59.2
-7.4
0.0
1.7
17.5
0.0
2.2
18.5
0.6
-11.8
47.0
…
2.0
-2.4
16.5
0.0
5.3
17.8
7.7
-7.7
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
-3.3
-37.3
34.2
18.5
…
…
-2.9
7.5
-14.8
…
10.8
18.4
-4.1
…
-0.9
-4.4
12.1
-3.5
…
…
13.9
4.1
2.5
…
-11.0
5.0
-8.0
…
-1.6
-9.6
-0.5
-10.3
…
-29.6
10.1
-3.3
-12.9
…
-5.2
54.1
-4.9
…
-4.1
7.7
4.2
-16.4
…
-20.5
8.8
-36.2
-12.0
…
-8.1
-28.0
-5.4
…
0.9
-2.4
3.5
-6.7
…
-17.8
-4.2
-22.2
-3.1
…
4.0
11.4
-10.1
…
-2.3
-18.0
10.0
-2.0
…
-4.9
3.8
-8.1
2.2
…
-2.4
-62.7
-8.9
…
-9.3
-10.8
-6.2
-10.5
…
-5.1
2.9
-6.9
15.2
…
3.2
...
-4.3
…
-9.8
-18.5
-6.1
-0.7
…
-26.1
12.5
-10.7
-1.9
…
-2.2
...
-3.4
…
-19.2
-2.9
-7.1
-3.7
…
-23.8
8.0
-16.7
-6.9
165.5
-7.8
...
-5.8
…
-14.0
3.9
-4.7
4.3
…
-8.3
2.9
-8.2
-17.7
295.8
-8.3
...
-10.0
…
-17.9
-34.7
-8.0
0.7
…
-21.2
9.9
-3.3
-22.4
405.4
-8.9
...
-7.0
…
…
-29.8
…
-13.2
…
-16.2
-6.3
0.4
-22.1
231.0
-7.7
...
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
-4.9
1.5
-3.1
-5.0
2.1
-5.4
-3.9
2.6
-4.3
-2.1
2.1
-3.1
-3.7
2.9
-3.6
-5.4
3.2
-3.1
-6.2
3.7
-4.4
-5.9
3.6
-6.3
-5.4
3.9
-8.6
-6.3
4.8
-7.5
-4.6
3.2
-7.6
-4.1
2.8
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Country sources, ADB staff estimates using CEIC data.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GLOBALIZATION
211
Table 4.4 Workers’ remittances and compensation of employees, receipts
(US$ million)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
…
…
…
…
2006.0
…
…
…
…
65.0
3.0
…
116.0
1.0
1712.0
…
…
…
…
87.0
57.0
274.0
122.0
9.0
1075.0
…
…
…
…
94.0
104.0
181.0
171.0
11.0
1461.0
…
…
…
…
131.0
181.0
231.0
205.0
37.0
3554.0
79.0
…
…
…
162.2
171.0
235.0
147.0
78.0
3964.0
146.0
…
…
…
434.6
227.6
303.2
165.8
188.7
3945.0
252.0
…
…
…
498.1
693.4
346.1
178.4
322.0
4280.0
466.7
…
…
…
658.1
812.5
485.3
187.5
481.2
5121.0
1018.8
…
…
…
845.9
1287.3
695.5
223.0
714.8
5998.0
1690.8
…
…
…
1062.1
1554.3
732.1
191.5
1232.4
7039.0
2544.0
…
…
…
743.1
1086.9
534.1
131.4
1011.4
8618.6
1814.5
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
174.8
…
1037.0
…
…
877.5
…
1080.0
…
142.0
5236.9
136.0
735.0
12.0
274.0
7037.3
153.0
652.0
25.0
275.0
10955.4
121.0
662.0
56.0
273.0
15059.1
120.0
827.0
129.0
261.0
20186.0
239.9
799.5
202.5
278.0
24101.6
296.8
847.7
180.4
323.0
27954.2
294.0
993.6
181.4
355.0
38791.2
316.9
1127.7
194.0
430.0
48523.5
355.4
3062.4
200.0
454.0
46989.2
338.0
2924.2
193.9
455.0
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
779.0
…
2384.0
2.0
…
401.0
1202.0
…
6223.0
2.0
57.0
809.0
1968.0
…
12890.0
2.0
111.0
1166.0
2105.0
…
14273.0
2.0
147.0
1185.0
2858.0
…
15736.0
2.0
678.0
1309.0
3192.0
…
20999.0
2.0
771.1
1438.0
3583.8
…
18750.4
2.9
822.6
1589.6
4314.0
…
22125.1
2.3
1211.8
1990.7
5427.5
…
28333.7
2.8
1453.2
2184.8
6562.3
…
37216.7
3.0
1733.9
2526.7
8995.0
…
51581.0
3.1
2727.1
2947.4
10431.0
…
47000.0
3.1
3010.0
2892.4
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
…
166.0
11.0
325.0
6.0
1465.0
…
973.0
…
…
12.0
651.0
22.0
716.0
81.0
5360.0
…
1695.0
…
…
121.0
1190.0
1.0
981.0
104.0
6212.0
…
1697.0
…
…
133.0
1046.0
1.0
792.0
117.0
6164.0
…
1252.0
2000.0
…
140.0
1259.0
1.0
959.0
106.0
9735.0
…
1380.0
2714.0
…
138.0
1489.0
1.0
987.0
85.3
10243.0
…
1607.0
2700.0
…
177.4
1866.3
1.0
1128.0
117.8
11471.0
…
1621.9
3200.0
…
199.7
5419.6
1.0
1281.0
130.8
13566.0
…
1187.1
4000.0
…
297.4
5722.4
1.0
1550.0
116.4
15251.0
…
1333.1
4800.0
…
352.6
6174.0
1.0
1803.0
125.0
16302.0
…
1635.0
5500.0
…
325.2
6795.1
1.0
1920.0
150.0
18643.0
…
1897.9
7200.0
…
311.9
6639.0
1.0
1899.6
148.3
19411.3
…
1845.2
6900.6
…
22.0
5.0
…
…
…
…
5.0
43.0
…
…
24.0
…
8.0
…
33.0
7.0
…
…
…
…
16.0
41.0
…
…
…
…
14.0
…
24.0
7.0
…
…
…
…
7.0
45.0
2.0
…
…
…
35.0
…
24.0
7.0
…
…
…
…
6.0
45.0
2.0
…
53.0
…
53.0
…
24.0
7.0
…
…
…
…
11.0
45.0
2.0
…
66.0
…
8.0
…
123.0
7.0
…
…
…
…
13.0
45.0
4.0
…
55.8
…
9.0
…
171.9
7.0
…
…
…
…
15.7
87.9
8.7
…
67.6
…
4.9
…
184.2
7.0
…
…
…
…
13.3
109.9
7.2
…
66.0
…
5.1
…
165.5
7.0
…
…
…
…
13.3
108.0
20.4
…
72.0
…
5.0
…
165.5
7.0
…
…
…
…
13.3
119.8
20.4
…
99.5
…
5.5
…
175.0
9.0
…
…
…
…
13.3
135.0
20.4
…
99.5
…
7.0
…
169.2
8.7
…
…
…
…
13.0
131.4
20.0
…
95.8
…
6.9
2370.0
…
762.0
1651.0
1151.0
1858.0
1903.0
1374.0
452.0
1783.0
1984.0
1034.0
1795.0
1821.0
1381.0
2326.0
1077.9
1065.3
2837.3
930.6
958.4
2989.8
1080.1
739.4
3130.6
1379.7
650.2
3828.4
1577.4
649.5
4637.7
1928.8
626.4
4509.3
1852.9
614.7
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Migration and Remittances website (World Bank 2010, go.worldbank.org/QOWEWD6TA0); International Financial Statistics Online (IMF 2010); for Taipei,China:
economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Balance of Payments
212
GLOBALIZATION
Balance of Payments
Table 4.5 Workers’ remittances and compensation of employees, receipts
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
…
…
…
…
5.7
…
…
…
…
5.1
0.1
…
0.7
0.1
3.2
…
…
…
…
4.6
1.1
9.0
0.7
0.7
1.6
…
…
…
…
4.4
1.8
5.6
0.8
0.7
2.3
…
…
…
…
5.5
2.9
6.8
0.8
2.3
5.1
6.5
…
…
…
5.8
2.4
5.9
0.5
4.1
5.0
9.4
…
…
…
12.1
2.6
5.9
0.4
8.5
4.4
12.1
…
…
…
10.2
5.2
5.4
0.3
13.1
4.2
20.2
…
…
…
10.3
3.9
6.3
0.2
17.0
4.3
36.0
…
…
…
9.2
3.9
6.8
0.2
18.8
4.4
45.5
…
…
…
9.1
3.2
5.7
0.1
24.4
5.0
49.3
…
…
…
8.5
2.5
5.0
0.1
22.1
5.8
36.5
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
0.0
…
0.4
…
…
0.1
…
0.2
…
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.1
1.3
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.1
2.5
0.1
0.8
0.1
0.1
5.0
0.1
0.9
0.1
0.1
8.9
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.1
11.2
0.1
1.1
0.2
0.1
7.8
0.1
1.0
0.2
0.1
5.8
0.1
1.1
0.2
0.1
4.9
0.1
1.1
0.2
0.3
3.9
0.1
0.9
0.2
0.4
4.6
0.1
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
2.7
…
0.8
…
…
5.1
3.2
…
1.9
0.5
1.3
6.3
4.3
…
3.0
0.3
1.9
7.0
4.6
…
3.2
0.3
2.5
7.4
6.1
…
3.4
0.3
11.5
7.7
6.2
…
3.9
0.3
11.9
7.6
6.4
…
2.9
0.4
11.3
7.7
7.5
…
2.9
0.3
14.7
8.2
9.0
…
3.3
0.3
16.2
7.7
9.6
…
3.4
0.3
15.8
7.8
11.3
…
4.3
0.2
23.3
7.2
11.7
…
3.9
0.2
23.5
6.9
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
…
0.1
1.3
0.7
0.0
3.3
…
1.1
…
…
0.3
0.3
1.2
0.8
0.1
7.2
…
1.0
…
…
3.3
0.7
0.1
1.0
0.0
8.2
…
1.4
…
…
3.3
0.7
0.1
0.9
0.0
8.7
…
1.1
6.1
…
3.3
0.6
0.1
1.0
0.0
12.7
…
1.1
7.7
…
3.0
0.6
0.0
0.9
0.0
12.9
…
1.1
6.8
…
3.3
0.7
0.0
0.9
0.0
13.2
…
1.0
7.0
…
3.2
1.9
0.0
0.9
0.0
13.7
…
0.7
7.6
…
4.1
1.6
0.0
1.0
0.0
13.0
…
0.6
7.9
…
4.1
1.4
0.0
1.0
0.0
11.3
…
0.7
7.7
…
3.0
1.3
0.0
0.9
0.0
11.2
…
0.7
7.9
…
…
1.2
0.0
1.0
0.0
12.1
…
0.7
7.1
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
1.9
20.8
…
…
…
…
0.2
38.4
…
…
20.5
…
5.3
…
2.0
12.2
…
…
…
…
0.3
20.5
…
…
…
…
6.1
…
1.6
10.3
…
…
…
…
0.2
19.5
0.7
…
…
…
12.5
…
1.7
11.0
…
…
…
…
0.2
18.8
0.7
…
32.0
…
19.8
…
1.5
9.4
…
…
…
…
0.4
17.0
0.9
…
36.5
…
2.9
…
6.4
7.5
…
…
…
…
0.3
14.0
1.7
…
26.9
…
2.8
…
7.5
6.8
…
…
…
…
0.4
22.8
3.1
…
28.3
…
1.3
…
7.2
6.4
…
…
…
…
0.3
25.3
2.3
…
25.5
…
1.3
…
6.3
6.4
…
…
…
…
0.2
23.9
5.7
…
24.6
…
1.1
…
5.7
5.5
…
…
…
…
0.2
21.7
4.8
…
32.1
…
1.0
…
5.7
6.8
…
…
…
…
0.2
24.7
3.8
…
29.3
…
1.1
…
…
6.8
…
…
…
…
0.2
25.1
3.5
…
30.0
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
0.7
…
1.7
0.4
0.0
3.0
0.5
0.0
0.8
0.5
0.0
2.0
0.4
0.0
2.3
0.4
0.0
1.3
0.4
0.0
1.0
0.4
0.0
0.7
0.4
0.0
0.6
0.4
0.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: ADB staff estimates based on the Migration & Remittances website (World Bank 2010, go.worldbank.org/QOWEWD6TA0); International Financial Statistics Online
(IMF 2010); for Taipei,China: economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GLOBALIZATION
213
Table 4.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows
(US$ million)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
…
…
…
…
245.3
…
…
…
…
25.3
330.1
…
964.2
96.1
722.6
…
233.0
-24.0
…
104.2
129.9
131.1
1282.5
-2.4
308.0
…
131.0
74.7
…
69.9
226.5
109.8
2835.0
5.0
383.0
…
170.0
82.8
…
110.7
1392.4
160.2
2590.2
4.7
823.0
36.1
276.0
65.3
–
120.9
3285.0
334.6
2092.0
45.5
534.0
31.6
226.0
70.4
…
247.9
3556.1
492.3
4157.2
175.5
1118.0
272.0
353.7
187.4
…
239.4
1679.9
452.8
1971.2
42.6
2201.0
54.5
418.2
87.7
241.6
453.2
-584.0
1170.1
6278.2
182.0
4273.0
338.6
730.9
194.5
243.0
698.8
-4748.9
1750.2
11119.0
207.9
5590.0
360.0
804.0
739.0
300.0
935.4
14.8
1564.0
15779.8
232.7
5438.0
375.8
820.0
918.0
…
737.0
473.3
763.7
12600.8
…
2382.0
15.8
…
…
3487.0
…
788.5
…
-3913.0
35849.2
…
1775.8
9.8
1559.0
38399.3
61923.9
9283.4
53.7
4928.0
44241.0
23776.2
3527.7
43.0
4109.0
49308.0
9682.0
2392.3
77.8
1445.0
47076.7
13624.4
3525.5
131.5
453.0
54936.5
34031.6
9246.2
92.9
1898.0
79126.7
33617.7
6308.5
184.6
1625.0
78094.7 138413.0 147791.0
45053.6 54365.1 59614.4
3586.4
1784.4
3310.7
344.0
360.0
683.0
7424.0
7769.0
5432.0
78200.0
48449.3
1506.3
…
2803.0
3.2
1.6
…
5.6
0.0
43.4
1.9
0.1
2143.6
7.2
0.0
56.0
280.4
-0.1
3584.2
13.0
0.0
172.9
78.5
0.3
5472.0
11.7
0.0
171.8
52.3
0.3
5626.0
12.4
-6.0
196.5
268.3
1.1
4322.8
13.5
14.8
228.7
448.9
3.5
5771.3
14.7
-0.4
232.8
813.3
9.0
7606.4
9.5
2.5
272.4
697.2
6.1
20335.9
13.9
-6.6
479.7
652.8
78.3
25127.2
15.0
5.7
603.0
1009.6
30.0
41168.6
15.4
1.0
752.2
674.2
…
31682.0
…
38.2
404.0
…
…
1093.0
6.0
2332.5
162.8
530.0
5574.7
2443.6
…
…
150.8
4346.0
95.1
4178.2
279.9
1478.0
11535.3
2067.9
…
…
148.5
-4550.4
33.9
3787.6
258.3
2240.0
16484.5
3366.0
1298.0
60.7
149.4
-2977.4
23.9
553.9
210.3
195.0
15093.1
5067.2
1300.0
229.7
145.1
145.1
25.0
3203.4
152.1
1542.0
6381.2
3341.6
1400.0
123.8
84.0
-596.9
19.4
2473.2
251.5
491.0
11800.1
5232.3
1450.0
113.2
131.4
1896.1
17.0
4624.2
213.5
688.0
20053.6
5860.3
1610.0
175.1
381.2
8336.3
27.7
3966.0
237.2
1854.0
14374.2
8055.4
1954.0
87.8
483.2
4914.2
187.4
6076.1
278.6
2921.0
27680.3
9452.9
2400.0
257.6
867.3
6928.5
323.5
8453.8
258.0
2916.0
31550.4
11324.0
6700.0
239.1
815.2
9318.5
228.0
7375.9
283.0
1544.0
22724.5
8570.1
9579.0
…
…
4877.4
…
1606.8
…
1948.0
16808.8
5953.0
…
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
91.9
0.3
…
…
…
…
155.4
6.6
10.4
…
0.2
…
13.1
…
69.5
…
…
…
…
…
454.6
3.4
2.0
…
2.0
…
31.0
…
0.6
…
…
…
…
…
95.9
-1.5
13.0
…
4.7
…
20.3
…
41.3
…
…
…
…
…
62.5
1.2
-9.3
…
1.0
…
18.0
…
30.7
…
…
…
…
…
18.3
-0.1
-0.4
…
0.6
…
14.2
…
40.3
…
…
…
…
…
101.0
–
-1.8
…
3.4
…
18.0
…
250.6
…
…
…
…
…
55.4
2.3
6.0
…
6.9
…
19.8
…
155.7
…
…
…
…
…
33.6
-3.0
18.6
…
12.3
…
13.3
…
412.4
…
…
…
…
…
-6.9
20.7
34.1
…
11.6
…
43.4
…
337.8
…
…
…
…
…
95.8
2.5
64.4
…
27.4
…
34.2
…
309.3
…
…
…
…
…
-30.0
6.0
94.9
…
6.0
…
34.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
117.6
…
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
8110.9
1777.4
1735.1
12026.4
39.3
3316.5
13618.0
8227.2
3840.6
8260.9
6191.0
-247.1
16991.8
9087.2
1481.8
8023.8
6238.3
2401.4
36826.8 -35601.0
7804.8
3213.6
2374.1
1540.7
26414.8
-6783.6
4715.4
41076.2
22180.1
3382.5
47280.6
24551.8
5465.5
…
11834.1
470.1
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: International Financial Statistics Online (IMF 2010); World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); for Taipei,China: economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Balance of Payments
214
GLOBALIZATION
Balance of Payments
Table 4.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.7
…
…
…
…
2.0
13.7
…
5.8
6.4
1.4
…
7.4
-0.2
…
5.5
2.5
4.3
7.0
-0.2
0.5
…
4.3
0.5
…
3.3
4.0
3.4
12.8
0.3
0.6
…
4.8
1.2
…
4.7
22.3
4.7
10.5
0.3
1.2
3.0
6.2
0.7
–
4.3
45.1
8.4
6.8
2.4
0.7
2.0
4.1
0.7
…
6.9
41.0
9.6
9.6
7.9
1.2
13.1
5.7
1.6
…
4.9
12.7
7.1
3.5
1.7
2.1
2.4
5.2
0.6
3.0
7.1
-2.8
15.1
7.8
6.4
3.6
12.0
7.0
1.1
2.4
7.6
-14.4
17.2
10.6
5.5
4.1
9.7
6.3
3.3
2.8
8.0
0.0
12.2
11.8
4.6
3.9
7.3
6.5
3.6
…
8.5
1.1
7.1
11.5
…
1.6
0.3
…
…
0.9
…
0.3
…
-2.4
4.9
…
0.3
0.8
0.6
3.2
36.6
1.7
5.7
1.5
3.3
14.3
0.7
4.2
1.4
3.4
5.9
0.4
7.0
0.5
2.9
8.6
0.5
9.1
0.1
2.8
20.5
1.3
5.1
0.6
3.5
18.9
0.7
8.0
0.4
2.9
23.7
0.4
10.9
2.0
4.0
26.3
0.2
9.2
2.0
3.3
27.7
0.4
13.2
1.3
1.6
23.0
0.2
…
0.7
0.0
0.5
…
…
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.6
1.8
0.0
0.4
0.6
-0.0
0.8
2.1
0.0
1.0
0.2
0.1
1.2
1.9
0.0
1.1
0.1
0.1
1.2
1.9
-0.1
1.1
0.5
0.2
0.8
2.0
0.2
1.2
0.8
0.5
0.9
1.9
-0.0
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.0
1.3
0.0
1.1
1.2
0.7
2.3
1.5
-0.1
1.7
1.0
6.6
2.3
1.4
0.1
1.9
1.3
2.4
3.4
1.2
0.0
1.8
0.8
…
2.6
…
0.3
1.0
…
…
1.0
0.7
5.3
0.7
1.2
14.4
2.9
…
…
4.4
2.2
5.4
4.7
0.3
2.0
13.2
1.2
…
…
4.0
-2.8
2.1
4.0
0.1
3.0
17.5
2.7
4.2
1.1
3.8
-1.9
1.4
0.6
0.0
0.3
17.2
4.4
4.0
3.9
3.4
0.1
1.4
3.2
0.0
2.0
7.0
2.6
4.0
1.9
1.8
-0.3
1.0
2.2
0.0
0.6
12.3
3.7
3.7
1.4
2.5
0.7
0.7
3.7
0.0
0.8
17.8
3.6
3.5
1.8
6.1
2.9
1.0
2.9
0.0
1.9
11.5
4.6
3.7
0.8
6.6
1.3
5.3
3.9
0.0
2.5
19.1
4.6
3.9
2.1
10.0
1.6
7.7
4.5
0.0
2.0
17.8
4.6
9.4
1.7
7.4
1.8
4.3
3.3
0.0
0.9
11.8
3.1
10.5
…
…
0.9
…
0.8
…
1.2
9.2
2.3
…
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
7.8
1.2
…
…
…
…
4.8
5.9
5.6
…
0.2
…
8.7
…
4.1
…
…
…
…
…
9.4
1.7
0.6
…
1.0
…
13.6
…
0.0
…
…
…
…
…
2.7
-0.7
4.6
…
2.5
…
7.2
…
2.9
…
…
…
…
…
2.0
0.5
-3.4
…
0.6
…
6.7
…
1.9
…
…
…
…
…
0.6
-0.0
-0.2
…
0.3
…
5.2
…
2.1
…
…
…
…
…
2.7
–
-0.8
…
1.7
…
5.5
…
11.0
…
…
…
…
…
1.3
0.6
2.2
…
2.9
…
5.3
…
6.1
…
…
…
…
…
0.7
-0.7
6.0
…
4.7
…
3.3
…
15.7
…
…
…
…
…
-0.1
4.6
9.4
…
4.0
…
9.6
…
11.7
…
…
…
…
…
1.5
0.5
15.0
…
8.8
…
6.3
…
10.1
…
…
…
…
…
-0.4
1.1
17.9
…
1.8
…
5.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
20.8
…
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
2.5
0.1
3.9
3.2
0.0
5.3
3.5
0.2
7.2
2.3
0.2
-0.5
4.1
0.2
2.4
1.5
0.1
2.9
5.8
0.2
2.4
-5.0
0.1
1.4
3.5
-0.2
4.3
4.5
0.5
2.5
4.8
0.5
4.2
…
0.2
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: ADB staff estimates using International Financial Statistics Online (IMF 2010), World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010), and economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GLOBALIZATION
215
Table 4.8 Merchandise exports
(US$ million)
1990
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
235.1
Armenia
...
Azerbaijan
...
Georgia
...
Kazakhstan
...
Kyrgyz Republic
...
Pakistan
4960.2
Tajikistan
...
Turkmenistan
151.0
Uzbekistan
…
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
166.1
270.9
637.2
...
5250.2
408.9
7972.3
778.6
2084.4
3719.9
137.3
300.5
1745.2
322.8
8812.2
504.5
8334.9
784.3
2508.0
3264.7
68.0
341.8
2314.3
317.6
8639.1
476.1
8764.8
651.6
2623.0
3170.4
100.0
505.2
2167.5
345.9
9670.3
485.5
9464.5
736.9
2862.0
2988.4
144.0
685.6
2590.4
461.4
12926.7
581.7
11345.7
797.2
3465.0
3725.0
305.0
722.9
3615.4
646.9
20096.2
721.1
12583.0
914.9
3853.9
4853.0
384.0
973.9
7648.9
865.5
27849.0
674.0
14453.0
908.7
4944.1
5408.8
416.0
985.1
13014.6
936.2
38250.4
891.2
16468.2
1399.0
7155.5
6389.8
454.0
1152.3
21269.3
1232.4
47755.3
1321.1
17106.7
1468.1
9114.0
8991.5
545.0
1057.2
30586.3
1496.1
71183.5
1855.6
17642.4
1409.0
11786.0
11572.9
403.0
697.8
21096.8
1134.9
…
1441.6
17202.2
…
14500.0
11771.3
761953.0
289324.7
284418.7
1063.9
198168.5
968969.0
316823.0
325464.8
1542.0
223762.8
1217780.0
344490.2
371489.1
1947.5
246267.0
1430690.0
362683.0
422007.3
2534.5
254161.2
1201660.0
318520.2
363533.6
1885.4
202685.8
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
62091.0
82143.1
65015.7
660.7
67043.5
148780.0
173753.4
125058.0
473.3
111405.5
249203.0
201855.3
172267.5
535.8
151457.7
266100.0
189900.6
150439.1
521.5
125865.8
325600.0
200094.0
162470.5
524.0
135079.4
438228.0
223769.4
193817.4
615.9
150301.0
593326.0
259259.6
253844.7
869.1
182431.6
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
1415.4
68.1
18600.6
53.3
175.6
1912.6
3259.8
103.3
32797.7
85.0
339.9
3806.6
4779.9
102.7
45296.8
108.7
700.8
5455.7
5809.2
105.9
44296.2
110.2
742.6
4814.9
5343.8
112.7
52486.2
132.4
602.8
4702.5
6464.1
132.9
62976.9
152.0
655.8
5132.8
7420.3
8259.3 10263.6 12210.5 14111.1 15511.5
182.5
258.2
414.3
673.8
519.3
…
82826.3 103496.1 126201.0 158618.6 193253.9 172556.3
181.0
161.6
225.2
228.0
331.1
163.3
731.8
822.6
827.9
894.1
849.6
867.2
5770.8
6351.1
6895.9
7644.7
8109.2
7080.9
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore b
Thailand
Viet Nam
2237.3
2391.7
3902.8
3640.0
3702.0
4421.0
5057.0
6249.0
85.8
853.9
1397.1
1571.2
1769.8
2086.8
2588.9
2908.0
25675.0 45418.0 62124.0 56321.0 57159.0 62527.2 69713.8 85660.0
79.0
307.6
330.3
319.5
300.6
335.5
363.3
553.1
29445.5 73864.6 98229.0 87969.4 94060.5 104706.3 126645.5 140949.3
472.0
899.0
1982.0
2562.9
3035.7
2323.6
2905.9
3583.9
8186.0 17447.0 38078.2 32150.2 35208.2 36231.2 39680.5 41254.7
52526.6 118186.4 137953.3 121685.3 125043.1 159902.0 198561.7 229831.8
23052.6 56443.9 69152.4 64924.2 68061.8 80165.4 96306.8 109564.0
2404.0
5448.9 14482.6 15029.3 16706.2 20149.3 26485.0 32447.1
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
4.9
608.2
2.9
2.8
3.7
60.2
…
1174.9
8.9
70.4
…
12.0
0.1
18.8
4.6
622.8
7.4
23.1
39.3
28.0
13.9
2672.2
8.8
168.3
…
14.7
0.1
28.3
9.1
542.5
3.6
9.1
16.8
28.0
11.5
2089.4
13.6
65.1
…
9.1
0.0
26.5
6.8
536.5
3.3
…
18.4
13.0
16.6
1801.6
15.1
47.1
4.0
6.9
0.0
19.8
5.1
517.7
3.4
…
14.4
9.0
20.3
1639.7
13.7
50.1
77.1
13.9
0.1
20.2
8.5
669.5
2.9
…
18.2
28.0
8.4
2195.1
14.9
66.8
142.7
16.2
0.1
30.4
7.1
695.6
2.5
…
14.0
14.5
5.9
2611.9
11.9
85.8
105.7
15.7
0.1
49.7
5.2
705.2
4.3
…
13.0
3.8
14.0
3271.3
12.0
104.9
43.5
14.0
0.1
46.4
7608.0
3692.4
100690.3
882.0
160556.2
5191.4
47410.0
271603.5
127718.8
39826.2
7668.0
4088.5
114100.0
923.0
175792.8
6348.7
50466.0
299003.4
150998.8
48561.4
10721.0
4708.0
137020.4
1092.0
198899.2
6872.9
49077.0
336967.6
175037.8
62685.0
6895.0
4301.8
116510.0
1005.0
156985.4
7480.6
38435.0
268900.3
150493.7
57096.0
3.5
694.0
2.5
…
8.9
…
14.2
4197.5
10.3
120.5
60.7
12.0
0.1
48.7
5.2
751.2
10.1
…
16.2
…
11.3
4741.0
13.8
168.0
19.2
8.0
0.1
49.7
4.1
922.8
7.4
…
…
…
11.8
5798.1
10.2
200.8
49.2
8.3
…
56.5
2.7
628.3
5.2
…
…
…
11.8
4309.4
10.8
157.1
34.5
7.4
…
57.6
Developed Member Countries
Australia
39725.7 53127.1 63980.2 63374.6 64903.1 70014.5 86613.7 106210.9 123310.8 140900.5 186499.5 153213.6
Japan
286320.7 441538.1 479322.6 403025.2 415581.7 470516.2 565378.3 595697.1 647006.2 712769.3 783850.5 578934.9
New Zealand
9402.2 13640.6 13291.7 13734.1 14351.1 16490.3 20357.4 21698.2 22443.8 26866.5 30164.1 24792.6
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
b Prior to 2003, data exclude Indonesia.
Sources: Country sources, International Financial Statistics Online (IMF 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
External Trade
216
GLOBALIZATION
External Trade
Table 4.9 Growth rates of merchandise exports a
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
-0.4
...
...
...
...
...
11.9
...
…
…
58.2
...
-2.4
...
48.2
20.2
18.1
39.3
-4.2
38.3
-17.4
29.7
87.7
35.5
50.1
11.2
4.8
13.9
115.5
0.9
-50.5
13.7
32.6
-1.6
-2.0
-5.6
5.2
-16.9
4.6
-2.9
47.1
47.8
-6.3
8.9
11.9
2.0
8.0
13.1
9.1
-5.7
44.0
35.7
19.5
33.4
33.7
19.8
19.9
8.2
21.1
24.6
111.8
5.4
39.6
40.2
55.5
24.0
10.9
14.8
11.2
30.3
25.9
34.7
…
33.8
38.6
-6.5
14.9
-0.7
28.3
11.5
8.3
1.2
70.1
8.2
37.3
32.2
13.9
54.0
44.7
18.1
9.1
17.0
63.4
31.6
24.8
48.2
3.9
4.9
27.4
40.7
20.0
-8.3
43.8
21.4
49.1
40.5
3.1
-4.0
29.3
28.7
-26.1
-34.0
-31.0
-24.1
...
-22.3
-2.5
...
23.0
1.7
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
18.2
12.3
4.2
-8.4
1.3
23.0
14.8
30.3
32.9
20.0
27.8
16.1
19.9
18.0
22.6
6.8
-5.9
-12.7
-2.7
-16.9
22.4
5.4
8.0
0.5
7.3
34.6
11.8
19.3
17.5
11.3
35.4
15.9
31.0
41.1
21.4
28.4
11.6
12.0
22.4
8.6
27.2
9.5
14.4
44.9
12.9
25.7
8.7
14.1
26.3
10.1
17.5
5.3
13.6
30.1
3.2
-16.0
-12.2
-13.9
-25.6
-20.3
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
11.0
-2.4
9.1
19.2
13.8
24.2
33.8
55.6
24.5
12.7
-13.0
18.6
12.5
-11.3
22.2
18.8
34.0
18.5
21.5
3.1
-2.2
1.4
6.0
-11.7
-8.0
6.5
18.5
20.1
-18.8
-2.3
21.0
17.9
20.0
14.8
8.8
9.2
14.8
37.4
31.5
19.1
11.6
12.4
11.3
41.5
25.0
-10.7
12.4
10.1
24.3
60.5
21.9
39.4
0.6
8.6
19.0
62.6
25.7
1.2
8.0
10.9
15.6
-22.9
21.8
45.2
-5.0
6.1
9.9
…
-10.7
-50.7
2.1
-12.7
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore c
Thailand
Viet Nam
16.2
8.3
15.9
24.8
17.6
10.1
4.7
17.6
14.8
23.5
10.9
74.3
13.4
2.4
25.9
-1.1
29.4
22.5
24.8
34.4
53.0
23.6
27.7
9.6
16.1
37.9
8.7
20.3
18.0
25.5
-6.7
12.5
-9.3
-3.3
-10.4
29.3
-15.6
-11.8
-6.1
3.8
1.7
12.6
1.5
-5.9
6.9
18.4
9.5
2.8
4.8
11.2
19.4
17.9
9.4
11.6
11.3
-23.5
2.9
...
17.8
20.6
14.4
24.1
11.5
8.3
21.0
25.1
9.5
24.2
20.1
31.4
23.6
12.3
22.9
52.2
11.3
23.3
4.0
15.7
13.8
22.5
21.7
27.0
17.5
59.5
13.9
44.9
14.9
18.2
16.6
22.7
0.8
10.7
13.3
4.6
9.5
22.3
6.4
10.1
18.2
21.9
39.8
15.2
20.1
18.3
13.1
8.3
-2.8
12.7
15.9
29.1
-35.7
-8.6
-15.0
-8.0
-21.1
8.8
-21.7
-20.2
-14.0
-8.9
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
74.7
37.0
-43.5
23.5
62.5
-24.9
…
-16.3
-31.0
-5.8
…
23.7
-43.7
-15.3
10.5
9.4
43.0
5.4
-50.0
-15.1
10.2
0.8
149.5
18.4
…
6.0
-51.9
13.2
154.4
-12.1
-59.1
19.1
…
-22.2
57.7
7.3
-24.9
-48.1
…
-27.1
-91.5
2.8
-25.2
-1.1
-6.6
…
9.6
-53.6
44.0
-13.8
10.8
-27.6
…
-24.4
68.5
-25.1
-25.5
-3.5
2.7
…
-21.5
-30.8
22.8
-9.0
-9.3
6.4
1850.9
101.6
813.1
1.7
67.6
29.3
-15.6
…
26.1
211.5
-58.7
33.9
8.6
33.2
85.2
16.6
-36.3
50.5
-15.7
3.9
-14.8
…
-23.1
-48.4
-30.1
19.0
-20.0
28.5
-26.0
-3.5
40.0
63.6
-26.9
1.4
74.5
…
-7.3
-73.8
138.0
25.2
0.7
22.3
-58.9
-10.7
-54.0
-6.5
-32.7
-1.6
-41.5
…
-31.3
…
1.4
28.3
-13.8
14.9
39.7
-14.0
59.4
4.8
47.5
8.2
301.5
…
81.5
…
-20.4
12.9
33.7
39.4
-68.4
-33.4
2.6
2.1
-20.1
22.8
-27.2
…
…
…
4.4
22.3
-26.2
19.5
156.3
3.4
…
13.6
-33.7
-31.9
-29.1
…
…
…
0.0
-25.7
5.7
-21.7
-29.9
-10.5
…
2.1
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
10.1
4.5
7.9
12.2
11.4
12.1
14.1
14.8
6.5
-0.9
-15.9
3.3
2.4
3.1
4.5
7.9
13.2
14.9
23.7
20.2
23.5
22.6
5.4
6.6
16.1
8.6
3.4
14.3
10.2
19.7
32.4
10.0
12.3
-17.8
-26.1
-17.8
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Rates are based on US dollar values of exports.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
c Prior to 2003, data exclude Indonesia.
Sources: Country sources, International Financial Statistics Online (IMF 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GLOBALIZATION
217
Table 4.10 Merchandise imports
(US$ million)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
936.4
...
...
...
...
...
6859.0
...
400.0
…
387.0
673.9
667.7
...
3806.7
522.3
10144.1
838.1
1643.6
2892.7
1175.9
884.7
1172.1
709.4
5040.0
554.1
9967.4
675.0
1742.0
2947.4
1696.0
877.4
1431.1
753.2
6446.0
467.2
10136.8
688.0
2108.0
3136.9
2452.0
987.2
1665.5
795.6
6584.0
586.8
10637.6
721.0
1832.0
2712.0
2101.0
1279.5
2626.2
1141.2
8408.7
717.0
12375.6
880.8
2579.0
2964.2
2177.0
1350.7
3515.9
1845.6
12781.2
946.8
15425.3
1191.3
3148.4
3816.0
2470.0
1801.7
4349.8
2490.0
17352.5
1188.7
20630.4
1330.1
2947.0
4091.3
2744.0
2191.6
5269.3
3677.7
23676.9
1931.2
28401.1
1725.4
2557.7
4781.6
3022.0
3267.8
6045.0
5214.9
32756.4
2788.5
30492.0
2547.2
3780.0
5235.6
3020.0
4426.1
7574.7
6304.6
37889.0
4072.4
35688.6
3273.0
5363.0
7504.1
3336.0
3304.1
6513.9
4378.1
…
3040.2
33351.1
…
6600.0
9438.3
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
53345.0
82484.0
69843.7
924.0
54734.1
132084.0
192755.1
135118.9
415.3
103598.5
225094.0
212800.1
160481.0
614.5
140629.9
243550.0
201082.7
141097.8
637.7
107815.6
295170.0
207646.6
152126.2
690.8
113329.7
412760.0
231902.9
178826.7
801.0
128132.1
561229.0
271073.8
224462.7
1019.3
169251.6
659953.0
299520.4
261238.3
1177.3
182708.6
791461.0
334688.6
309382.6
1435.0
203013.6
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
3579.6
78.1
24676.7
137.4
623.9
2634.8
5823.2
112.3
37832.0
267.9
1227.2
5311.1
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia b
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore c
Thailand
Viet Nam
1011.6
2089.1
1105.8
1159.0
1556.0
1327.0
1422.0
1491.0
1669.0
2101.0
2543.0
…
163.5
1187.0
1935.7
2094.0
2360.5
2668.1
3269.5
3918.3
4771.2
5431.9
6508.4
5875.8
21837.0 40629.0 33514.8 30962.0 31229.0 33085.9 46179.7 57700.9 61078.1 74473.4 129244.0 96829.2
185.0
588.8
535.3
510.3
446.9
462.1
712.7
882.0
1060.0
1065.0
1403.0
1414.0
29250.4 77601.2 81962.9 73744.5 79760.6 83299.5 105166.3 114602.5 130989.4 146046.5 156366.2 123404.7
880.0
1836.1
2345.7
2749.5
2268.2
2204.8
1973.3
1998.6
2910.7
3313.0
4617.0
4137.6
13042.0 28488.0 33807.4 34939.2 41092.0 42575.7 46102.1 49487.4 54078.0 57996.0 62418.0 45877.0
60582.7 124393.6 134675.4 115917.7 116337.1 136218.4 173548.6 200186.9 238477.5 262743.0 318683.8 244961.7
33004.9 70783.6 62179.7 61945.3 64591.1 75661.2 94501.2 117687.9 126812.7 138278.6 174989.8 130952.4
2752.0
8155.2 15636.5 16218.0 19745.7 25255.8 31968.8 36761.1 44891.1 62765.0 80714.0 69949.0
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of d
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa e
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
51.5
751.5
26.9
55.6
83.9
34.3
…
1106.8
80.6
91.4
…
61.7
…
95.8
48.5
891.6
35.2
74.7
99.5
28.0
60.4
1265.8
92.2
154.3
…
77.1
4.9
95.1
955950.0 1132560.0 1005560.0
367626.8 388513.4 347322.3
356845.7 435274.7 323084.5
2061.8
3244.5
2137.7
219590.8 239588.2 173933.5
8080.1
9026.0
8473.1
9616.5 10797.2 12574.7 14380.6 17203.7 21628.8 22429.3
193.0
190.5
206.7
248.9
411.0
386.0
419.6
525.9
540.1
…
51371.8 51964.1 61140.5 77089.4 110570.1 149752.6 185513.5 244824.4 315924.1 272323.1
388.6
393.5
391.7
470.8
641.8
744.9
926.5
1096.3
1387.5
967.3
1526.2
1543.5
1379.0
1633.2
1849.7
2094.4
2388.5
2931.5
3181.4
3669.7
7198.1
5962.7
6110.0
6669.5
8015.7
8869.4 10264.4 11303.1 14083.3 10201.6
50.7
856.1
39.4
54.7
106.8
27.0
127.1
998.9
90.5
92.3
…
70.0
5.1
84.3
46.9
886.0
38.8
…
113.8
21.0
99.9
934.0
119.7
81.8
253.4
73.0
3.5
89.5
47.0
900.8
49.8
67.3
104.3
25.0
96.7
1077.5
129.2
69.1
316.2
88.9
11.1
94.0
70.3
1205.2
51.6
75.2
117.9
24.1
88.2
1181.3
128.4
93.8
222.0
92.8
15.6
109.2
75.8
1443.5
59.4
67.7
132.7
17.9
107.3
1453.2
155.2
121.4
146.1
104.7
11.4
134.9
81.2
1610.1
76.4
68.5
130.2
25.7
108.1
1519.1
187.3
185.1
109.1
115.6
12.9
165.0
99.6
1804.7
62.0
67.7
138.0
…
115.3
1983.8
218.7
183.5
100.8
115.0
13.5
217.0
106.4
1794.6
70.0
…
142.7
…
107.6
2622.3
226.9
240.0
206.1
127.7
15.5
228.5
149.7
2259.3
73.7
…
…
…
130.3
3115.9
249.3
261.8
268.6
158.0
…
312.5
181.4
1434.0
67.0
…
…
…
103.5
2808.5
204.6
214.8
295.1
152.0
…
291.2
Developed Member Countries
Australia
38880.3 57425.7 67806.1 60899.2 69362.0 84300.6 103877.2 118923.7 132600.1 157206.7 189523.4 156454.2
Japan
233819.6 335412.4 379886.1 349015.7 336774.7 382652.3 454896.7 516697.7 579061.7 621090.8 763890.9 550378.8
New Zealand
9483.1 13945.0 13963.4 13318.8 14955.8 18455.2 23143.1 26247.7 26403.4 30770.3 34110.5 25135.5
a
b
c
d
e
Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Starting 2005, compilation methodology shifted from cif to fob.
Prior to 2003, data exclude Indonesia.
Starting 2000, compilation methodology shifted from fob to cif.
Starting 2000, compilation methodology shifted from cif to fob.
Sources: Country sources, International Financial Statistics Online (IMF 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
External Trade
GLOBALIZATION
218
External Trade
Table 4.11 Growth rates of merchandise imports a
(percent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
13.9
...
...
...
...
...
3.7
...
…
…
-1.0
...
-14.2
...
-28.0
39.5
20.0
21.0
-2.8
10.9
16.2
9.1
13.1
21.1
37.9
-7.6
5.7
1.8
26.8
-5.2
44.2
-0.8
22.1
6.2
27.9
-15.7
1.7
1.9
21.0
6.4
44.6
12.5
16.4
5.6
2.1
25.6
4.9
4.8
-13.1
-13.5
-14.3
29.6
57.7
43.4
27.7
22.2
16.3
22.2
40.8
9.3
3.6
5.6
33.9
61.7
52.0
32.1
24.6
35.3
22.1
28.7
13.5
33.4
...
34.9
35.8
25.5
33.7
11.7
-6.4
7.2
11.1
21.6
21.1
47.7
36.4
62.5
37.7
29.7
-13.2
16.9
10.1
49.1
14.7
41.8
38.3
44.4
7.4
47.6
47.8
9.5
-0.1
35.4
25.3
20.9
15.7
46.0
17.0
28.5
41.9
43.3
10.5
-25.4
-14.0
-30.6
...
-25.3
-6.5
...
23.1
25.8
-9.8
14.3
13.6
-4.0
4.3
14.2
19.1
32.0
60.7
21.2
35.8
18.5
34.0
19.8
26.3
8.2
-5.5
-12.1
3.8
-23.3
21.2
3.3
7.8
8.3
5.1
39.8
11.7
17.6
16.0
13.1
36.0
16.9
25.5
27.3
32.1
17.6
10.5
16.4
15.5
8.0
19.9
11.7
18.4
21.9
11.1
20.8
9.8
15.3
43.7
8.2
18.5
5.7
22.0
57.4
9.1
-11.2
-10.6
-25.8
-34.1
-27.4
6.5
-13.4
13.3
22.0
4.3
26.0
39.7
22.5
31.9
20.8
17.5
18.5
3.1
2.9
2.8
-3.4
19.0
20.5
11.7
-1.3
1.2
1.3
1.1
-17.2
-6.1
8.5
17.7
-0.5
-10.7
2.5
13.5
20.4
26.1
20.2
18.4
9.2
12.3
65.2
43.4
36.3
13.3
20.2
16.5
-6.1
35.4
16.1
13.2
10.7
14.4
8.7
23.9
24.4
14.0
15.7
19.6
25.3
32.0
18.3
22.7
10.1
25.7
2.7
29.0
26.6
8.5
24.6
3.7
...
-13.8
-30.3
15.4
-27.6
15.2
-7.1
33.5
-4.6
30.2
72.1
16.7
22.0
28.0
7.3
15.5
59.5
27.0
4.4
30.6
31.0
25.8
21.5
30.0
40.0
-16.7
21.6
39.6
-3.4
25.3
-10.2
3.8
21.3
23.3
33.2
4.8
8.2
-7.6
-4.7
-10.0
17.2
3.3
-13.9
-0.4
3.7
34.3
12.7
0.9
-12.4
8.2
-17.5
17.6
0.4
4.3
21.8
-14.7
13.0
5.9
3.4
4.4
-2.8
3.6
…
17.1
27.9
7.2
22.5
39.6
54.2
26.3
-10.5
8.3
27.4
24.9
26.6
4.9
19.8
24.9
23.8
9.0
1.3
7.3
15.3
24.5
15.0
11.9
21.8
5.9
20.2
14.3
45.6
9.3
19.1
7.8
22.1
25.9
13.8
21.9
0.5
11.5
13.8
7.2
10.2
9.0
39.8
...
19.8
73.5
31.7
7.1
39.4
7.6
21.3
26.5
28.6
...
-9.7
-25.1
0.8
-21.1
-10.4
-26.5
-23.1
-25.2
-13.3
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of e
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa f
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
17.8
29.6
18.9
27.6
15.3
146.8
...
-24.6
6.8
-19.3
...
13.9
...
33.1
-0.3
6.2
33.5
6.1
-22.9
-2.8
36.6
-4.2
15.2
10.5
...
12.0
-39.0
6.4
21.9
-8.3
-4.2
-20.6
766.0
107.7
-5.6
-7.0
-21.7
-16.1
...
-3.8
-36.0
-12.6
-7.5
3.5
-1.5
...
6.6
-22.2
-21.4
-6.5
32.2
-11.4
...
4.3
-32.5
6.2
0.2
1.7
28.3
...
-8.4
19.0
-3.2
15.4
8.0
-15.5
24.8
21.7
218.1
5.0
49.4
33.8
3.6
11.9
13.1
-3.5
-8.8
9.6
-0.6
35.7
-29.8
4.4
40.9
16.2
7.9
19.8
15.2
-10.1
12.5
-25.9
21.6
23.0
20.9
29.4
-34.2
12.8
-26.9
23.5
7.0
11.5
28.7
1.2
-1.9
44.0
0.8
4.5
20.7
52.4
-25.3
10.5
13.3
22.4
22.7
12.1
-18.8
-1.1
6.0
...
6.7
30.6
16.7
-0.9
-7.6
-0.6
4.4
31.5
6.8
-0.6
12.8
...
3.4
...
-6.7
32.2
3.7
30.8
104.5
11.0
14.8
5.3
40.7
25.9
5.3
...
...
...
21.1
18.8
9.9
9.1
30.3
23.8
...
36.7
21.2
-36.5
-9.1
...
...
...
-20.6
-9.9
-17.9
-17.9
9.9
-3.8
...
-6.8
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
7.7
11.3
9.6
15.3
22.0
17.7
3.5
22.7
-2.7
-10.2
-8.1
-4.6
13.9
-3.5
12.3
21.5
13.6
23.4
23.2
18.9
25.4
14.5
13.6
13.4
11.5
12.1
0.6
18.6
7.3
16.5
20.6
23.0
10.9
-17.4
-28.0
-26.3
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia c
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore d
Thailand
Viet Nam
a
b
c
d
e
f
Rates are based on US dollar values of imports.
Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Starting 2005, compilation methodology shifted from cif to fob.
Prior to 2003, data exclude Indonesia.
Starting 2000, compilation methodology shifted from fob to cif.
Starting 2000, compilation methodology shifted from cif to fob.
Sources: Country sources, International Financial Statistics Online (IMF 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GLOBALIZATION
219
Table 4.12 Trade in goods
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
…
…
…
…
33.8
…
21.4
…
…
73.4
54.0
…
54.4
62.4
34.3
284.6
118.8
65.0
…
62.0
55.3
33.8
75.7
77.3
27.6
169.6
140.5
45.1
…
57.6
65.6
33.3
68.1
61.8
29.8
123.9
132.4
88.5
61.4
62.8
61.5
33.6
66.0
66.8
29.0
119.4
104.8
57.7
46.9
70.0
71.7
40.2
69.2
67.6
30.2
107.9
108.9
65.9
43.5
58.0
82.2
48.6
76.2
75.4
31.1
101.4
112.9
72.1
41.7
56.6
90.6
52.3
79.1
75.7
34.1
96.8
97.3
69.1
38.7
49.8
87.1
59.6
76.4
99.6
37.8
110.4
93.0
65.4
34.3
48.0
82.6
63.4
76.8
108.1
35.1
108.0
101.1
63.6
33.0
47.0
78.1
61.0
81.7
117.2
37.8
90.7
136.8
74.2
…
45.9
64.2
51.3
…
97.9
34.2
…
…
64.6
29.6
214.1
49.9
…
73.9
38.6
254.1
49.0
72.4
78.2
39.6
245.2
62.4
121.6
89.5
38.5
234.7
57.8
114.1
79.5
42.7
249.0
54.6
109.1
82.5
51.9
287.4
57.9
97.8
89.6
59.8
319.7
66.2
104.0
103.4
63.0
331.2
64.6
97.2
104.4
64.9
343.0
66.7
94.5
113.4
62.2
343.9
69.4
102.0
118.5
56.7
349.2
92.0
111.9
122.5
44.3
316.2
82.5
95.5
99.6
17.2
48.8
14.7
…
21.2
57.3
24.0
71.1
21.1
88.4
34.6
70.5
28.3
67.3
22.6
79.7
38.8
75.7
32.7
61.1
21.7
80.6
38.8
67.2
29.3
58.8
24.4
81.8
33.6
63.2
31.1
60.5
25.7
89.9
35.4
62.5
32.6
86.0
29.5
106.0
35.4
66.7
36.2
80.0
32.8
120.9
35.3
62.4
40.9
95.5
35.8
125.8
35.8
60.7
42.9
100.5
36.7
125.6
34.9
58.6
44.9
85.1
42.4
136.4
34.5
54.5
42.6
…
36.7
76.8
35.5
41.2
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia b
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore c
Thailand
Viet Nam
92.3
17.8
41.5
30.5
133.3
5.6
47.9
291.3
65.7
79.7
94.6
59.3
42.6
50.4
170.5
2.5
62.0
278.6
75.7
65.6
83.5
90.9
58.0
52.9
192.1
1.1
94.7
289.1
107.0
96.6
85.7
92.1
54.4
50.0
174.3
1.0
94.2
270.9
109.8
95.6
90.0
96.3
45.2
42.5
172.4
0.6
99.3
266.3
104.6
104.0
87.7
101.9
40.7
39.6
170.6
0.4
99.0
308.6
109.2
114.8
82.3
109.8
45.1
45.3
185.8
0.3
98.7
330.2
118.3
128.7
81.2
108.5
50.1
52.8
185.2
0.3
91.8
342.8
128.9
130.8
80.9
116.3
44.4
54.8
186.2
0.3
86.3
351.6
122.8
139.1
79.8
110.2
43.6
47.2
172.3
0.2
75.3
317.8
117.1
156.8
92.2
102.1
52.2
47.2
160.0
0.2
66.7
339.1
128.5
157.4
…
…
39.5
43.3
145.4
0.2
52.4
282.0
106.6
130.7
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of d
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa e
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste f
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
88.2
115.6
123.5
75.8
56.9
…
…
70.8
79.8
86.3
…
62.8
…
76.1
56.8
89.8
74.1
82.9
63.4
…
78.0
81.4
50.4
98.6
…
45.3
45.4
54.1
74.0
95.2
63.0
57.1
55.5
…
115.7
88.3
45.1
55.1
…
42.0
37.0
39.5
62.1
98.8
66.0
…
58.3
…
93.4
89.2
56.3
47.4
69.9
48.2
25.6
41.0
51.1
89.6
71.7
…
51.5
…
98.0
89.2
54.1
52.7
138.4
56.9
75.1
42.0
55.1
96.9
58.2
…
57.8
…
78.8
90.9
44.6
67.3
122.5
52.6
84.2
43.0
48.4
93.7
60.4
…
63.9
117.0
84.7
97.3
43.4
75.0
81.4
50.4
52.5
49.0
46.9
90.5
74.1
…
59.6
112.3
84.0
98.4
45.8
93.7
46.0
50.1
58.5
52.0
57.3
95.2
58.9
…
60.5
…
82.7
111.8
50.7
84.2
49.4
43.3
57.9
58.9
55.3
87.9
62.7
…
63.7
…
72.4
116.2
43.6
95.2
56.6
43.8
55.3
51.1
75.6
104.3
61.2
…
…
…
78.6
111.3
47.5
87.1
63.7
49.0
…
59.6
95.3
…
56.4
…
…
…
64.2
90.0
41.2
65.9
55.9
49.9
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
24.6
17.0
42.5
29.8
14.8
44.5
34.2
18.4
51.2
33.9
18.4
51.1
32.6
19.2
47.9
29.6
20.2
42.5
29.9
22.2
43.3
31.8
24.4
42.5
34.0
28.1
44.7
32.6
30.5
43.3
37.9
31.7
49.5
31.7
22.3
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
a
b
c
d
e
f
Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Starting 2005, compilation methodology for imports shifted from cif to fob.
Prior to 2003, data exclude Indonesia.
Starting 2000, compilation methodology for imports shifted from fob to cif.
Starting 2000, compilation methodology for imports shifted from cif to fob.
GDP estimates beginning 2002 exclude value added of activities of the United Nations.
Sources: Country sources, International Financial Statistics Online (IMF 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
External Trade
GLOBALIZATION
220
External Trade
Table 4.13 Direction of trade: merchandise exports
(percent of total merchandise exports)
To
From
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia a
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Asia
1990 2009
Europe
1990 2009
North and
Central
America
1990 2009
Middle East
1990 2009
South
America
1990 2009
Africa
1990 2009
Oceania
1990 2009
Rest of
the World
1990 2009
17.6
4.2
22.0
3.6
57.5
41.1
30.6
37.0
4.4
12.7
55.7
13.4
29.0
37.9
25.1
38.2
28.3
44.8
29.5
42.2
73.7
73.3
55.7
86.3
31.7
57.5
40.7
52.8
92.0
80.6
7.9
66.3
49.8
42.8
54.3
56.4
22.9
41.0
48.1
52.3
4.4
20.7
2.6
9.9
8.9
0.5
14.3
2.5
3.2
0.4
28.7
14.8
14.5
15.2
4.9
0.5
17.7
1.0
6.5
1.8
3.9
0.0
19.4
0.2
0.8
0.0
8.9
0.0
0.0
0.1
7.0
3.8
1.8
2.4
1.3
4.8
22.5
11.8
11.2
3.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.8
0.6
0.1
0.0
1.4
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.0
5.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.7
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.9
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.8
0.0
0.0
1.2
0.9
0.0
7.7
0.4
6.2
0.0
1.4
3.1
1.0
13.8
0.0
0.5
1.1
4.5
0.0
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China b
68.3
42.4
34.0
31.6
38.2
38.4
66.7
48.8
81.3
68.8
14.7
20.2
15.5
45.2
18.2
22.5
13.5
13.9
7.3
11.1
10.0
27.2
33.4
2.4
36.0
24.0
13.0
17.4
10.4
13.1
2.3
1.6
3.0
0.1
2.1
5.1
1.6
6.8
0.5
2.3
0.4
0.5
0.8
0.0
0.6
2.7
0.7
3.3
0.5
1.3
1.9
1.7
1.4
20.7
1.9
3.2
0.6
2.9
0.0
1.1
0.9
1.9
1.7
0.0
2.3
2.3
1.6
3.1
0.0
1.4
1.5
4.5
10.2
0.0
0.6
1.7
2.2
3.9
0.0
0.9
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan c
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
14.8
99.3
21.0
47.0
14.7
14.8
9.2
97.5
28.7
36.3
70.6
14.9
41.8
0.6
47.2
26.5
60.0
30.9
49.1
2.0
21.5
54.7
14.6
43.8
32.3
0.0
16.3
26.3
24.1
28.8
24.2
0.1
14.2
2.6
9.5
23.2
5.0
0.0
7.1
0.0
0.1
17.8
1.6
0.0
22.2
0.2
0.7
9.5
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.7
0.4
0.3
2.4
0.0
0.1
0.9
3.3
0.0
1.8
0.0
0.0
1.2
0.6
0.0
7.1
5.1
0.2
0.8
2.0
0.0
1.2
0.2
0.1
1.6
0.7
0.0
1.2
0.3
0.6
1.5
0.5
0.0
5.2
0.0
0.9
4.4
14.1
0.0
2.7
0.8
3.7
5.4
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam d
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
91.6
90.9
64.4
85.2
58.0
67.4
34.8
47.2
37.9
39.1
87.7
21.0
59.8
64.1
60.0
85.7
60.9
65.4
54.2
41.4
0.2
7.8
12.8
11.1
16.6
10.3
18.8
17.2
25.3
48.1
0.5
25.8
14.2
12.1
11.9
3.7
13.4
10.3
14.4
20.1
3.4
0.4
13.9
1.7
18.1
2.5
40.2
23.0
25.3
0.6
0.5
51.6
12.2
3.3
14.3
0.0
17.2
10.6
12.6
23.1
0.0
0.1
3.0
0.0
2.5
1.5
1.6
2.6
5.4
0.9
0.0
0.1
3.4
0.1
4.9
1.1
1.4
2.6
5.8
0.6
0.0
0.4
0.1
0.6
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.0
0.0
0.7
0.2
0.5
0.6
1.4
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.5
1.0
0.4
14.3
0.2
1.9
2.1
0.2
0.6
0.2
1.7
0.1
1.7
6.5
0.5
1.7
3.6
0.6
1.3
0.2
1.9
0.1
2.0
0.7
1.6
4.0
1.9
0.3
10.7
0.5
3.9
0.1
4.2
0.4
2.1
5.3
6.1
4.6
3.4
0.0
3.4
0.3
2.2
3.4
2.6
3.8
2.0
10.7
0.0
0.4
3.9
20.2
2.4
2.4
4.1
3.6
1.8
9.2
The Pacific
Cook Islands e
Fiji Islands
Kiribati c
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of f
Nauru c
Palau c
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu c
Vanuatu
55.4
10.6
13.0
...
88.9
11.2
97.8
44.9
11.3
59.8
…
30.1
0.3
22.8
72.6
9.2
55.0
...
4.1
95.7
99.9
22.5
16.0
72.7
6.1
45.3
47.9
76.4
0.0
23.3
77.8
...
0.0
1.1
0.1
24.7
18.0
21.1
…
1.6
43.7
58.2
0.0
11.5
2.1
...
0.0
0.3
0.0
45.3
1.1
8.5
9.3
1.9
3.8
14.3
6.2
10.6
8.9
...
10.7
2.2
0.0
2.7
6.1
3.6
…
25.9
0.0
3.9
2.0
15.8
4.6
...
40.0
0.4
0.0
1.3
4.2
0.3
14.5
22.5
4.1
1.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
...
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
…
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.0
...
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
...
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
…
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
27.9
...
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
...
0.0
1.2
2.1
0.2
0.1
0.0
…
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.3
0.0
...
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
2.7
0.6
32.4
29.3
0.3
...
0.4
84.3
0.0
27.2
58.4
11.0
…
40.3
56.0
14.3
9.6
40.6
4.4
...
4.7
3.4
0.0
30.6
71.3
11.3
67.8
29.3
38.8
5.5
6.1
26.2
0.0
...
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
6.2
4.5
…
2.0
0.0
0.3
15.8
22.3
6.0
...
51.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
6.9
7.0
2.3
0.8
2.6
0.9
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
50.6
26.1
30.3
68.7
48.1
34.1
17.1
23.0
21.6
9.3
14.3
14.4
12.9
36.2
16.8
6.2
21.6
12.7
4.5
3.4
2.7
3.5
4.0
4.6
0.7
1.1
1.0
0.8
1.5
1.5
0.6
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.3
2.9
7.6
3.1
22.1
5.6
2.6
26.8
5.9
5.4
4.0
4.4
6.5
3.1
DEVELOPING MEMBER COUNTRIES g
REGIONAL MEMBERS g
45.4
38.5
48.6
49.2
19.2
20.5
18.3
17.3
24.1
27.8
17.9
17.9
2.8
3.1
5.2
5.0
0.4
0.7
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.5
2.6
2.4
2.6
3.2
2.9
3.1
3.9
4.6
2.6
3.3
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Except for Afghanistan and Pakistan, data for 1990 refer to 1992.
Economies are classified following Taipei,China’s trade groupings. Data under the heading “Middle East” refer to those of “Middle and Near East” economies.
Based on reporting partner-country data. For Palau, data for 1990 refer to 2000.
Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Data for 1990 refer to 1993.
Data for 1990 refer to 1991, and for 2009 to 2007.
For reporting countries only.
Sources: Direction of Trade Statistics Online (IMF 2010); for Cook Islands; Federated States of Micronesia; Taipei,China; and Timor-Leste: economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GLOBALIZATION
221
Table 4.14 Direction of trade: merchandise imports
(percent of total merchandise imports)
Asia
1990 2009
Europe
1990 2009
North and
Central
America
1990 2009
79.1
2.7
20.2
13.7
59.9
38.7
31.6
4.2
8.2
19.1
51.8
24.6
33.0
37.8
34.2
70.8
41.2
55.4
40.2
48.4
17.1
43.4
70.8
56.5
35.8
55.1
29.3
82.4
65.0
61.8
20.7
62.0
56.9
46.7
61.8
27.4
18.4
36.4
44.5
49.5
1.3
53.3
2.6
29.8
3.5
6.2
14.2
13.3
26.7
19.0
25.7
4.4
3.6
7.2
3.0
1.2
5.9
1.8
5.5
1.5
0.4
0.1
6.2
0.0
0.7
0.0
19.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
5.9
5.1
4.6
0.5
0.4
28.7
5.7
9.4
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
2.2
0.5
2.2
0.2
0.2
1.0
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.0
2.3
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.0
0.0
1.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.6
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China b
48.6
66.7
33.5
33.1
43.6
43.4
74.7
46.7
54.1
56.5
24.1
12.4
13.1
66.0
17.5
15.4
9.6
12.2
42.4
11.2
15.8
8.6
25.3
0.0
24.9
9.3
6.0
10.6
2.1
11.6
0.9
0.8
7.0
0.0
6.0
5.3
1.3
20.6
0.2
12.9
2.0
0.7
1.7
0.1
2.1
4.7
0.9
2.4
0.4
1.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
2.2
3.4
0.4
1.0
0.0
2.2
2.8
1.1
4.3
0.1
3.4
3.9
0.7
4.1
0.5
3.8
5.2
9.1
14.4
0.0
0.2
14.7
6.5
2.3
0.3
0.2
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan c
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
47.7
11.2
17.4
85.2
69.4
47.5
63.1
83.3
30.5
63.2
77.3
62.5
22.0
72.1
41.3
13.3
20.1
17.8
12.2
14.6
22.9
9.5
4.0
14.5
8.4
11.3
12.9
0.5
2.8
8.9
4.2
2.0
8.7
3.2
1.4
5.0
5.1
0.0
18.3
0.5
0.0
11.7
6.1
0.0
22.3
18.9
2.7
11.7
1.4
3.1
1.7
0.0
0.5
0.8
2.4
0.0
3.2
1.0
0.1
1.1
0.2
0.0
2.8
0.0
0.2
4.4
0.9
0.0
5.5
1.0
0.1
0.3
1.8
2.2
3.4
0.3
5.8
2.8
2.8
0.1
5.3
2.8
2.4
2.5
13.3
0.0
2.3
0.1
1.2
6.1
8.4
0.0
1.6
0.5
12.0
2.3
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam d
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
61.5
64.8
43.6
87.7
50.6
69.2
40.0
48.2
53.4
34.1
81.4
88.8
70.4
90.9
64.4
94.1
58.6
51.8
57.0
61.3
18.6
28.5
22.5
9.7
17.9
23.3
13.2
15.9
19.7
21.3
10.5
3.0
8.2
6.2
12.3
2.9
8.9
16.7
12.6
10.7
15.4
0.1
13.7
0.8
18.0
3.1
21.1
16.9
12.1
0.4
4.7
2.1
5.9
1.0
10.5
0.1
12.4
13.0
7.0
4.5
0.0
3.5
5.0
0.1
1.2
0.1
11.8
11.0
4.1
0.0
0.4
0.1
5.3
0.0
3.6
0.3
7.4
9.3
12.4
0.5
0.2
0.5
2.0
0.2
1.6
0.0
2.5
0.9
1.8
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.9
0.0
1.3
0.1
1.4
1.6
1.5
0.9
0.0
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.1
0.1
0.0
1.4
0.0
0.9
0.1
0.3
0.3
1.0
0.2
2.6
2.5
6.0
0.9
4.3
3.7
4.3
2.2
2.0
0.4
1.3
0.6
3.8
0.4
2.6
0.9
2.7
1.9
3.3
1.8
1.7
0.0
6.5
0.6
5.7
0.1
6.4
4.3
6.0
43.8
1.5
5.2
3.1
1.5
4.5
1.5
8.3
5.3
5.2
20.1
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati c
Marshall Islands e
Micronesia, Fed. States of f
Nauru c
Palau c
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu c
Vanuatu
1.9
26.4
14.4
18.5
19.7
31.2
98.5
29.4
24.6
41.1
…
16.9
29.8
62.7
2.3
53.2
20.4
16.2
37.0
29.6
92.4
37.6
34.0
51.1
75.3
12.4
59.7
47.1
32.5
5.6
6.0
0.0
0.0
7.4
0.9
7.0
6.6
6.4
…
1.8
33.9
21.9
0.0
3.5
6.6
0.0
0.0
53.9
3.3
5.0
2.7
5.6
5.1
4.0
2.8
18.2
5.4
13.4
48.9
74.9
72.1
0.6
0.0
11.5
7.0
6.1
…
10.3
0.0
2.3
2.6
2.8
1.0
45.8
55.6
2.8
0.0
7.5
6.4
2.4
0.6
9.6
0.1
1.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
…
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.5
0.0
0.0
…
0.0
0.5
0.3
0.0
0.6
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.0
0.7
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.2
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.1
…
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.0
3.5
0.0
0.3
51.1
44.1
30.6
5.5
2.6
58.6
0.3
50.2
45.9
45.1
…
62.6
35.8
12.4
87.2
35.1
70.7
12.2
4.1
13.6
4.4
46.6
53.3
37.9
16.7
69.1
22.5
31.2
9.2
10.5
0.1
1.2
5.6
0.0
0.0
1.0
15.9
1.2
…
8.4
0.0
0.3
7.8
3.9
0.6
25.9
3.3
0.0
0.0
2.7
2.4
2.2
2.2
0.7
14.9
1.8
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
32.4
25.3
24.0
50.9
41.5
41.3
27.5
19.8
25.0
21.1
13.8
18.5
26.4
27.2
20.0
12.7
13.3
12.3
3.2
13.3
5.4
2.2
16.9
5.5
1.0
3.0
1.0
0.9
2.7
0.8
0.4
1.6
0.2
0.8
1.6
0.9
5.5
6.3
21.3
5.7
6.9
18.8
3.7
3.6
3.2
5.6
3.3
2.0
DEVELOPING MEMBER COUNTRIES g
REGIONAL MEMBERS g
39.8
35.2
47.1
46.5
20.6
20.8
13.6
14.0
14.9
19.0
8.4
9.3
4.8
7.1
8.3
9.2
1.3
1.7
2.5
2.4
0.8
1.0
1.9
1.8
10.6
9.3
10.5
9.8
7.2
6.0
7.7
7.0
From
To
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia a
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Middle East
1990 2009
South
America
1990 2009
Africa
1990 2009
Oceania
1990 2009
Rest of
the World
1990 2009
Except for Afghanistan and Pakistan, data for 1990 refer to 1992. .
Economies are classified following Taipei,China’s trade groupings. Data under the heading “Middle East” refer to those of “Middle and Near East” economies.
Based on reporting partner-country data. For Palau, data for 1990 refer to 2000.
Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Data for 2009 refer to 2006.
Data for 2009 refer to 2007.
For reporting countries only.
Sources: Direction of Trade Statistics Online (IMF 2010); for Cook Islands; Federated States of Micronesia; Marshall Islands; Taipei,China; and Timor-Leste: economy
sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
External Trade
222
GLOBALIZATION
International Reserves
Table 4.15 International reserves a
(end of year; US$ million)
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
266
...
–
–
...
–
985
...
...
…
7
110
121
199
1660
124
2453
...
1170
…
6
314
680
116
2096
262
2056
94
1808
1273
6
330
725
162
2508
287
4235
94
2055
1212
7
431
720
202
3141
317
8762
90
2346
1215
1
502
803
196
4962
399
11674
118
2673
1659
0
548
1075
387
9277
565
10616
172
2714
2147
0
669
1178
479
7070
612
10948
189
4457
2895
0
1072
2500
931
19127
817
12816
204
8059
4459
0
1659
4273
1361
17629
1177
15689
48
13222
7413
0
1407
6467
1480
19872
1225
8903
75
…
10145
201
2003
5364
2110
23220
1585
13771
191
…
…
30209
24657
14825
23
78064
76036
55424
32712
152
95911
168855
107560
96198
202
111370
218698
111174
102821
207
126572
295202
111919
121414
268
166046
412225
118388
155355
204
211140
618574
123569
199069
208
246560
825588 1072563 1534357 1953334 2425856
124278 133210 152693 182527 255842
210391 238957 262225 201220 270012
333
718
1001
657
1327
257952 270840 275027 296389 352967
649
89
5188
24
302
433
2367
130
21591
48
593
2094
1516
318
40155
123
952
1147
1305
323
48200
93
1044
1357
1722
355
70377
133
1024
1705
2624
367
102261
159
1229
2334
3222
399
130401
204
1469
2205
2825
467
136026
186
1504
2735
3877
545
176105
231
...
2837
5278
699
273859
308
...
3508
5789
765
254024
241
...
2561
10343
…
274668
261
...
…
–
0
8520
2
9871
325
2048
27790
14273
0
–
192
14787
93
23899
573
7799
68816
36945
1379
408
611
29268
140
28624
234
15063
80170
32661
3510
382
698
28018
133
29817
411
15692
75677
33041
3765
449
914
32047
194
33656
481
16365
82221
38915
4232
475
982
36253
213
44116
562
17063
96245
42148
6359
489
1118
36303
227
66176
685
16228
112578
49831
7186
492
1159
34731
239
70152
782
18494
116171
52065
9216
514
1411
42588
336
82426
1248
22967
136260
66985
13591
667
2143
56925
540
101313
…
33751
162957
87455
23748
751
2641
51641
639
91528
…
37551
174193
111008
24176
1357
3288
66119
712
96713
…
44243
187804
138417
16803
…
261
0
…
–
…
…
415
69
18
…
31
…
38
…
349
0
…
69
…
…
263
55
16
…
29
…
48
…
412
0
…
113
…
…
296
64
32
…
25
…
39
…
367
0
…
98
…
…
430
57
19
…
24
…
38
…
359
0
…
117
…
…
343
62
18
43
25
…
37
…
424
0
…
90
…
…
520
84
37
61
40
…
44
…
478
0
…
55
…
…
660
86
81
182
55
…
62
…
315
0
…
50
…
…
749
82
95
153
47
…
67
…
…
0
…
47
…
…
1427
81
104
84
48
…
105
…
…
0
…
48
…
…
2087
95
119
230
65
…
120
…
…
0
…
40
…
…
1987
87
90
210
70
…
115
…
…
8
…
…
…
…
2607
166
146
250
…
…
149
19328
79707
4129
14951
184510
4410
18817
356022
3952
18664
396237
3565
21567
462356
4963
33258
664569
6085
36926
835229
6947
43257
835506
8893
55079
880977
14068
26908
32924
41742
954145 1010687 1023586
17247
11052
15594
a Data refer to international reserves with gold at national valuation unless otherwise specified. For Afghanistan, Bhutan, Kiribati, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands,
Singapore, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Vanuatu, data refer to international reserves without gold.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: International Financial Statistics Online (IMF 2010); for Taipei,China: economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GLOBALIZATION
223
Table 4.16 Ratio of international reserves to imports a
(months)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.6
…
…
…
…
2.0
1.5
3.3
3.7
2.8
2.9
…
8.5
…
…
4.9
5.3
1.4
3.5
6.2
2.6
1.2
12.5
6.3
…
5.1
5.9
1.9
3.8
7.7
5.0
1.5
11.7
5.7
0.0
5.9
4.7
2.2
4.7
6.7
11.1
1.3
15.4
6.7
0.0
5.3
3.5
1.6
6.2
6.6
12.4
1.4
12.4
8.3
0.0
5.5
3.6
2.3
8.1
7.5
9.3
1.7
10.3
8.4
0.0
5.0
3.2
2.1
4.7
6.6
6.9
1.6
18.1
10.5
0.0
6.7
5.7
3.0
9.5
5.5
6.2
1.1
37.8
13.9
0.0
7.1
8.5
3.3
6.4
5.4
7.0
0.2
42.0
15.5
0.0
4.5
10.2
2.8
6.2
3.9
3.0
0.2
…
16.0
0.3
8.5
9.9
5.9
9.7
6.8
5.2
1.2
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
8.6
…
2.7
0.3
17.8
8.3
…
3.0
4.3
11.5
9.4
6.1
7.2
4.0
9.7
11.3
6.7
8.9
4.0
14.4
12.6
6.5
9.8
4.7
18.1
12.6
6.2
10.6
2.9
20.4
13.9
5.5
10.9
2.6
17.9
15.8
5.0
9.9
3.4
17.3
17.1
4.8
9.4
6.1
16.3
20.4
5.0
9.0
6.0
15.3
21.8
5.6
5.7
2.5
15.0
30.5
8.8
10.2
7.7
24.5
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
2.3
11.2
2.2
2.4
5.4
1.9
4.9
16.1
5.9
2.4
5.6
4.7
2.4
20.6
8.3
4.3
7.3
1.9
1.9
20.7
10.3
3.2
8.0
2.7
2.7
21.0
13.1
4.6
8.5
3.4
3.6
21.3
15.3
4.6
9.5
4.2
3.9
18.2
13.2
4.3
9.8
3.3
2.9
12.2
10.4
3.4
8.9
3.7
3.5
15.0
11.1
3.4
…
3.3
4.1
15.9
12.8
3.8
…
3.7
3.6
13.7
9.9
2.4
…
2.2
6.1
…
11.0
3.7
…
…
…
0.0
4.8
0.2
4.6
7.4
2.0
5.9
5.2
0.0
…
1.9
4.3
1.9
4.0
3.9
3.5
6.7
6.3
2.2
…
3.8
8.7
3.1
4.4
1.3
4.2
6.9
6.3
3.0
4.2
4.0
9.7
3.1
5.1
2.1
5.0
7.6
6.5
3.1
3.7
4.6
10.8
5.2
5.4
2.7
4.9
8.1
7.4
2.9
4.5
4.4
11.0
5.5
6.7
3.6
5.0
8.7
6.8
3.4
4.4
4.1
8.6
3.8
8.0
4.1
4.4
8.0
6.4
3.0
4.2
3.5
6.0
3.3
7.8
5.3
4.6
7.1
5.3
3.2
3.9
3.5
6.9
3.8
8.0
6.4
5.2
7.0
6.3
3.8
4.0
4.7
8.0
6.1
8.8
…
7.0
7.6
7.6
4.8
3.7
4.9
5.3
5.5
7.4
…
7.4
6.6
7.6
3.8
8.9
6.7
9.4
6.0
9.9
…
11.4
9.3
12.6
3.1
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
4.9
0.0
…
–
…
…
4.5
11.8
2.7
…
7.6
…
5.7
…
5.5
0.0
…
7.5
…
…
2.5
7.2
1.2
…
4.7
…
7.3
…
6.4
0.0
…
12.4
…
…
3.5
2.4
4.2
…
4.7
…
6.1
…
5.7
0.0
…
9.7
…
…
5.5
1.6
2.8
…
4.6
…
5.8
…
5.4
0.0
…
12.6
…
…
3.8
1.8
4.6
…
4.9
…
4.9
…
4.8
0.0
…
8.9
…
…
5.2
7.4
6.4
…
6.4
…
5.8
…
4.5
0.0
…
5.3
…
…
5.4
6.7
13.4
…
8.0
…
6.6
…
2.6
0.0
…
4.9
…
…
5.9
5.2
9.5
…
5.4
…
6.2
…
…
0.0
…
4.5
…
…
8.6
4.4
7.1
10.0
4.8
…
8.1
…
…
0.0
…
4.5
…
…
9.5
5.0
6.1
15.7
7.1
…
7.5
…
…
0.0
…
3.4
…
…
7.6
4.2
3.7
8.1
6.2
…
5.5
…
…
0.0
…
…
…
…
11.1
9.7
7.3
7.8
…
…
7.7
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
5.9
4.5
6.0
3.1
7.5
4.1
3.3
12.4
3.7
3.6
15.1
3.3
3.7
18.3
4.0
4.7
23.1
4.2
4.2
24.4
4.2
4.3
21.1
4.5
4.9
19.8
7.3
2.0
20.0
7.3
2.1
17.1
4.7
3.2
24.5
6.6
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
a Merchandise imports from the balance of payments were used in the computation.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: ADB staff estimates using International Financial Statistics Online (IMF 2010), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Transition Report 2007 (EBRD
2007), and country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
International Reserves
224
GLOBALIZATION
Capital Flows
Table 4.17 Official flows a from all sources to developing member countries
(US$ million)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
121.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1546.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
212.5
228.9
190.7
219.3
460.0
201.3
1300.7
93.8
26.7
320.6
136.0
205.1
277.0
136.4
151.4
216.8
614.2
83.9
267.2
334.1
404.6
190.3
190.9
247.4
150.5
167.7
1709.6
145.4
86.0
337.2
1300.5
263.4
312.9
282.2
137.0
183.5
1264.2
154.7
-36.6
105.4
1590.7
198.0
268.3
209.0
268.8
178.2
1366.1
164.0
3.9
87.0
2303.1
203.4
171.1
207.1
220.0
246.7
-270.4
202.1
-30.6
214.7
2817.9
181.9
194.2
234.4
-655.8
272.4
1645.0
231.0
-54.3
142.0
2955.8
228.4
377.5
223.6
128.7
272.4
2496.5
371.8
-100.4
49.7
3964.6
359.2
330.3
313.9
61.2
283.3
2493.6
393.1
-46.7
104.1
4865.1
318.5
366.9
898.9
329.4
326.0
2511.3
547.2
-34.5
169.2
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China b
Korea, Rep. of b
Mongolia
Taipei,China b
2359.2
38.2
52.0
13.1
36.3
8796.0
17.7
57.0
212.7
0.2
2346.4
…
…
198.5
…
3001.4
…
…
190.8
…
-301.6
…
…
186.2
…
-1995.5
…
…
-7.0
…
1373.6
…
…
264.9
…
2091.4
…
…
218.7
…
2252.9
…
…
210.7
…
1504.2
…
…
235.4
…
2504.3
…
…
250.9
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
1818.4
48.7
3158.3
23.0
401.2
632.9
1239.9
71.5
-40.9
59.9
437.3
611.2
1145.8
72.4
513.4
17.2
344.1
316.5
1201.0
122.0
1247.6
23.7
353.3
383.4
971.6
145.4
-2787.6
30.5
331.8
432.3
1184.7
152.7
-4167.4
42.2
430.4
741.5
1597.3
150.0
781.7
28.5
409.1
576.8
1186.8
147.9
2571.9
80.6
547.9
1264.6
1603.4
127.5
2373.9
62.4
496.6
860.4
1579.2
83.0
3985.8
55.7
563.2
849.5
3055.4
82.0
4984.5
59.9
789.2
873.4
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b, c
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore b
Thailand
Viet Nam
3.9
41.6
3098.8
223.2
538.7
157.5
1538.5
-3.1
522.3
107.4
4.3
517.6
1869.8
279.4
513.3
79.6
-132.5
16.7
858.6
635.0
…
372.2
2235.9
262.6
696.2
105.5
335.0
…
723.8
1523.1
…
411.2
1174.0
237.1
2167.4
120.3
95.7
…
31.7
1506.0
…
461.2
481.3
260.9
-102.8
104.7
331.6
…
-3959.8
1173.4
…
530.1
-19.0
282.5
8.9
67.8
532.7
…
-3881.4
2029.7
…
502.0
-1910.5
246.1
747.8
66.5
-122.7
…
-2406.9
2025.4
…
571.8
893.1
325.5
-168.0
90.1
-245.9
…
-1623.2
1776.9
…
651.1
-397.0
329.6
-352.7
89.1
383.0
…
-334.8
1731.0
…
689.3
-334.3
442.2
-1422.5
61.6
470.9
…
-894.1
2286.1
…
944.2
233.6
462.6
-660.2
389.0
-425.1
…
9.7
2299.7
12.1
23.4
20.2
…
…
0.2
…
534.7
45.8
41.0
0.1
30.0
5.1
50.0
13.0
37.4
15.3
38.9
77.2
2.7
142.3
397.7
47.5
50.1
0.0
38.5
7.9
46.7
4.3
21.5
17.9
57.2
101.5
4.0
39.1
350.8
24.7
70.2
231.3
21.1
4.0
46.0
4.8
21.7
12.4
74.0
137.6
7.3
34.5
268.9
36.7
78.4
194.2
23.3
9.5
30.4
3.8
31.1
20.9
62.6
111.9
11.7
31.6
184.9
38.2
39.0
219.1
23.0
11.7
27.2
6.0
49.9
19.0
56.8
114.9
16.1
25.9
175.0
30.9
80.8
175.0
29.9
6.2
33.1
9.0
62.7
16.7
51.1
86.3
13.9
19.6
216.9
29.7
121.0
161.2
18.7
8.0
39.1
7.8
73.0
28.0
56.8
106.6
9.3
23.7
249.8
42.4
199.6
184.8
31.1
9.2
40.2
32.3
62.1
26.9
55.0
108.5
17.4
37.3
242.3
66.6
204.0
209.1
20.5
15.3
48.6
9.3
54.3
27.0
52.1
114.9
25.6
22.3
229.0
51.7
243.9
278.3
30.5
11.7
56.9
5.6
52.2
26.9
53.2
94.1
31.2
42.9
278.6
61.3
218.5
277.5
30.7
16.6
119.1
17241.1
65282.5
20274.0
73612.3
14624.3
48476.2
16829.7
53264.9
2543.0
45593.7
1086.7
53109.6
8650.6
64989.3
15800.7
48748.8
18236.8
85944.4
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan b
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
The Pacific
Cook Islands b
Fiji Islands
Kiribati b
Marshall Islands b
Micronesia, Fed. States of b
Nauru b
Palau b
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste b
Tonga
Tuvalu b
Vanuatu
TOTAL DMCs d
TOTAL DEVELOPING COUNTRIES e
19619.4 27459.5
99284.1 127560.7
a Refers to net flows of long-term public and publicly guaranteed debt from official creditors and grants, including technical cooperation grants.
b Refers to net official development assistance only, i.e., concessional flows to developing countries and multilateral institutions provided by official agencies, including state
and local governments, or by their executing agencies, administered with the objective of promoting the economic development and welfare of developing countries, and
containing a grant element of at least 25%.
c Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
d For reporting countries only.
e Includes data for all developing countries as reported in World Bank’s Global Development Finance Online. For developing member countries not covered by the World
Bank, data are from OECD’s Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Aid Recipients.
Sources: Global Development Finance Online (World Bank 2010); for Afghanistan; Brunei Darussalam; Cook Islands; Hong Kong, China; Kiribati; Republic of Korea; Marshall
Islands; Federated States of Micronesia; Nauru; Palau; Singapore; Taipei,China; Timor-Leste; and Tuvalu: OECD.StatExtracts website (http://stats.oecd.org/Index.
aspx).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GLOBALIZATION
225
Table 4.18 Net private flows a from all sources to developing member countries
(US$ million)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
-1.8
1836.0
3.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
182.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
25.3
330.1
6.0
1204.4
96.1
1049.8
10.0
253.0
177.2
21.0
124.0
167.1
157.0
2171.3
-62.7
-17.8
12.3
-40.5
-0.8
-18.7
70.5
207.1
123.2
5019.5
-73.1
-325.8
26.2
-166.6
66.3
-0.2
103.9
1383.9
143.6
4142.5
-10.7
349.6
17.2
-38.2
-7.1
15.3
121.2
3264.2
317.0
5675.2
-3.5
-58.2
-7.5
0.6
97.8
34.3
262.5
3678.2
555.0
12321.9
121.8
1342.4
248.7
191.6
19.8
-11.7
304.8
1926.5
501.7
8727.7
42.1
3406.8
51.9
333.5
-151.3
18.8
503.2
-516.3
1349.4
34834.6
316.1
6229.9
345.6
655.4
-95.4
13.1
1201.5
-4517.1
1858.9
33226.9
319.0
7347.0
363.3
762.3
540.3
37.3
1308.5
364.7
2305.2
25231.3
164.8
5820.2
392.4
783.8
772.3
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China b
Korea, Rep. of b
Mongolia
Taipei,China b
8106.8
3482.2
1572.3
0.0
427.7
40862.0
3758.4
7596.3
-3.8
427.7
40643.7
…
…
51.0
…
41073.4
…
…
41.7
…
47107.3
…
…
77.6
…
53514.9
…
…
131.4
…
73698.1 107008.0 128456.2 172492.3 168654.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
92.8
184.5
359.0
439.7
727.5
…
…
…
…
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
59.0
-1.0
1831.0
6.7
-6.6
53.8
-34.5
-2.2
4974.0
8.8
-4.9
159.5
317.5
-0.1
10017.2
13.1
-8.3
321.6
307.5
0.3
6867.1
12.2
20.7
28.6
135.7
0.3
7359.5
24.5
-6.3
97.1
252.3
1.1
16223.8
9.6
14.4
106.7
437.7
3.5
18676.2
49.6
-0.7
176.0
818.7
9.0
18619.0
13.6
1.8
61.4
704.3
6.1
48735.0
19.6
-7.1
220.3
782.8
78.3
89910.9
28.7
5.4
1044.9
1095.0
30.0
37920.7
46.2
0.5
354.6
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b, c
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore b
Thailand
Viet Nam
-2.5
0.0
2891.5
6.0
476.3
154.7
639.2
3219.5
4370.5
180.0
31.8
…
163.6
148.5
8147.1 -10640.4
95.1
33.9
7849.8
4957.2
315.4
191.8
2372.3
3781.7
4290.1
…
10146.3
-1137.1
2136.4
592.0
…
149.4
-6741.0
23.9
1504.7
147.3
2224.1
…
-1478.6
706.6
…
145.1
-5253.5
157.5
5149.7
92.0
1917.1
…
772.6
755.2
…
84.0
-4624.7
22.0
2107.2
216.3
1570.3
…
5030.1
1190.9
…
131.4
1939.3
174.2
9157.3
181.7
2515.4
…
9114.0
1618.7
…
381.2
11522.7
308.9
1862.0
211.2
4402.5
…
14934.8
2694.9
…
483.2
9866.9
452.7
10615.9
270.7
4835.0
…
16373.1
3646.1
…
867.3
13045.5
1080.5
6487.7
257.2
8641.8
…
21065.0
12855.3
…
815.2
16112.9
593.7
-3695.7
282.8
-2076.3
…
3908.8
8924.4
0.0
42.6
0.3
788.9
-0.2
0.2
11.2
1.7
1.2
-12.8
53.6
1.0
0.6
18.0
-1.9
29.8
-0.1
967.6
0.0
1.2
1.2
-77.4
-0.1
-3.1
164.4
0.6
25.0
14.2
-22.7
45.6
…
395.6
…
6.3
1.6
2.1
0.0
-4.4
53.4
3.4
0.0
18.0
-4.3
256.5
0.3
1132.2
…
223.4
7.0
-84.6
2.3
-1.8
374.1
6.9
0.0
19.8
-29.3
161.3
0.8
2736.9
0.0
2.3
0.9
123.1
-3.0
12.2
0.1
12.3
-0.7
13.3
2.7
413.6
-1.3
1396.8
0.6
-0.3
1.4
127.0
20.7
19.2
-63.8
11.6
3.7
43.4
1.1
492.8
-8.3
4317.8
16.3
0.0
3.1
198.9
2.5
84.2
0.2
27.4
-0.7
34.2
-0.1
313.8
…
3357.2
49.0
0.1
-2.4
119.5
6.0
76.9
2.7
6.0
…
34.0
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan b
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
The Pacific
Cook Islands b
Fiji Islands
Kiribati b
Marshall Islands b
Micronesia, Fed. States of b
Nauru b
Palau b
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste b
Tonga
Tuvalu b
Vanuatu
TOTAL DMCs d
TOTAL DEVELOPING COUNTRIES e
4.4
79.5
0.0
…
…
1.0
…
204.1
6.6
7.3
-5.4
0.1
…
12.9
27.0
68.6
…
4.9
-0.1
0.5
-0.2
111.2
3.4
3.8
8.9
2.0
-0.3
30.9
-31.3
-1.8
0.0
108.1
…
-2.1
17.8
45.3
-1.5
9.5
…
3.4
-4.3
20.3
29797.6 96701.7 51977.7 50722.7 65737.3 85771.0 138673.2 181196.2 270653.7 375367.8 274837.7
48108.5 177233.4 180999.8 175608.6 164423.1 209948.5 327775.2 490368.8 638439.2 983422.0 768423.0
a Refers to the sum of net foreign direct investment, portfolio equity flows, net flows of long-term public and publicly guaranteed debt from private creditors, and net flows of
total private nonguaranteed debt.
b Refers to the sum of direct investment, portfolio investment, and private net exports credits of Development Assistance Committee countries only.
c Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
d For reporting countries only.
e Includes data for all developing countries as reported in World Bank’s Global Development Finance Online. For developing member countries not covered by the World
Bank, data are from OECD’s Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Aid Recipients.
Sources: Global Development Finance Online (World Bank 2010); for Afghanistan; Brunei Darussalam; Cook Islands; Hong Kong, China; Kiribati; Republic of Korea; Marshall
Islands; Federated States of Micronesia; Nauru; Palau; Singapore; Taipei,China; Timor-Leste; and Tuvalu: OECD.StatExtracts website (http://stats.oecd.org/Index.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Capital Flows
GLOBALIZATION
226
Capital Flows
Table 4.19 Aggregate net resource flows a from all sources to developing member countries
(US$ million)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
119.9
1836.0
3.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
1729.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
212.6
254.2
520.8
225.3
1664.4
297.4
2350.5
103.8
279.7
497.8
156.9
329.1
444.1
293.4
2322.7
154.1
596.3
96.2
226.8
333.3
385.9
260.8
397.9
370.6
5170.0
94.6
1383.8
171.6
-80.6
403.6
1300.3
367.2
1696.8
425.9
4279.5
172.8
1613.7
171.9
-74.8
98.3
1606.0
319.2
3532.5
526.0
5944.0
174.7
1307.9
156.5
4.5
184.8
2337.4
465.9
3849.3
762.1
12541.8
368.5
1072.1
450.8
161.0
234.5
2806.2
486.7
2120.7
736.1
8071.9
314.5
5051.7
282.8
279.2
-9.3
2974.5
731.6
-138.8
1573.1
34963.3
588.6
8726.4
717.4
554.9
-45.7
3977.7
1560.6
-4186.8
2172.8
33288.1
602.3
9840.6
756.4
715.6
644.4
4902.4
1626.9
731.6
3204.1
25560.6
490.8
8331.6
939.6
749.3
941.6
10466.0
3520.3
1624.3
13.1
464.1
49658.1
3776.2
7653.3
208.8
428.0
42990.1
…
…
249.5
…
44074.8
…
…
232.5
…
46805.7
…
…
263.8
…
51519.4
…
…
124.3
…
75071.8 109099.3 130709.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
357.7
403.2
569.7
…
…
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
1877.4
47.7
4989.3
29.7
394.6
686.7
1205.4
69.3
4933.1
68.7
432.3
770.7
1463.3
72.4
10530.6
30.2
335.7
638.1
1508.5
122.3
8114.8
35.9
373.9
411.9
1107.4
145.7
4571.9
55.0
325.5
529.4
1437.0
153.8
12056.3
51.8
444.8
848.3
2035.0
153.5
19457.8
78.1
408.4
752.8
2005.5
156.9
21190.8
94.1
549.7
1326.1
2307.7
133.6
51108.9
82.0
489.4
1080.7
2362.0
161.3
93896.7
84.4
568.7
1894.4
4150.3
112.0
42905.1
106.1
789.7
1228.1
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
1.4
41.6
5990.3
229.2
1015.0
312.2
2177.7
3216.4
4892.7
287.3
36.1
681.2
10016.9
374.5
8363.1
395.1
2239.8
4306.8
11004.9
2771.4
…
520.7
-8404.5
296.5
5653.5
297.3
4116.7
…
-413.3
2115.1
…
560.7
-5567.0
261.0
3672.1
267.5
2319.8
…
-1446.9
2212.7
…
606.3
-4772.2
418.4
5047.0
196.7
2248.8
…
-3187.2
1928.6
…
614.1
-4643.6
304.5
2116.1
284.1
2103.0
…
1148.7
3220.5
…
633.4
28.9
420.3
9905.0
248.1
2392.7
…
6707.1
3644.0
…
953.0
12415.8
634.4
1694.0
301.3
4156.6
…
13311.6
4471.8
…
1134.3
9469.9
782.3
10263.2
359.8
5218.0
…
16038.3
5377.1
…
1556.6
12711.2
1522.7
5065.3
318.8
9112.8
…
20170.9
15141.4
…
1759.3
16346.5
1056.3
-4355.9
671.7
-2501.5
…
3918.5
11224.1
16.5
102.8
20.2
…
…
1.2
…
738.8
52.4
48.3
-5.3
30.1
5.1
62.9
40.0
105.9
15.3
43.8
77.0
3.2
142.1
508.8
51.0
53.9
8.9
40.5
7.5
77.5
-27.0
19.7
17.9
165.4
101.5
1.9
56.9
396.1
23.2
79.7
231.3
24.5
-0.3
66.3
4.8
64.2
12.7
862.9
137.3
7.5
45.7
270.6
37.9
65.6
247.7
24.3
10.1
48.4
1.9
61.0
20.8
1030.2
111.8
13.0
32.8
107.5
38.1
35.9
383.5
23.6
36.7
41.4
-16.7
95.5
19.0
452.4
114.9
22.4
27.4
177.1
30.9
76.4
228.5
33.4
6.3
51.1
4.7
319.1
17.0
1183.3
86.3
237.3
26.6
132.3
32.0
119.3
535.4
25.6
8.0
58.9
-21.6
234.3
28.8
2793.7
106.6
11.6
24.6
372.8
39.4
211.8
184.8
43.4
8.5
53.4
34.9
475.8
25.6
1451.8
109.1
17.1
38.7
369.3
87.3
223.1
145.3
32.1
19.0
92.1
10.4
547.1
18.7
4369.9
131.2
25.6
25.4
428.0
54.2
328.0
278.4
57.8
11.0
91.0
5.5
366.0
26.9
3410.4
143.2
31.3
40.6
398.1
67.3
295.4
280.2
36.7
16.6
153.1
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
173996.5 171158.7
…
…
…
…
675.1
978.4
…
…
47038.7 116975.6 66602.0 67552.3 68280.3 86857.7 147323.8 196996.8 288890.5 394987.2 302297.1
TOTAL DMCs c
TOTAL DEVELOPING COUNTRIES d 113391.0 250845.7 229476.0 228873.4 210016.9 263058.1 392764.4 539117.6 724383.6 1082706.0 895983.7
a
b
c
d
Refers to the sum of official and net private flows.
Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
For reporting countries only.
Includes data for all developing countries as reported in World Bank’s Global Development Finance Online. For developing member countries not covered by the World
Bank, data are from OECD’s Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Aid Recipients.
Sources: Global Development Finance Online (World Bank 2010); for Afghanistan; Brunei Darussalam; Cook Islands; Hong Kong, China; Kiribati; Republic of Korea; Marshall
Islands; Federated States of Micronesia; Nauru; Palau; Singapore; Taipei,China; Timor-Leste; and Tuvalu: OECD.StatExtracts website (http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GLOBALIZATION
227
Table 4.20 Total external debt of developing member countries a
(US$ million)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
…
…
…
…
…
…
20663
…
…
…
…
371
321
1240
3750
609
30229
634
402
1799
…
916
1328
1638
12433
1827
32781
1034
2518
4633
…
1291
1278
1729
14887
1717
31655
1058
2271
4867
…
1592
1480
1839
17981
1851
33586
1142
1975
4798
…
1864
1727
1935
22767
2024
35741
1152
1743
4921
…
1970
1949
2064
32815
2111
35536
1041
1522
4823
…
1842
2043
1909
43478
2027
33158
1065
1058
4282
929
2004
2586
1970
74230
2366
35987
1016
886
4032
1974
2898
3593
2296
96347
2504
40737
1152
743
3931
2200
3418
4309
3380
107595
2464
49337
1466
638
3995
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China b, c
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China b
55301
12339
34968
…
17703
118090
29177
85810
520
27077
145711
208260
148119
885
34757
184803
179877
128687
874
34336
186114
174527
141471
995
45033
208431
372708
157394
1190
63054
247679
430149
172259
1351
80888
283986
454623
187882
1302
86732
325260
516415
260061
1394
85833
373773
711103
383152
1596
94525
378245
663415
377944
1721
90361
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
12453
84
85661
78
1627
5863
15941
106
95174
155
2410
8395
15740
204
100243
206
2867
9157
15281
265
98643
235
2733
8731
17083
378
104816
272
2990
9740
18813
486
117874
295
3163
10441
20170
593
122588
366
3357
11085
18959
649
120224
390
3180
11262
20535
713
143402
484
3392
11641
21859
775
204992
576
3602
14003
23644
692
230611
987
3685
15154
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam d
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore b, c
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
1845
69872
1766
15328
4695
30580
3772
28094
23270
…
2284
124413
2155
34343
5771
39379
8368
100039
25428
…
2628
143358
2501
41874
5928
58304
220298
79720
12825
…
2697
132057
2493
45089
5670
58252
222073
67191
12585
…
2900
127800
3047
48272
6583
59906
234393
59381
13344
…
3193
133434
2323
48557
7282
62589
245233
51927
15991
…
3439
137092
2616
52156
7171
60968
287785
52722
18049
…
3515
146266
2844
51981
6652
61658
300359
52749
19114
…
3527
132512
3377
55026
6839
60282
313551
56271
20126
…
3761
142638
4388
61567
7598
65910
...
61738
23865
…
4215
150851
4944
66182
7210
64856
...
64798
26158
1
308
3
72
20
…
…
2594
92
120
…
44
...
38
25
178
7
149
127
…
...
2506
168
159
…
63
...
49
55
173
8
69
86
…
10
2556
147
155
…
65
4
74
54
159
10
90
69
…
20
2478
143
163
…
63
5
72
59
169
10
88
61
…
20
2436
157
180
…
72
5
90
67
184
16
91
63
…
19
2464
178
178
…
85
...
97
74
246
13
95
64
…
20
2286
186
177
…
85
...
121
71
186
11
92
65
…
59
2271
177
166
…
80
...
82
39
204
13
100
68
…
59
2355
206
173
…
82
...
83
35
347
13
99
68
…
72
2215
235
176
…
86
...
94
35
379
10
94
…
…
75
1418
257
165
…
90
...
138
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
The Pacific
Cook Islands c
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau b, c
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu b, c
Vanuatu
a Refers to the sum of public and publicly guaranteed long-term debt, private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and estimated short-term debt.
b Total external debt refers to long-term debt to OECD countries and capital market, multilateral loans, and long-term debts to non-OECD creditor countries only. This
applies to Taipei,China for data prior to 1999 and to Palau for data prior to 2001.
c Beginning 1998, OECD applied a new data series that provides total identified external debt and no longer distinguishes between long-term and short-term debts.
Henceforth, short-term debt refers to debt due within a year of the reference period and long-term debt refers to the residual.
d Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Global Development Finance Online (World Bank 2010); Statistical Compendium 2004-1, 2005-1, 2005-2 CD-ROM (OECD 2004 and 2005); country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
External Indebtedness
228
GLOBALIZATION
External Indebtedness
Table 4.21 Total external debt of developing member countries
(percent of GNI)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
...
...
...
...
...
...
49.5
...
...
...
...
25.3
10.6
48.2
18.5
37.5
49.5
53.6
16.1
13.5
...
46.6
26.6
51.6
73.0
141.9
44.9
132.3
92.3
34.2
...
59.2
23.8
53.2
71.2
117.1
44.4
102.7
66.2
43.5
...
64.6
25.3
54.0
76.5
119.6
46.2
98.1
45.5
50.3
...
64.2
25.3
48.3
78.3
109.0
41.6
78.7
29.5
49.1
...
53.5
24.4
39.7
81.4
100.1
35.5
52.1
22.6
40.3
...
36.6
17.6
29.5
84.5
85.5
29.7
47.7
14.0
30.0
11.3
30.4
14.1
24.9
103.7
85.0
27.7
37.5
9.2
23.6
19.4
30.6
12.8
22.5
105.0
67.8
28.0
32.0
6.1
17.6
...
27.6
10.5
26.6
95.0
56.9
28.7
29.2
3.7
14.3
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China a
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China a
15.4
16.4
13.3
...
10.8
16.5
20.6
16.7
43.3
10.1
12.3
25.0
27.9
81.7
11.3
14.2
35.0
25.6
74.5
12.1
12.9
32.0
24.6
78.4
15.0
12.8
...
24.4
82.8
20.0
12.8
...
23.8
74.9
22.7
12.6
...
22.3
57.7
24.3
12.2
...
27.3
45.8
22.9
11.0
...
36.4
41.5
23.8
8.7
...
40.3
33.6
23.4
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
40.5
28.1
27.3
40.2
44.7
73.5
40.8
36.3
27.0
40.9
54.7
65.3
32.2
48.7
22.0
34.7
52.0
57.2
31.4
58.2
20.8
40.1
48.8
56.5
34.3
74.5
20.8
45.0
49.5
57.8
34.3
85.1
19.8
45.0
50.0
55.8
33.9
89.4
17.6
50.9
46.3
54.2
29.9
85.8
14.9
53.7
39.0
46.7
31.1
83.7
15.8
55.2
37.1
41.7
29.7
75.5
17.5
57.0
34.7
43.8
27.7
49.7
19.0
81.7
28.9
38.1
…
...
64.0
204.0
36.4
…
69.4
12.4
33.3
384.0
…
71.8
63.4
122.6
40.6
…
51.7
9.8
60.6
124.0
…
72.5
93.0
150.3
48.6
…
72.3
16.0
66.0
41.7
…
69.8
85.5
146.6
52.4
…
76.6
21.0
59.7
39.0
…
72.0
67.3
172.6
51.2
…
73.3
23.0
48.5
38.7
…
70.3
59.1
114.1
46.6
…
73.2
...
38.0
41.8
…
65.0
55.9
108.5
44.1
…
65.1
...
34.2
40.5
…
56.7
53.8
108.7
39.5
…
57.7
...
31.4
36.9
…
50.4
38.0
100.0
36.3
…
47.4
...
31.6
34.4
…
47.0
34.4
106.1
33.7
…
42.1
...
31.6
35.7
…
46.0
30.4
99.5
35.1
…
35.0
...
32.0
29.7
1.9
23.9
11.2
92.9
13.7
…
…
83.8
55.9
58.1
…
38.2
...
23.5
26.6
9.2
12.0
125.9
61.2
…
…
57.3
86.8
49.5
…
37.1
...
22.6
68.2
10.1
11.1
63.8
39.5
…
8.3
77.4
63.6
35.7
…
42.1
32.6
32.2
62.4
9.7
15.0
77.0
31.1
…
16.0
87.5
60.4
40.7
…
46.8
38.9
31.1
57.4
9.1
12.8
70.6
27.5
…
16.7
87.8
59.5
55.3
…
47.2
34.2
41.5
46.9
7.9
16.8
71.2
27.8
…
15.8
78.7
55.9
53.6
…
48.6
...
36.6
43.4
9.0
12.7
71.1
28.4
…
15.2
64.2
49.1
46.7
…
42.4
...
38.8
38.4
6.2
10.4
66.4
27.9
…
29.3
49.9
43.1
40.0
…
37.8
...
23.9
21.4
6.7
11.9
69.0
28.4
…
28.2
47.6
46.8
37.6
…
33.6
...
21.2
17.3
10.6
10.1
65.2
28.6
…
33.8
39.5
44.2
33.4
…
33.0
...
19.6
17.2
11.1
7.6
62.0
…
…
35.1
19.2
50.6
25.8
…
33.8
...
24.3
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands a
Fiji Islands
Kiribati a
Marshall Islands a
Micronesia, Fed. States of a
Nauru
Palau a
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu a
Vanuatu
a GDP is used in lieu of GNI.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Global Development Finance Online (World Bank 2010), Statistical Compendium 2004-1 CD-ROM (OECD 2004), country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GLOBALIZATION
229
Table 4.22 Total external debt of developing member countries
(percent of exports of goods, services, and income)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
…
...
...
...
...
...
231.2
...
…
…
…
101.1
40.4
...
62.3
134.5
249.6
...
…
…
…
163.7
59.5
174.5
117.9
308.6
289.8
...
…
…
…
197.6
50.8
173.7
141.9
296.1
260.2
...
…
…
…
188.6
51.6
147.5
151.0
273.5
210.7
134.7
…
…
…
172.7
52.9
126.4
149.4
245.6
188.3
100.9
…
…
…
130.4
43.4
105.2
142.1
186.9
175.8
70.7
…
…
…
95.4
22.6
75.0
139.1
158.9
137.9
61.6
…
…
…
90.7
17.4
64.7
172.3
131.5
135.6
38.0
…
…
…
108.1
14.9
58.7
173.6
90.4
139.0
33.7
…
…
…
118.9
12.6
75.4
134.5
61.5
146.0
34.0
…
…
91.4
12.3
46.8
...
23.5
77.3
14.1
56.8
101.6
21.0
49.8
86.0
72.0
138.7
20.1
59.7
77.9
71.4
129.2
23.4
49.6
71.3
74.2
127.8
28.6
41.3
137.4
69.1
121.7
36.6
36.4
136.4
58.4
95.0
38.7
32.2
128.7
56.6
77.9
38.0
29.0
132.3
68.9
62.6
33.5
26.0
165.1
87.1
...
33.4
22.4
145.1
76.5
...
30.9
428.4
…
333.3
42.4
363.7
210.4
270.0
…
208.5
48.0
213.4
149.1
170.1
…
133.3
44.1
195.6
119.4
169.6
…
123.6
49.7
202.3
117.4
173.3
…
117.2
54.2
181.3
132.9
166.5
…
108.0
49.9
169.3
128.5
156.3
…
88.0
52.4
160.6
123.1
126.6
…
66.0
78.6
124.7
113.4
111.1
…
62.4
61.1
122.6
106.0
104.6
…
71.8
64.1
108.9
113.2
89.0
…
64.9
93.8
81.4
114.1
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore a, c
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
...
233.9
1688.4
44.4
1433.2
230.1
5.5
89.8
...
…
230.9
226.7
519.1
39.9
411.0
118.3
5.2
135.0
...
…
131.9
193.0
487.3
36.6
263.3
118.5
121.4
92.7
73.4
…
119.1
200.3
516.1
43.2
185.7
131.6
134.6
84.0
69.3
…
114.0
186.8
633.0
43.7
222.4
124.0
136.8
70.0
67.3
…
113.9
185.5
498.1
39.8
239.0
125.8
123.1
53.5
67.9
…
95.9
158.5
479.0
35.2
217.1
110.5
116.3
45.0
59.1
…
82.6
136.0
373.0
31.2
158.8
103.8
104.1
39.6
51.7
…
67.1
107.6
301.1
28.8
136.8
86.3
91.9
35.7
44.1
…
63.4
101.9
352.6
28.5
...
84.6
…
32.9
42.8
…
63.4
91.4
...
...
...
82.2
…
30.0
36.8
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati d
Marshall Islands d
Micronesia, Fed. States of d
Nauru
Palau d
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu d
Vanuatu
…
35.0
80.8
2849.2
431.5
…
…
174.4
97.6
123.2
...
66.9
…
33.9
…
15.6
81.4
651.8
572.5
…
…
83.1
155.1
75.1
...
...
…
37.9
…
16.5
182.4
781.8
420.8
…
87.0
107.9
...
120.6
...
...
1393.8
39.9
…
15.7
248.8
898.0
309.0
…
120.7
117.0
...
165.2
...
74.5
2416.8
41.6
…
15.3
238.8
768.4
292.2
…
98.3
132.8
...
338.4
...
66.2
2283.6
66.4
…
12.8
438.6
642.3
264.9
…
230.7
100.4
...
184.4
...
79.6
…
59.9
…
16.0
414.0
509.1
386.1
…
344.9
82.1
167.1
137.1
...
73.8
…
64.3
…
10.8
213.3
482.2
370.5
…
420.0
62.9
135.1
105.6
...
63.2
…
40.1
…
12.2
404.7
1027.8
384.3
…
414.8
...
137.5
82.8
...
67.6
…
38.6
…
...
127.5
724.3
317.2
…
632.7
...
147.1
...
...
58.1
…
36.6
…
...
116.8
589.4
…
…
636.4
...
...
...
...
...
…
...
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China a
Korea, Rep. of a
Mongolia
Taipei,China a
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
a
b
c
d
External debt as percent of exports was derived using exports of goods and services data from the national accounts.
Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Data before 1998 and from 1998 onward are not comparable due to a change in coverage/compilation methodology.
External debt as percent of exports was derived using exports data from the balance of payments.
Sources: Global Development Finance Online (World Bank 2010), Statistical Compendium 2004-1 CD-ROM (OECD 2004), country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
External Indebtedness
230
GLOBALIZATION
External Indebtedness
Table 4.23 Total debt service paid by developing member countries
(US$ million)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
…
…
…
…
…
…
1901.9
…
…
…
…
11.3
10.1
20.0
234.6
59.9
3215.5
0.0
104.4
244.6
…
45.8
129.9
117.7
3370.5
173.2
2853.8
62.9
468.1
885.5
…
54.5
126.2
77.4
3354.3
177.0
2995.4
80.9
543.6
864.2
…
80.5
164.8
128.9
4106.9
128.9
2887.6
95.6
557.5
759.9
…
116.0
209.0
180.7
5302.3
163.0
3075.6
82.1
449.0
810.3
…
168.8
232.3
233.7
8774.3
160.7
4271.0
98.9
405.0
871.1
…
138.3
233.5
187.3
13180.8
127.0
2424.2
70.4
307.3
786.6
9.3
149.8
270.8
267.7
14532.0
87.5
2291.0
67.6
254.8
850.9
10.3
189.0
201.8
181.4
27522.7
177.6
2600.4
64.3
200.2
753.9
11.6
365.7
297.7
190.1
33434.8
328.4
2940.4
135.6
169.7
692.4
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China a
Korea, Rep. of a
Mongolia
Taipei,China a
7057.0
1700.0
8274.2
…
1715.0
15065.7
3159.0
11870.2
51.6
2677.0
27089.2
…
22905.0
37.8
45.5
24535.0
…
22712.0
44.9
11.4
31082.7
…
25001.6
51.9
10.0
36988.8
…
16287.7
286.3
10.9
23254.0
…
9080.9
34.3
5916.0
27365.7
…
7223.9
38.1
11006.0
27479.0
…
7339.9
46.6
9001.0
32175.4
…
4538.4
55.8
7546.0
34388.8
…
…
72.5
11473.0
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
749.1
5.2
8141.3
8.8
67.8
384.4
779.9
9.8
13606.9
10.8
85.0
451.9
799.3
6.7
10920.3
19.8
101.7
789.4
675.0
6.3
11750.7
21.7
94.3
753.7
727.4
6.5
15425.3
22.2
103.6
721.4
672.7
7.2
25747.3
21.8
114.0
607.8
671.6
12.0
17485.9
32.7
117.1
770.7
805.7
6.8
23892.9
35.5
117.4
456.1
704.6
10.1
17406.4
39.0
138.5
951.0
1008.3
31.2
39035.9
50.4
147.3
851.8
1045.7
81.5
31075.8
64.8
161.9
1229.3
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore a
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
30.0
9946.3
8.9
4333.2
60.4
3589.9
525.0
5290.3
174.1
…
7.3
16420.8
25.4
6041.1
249.9
5363.5
1349.0
8586.5
363.9
…
31.5
16625.2
40.1
6444.8
87.0
7059.5
…
13991.5
1309.5
…
22.1
15476.5
43.5
6231.1
83.9
9363.1
…
20311.5
1219.0
…
21.5
16875.6
94.0
7938.4
113.3
10201.3
…
19719.8
1196.3
…
25.5
18474.7
101.9
9592.9
121.3
10199.9
…
15263.4
806.9
…
27.8
20524.2
123.6
9191.0
135.7
11477.8
…
12534.8
786.7
…
31.0
16552.5
132.3
9389.4
135.9
9962.1
…
18196.1
953.5
…
30.6
28479.2
181.6
7630.1
123.9
13698.8
…
14764.8
948.8
…
30.3
22804.6
189.6
10435.5
202.6
10136.0
…
15321.9
1248.6
…
42.1
22149.8
203.9
8772.4
188.3
12194.3
…
16557.0
1343.9
0.1
80.6
...
14.0
–
…
…
553.1
5.4
11.6
…
1.5
…
2.4
1.2
42.4
1.4
24.0
18.5
…
…
626.3
4.6
8.1
…
3.1
…
1.6
1.2
24.6
0.9
21.6
22.9
…
…
304.5
5.6
9.1
…
4.6
…
1.9
1.2
16.8
0.6
26.3
10.9
…
…
268.8
4.8
7.1
…
2.7
…
1.5
1.9
17.4
…
3.2
2.4
…
…
276.1
4.8
5.7
…
3.4
…
1.9
2.4
16.9
…
4.1
2.4
…
…
294.0
5.7
9.4
…
3.6
…
2.2
2.5
12.9
0.7
3.8
2.6
…
…
475.8
6.4
16.6
…
4.2
…
3.5
2.7
14.3
1.2
4.5
2.5
…
…
403.0
6.1
14.0
…
4.9
…
2.6
12.2
14.0
0.4
6.9
3.4
…
…
362.0
8.0
4.3
…
4.1
…
3.6
1.7
26.6
2.2
16.2
2.9
…
…
423.9
12.3
14.9
…
4.7
…
3.7
1.7
23.8
1.7
7.8
…
…
…
974.0
13.9
15.1
…
5.4
…
4.3
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
The Pacific
Cook Islands a
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
a Refers to principal repayments on long-term debts plus interests on short-term and long-term debts.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Global Development Finance Online (World Bank 2010), Statistical Compendium 2004-1 CD-ROM (OECD 2004), country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GLOBALIZATION
231
Table 4.24 Total debt service paid by developing member countries
(percent of exports of goods, services, and income)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
…
…
…
…
…
…
21.3
...
…
…
…
3.1
1.3
...
3.9
13.2
26.5
...
…
…
…
8.2
5.8
12.5
32.0
29.3
25.2
...
…
…
…
8.3
5.0
7.8
32.0
30.5
24.6
...
…
…
…
9.5
5.7
10.3
34.5
19.0
18.1
11.3
…
…
…
10.8
6.4
11.8
34.8
19.8
16.2
7.2
…
…
…
11.2
5.2
11.9
38.0
14.2
21.1
6.7
…
…
…
7.2
2.6
7.4
42.2
10.0
10.1
4.1
…
…
…
6.8
1.8
8.8
33.7
4.9
8.6
2.5
…
…
…
7.0
0.8
4.6
49.6
6.4
8.9
1.9
…
…
…
12.7
0.9
4.2
41.8
8.2
8.7
3.1
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China a
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China b
11.7
2.1
11.3
...
0.5
9.9
1.8
8.0
10.1
0.1
9.3
...
10.9
5.9
0.0
7.9
...
13.9
6.6
0.0
8.3
...
...
6.7
0.0
7.3
...
...
29.3
0.0
3.4
...
...
2.4
2.8
3.1
...
...
2.3
4.9
2.4
...
...
2.1
3.6
2.2
...
...
...
2.7
2.0
...
...
...
4.0
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
25.8
…
31.7
4.8
15.2
13.8
13.2
…
29.8
3.4
7.5
8.0
8.6
…
14.5
4.2
6.9
10.3
7.5
…
14.7
4.6
7.0
10.1
7.4
…
17.2
4.4
6.3
9.8
6.0
…
23.6
3.7
6.1
7.5
5.2
…
12.6
4.7
5.6
8.6
5.4
…
13.1
7.2
4.6
4.6
3.8
…
7.6
4.9
5.0
8.7
4.8
…
13.7
5.6
4.5
6.9
3.9
…
8.7
6.2
3.6
9.3
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam c
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
...
...
33.3
8.5
12.6
18.4
27.0
0.8
16.9
...
...
0.7
29.9
6.1
7.0
17.8
16.1
0.9
11.6
...
...
1.6
22.4
7.8
5.6
3.9
14.3
...
16.3
7.5
...
1.0
23.5
9.0
6.0
2.7
21.2
...
25.4
6.7
...
0.8
24.7
19.5
7.2
3.8
21.1
...
23.2
6.0
...
0.9
25.7
21.8
7.9
4.0
20.5
...
15.7
3.4
...
0.8
23.7
22.6
6.2
4.1
20.8
...
10.7
2.6
...
0.7
15.4
17.3
5.6
3.2
16.8
...
13.7
2.6
...
0.6
23.1
16.2
4.0
2.5
19.6
...
9.4
2.1
...
0.5
16.3
15.2
4.8
...
13.0
...
8.2
2.2
...
0.6
13.4
...
...
...
15.5
...
7.7
1.9
The Pacific
Cook Islands a
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
2.5
9.1
…
39.8
...
…
…
37.2
5.8
11.8
…
2.3
…
2.1
26.0
3.7
…
47.8
46.0
…
…
20.8
4.2
3.8
…
…
…
1.2
12.8
2.3
9.3
57.9
59.0
…
…
12.9
...
7.1
…
…
…
1.0
17.8
1.7
7.9
135.8
27.0
…
…
12.7
...
7.1
…
3.1
…
0.9
36.7
1.6
…
15.1
6.0
…
…
15.1
...
10.7
…
3.1
…
1.4
28.3
1.2
…
16.9
6.0
…
…
12.0
...
9.7
…
3.4
…
1.3
35.6
0.8
5.2
15.5
7.0
…
…
17.1
5.8
12.9
…
3.7
…
1.8
52.0
0.8
7.6
16.0
7.0
…
…
11.2
4.6
8.9
…
3.9
…
1.3
346.9
0.8
2.9
36.4
9.0
…
…
...
5.4
2.0
…
3.4
…
1.7
33.0
...
15.4
72.6
8.0
…
…
...
7.7
...
…
3.1
…
1.4
41.5
...
12.3
31.5
…
…
…
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Refers to debt service as a percentage of total exports as reflected under direction of trade.
b Refers to debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services.
c Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: Global Development Finance Online (World Bank 2010), Statistical Compendium 2004-1 CD-ROM (OECD 2004), country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
External Indebtedness
232
GLOBALIZATION
Tourism
Table 4.25 International tourists a
(thousand)
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
12
…
85
…
36
378
…
218
92
…
45
…
387
1471
59
557
4
3
302
…
123
…
302
1845
99
500
4
5
345
…
162
576
298
2832
140
498
…
11
332
…
206
768
313
2410
342
501
…
8
231
…
263
989
368
3073
398
648
…
15
262
…
319
861
560
3143
319
798
…
12
242
…
382
904
983
3468
766
898
…
6
560
…
511
1011
1052
3876
1656
840
…
8
903
…
558
1409
1290
3447
2435
823
…
…
1069
…
…
…
…
…
…
855
…
…
…
20034
…
3753
108
2332
31229
8814
5322
137
2624
33167
8878
5147
166
2831
36803
10689
5347
229
2978
32970
9676
4753
201
2248
41761
13655
5818
301
2950
46809
14773
6023
338
3378
49913
15821
6155
386
3520
54720
17154
6448
452
3716
53049
17319
6891
446
3845
50875
16926
7818
412
4395
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
156
5
2124
315
363
403
199
8
2649
467
464
400
207
6
2537
461
361
337
207
6
2384
485
275
393
245
6
2726
564
338
501
271
9
3457
617
385
566
208
14
3919
395
375
549
200
17
4447
602
384
560
289
21
5082
676
527
494
467
28
5283
683
500
438
…
23
5109
656
…
448
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
…
4324
60
7469
117
1760
6070
6952
1351
…
…
5064
191
10222
208
1992
6062
9579
2140
…
…
5153
173
12775
205
1797
5857
10133
2330
…
…
5033
215
13292
217
1933
5855
10873
2628
…
…
4467
196
10577
206
1907
4703
10082
2429
119
987
5321
407
15703
242
2291
6553
11737
2928
126
1333
5002
672
16431
232
2623
7079
11567
3468
158
1591
4871
842
17547
264
2843
7588
13822
3583
179
1873
5506
1142
20973
248
3092
7957
14464
4244
226
2001
6234
1295
22052
193
3139
7778
14584
4254
…
2046
6324
…
23646
243
…
7488
14145
3747
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
48
318
4
6
…
…
53
42
68
12
…
29
1
44
73
294
5
5
21
…
58
58
88
5
…
35
1
58
75
348
5
5
15
…
54
54
88
…
…
32
1
53
73
398
5
6
19
…
59
54
89
…
…
37
1
49
78
431
5
7
18
…
68
56
92
7
…
40
1
50
83
504
3
9
19
…
95
59
98
6
…
41
1
61
88
545
4
9
19
…
86
69
102
9
…
42
1
62
92
549
4
6
19
…
87
78
116
11
…
39
1
68
97
540
5
7
21
…
93
104
122
14
…
46
1
81
95
585
4
6
26
…
83
114
122
16
…
49
2
91
100
539
3
…
…
…
…
126
129
…
…
51
2
101
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
3726
3345
1409
4931
4757
1787
4856
4772
1909
4841
5239
2045
4746
5212
2104
5215
6138
2334
5499
6728
2365
5532
7334
2409
5644
8347
2455
5586
8351
2447
5584
6790
2458
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
a For Australia; Georgia; Japan; Korea, Rep. of; New Zealand; Taipei,China; and Viet Nam, data refer to international visitor arrivals at frontiers (including tourists and sameday visitors). For the rest of the countries, data refer to international tourist arrivals at frontiers (excluding same-day visitors).
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: World Tourism Organization website (UNWTO 2010, www.unwto.org/facts/eng/barometer.htm).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GLOBALIZATION
233
Table 4.26 International tourism, receipts
(US$ million)
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
1
70
…
122
5
110
…
…
…
…
38
63
97
356
15
81
…
…
27
…
65
43
117
452
24
88
…
…
22
…
63
51
126
622
36
97
2
…
22
…
73
58
147
564
48
122
2
…
24
…
171
65
177
718
76
179
1
…
28
…
220
78
241
701
73
182
2
…
28
…
271
117
313
838
167
255
2
…
43
…
305
178
384
1013
346
276
3
…
51
…
331
190
447
1012
514
316
4
…
64
…
334
…
470
963
…
272
…
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
8730
9604
5150
21
3287
16231
5868
6834
36
3738
17792
5904
6384
39
4335
20385
7410
5936
130
4583
17406
7072
5358
143
2977
25739
8932
6069
185
4054
29296
10209
5806
177
4977
33949
11509
5788
225
5136
37233
13563
6138
227
5213
40843
15043
9774
237
5937
39675
16463
9442
213
6958
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
25
5
2582
211
177
226
50
10
3460
321
158
248
48
9
3198
327
144
213
57
8
3102
337
103
363
57
8
4463
402
199
441
67
13
6170
471
230
513
70
19
7493
287
131
429
80
24
8634
512
128
410
76
30
10729
602
200
385
91
39
11832
664
335
342
…
…
10605
590
371
350
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
53
5229
51
3969
151
1136
7611
8035
…
…
304
4975
114
5011
162
2156
5142
7483
…
155
380
5277
104
6863
109
1742
4641
7075
…
113
454
5285
113
7118
120
1761
4458
7901
…
124
389
4037
87
5901
56
1544
3842
7856
1400
181
603
4798
119
8203
84
2017
5327
10043
1700
191
840
4522
147
8846
68
2265
6205
9577
1880
224
963
4448
173
10427
46
3501
7545
13393
3200
233
1135
5346
233
14053
…
4933
9179
16667
3447
242
1219
7377
276
15293
…
4388
10583
18163
3926
…
1185
6318
…
15772
…
2329
9187
15899
3050
28
291
2
3
…
…
…
25
35
16
…
10
…
45
36
189
3
3
17
…
53
7
41
4
…
7
…
56
38
205
3
3
15
…
59
5
39
5
…
7
…
46
46
260
…
3
17
…
57
3
45
1
…
6
…
54
69
345
…
4
17
…
76
4
54
2
…
10
…
64
72
423
…
5
17
…
97
6
69
4
…
13
…
75
91
485
…
6
17
…
97
4
79
2
…
15
…
85
90
480
…
7
18
…
90
…
90
2
…
16
…
92
107
499
…
5
…
…
…
…
107
4
…
15
…
119
105
546
…
3
…
…
…
…
…
4
…
20
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
4
…
…
…
…
8130
3224
2318
9289
3373
2272
9224
3306
2340
9971
3497
3159
12438
8848
4232
15214
11265
5098
16868
12430
5211
17854
8470
4792
22415
9345
5415
25062
10820
5130
25594
10329
4398
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Tourism Organization website (UNWTO 2010, www.unwto.org/facts/eng/barometer.htm); for Taipei,China: economy sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Tourism
234
TRANSPORT, ELECTRICITY, AND COMMUNICATIONS
Transport, Electricity, and Communications
The People’s Republic of China and Japan have more than half of all the motor vehicles in use in the Asia and
Pacific region. Road networks are expanding in almost all economies and unpaved roads are being upgraded
to hard surface. Industrialization and household electrification have led to massive increases in electricity
production throughout the region, mostly still generated by coal and other carbon fuels. There are less than
20 personal computers per 100 persons in most economies of the region—well short of the 50-plus typical of
developed economies.
Introduction
This theme broadens the former Infrastructure theme of previous Key Indicators. It now includes transport statistics on
motor vehicles, road and rail networks, statistics on electricity production and the sources from which it is generated,
information on personal computers, and access to broadband.
Additional indicators on the communications sector are also shown under Millennium Development Goal 8: Develop
a global partnership for development.
Key Trends
The People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Japan have
more than half of all the motor vehicles in use in the
region. It is estimated that there were 225.5 million motor
vehicles in use in Asia and the Pacific region in 2007.
“Motor vehicles” include passenger cars, taxis, trucks, and
buses but exclude motorcycles and scooters. Figure 5.1
shows how they were distributed throughout the region.
India had only 8% of the region’s motor vehicles compared
with 19% in the PRC although both have comparable
Figure 5.1 Distribution of Motor Vehicles in Asia and the Pacific,
2007 (percent)
Other countries
8.5
Taipei,China
3.0
Malaysia
3.5
Thailand
4.0
Australia
6.1
Korea, Rep. of
7.3
Japan
33.7
India
7.5
Indonesia
7.6
China, People's Rep. of
18.8
Source: Derived from Table 5.1.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
populations. Table 5.1 suggests that this disparity is
widening; the growth rates of motor vehicle populations,
calculated between the earliest and latest years available,
were 14% per year in the PRC and 10% in India.
There are more than 700 motor vehicles per thousand
people in New Zealand but less than three in Bangladesh.
Figure 5.2 shows wide differences between motor vehicles
on a per capita basis. Twenty-three economies have less
than 100 motor vehicles per 1,000 population, while four
rich economies—Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Japan,
and New Zealand—have 500 or more. This is similar to
the figures recorded for the five industrialized economies
included for purposes of comparison at the bottom of
Figure 5.2.
For the five most populous economies the numbers
per thousand are: Indonesia 76; PRC 32; India 12; Pakistan
11; Bangladesh 2.
Road networks are growing quite rapidly in most
economies and unpaved roads are being upgraded to
hard surface. Figure 5.3 shows the growth rates in road
networks since 1990. Total road networks have been
growing at 3% or more per year in 13 economies. In almost
all cases, paved roads have been growing faster than the
total road network as unpaved roads are upgraded to hard
surface. However, total road networks have declined in
several economies of the former Soviet Union—Armenia,
Georgia, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan.
TRANSPORT, ELECTRICITY, AND COMMUNICATIONS
Figure 5.3 Average Annual Percentage Growth
2007 or Latest Year
in Road Networks, 1990 to Latest Year
New Zealand
Taipei,China
Brunei Darussalam
Brunei Darussalam
Australia
Nepal
Japan
Thailand
Korea, Rep. of
Afghanistan
Taipei,China
Bhutan
Malaysia
Sri Lanka
Fiji Islands
Viet Nam
Kazakhstan
China, People's Rep. of
Singapore
Malaysia
Kiribati
Bangladesh
Georgia
Korea, Rep. of
Turkmenistan
Pakistan
Armenia
Kyrgyz Republic
Indonesia
Indonesia
Hong Kong, China
India
Mongolia
Solomon Islands
Azerbaijan
Fiji Islands
Kyrgyz Republic
Turkmenistan
Samoa
Uzbekistan
Sri Lanka
Hong Kong, China
Bhutan
Papua New Guinea
Tajikistan
Japan
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Singapore
Cambodia
Lao PDR
China, People's Rep. of
Myanmar
Philippines
New Zealand
Afghanistan
Tajikistan
Lao PDR
Australia
Maldives
Kazakhstan
Viet Nam
Armenia
India
Cambodia
Pakistan
REGIONAL TABLES
Figure 5.2 Motor Vehicles per 1,000 People,
235
Philippines
Papua New Guinea
Azerbaijan
Myanmar
Georgia
Nepal
Mongolia
Bangladesh
-10
-5
0
5
Paved Roads
United States
Germany
10
15
20
All Roads
Source: Derived from Table 5.1.
France
Canada
United Kingdom
0
150
300
450
600
750
Sources: Derived from Table 5.1 and World Development Indicators Online
(World Bank 2010).
900
Compared to roads, growth of rail networks is much
slower. Relatively few economies in the region have rail
networks and Figure 5.4 shows that these have mostly
been expanding rather slowly and have actually declined
in several cases. Australia and Taipei,China are two
exceptions and report annual growth rates in excess of 2%.
The PRC and India both have very large rail networks.
Since 1990 in the PRC, the length of railways has grown at
just over 0.7% per year, and in India at less than 0.1%.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
236
TRANSPORT, ELECTRICITY, AND COMMUNICATIONS
Figure 5.4 Average Annual Percentage Growth of Rail Networks,
Figure 5.5a Increase in Electricity Production
1990 or Nearest Year to 2008 or Latest Year
(ratio: 2007/1990)
Taipei,China
Australia
Thailand
China, People's Rep. of
Viet Nam
Cambodia
Korea, Rep. of
Bangladesh
India
Sri Lanka
Philippines
Armenia
Malaysia
Japan
Kazakhstan
Georgia
New Zealand
Mongolia
Pakistan
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Source: Derived from Table 5.2.
Industrialization and household electrification have
led to massive increases in electricity production
throughout the region. Figure 5.5a shows ratios of
electricity production in 2007 compared to 1990. Viet
Nam’s ratio of 8.0 means that electricity production
increased eight times between 1990 and 2007. Other
economies in Southeast Asia recorded large increases,
including Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, and
Thailand. Among the five most populous economies, the
PRC has the highest ratio at 5.3, followed by Indonesia
(4.3), Bangladesh (3.1), India (2.8), and Pakistan (2.5).
Seven economies had ratios of less than one, meaning
that production in 2007 was lower than in 1990. Five of
these are former members of the Soviet Union, which had
relatively low GDP growth over the period and, in addition,
have experienced sharply rising electricity prices, forcing
them to use it more efficiently.
Most electricity is generated in Asia by carbon fuels.
Figure 5.5b shows the sources of electricity production.
Economies are ranked according to their use of noncarbon
fuels that do not emit greenhouse gases. Those at the top are
more “eco-friendly” than those lower down. Hydropower
is the most common source of clean electricity. Virtually
all of Nepal’s and Tajikistan’s electricity comes from this
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
Viet Nam
Cambodia
China, People's Rep. of
Malaysia
Indonesia
Korea, Rep. of
Lao PDR
Taipei,China
Thailand
Nepal
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
Kiribati
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
India
Myanmar
Singapore
Solomon Islands
Cook Islands
Pakistan
Tonga
Philippines
Samoa
Vanuatu
Marshall Islands
Fiji Islands
Australia
Papua New Guinea
New Zealand
Hong Kong, China
Japan
Mongolia
Nauru
Azerbaijan
Kyrgyz Republic
Turkmenistan
Tajikistan
Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan
Palau
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Georgia
Armenia
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Source: Derived from Table 5.3.
source. The Kyrgyz Republic and Georgia, both also being
mountainous countries, make extensive use of hydropower.
Nuclear power is the other main source of clean energy
and is one of the major sources for Armenia, Japan, and
Republic of Korea. Wind and solar power currently make
only small contributions to electricity production in the
Asia and Pacific region.
The five most populous economies use carbon fuels
to generate most of their electricity: 94% in Bangladesh,
83% in the PRC, 81% in India, 87% in Indonesia, and 67%
in Pakistan. The PRC and India make heavy use of coal,
which is the most polluting carbon fuel.
TRANSPORT, ELECTRICITY, AND COMMUNICATIONS
237
(percentage distribution)
Nepal
Tajikistan
Kyrgyz Republic
Georgia
Armenia
New Zealand
Myanmar
Viet Nam
Sri Lanka
Japan
Korea, Rep. of
Pakistan
Philippines
India
China, People's Rep. of
Uzbekistan
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Azerbaijan
Thailand
Australia
Malaysia
Bangladesh
Cambodia
Turkmenistan
Hong Kong, China
Singapore
Mongolia
Brunei Darussalam
Box 5.1 Estimated Number of Personal Computers
per 100 Persons, 2008 or Latest Year
50 or more
New Zealand
Korea, Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Taipei,China
20 to 49
Viet Nam
Mongolia
Georgia
0
20
Carbon Fuels
40
60
Hydropower
80
100
Other Fuels
Source: Derived from Table 5.3.
The digital divide is still large in Asia: more than 50
personal computers per hundred persons in a few
countries, but less than 20 in most. Box 5.1 shows the
number of personal computers per 100 persons. Table 5.5
on which Box 5.1 is based gives data for the latest years
available, which are mostly around 2004–2006. For Box
5.1 these data have been updated to 2008 using the annual
growth rate over whatever period is available for each
economy. Estimates were not made for economies with
only a short period for estimating the growth rate, or if the
latest year available was 2002 or earlier.
Japan
Singapore
Australia
Maldives
Malaysia
Armenia
10 to 19
China, People’s Rep. of
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Tonga
Brunei Darussalam
Micronesia, Fed States of
5 to 9
Solomon Islands
Bangladesh
Fiji Islands
Papua New Guinea
Azerbaijan
Under 5
Cambodia
Nepal
Kiribati
Myanmar
Vanuatu
Indonesia
Bhutan
Kyrgyz Republic
India
Lao PDR
Samoa
Uzbekistan
Source: Table 5.5.
Data Issues and Comparability
National road associations are the main suppliers of data on road networks. Secondary suppliers include the appropriate government
agencies. The statistics may not be strictly comparable because of differences in definitions and data collection methods.
Statistics on electricity production are reliable when collected from larger electricity suppliers. In principle, electricity production from
small stand-alone generators is also included where such information is available from enterprise or household surveys. The International
Energy Agency collects data on sources of electricity production, and this will again be reliable with regard to large producers. Data on
household electrification rates are typically collected from household surveys since they overcome the weaknesses in data provided by
national power utilities, which often do not include households that, for various reasons, do not have a meter.
Data on personal computers and broadband subscribers are collected by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) using
questionnaires sent to government telecommunications agencies. Annual reports of industry organizations are also used by ITU to
cross-check reported data and to fill in the gaps. These data are considered to be reliable.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Seven economies are in the top group with 50 or
more personal computers per hundred persons. Most
economies in North America and Europe would be in
this group. Of the five most populous economies, the
PRC is in the 10–19 group followed by Bangladesh in
the 5–9 group. India and Indonesia have less than five
and Pakistan is almost certainly in this group too as it
reported only 0.5 per hundred in 2002.
Figure 5.5b Sources of Electricity, 2007
238
TRANSPORT, ELECTRICITY, AND COMMUNICATIONS
Transport
Table 5.1 Road indicators
Roads, Total Network
(in ‘000 kilometers)
1990
Latest Year
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Road Density
(kilometers of road per thousand
square kilometers of land area)
1990
Latest Year
21.0
7.7
52.4
21.6
158.3
18.9
169.2
29.9
21.3
72.5
42.2
7.5
59.1
20.3
93.1
34.0
260.4
27.8
24.0
81.6
(2006)
(2007)
(2004)
(2006)
(2007)
(2007)
(2006)
(2000)
(2000)
(2000)
32.2
272.7
629.6
310.8
58.7
98.5
219.5
213.4
45.3
170.4
64.6
266.5
715.4
292.5
34.5
177.3
337.8
198.4
51.1
191.8
(2006)
(2007)
(2004)
(2006)
(2007)
(2007)
(2006)
(2000)
(2000)
(2000)
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
1181.0
1.5
56.7
42.4
20.0
3583.7
2.0
102.1
49.3
40.3
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2002)
(2008)
126.6
1424.2
574.4
27.3
553.9
384.2
1928.0
1053.0
31.7
1113.6
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2002)
(2008)
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
188.0
2.3
2000.0
…
6.8
93.0
239.2
8.1
3316.5
…
17.3
97.3
(2003)
(2003)
(2007)
1837.8
200.9
1115.5
…
120.5
1505.3
(2003)
(2003)
(2007)
(2004)
(2003)
1444.3
49.7
672.7
…
47.8
1439.0
1.0
35.8
288.7
14.0
54.0
25.0
160.6
2.8
72.2
96.1
3.7
38.3
391.0
29.8
93.1
27.0
200.0
3.3
180.1
160.1
(2005)
(2004)
(2005)
(2006)
(2005)
(2005)
(2003)
(2007)
(2006)
(2007)
191.7
202.8
159.4
60.5
164.3
38.3
538.5
4176.1
141.3
295.2
692.6
216.7
215.8
129.2
283.4
41.3
670.9
4730.3
352.4
516.3
…
3.1
…
…
…
…
…
18.5
…
1.2
…
…
…
…
…
3.4
0.7
…
0.2
…
…
19.6
0.8
1.4
…
0.7
…
1.1
(2000)
…
166.9
…
…
…
…
…
40.9
…
43.2
…
…
…
…
…
188.3
827.2
…
342.9
…
…
43.3
279.2
49.7
…
944.4
…
87.8
815.1 (2007)
1197.0 (2007)
93.7 (2007)
105.5
3057.3
346.2
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
810.3
1114.7
92.7
(2000)
(2000)
(2000)
(2000)
(1998)
(2000)
(2000)
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
Paved Roads
(percent of total roads)
1990
Latest Year
29.3
89.8
49.4
38.6
90.3
91.1
65.4
82.7
81.2
87.3
(2006)
(2007)
(2004)
(2006)
(2007)
(2001)
(2006)
(1995)
(2001)
(2001)
…
…
67.0
…
…
75.6
61.3
73.7
…
57.0
70.7
100.0
77.6
3.5
…
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2002)
…
…
…
36.0 (2003)
…
9.5
62.0
47.4
...
56.9
81.0
(2003)
(2003)
(2002)
(2004)
(2003)
7.2 (1991)
77.1
47.3 (1991)
…
37.5
32.0 (1991)
(2004)
(2003)
37.0
47.0
60.0
…
17.2
…
(2005)
(2004)
(2005)
(2006)
(2005)
(2005)
(2003)
(2007)
(2006)
(2007)
31.4
7.5
45.1
24.0
70.0
10.9
16.6 (1994)
97.1
55.3
23.5
77.2
6.3
55.4
13.4
79.8
11.9
9.9
100.0
98.5
47.6
(2005)
(2004)
(2005)
(2006)
(2005)
(2005)
(2003)
(2007)
(2000)
(2007)
…
80.7 (2003)
…
64.4 (2002)
…
…
…
…
…
83.5 (2004)
…
44.5
…
…
15.9
…
…
3.2
42.0 (1995)
2.1
…
27.0 (1995)
…
21.6
…
49.2
...
...
17.5
…
...
3.5
14.2
2.4
...
27.0
…
23.9
35.0
69.2
57.0
38.7 (1998)
79.3 (2007)
65.4 (2007)
(2000)
(2000)
(2000)
(2000)
(1998)
(2000)
(2000)
(2000)
106.1 (2007)
3283.9 (2007)
350.2 (2007)
13.3
99.2
93.9 (1994)
93.8
55.1
90.0
54.0
71.6
73.5
79.0
Access to an AllSeason Road
(percent of rural population)
Latest Year
72.1
100.0
71.5
10.2
…
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2001)
(2002)
(1998)
(2004)
(2003)
(2000)
(2000)
(2003)
(2001)
(2003)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
68.0 (1996)
…
…
89.5 (2001)
…
…
…
…
…
…
TRANSPORT, ELECTRICITY, AND COMMUNICATIONS
239
Table 5.1 Road indicators (continued)
Total Motor Vehicles
(in ‘000)
1990
2007
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People’s Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
Motor Vehicles
(per 1,000 people)
1990
2007
Motor Vehicles
(per kilometer of road)
1990
2007
...
2
11
16 (1998)
11 (1998)
...
3
1
...
...
9 (2003)
42
10 (2005)
16 (2003)
28
9
8 (2004)
...
...
...
10 (1998)
253
60
1 (1998)
151
12
247
161
2 (2003)
174 (2006)
5 (1993)
...
3 (1993)
...
...
4
...
...
3 (2002)
...
...
11 (2006)
...
16.6
373.8
331.4 (1998)
1368.0
...
553.7
17.9
...
...
643.8
315.5
586.4
510.6
2625.7
309.5
1797.5
257.3
534.3
...
...
5
52
74 (1998)
82 (1998)
...
5
3
...
...
12827.3 (1998)
375.4
3394.8
67.8 (1998)
2937.7
42500.5
496.6
16391.9
160.4
6858.0
10 (1998)
64
79
29 (1998)
144
23
105
61 (2005)
116
170
59
11
38
106
...
32
72
338
61
299
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
122.0 (1993)
...
3663.7
...
...
337.2
358.4
25.2
16954.0 (2006)
6.0
148.2
1159.4
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
120.3
4.7
2806.1
35.6
2252.8
...
603.9
396.1
2578.8
...
270.9
457.4 (2001)
17096.0
121.8
7920.6 (2006)
344.9
2812.9
682.6
8923.4 (2006)
1146.3
120
0
16
9
...
...
9
147
46
...
696
36 (2001)
76
21
272 (2003)
7
32
149
...
13
90
0
12
3
46
...
3
142
49
...
...
37 (2001)
...
...
72 (2003)
...
14 (2005)
207
...
7
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
144.6
13.9
...
4.0
...
...
56.1
10.9 (2005)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
173
144
...
36
...
...
9
59 (2005)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
5 (2005)
...
...
...
...
...
653
595
729
12 (1991)
52
20
17 (2005)
64
33
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
9051.9
57701.7
1800.3
13729.5
76024.0
3083.7
1 (1993)
...
5
...
...
20
530
467
527
2
38
12 (2003)
20
5
58
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); World Road Statistics (International Road Federation 1995 and 2009); Results Measurement System
Online (International Development Association 2010); ADB staff estimates; for Taipei,China: Council for Economic Planning and Development.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Transport
240
TRANSPORT, ELECTRICITY, AND COMMUNICATIONS
Transport
Table 5.2 Rail indicators
1990
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Rail Lines
(total route, kilometers)
1995
2008
Rail Network, Length per Land Area
(kilometers per thousand square kilometers)
1990
1995
2008
...
845
...
1583
14465
...
8775
...
...
...
...
845
2117 (1998)
1575
13660 (1997)
...
8775
...
...
3641 (1997)
...
845
2099
1513
14205
417
7791
616
3181
4230
...
30.0
...
22.8
5.4
...
11.4
...
...
...
...
30.0
25.5 (1998)
22.7
5.1 (1997)
...
11.4
...
...
8.6 (1997)
...
30.0
25.4
21.8
5.3
2.2
10.1
4.4
6.8
9.9
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
53378
...
3091
1920
1105
54616
...
3101
1810 (1997)
1157
60809
...
3381
1810
1724
5.7
...
31.3
1.2
30.5
5.9
...
31.4
1.2 (1997)
32.0
6.5
...
34.9
1.2
47.6
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
2746
...
62367
...
...
1453
2706
...
62660
...
...
1491
2835
…
63327
...
…
1463
21.1
...
21.0
...
...
22.5
20.8
...
21.1
...
...
23.1
21.8
...
21.3
...
...
22.6
...
600
...
...
1668
3336
479
...
3861
2832
...
600
5041
...
1668
...
456
...
4041
2832
...
3.4
...
...
5.1
5.1
1.6
...
7.6
8.7
...
3.4
2.8
...
5.1
...
1.5
...
7.9
8.7
…
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
…
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
6612
20254
4029
9458 (1997)
20134
3913
…
650 (2005)
3370
...
1665
...
479
...
4429
3147
…
…
…
…
…
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
9661
20048
3913 (1999)
0.9
55.6
15.0
1.2 (1997)
55.2
14.6
...
3.7 (2005)
1.9
...
5.1
...
1.6
...
8.7
10.1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.3
55.0
14.6 (1999)
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); ADB staff estimates; for Taipei,China: Council for Economic Planning and Development.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
TRANSPORT, ELECTRICITY, AND COMMUNICATIONS
241
Table 5.3 Electricity production and sources
Total Electricity
Production
(billion kwh)
1990
2007
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Coal
1990
2007
Sources of Electricity
(percent of total)
Natural Gas
Oil
Hydropower
1990
2007
1990
2007
1990
2007
Others a
1990
2007
…
10.4
23.2
13.7
87.4
15.7
37.7
18.1
14.6
56.3
…
5.9
24.2
8.3
76.6
16.2
95.7
17.5
14.9
49.0
…
–
–
–
71.1
13.1
0.1
–
–
7.4
…
–
–
–
70.3
3.3
0.1
–
–
5.0
…
16.4
–
15.6
10.5
23.5
33.6
9.1
95.2
76.4
…
25.2
74.5
17.9
10.7
10.8
34.4
2.2
100.0
70.6
…
68.6
97.0
29.2
10.0
–
20.6
–
–
4.4
…
–
15.7
0.3
8.3
–
32.2
–
–
11.3
…
15.0
3.0
55.2
8.4
63.5
44.9
90.9
4.8
11.8
…
31.4
9.8
81.8
10.7
85.9
30.0
97.8
0.0
13.1
…
–
–
–
–
–
0.8
–
–
–
…
43.4
–
–
–
–
3.2
–
–
–
621.2
28.9
105.4
3.5
51.0
3279.2
39.0
425.9
3.8
197.7
71.3
98.3
16.8
92.4
…
81.0
73.3
40.1
96.1
…
0.4
–
9.1
–
…
0.9
26.5
19.3
–
…
7.9
1.7
17.9
7.6
…
1.0
0.2
5.9
3.9
…
20.4
–
6.0
–
…
14.8
–
0.9
–
…
–
–
50.2
–
…
2.2
–
33.9
–
…
7.7
1.6
289.4
0.0
0.9
3.2
24.4
4.5
803.4
0.3
2.8
9.9
–
…
66.2
…
–
–
–
…
68.4
…
–
–
84.3
…
3.4
…
–
–
87.6
…
8.3
…
–
–
4.3
…
3.5
…
0.1
0.2
6.7
…
4.1
…
0.4
59.9
11.4
…
24.8
…
99.9
99.8
5.7
…
15.4
…
99.6
39.9
–
…
2.1
…
–
–
–
…
3.8
…
–
0.2
3.4
1.3
142.2
3.4
101.3
6.5
59.6
41.1
143.4
69.5
–
…
31.5
…
12.3
1.6
7.0
–
25.0
23.1
–
–
44.9
…
29.5
–
28.2
–
21.4
21.4
99.1
…
2.3
…
22.0
39.3
–
–
40.2
0.1
99.0
–
15.7
…
62.0
41.6
32.6
78.7
67.3
32.1
0.9
…
42.7
…
48.4
10.9
45.3
100.0
23.5
15.0
1.0
95.9
26.5
…
2.0
4.5
7.5
21.3
2.7
3.5
–
…
20.2
…
17.3
48.1
22.1
–
11.3
61.8
–
3.7
7.9
…
6.4
53.9
14.4
–
5.7
43.0
–
…
3.3
…
–
–
25.6
–
–
–
–
0.4
4.9
…
–
–
17.2
–
2.9
–
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
77.1
14.0
1.9
76.3
27.7
7.1
10.6
20.0
17.6
15.4
25.8
27.3
2.7
18.5
0.0
0.9
9.8
0.0
9.2
10.7
72.3
5.7
6.6
53.6
0.4
36.8
8.1
1.8
30.2
11.9
1.2
0.2 (1995)
33.3
0.8
23.0
2.5
27.4
15.7
44.2
8.7
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.1 (1995)
0.0
0.2 (1992)
1.8
0.1
0.0
…
0.0
…
0.0
Developed Member Countries
Australia
154.3
Japan
835.5
New Zealand
32.3
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.1 (2006)
0.1
0.0 (2005)
0.2 (2004)
2.9
0.1
0.1
…
0.1
…
0.0
254.6
1123.5
43.8
a Includes nuclear sources; combustible renewables and waste; and geothermal, solar, wind, and other sources.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); country sources; for Taipei,China: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Electricity
242
TRANSPORT, ELECTRICITY, AND COMMUNICATIONS
Electricity
Table 5.4 Electricity consumption and electrification
Electricity Consumption
(per capita kWh)
1990
2007
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
Household Electrification Rate
(percent of households)
Earliest Year
Latest Year
…
2718
2584
2673
5905
2314
277
3346
2293
2383
…
1692
2394
1620
4448
1772
474
2176
2279
1658
…
98.9
97.0
…
99.9
99.8
59.6
97.0
…
99.6
511
4178
2373
1523
2332
5899
8502
1369
…
…
…
67.3 (2000)
…
…
…
…
86.2 (2005)
…
44
…
276
…
35
153
144
…
542
…
80
417
17.8 (1993)
…
50.9 (1992)
…
17.9 (1996)
…
46.5
41.1
67.9
83.8
61.2
80.7
…
16.6
48.9
…
…
…
65.4
…
…
78.4
(1997)
…
20.5
91.1
46.3
…
47.0
83.3
…
99.2
96.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
78.8 (1991)
…
…
80.0 (1994)
…
18.0 (1994)
94.4
66.8
39.3
63.0
55.8
99.0
98.9
11.0
92.2
15.8
27.0
88.8
92.0
19.1
4354
10 (1995)
162
…
1178
45
376
4983
708
98
8393
94
566
…
3667
94
586
8514
2055
728
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
8456
6486
8298
11249
8474
9622
…
…
…
(2000)
(1999)
(1995)
(1997)
(1990)
(1999)
(1996)
(2000)
(1991)
(1993)
25.0
99.8
99.5
99.9
97.0
100.0
89.2
99.3
99.6
99.7
(2005)
(2005)
(2006)
(2002)
(1999)
(2002)
(2006)
(2003)
(2000)
(2002)
(2007)
(2003)
(2005)
(2000)
(2006)
(2002)
(2005)
(2007)
(2002)
(2002)
(2008)
(2005)
(2005)
(2001)
(1996)
(2005)
(1999)
(2000)
(2002)
(2005)
(1996)
(2006)
(1999)
(2002)
(2006)
(2002)
(1999)
…
…
…
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); Demographic and Health Surveys Online (ICF Macro 2010); Results Measurement System Online
(International Development Association 2010); PRISM website (www.spc.int/prism/other/electricity.html).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
TRANSPORT, ELECTRICITY, AND COMMUNICATIONS
243
Table 5.5 Computer and broadband indicators
Personal Computers
(per 100 people)
1990
2008
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
0.32
0.29
0.71
2.08
…
0.52
0.14
0.25
1.53
1.60
(2005)
(1997)
(2001)
(1999)
(2000)
(2004)
(2001)
(2003)
0.36
9.69
8.05
27.17
…
1.94
0.47
1.29
7.19
3.13
(2006)
(2005)
2003
Fixed Broadband Internet Subscribers
(per 100 people)
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
(2005)
(2002)
(2005)
(2005)
(2006)
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
…
0.01
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.00
…
0.02
0.00
0.06
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.04
…
0.00
…
0.03
0.00
0.06
0.05
0.61
0.20
0.05
0.02
0.00
…
0.03
0.00
0.13
0.17
1.07
1.75
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.00
0.16
0.69
2.23
4.26
0.06
0.09
0.05
0.05
0.24
0.00
0.19
1.13
3.52
8.75
0.10
0.35
0.05
0.05
0.32
0.87
18.61
23.7
0.02
13.46
1.91
22.16
25.17
0.04
16.53
2.85
24.11
25.63
0.07
19.06
3.85
25.97
29.4
0.14
19.76
5.00
27.33
30.67
0.28
20.92
6.23
28.11
32.14
1.37
21.81
7.70
29.34
33.82
0.91
21.64
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
0.04
4.56
3.72
0.33 (1995)
…
5.65 (2006)
69.30
57.55 (2007)
24.61
69.41
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
0.02
0.47
0.03
1.21
0.05
0.02
2.25
2.51
3.29
20.24
0.48
3.73
(2006)
(2007)
(2007)
(2006)
(2005)
(2005)
0.00
…
0.01
0.18
0.00
0.02
0.00
…
0.02
0.25
0.00
0.11
0.00
…
0.12
1.11
0.00
0.11
0.00
…
0.2
2.12
0.00
0.12
0.03
…
0.27
3.46
0.04
0.32
0.03
0.30
0.45
5.15
0.04
0.51
0.03
0.44
0.65
5.78
0.26
0.84
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
1.10
0.04
0.11
0.10
0.83
0.11
0.34
6.56
0.41
0.01
8.92
0.36
2.03
1.70
23.15
0.92
7.23
74.31
6.68
9.65
(2005)
(2007)
(2006)
(2005)
(2006)
(2006)
(2006)
(2007)
(2005)
(2006)
1.08
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.45
0.00
0.07
10.04
0.07
0.01
1.73
0.01
0.04
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.11
12.98
0.11
0.06
2.20
0.01
0.05
0.01
1.88
0.00
0.14
15.38
0.16
0.25
2.37
0.02
0.09
0.01
2.85
0.01
0.30
18.05
0.16
0.61
3.02
0.06
0.35
0.08
3.81
0.01
0.56
19.98
1.36
1.50
4.31
0.11
0.43
0.10
4.93
0.02
1.16
21.74
1.41
2.35
5.01
0.20
0.74
0.13
6.09
0.03
1.87
23.71
1.47
3.01
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
4.05
0.74
0.01
1.30
…
…
3.92
0.06
2.35
...
0.61
…
0.73
(2005)
0.17
0.00
…
…
0.01
…
0.00
…
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.21
0.00
…
…
0.02
…
0.37
…
0.02
0.04
0.00
0.33
0.51
0.01
0.28
0.85
…
…
0.04
…
0.50
…
0.04
0.09
0.00
0.63
1.54
0.03
0.28
1.02
…
…
0.06
…
0.48
…
0.05
0.13
0.00
0.62
2.55
0.04
4.41
1.37
…
…
0.08
…
0.50
…
0.07
0.20
0.00
0.76
3.56
0.06
6.20
1.85
…
…
0.10
…
0.48
…
0.09
0.29
0.01
0.70
4.55
0.07
7.40
2.47
…
…
0.10
…
0.81
…
0.11
0.38
0.01
0.96
4.55
0.21
60.32 (2003)
40.72 (2003)
52.57 (2006)
2.60
11.72
2.07
5.02
15.35
4.72
9.88
18.28
7.81
18.91
20.74
11.32
23.16
22.22
20.34
25.15
23.65
21.63
25.36
24.94
22.99
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
(1997)
(1998)
(1995)
(1993)
(1992)
(1995)
(1996)
(1999)
(1992)
(1998)
(1998)
(2001)
(1998)
(1995)
(1997)
(1997)
(1997)
14.98
5.99
9.53 (1991)
…
6.04
1.11
9.15
5.48
…
…
6.39
2.35
4.64
...
5.89
…
1.39
(2005)
(2004)
(2004)
(2005)
(2005)
(2006)
(2005)
(2005)
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: ICT Statistics Database (ITU 2010) through the World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Communications
244
TRANSPORT, ELECTRICITY, AND COMMUNICATIONS
Communications
Table 5.6 Expenditures on information and communications technology
2003
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
Information and Communications Technology Expenditures
(per capita US Dollars)
(percent of GDP)
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
…
…
…
…
…
…
17.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
27.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
33.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
38.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
43.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
3.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
3.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
3.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
4.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
4.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
4.4
…
…
…
100.3
1479.8
1206.6
…
…
119.1
1713.4
1424.5
…
…
135.6
2041.0
1616.8
…
…
151.1
2261.9
1855.3
…
…
168.7
2810.9
1991.2
…
…
194.9
2839.4
1734.0
…
…
7.9
6.3
9.0
…
…
8.0
7.0
9.5
…
…
7.9
7.8
9.2
…
…
7.5
8.2
9.4
…
…
6.6
9.4
9.2
…
…
6.0
9.2
9.1
…
…
6.8
…
17.8
…
…
23.7
9.1
...
24.9
…
…
28.6
16.0
...
32.3
…
…
40.6
23.3
…
34.1
…
…
54.2
34.9
…
41.2
…
…
74.0
44.9
…
45.6
…
…
87.4
1.9
…
3.2
…
…
2.4
2.4
…
3.8
…
…
2.7
4.1
…
4.4
…
…
3.3
5.9
…
4.1
…
…
3.8
8.0
…
3.9
…
…
4.6
9.0
…
4.5
…
…
4.3
…
…
34.5
…
572.0
…
48.7
2287.4
128.5
36.0
…
…
39.6
…
665.0
…
62.3
2554.2
153.0
40.3
…
…
43.6
…
648.3
…
61.7
2710.3
163.4
42.8
…
…
52.5
…
733.2
…
72.8
2758.8
191.9
45.2
…
…
62.4
…
776.9
…
95.3
2738.6
223.8
47.8
…
…
73.9
…
796.6
…
113.0
2663.0
250.8
51.0
…
…
3.1
…
12.8
…
5.0
10.1
5.8
7.5
…
…
3.3
…
13.4
…
6.0
9.7
6.2
7.3
…
…
3.3
…
12.0
…
5.3
9.6
6.1
6.7
…
…
3.2
…
12.2
…
5.4
8.7
6.2
6.4
…
…
3.2
…
11.0
…
5.9
7.5
6.1
5.9
…
…
3.3
…
9.7
…
6.1
7.1
6.2
4.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1478.9
2223.2
1203.9
1792.1
2378.2
1353.1
1945.7
2384.9
1453.1
2052.9
2391.3
1430.5
2269.4
2358.0
1636.4
2334.4
2571.5
1666.4
6.5
6.7
5.7
6.0
6.6
5.5
5.9
6.7
5.5
5.9
7.0
5.5
5.8
6.9
5.1
4.9
6.7
5.5
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
245
Energy and Environment
Introduction
Energy as used in this theme covers all forms of “primary energy”—solid, liquid, and gas fuels; and electricity generated
by nuclear, wind, hydro, and solar power. (Electricity generated by solid, liquid, and gas fuels is excluded to avoid double
counting.) The different forms of power are converted to a common unit—kilotons (kt) of oil equivalent —so that they
can be represented by a single figure for each economy.
The environment indicators shown here refer to emissions of greenhouse gases, to those which damage the ozone
layer, and to forest resources and water pollution. Additional environmental indicators are found in the section on
Millennium Development Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability.
Key Trends
Energy production worldwide and within Asia. Figure
6.1a shows energy production in the world and in the Asia
and Pacific region. In 2007, the region produced just under
32% of the world’s energy compared with 21% for Europe
and 20% for North America. The PRC was producing
nearly half of the total energy in the region and since
2000, energy production in the PRC has been increasing
at an average rate of 8% per year. Australia, India, and
Indonesia are the other very large energy producers in the
region. Coal is the main type of energy produced in Asia.
Figure 6.1b shows the shares of energy production
by the 10 leading producers in 2000 and 2007.
The PRC’s share of total energy production
increased from 41% in 2000 to 48% in 2007. The PRC’s
energy production increased at an average of 8% per year
reflecting its GDP growth, which has outstripped that
of other economies in the region. By contrast, Japan’s
GDP grew slowly over the period and its share of energy
production fell from 4% to 2%.
Figure 6.1b Shares of Total Energy Production in the
Asia and Pacific Region, 2000 and 2007
China, People's Rep. of
India
Figure 6.1a Percentage Breakdown of Energy Production
Indonesia
by Region, 2007 (kiloton of oil equivalent)
West Asia and
Rest of the World
Africa
India
8.8
3.8
13.1
Australia
Kazakhstan
Indonesia
2.8 Australia
Malaysia
2.4
South America
Kazakhstan
5.4
1.2
0.8
Asia
and Pacific
31.7
North and Central
America
20.8
Viet Nam
Malaysia
0.8
Viet Nam
China, People's
Rep. of
0.6
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan
Pakistan
0.6
15.3
Europe
Japan
Japan
Pakistan
Others
2.9
Other countries
0.5
0
20.2
Sources: Derived from Table 6.2 and World Development Indicators Online
(World Bank 2010).
10
20
2000
30
40
50
2007
Source: Derived from Table 6.2.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL INDICATORS
The Asia and Pacific region produces just under 32% of world’s energy, with the People’s Republic of China (PRC)
producing almost half of the total energy in the region. Most Asian economies rely on imports to meet their
energy needs. Measured by GDP per unit of energy use, most Asian economies are becoming more energyefficient. Over half the economies in the region are now CFC-free but water pollution remains a problem.
246
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Most Asian economies rely on imports to meet their
energy needs. Figure 6.2 shows net imports (imports
less exports) as a percentage of each country’s domestic
energy use. Singapore and Hong Kong, China import all
their energy, and five other economies are also highly
dependent on external sources, importing 50% or more of
their energy needs – Armenia, Georgia, Japan, Korea, and
Tajikistan. Bars to the left in Figure 6.2 show economies
that are net energy exporters. To avoid distorting the chart
the three largest energy exporters are omitted (Azerbaijan,
Brunei Darussalam, Turkmenistan). Their net exports are
several times larger than their domestic energy use.
Figure 6.2 Net Energy Imports as Percent of Energy Use,
Average, 2005–2007
Singapore
Hong Kong, China
Most economies are using energy more efficiently. GDP
per unit of energy, or “energy productivity”, shown in
Figure 6.3, is calculated by first converting each country’s
GDP to US dollars using purchasing power parities. This
is then divided by all types of energy, each type being
converted to standard units or ‘oil equivalent’ by the
relevant conversion factors. In Figure 6.3, the longer the
bar, the greater the country’s energy efficiency.
GDP per energy unit differs among economies
because of differences in their energy use efficiency and
industrial structures. Agriculture and services generate
higher GDP per energy unit than manufacturing. If two
economies have identical industrial structures, differences
in GDP per energy unit will reflect differences in energy
productivity, and if a country produces more GDP per
energy unit over time, this implies better energy productivity
only if the industrial structure has not changed.
Japan
In Figure 6.3, economies are arranged in order of their
percentage gains in energy productivity over the period.
The top five economies all belonged to the former Soviet
Union and as such had access to cheap hydrocarbon fuels
from within the Soviet Union. Prices have risen sharply
since then, forcing them to use fuels more efficiently,
although they still have relatively low energy productivity.
The top 13 economies, from Azerbaijan to Sri Lanka, all
achieved improvements of 25% or more. Only Malaysia
and Thailand failed to make any gain over the period.
Korea, Rep. of
Armenia
Georgia
Tajikistan
Kyrgyz Republic
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Cambodia
India
Pakistan
Six economies recorded energy productivity in
2007 in excess of 7 units of GDP per kilogram of oil
equivalent—Hong Kong, China; Sri Lanka; Singapore;
Japan; Bangladesh; and Philippines. These are Asia’s most
energy-efficient economies.
New Zealand
Bangladesh
Nepal
China, People's Rep. of
Mongolia
Uzbekistan
Viet Nam
Malaysia
Myanmar
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Australia
-150
-100
-50
0
50
Source: Derived from Table 6.3.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
100
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Figure 6.3 GDP per Unit of Energy, 2000 and 2007
(constant 2005 PPP$ per kilogram of oil equivalent)
Azerbaijan
Turkmenistan
Armenia
Uzbekistan
Georgia
Cambodia
Philippines
Most of the 46 economies in Box 6.1 now consume
no CFCs—a worthy achievement by an international
agreement to protect the environment. However, eight
economies are still consuming significant quantities of more
than 100 metric tons in 2008. Consumption is between 100
and 300 for all except Republic of Korea, which reported
consumption of over 1,000 metric tons in 2008.
Many of Asia’s lakes and rivers are highly polluted and
there is not much sign of improvement. Figure 6.4 shows
the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) for water in lakes
and rivers. BOD is the amount of oxygen that bacteria
require to neutralize organic pollution. As pollution gets
worse, more oxygen is needed. Calculating the BOD for
a body of water is the standard way of measuring its level
of pollution. As organic pollution is generally caused by
industrial production, the total BOD estimated for each
country is divided by the number of days worked per year
by industrial workers.
Box 6.1 Consumption of CFC, 2008 (ODP Metric Tons)
Hong Kong, China
Tajikistan
India
New Zealand
Mongolia
Sri Lanka
Kazakhstan
Korea, Rep. of
Kyrgyz Republic
Zero Consumption
Australia
Azerbaijan
Bhutan
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Georgia
Indonesia
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kiribati
Maldives
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed.States of
Myanmar
Nauru
Nepal
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Singapore
Solomon Islands
Sri Lanka
Tajikistan
Tonga
Tuvalu
Uzbekistan
Under 100 metric tons
Afghanistan
Armenia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao PDR
Mongolia
Palau
Timor-Leste
Turkmenistan
Vanuatu
Viet Nam
More than 100 metric tons
Bangladesh
China, People’s Rep. of
India
Korea, Rep. of
Malaysia
Pakistan
Philippines
Thailand
Japan
Viet Nam
Indonesia
China, Peoples' Rep. of
Australia
Pakistan
Nepal
Bangladesh
Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
ODP = ozone-depleting potential.
Thailand
Source: Table 6.5.
Malaysia
0
5
10
2000
15
20
2007
Source: Table 6.1.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
More than half the economies in the region are now
chlorofluorocarbon-free. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)
destroy the ozone layer, which protects the earth from
ultraviolet radiation. Signatories to the 2006 Montreal
Protocol agreed to replace CFCs, which have traditionally
been used for refrigeration, by alternative coolants. As a
result there has been a steady reduction in CFC emissions
in most economies as old refrigerators and air conditioners
are replaced by new CFC-free equipment.
247
248
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Figure 6.4 Water Pollution: BOD in Kilograms per Day
Figure 6.4 shows relatively high levels of water
pollution in Lao PDR, Kazakhstan, and Tonga and
much lower levels in Malaysia, Republic of Korea,
and Singapore. Comparing the earlier and later years,
pollution has substantially worsened in Tajikistan, Tonga,
and Kyrgyz Republic. Cambodia and the Philippines
report some improvement while other economies show
little change.
per Worker, 1990 and 2007 or Nearest Years
Lao PDR
Kazakhstan
Tonga
Fiji Islands
New Zealand
Philippines
Tajikistan
Sri Lanka
Kyrgyz Republic
Indonesia
Afghanistan
Cambodia
Nepal
Thailand
Azerbaijan
Japan
Viet Nam
Bangladesh
Malaysia
Korea, Rep. of
Singapore
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Earliest year
0.4
Latest year
Source: Table 6.5.
Data Issues and Comparability
Most of the energy data are compiled by the International Energy Agency using standard procedures and conversion factors for all
countries.
Statistics on CFC consumption are centralized by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization as part of the process of
monitoring the 2006 Montreal Protocol on limiting emissions of CFC. The consumption of CFC is obtained indirectly by subtracting
exports and increase in stocks of CFC from domestic production and imports. This can result in negative consumption if there is a large
increase in stocks and there are few such cases in Table 6.5.
Statistics on water pollution are based on analyses of water drawn from sites in a sample of lakes and rivers. It is expensive to identify
and maintain a sample of sites that will accurately measure nationwide water pollution. Comparability between countries is generally
less good than comparability over time for a single country.
The Food and Agriculture Organization monitors land use and forestry data using country reports and satellite images.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
0.5
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
249
Table 6.1 GDP per unit of energy use
(constant 2005 PPP US$ per kilogram of oil equivalent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
…
1.4
1.3
2.4
1.6
1.5
4.2
2.9
0.7
0.9
…
3.4
1.1
2.2
1.4
2.3
4.2
2.0
0.6
0.8
…
3.5
1.8
3.9
2.0
3.0
4.2
2.2
0.7
0.8
…
3.9
1.9
4.5
2.2
3.5
4.2
2.3
0.8
0.8
…
4.7
2.1
4.8
2.3
3.1
4.3
2.5
0.9
0.8
…
5.1
2.3
5.0
2.3
3.1
4.3
2.6
1.0
0.9
…
5.3
2.4
5.2
2.4
3.2
4.3
2.7
1.3
1.0
…
5.0
2.8
5.0
2.3
3.2
4.5
2.8
1.4
1.1
…
5.6
3.7
5.7
2.3
3.3
4.6
2.8
1.5
1.2
…
5.7
5.3
5.8
2.4
3.4
4.6
2.9
1.6
1.3
1.4
15.4
5.2
1.4
…
2.1
16.3
4.8
1.6
…
3.1
15.2
4.7
2.1
…
3.3
14.5
4.8
2.1
…
3.4
15.4
4.9
2.1
…
3.3
15.5
4.9
2.3
…
3.1
17.4
5.0
2.5
…
3.1
18.5
5.2
2.6
…
3.2
19.5
5.4
2.5
…
3.4
20.1
5.5
2.6
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
6.2
…
3.2
…
2.3
6.3
6.1
…
3.4
…
2.6
7.5
6.8
…
3.8
…
2.7
6.9
6.5
…
4.0
…
2.8
7.0
6.6
…
4.0
…
2.7
7.2
6.7
…
4.2
…
2.8
7.2
6.9
…
4.3
…
2.9
7.5
6.9
…
4.6
…
2.9
7.7
7.1
…
4.8
…
2.9
8.3
7.2
…
4.9
…
2.9
8.6
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
7.2
…
3.6
…
5.3
…
5.4
6.3
5.3
2.5
6.4
2.7
4.1
…
4.9
…
4.8
5.9
5.4
2.9
6.5
3.2
3.7
…
4.8
…
4.9
7.8
4.8
3.3
7.1
3.3
3.7
…
4.6
…
5.2
7.3
4.7
3.4
7.6
3.5
3.8
…
4.8
…
5.4
7.1
4.6
3.4
6.8
3.6
3.9
…
4.6
…
5.6
8.0
4.6
3.5
6.7
3.8
3.9
…
5.2
…
6.0
7.7
4.5
3.3
6.9
4.2
4.0
…
4.6
…
6.3
6.7
4.6
3.5
6.7
4.5
4.1
…
4.8
…
6.7
7.5
4.7
3.7
6.7
4.8
4.1
…
4.7
…
7.1
8.1
4.7
3.7
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
4.8
7.3
4.8
5.3
7.0
4.9
5.4
7.0
5.0
5.7
7.1
5.2
5.7
7.2
5.4
5.9
7.3
5.8
6.0
7.3
6.0
5.8
7.5
6.3
5.9
7.6
6.3
6.0
7.9
6.4
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Energy
250
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Energy
Table 6.2 Energy production
(kilotons of oil equivalent)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
…
137
21336
1844
90455
2502
34248
2026
74865
38643
…
245
14725
1195
63470
1259
41139
1329
32836
48655
…
632
18962
1325
79969
1443
47006
1264
45968
54945
…
602
19581
1265
85636
1353
49069
1288
50390
55506
…
738
19752
1328
92621
1204
50160
1361
52861
56237
…
692
19826
1376
103715
1403
55360
1466
58551
56180
…
746
20053
1287
117052
1475
58851
1492
58179
56875
…
861
27392
1272
121686
1447
61257
1546
61137
56528
…
846
38127
928
131014
1488
61354
1520
60260
58167
…
825
52094
1073
135995
1427
63643
1582
66088
60053
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
886292
43
22623
2749
10748
1065858
47
21148
2256
10913
1060992
48
32597
1916
11476
1089721
48
33243
1903
10751
1166187
48
35020
2052
11608
1311151
48
38059
2104
11432
1486507
48
38395
2528
13087
1615637
48
42996
2752
13152
1718431
48
43788
3130
13389
1813979
48
42480
3551
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
10758
…
291081
…
5501
4191
12777
…
334701
…
6142
4022
15156
…
364334
…
7138
4748
16178
…
372312
…
7338
4563
16739
…
381382
…
7618
4544
17549
…
394337
…
7795
4655
18390
…
407406
…
7969
4765
19311
…
420288
…
8158
4920
20331
…
435770
…
8349
5155
21261
…
450923
…
8527
5076
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
15642
…
169957
…
50311
10654
15729
–
26547
24711
18241
2901
213965
…
67010
10999
16304
–
33212
34529
19684
3203
235530
…
80392
15405
20070
–
43850
48106
19852
3264
241611
…
81286
15843
18893
–
43067
50062
20265
3325
246279
…
84770
16459
20498
–
45595
53165
21197
3384
257023
…
88408
18365
20897
–
48569
54383
20749
3441
263084
…
88458
20551
21197
–
50444
65234
21060
3501
275984
…
97031
23276
21651
–
54355
69504
21791
3562
309684
…
94561
23020
21710
–
56305
72633
20194
3624
331100
…
94354
23937
22396
–
59375
73931
…
235
…
…
…
…
…
4611
18
75
…
…
…
5
…
321
…
…
…
…
2
4897
19
76
…
…
…
5
…
269
…
…
…
…
2
3866
20
78
…
…
…
20
…
255
…
…
…
…
2
3281
20
78
…
…
…
20
…
263
…
…
…
…
2
2776
20
78
7242
…
…
20
…
264
…
…
…
…
2
2640
20
78
7242
…
…
20
…
264
…
…
…
…
2
2318
20
78
7291
…
…
20
…
250
…
…
…
…
2
2780
20
78
7318
…
…
20
…
262
…
…
…
…
2
3201
20
78
7330
…
…
20
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
157523
75140
12008
186896
98503
12994
234373
105773
14325
250606
104713
14218
255256
96877
14533
254608
84007
13138
259735
94993
12916
270426
100381
12572
269961
101271
13079
289206
90466
14004
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); for Fiji Islands; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Samoa; Solomon Islands; Taipei,China; Timor-Leste; and
Vanuatu: Energy Statistics in Asia and the Pacific 1990-2006 (Asian Development Bank 2009).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
251
Table 6.3 Energy imports, net
(percent of energy use)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
…
98.2
17.4
84.8
-24.3
67.0
20.1
63.6
-281.4
16.7
…
85.0
-15.5
67.9
-22.1
48.6
23.3
56.3
-136.3
-14.3
…
68.4
-65.8
53.8
-98.4
40.9
25.6
55.6
-216.9
-9.1
…
69.9
-71.8
50.8
-110.3
39.3
23.9
56.9
-233.2
-9.5
…
60.5
-72.5
47.8
-110.1
52.4
23.2
54.2
-243.9
-6.4
…
64.9
-65.3
49.1
-115.4
48.5
19.1
53.3
-241.0
-10.5
…
64.2
-58.6
53.7
-129.2
47.1
19.8
55.6
-271.6
-15.1
…
65.6
-105.1
59.6
-116.7
48.1
18.8
55.9
-270.1
-20.3
…
66.8
-180.8
69.4
-106.4
47.1
21.9
58.9
-265.4
-20.0
…
71.0
-337.4
67.9
-104.6
51.0
23.6
59.4
-265.7
-23.4
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
-2.7
99.5
75.7
19.5
…
-1.8
99.6
85.6
16.6
…
2.9
99.6
82.7
19.0
…
-0.2
99.7
82.6
19.5
…
0.9
99.6
82.6
18.5
…
2.1
99.6
81.5
13.5
…
4.6
99.6
81.8
-1.0
…
4.4
99.6
79.6
-6.1
…
6.9
99.6
79.5
-8.0
…
7.2
99.7
80.9
-15.0
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
15.5
…
8.5
…
5.0
24.0
19.6
…
13.1
…
8.5
32.4
18.4
…
20.3
…
12.0
43.0
20.0
…
19.7
…
12.4
43.3
19.4
…
19.9
…
10.0
44.6
19.3
…
19.3
…
10.5
46.4
18.4
…
21.1
…
9.8
45.8
19.2
…
21.3
…
10.6
45.3
17.5
…
22.3
…
10.7
43.3
17.5
…
24.2
…
10.7
45.3
-787.7
…
-65.8
…
-122.0
0.0
42.8
100.0
36.8
-1.6
-689.0
14.0
-62.8
…
-74.7
6.5
52.8
100.0
46.8
-14.9
-702.1
19.5
-56.1
…
-61.8
-23.2
51.0
100.0
39.3
-29.8
-770.7
21.8
-53.0
…
-55.5
-30.3
52.0
100.0
43.1
-28.1
-810.8
22.8
-52.8
…
-59.3
-29.7
48.5
100.0
43.6
-26.0
-721.9
24.0
-56.6
…
-53.0
-34.7
47.6
100.0
44.4
-23.7
-699.3
25.9
-53.7
…
-62.1
-41.1
46.5
100.0
46.5
-30.7
-729.5
26.7
-57.5
…
-48.7
-45.5
45.4
100.0
44.1
-36.3
-699.1
28.2
-71.5
…
-41.9
-48.5
44.9
100.0
43.6
-37.7
-629.8
29.4
-73.7
…
-30.0
-53.0
44.0
100.0
42.9
-32.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
-82.7
82.8
9.8
-101.9
80.0
15.0
-115.2
79.6
14.8
-133.8
79.4
16.1
-130.6
81.0
15.1
-128.1
83.4
20.3
-131.8
81.8
22.7
-123.9
80.7
23.3
-120.2
80.5
21.3
-133.1
82.4
16.5
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Energy
252
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Environment
Table 6.4 Agriculture land use
(percent of land area)
Agricultural Land
1990
2000
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
58.3
41.5
53.4
46.5
82.0
52.6
33.6
32.1
68.6
65.2
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
2007
1990
58.0
46.6
57.4
43.2
76.6
55.9
35.0
32.7
69.1
64.2
59.3
57.3
57.6
36.2
77.0
55.9
35.4
32.7
69.4
62.6
12.1
15.0
20.5
11.4
13.0
6.9
26.6
6.1
2.9
10.5
Arable Land
2000
2007
11.8
15.7
22.1
11.4
8.0
7.1
27.6
5.6
3.6
10.5
13.1
14.4
22.4
6.7
8.4
6.7
27.9
5.1
3.9
10.1
0.2
2.1
3.7
4.8
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.9
0.1
0.9
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
Permanent Cropland
1990
2000
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
2007
0.2
1.3
2.9
3.9
0.1
0.3
0.9
0.7
0.1
0.8
0.2
1.9
2.7
1.6
0.0
0.4
1.0
0.7
0.1
0.8
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
57.0
…
22.1
80.9
…
58.4
…
20.0
84.0
…
59.3
…
19.0
74.7
…
13.3
…
19.8
0.9
…
14.3
…
17.4
0.8
…
15.1
…
16.5
0.5
…
0.8
…
1.6
0.0
…
1.2
…
2.0
0.0
…
1.3
…
1.9
0.0
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
77.1
9.7
60.9
30.0
29.0
36.2
69.8
13.9
61.4
33.3
29.5
36.4
69.5
14.6
60.5
43.3
29.4
36.5
70.2
2.8
54.8
13.3
16.0
13.9
62.1
3.2
54.7
13.3
16.4
14.2
61.2
3.3
53.4
13.3
16.4
15.0
2.3
0.5
2.2
13.3
0.5
15.5
3.1
0.6
3.1
16.7
0.7
15.4
3.7
0.7
3.6
26.7
0.8
14.7
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
2.1
25.2
24.9
7.2
22.0
16.0
37.4
3.0
41.9
20.7
1.9
27.0
24.7
8.0
24.0
16.5
37.5
1.8
38.8
28.2
2.2
30.9
26.8
9.2
24.0
18.3
38.6
1.1
38.7
32.5
0.4
20.9
11.2
3.5
5.2
14.6
18.4
1.5
34.2
16.4
0.4
21.0
11.3
3.8
5.5
15.2
16.9
1.5
30.6
19.9
0.6
21.5
12.1
5.1
5.5
16.2
17.1
0.9
29.8
20.5
0.8
0.6
6.5
0.3
16.0
0.8
14.8
1.5
6.1
3.2
0.8
0.8
7.2
0.4
17.6
0.9
15.6
0.3
6.6
9.9
0.9
0.9
8.6
0.4
17.6
1.7
16.4
0.3
7.3
9.9
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
25.0
22.4
48.1
72.2
35.0
…
13.0
1.9
34.6
2.4
21.4
44.4
66.7
11.5
25.0
23.4
45.7
72.2
33.6
…
13.0
2.2
30.4
2.7
22.7
41.7
66.7
12.1
16.7
23.4
45.7
77.8
33.6
…
13.0
2.3
30.4
3.0
26.1
43.1
66.7
12.1
8.3
8.8
2.5
5.6
3.6
…
2.2
0.4
12.7
0.4
7.4
22.2
…
1.6
16.7
9.3
2.5
5.6
3.6
…
2.2
0.5
8.8
0.5
8.1
20.8
…
1.6
12.5
9.3
2.5
11.1
3.6
…
2.2
0.6
8.8
0.6
11.4
20.8
…
1.6
16.7
4.4
45.7
44.4
27.1
…
4.3
1.2
21.2
1.9
3.9
16.7
…
7.0
8.3
4.5
43.2
44.4
25.7
…
4.3
1.4
20.5
2.0
4.5
15.3
…
7.0
4.2
4.5
43.2
44.4
25.7
…
4.3
1.3
20.5
2.1
4.6
16.7
…
7.0
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
60.5
15.6
60.4
59.3
14.4
57.6
55.4
12.8
45.9
6.2
13.1
9.9
6.2
12.3
5.6
5.8
11.9
3.2
0.0
1.3
0.2
0.0
1.0
0.2
0.0
0.9
0.2
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: FAOSTAT Database Access website (www.faostat.fao.org).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
253
Table 6.5 Deforestation and pollution
Deforestation Rate a
(average percent change)
1990-2000
2000-2007
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
2.5
1.3
–
-0.0
0.2
-0.3
1.8
-0.0
–
-0.5
(1992-2000)
(1992–2000)
(1992-2000)
(1992-2000)
(1992-2000)
(1992–2000)
(1992–2000)
(1992–2000)
Nitrous Oxide Emissions
(thousand metric tons CO2 equivalent)
1995
2000
2005
3.2
1.5
–
-0.0
0.2
-0.3
2.2
–
–
-0.5
…
540
3100
1820
18340
3080
67930
2300
4070
10440
…
500
3530
2250
10040
3170
73630
1910
3630
12380
…
450
4040
3390
5530
3260
1590
3200
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
-1.2
…
0.1
0.7
-1.2
-2.1
…
0.1
0.8
–
544230
230
13100
12520
…
556620
230
16170
16880
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
-0.0
-0.3
-0.6
–
2.1
1.2
0.3
-0.3
-0.0
–
1.4
1.5
29340
…
256180
…
6300
2670
33540
…
278700
…
6510
2830
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
0.8
1.1
1.7
0.5
0.4
1.3
2.8
–
0.7
-2.3
0.7
2.0
2.0
0.5
0.7
1.4
2.1
–
0.4
-1.9
70
4350
66640
…
12410
15850
18520
1140
23650
20500
360
3490
69130
…
9350
22050
16890
5880
26030
27110
370
3820
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
-0.4
-0.2
–
…
– (1995–2000)
–
-0.4 (1995–2000)
0.5
-2.8
1.5
1.2
–
–
–
–
–
–
…
–
–
-0.4
0.5
–
1.8
1.4
–
–
–
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.2
0.0
-0.6
0.1
0.0
-0.2
95070
31710
31400
105100
26240
29630
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
200
…
…
…
7100
3130
…
9920
7970
Methane Emissions
(thousand metric tons CO2 equivalent)
1995
2000
2005
…
1740
9900
3050
42130
4130
92460
3750
19250
45240
…
2080
10620
4090
25620
3240
104740
3130
21940
48870
…
2300
11550
4330
28270
3520
110300
3270
23060
51480
958940
1300
27290
8220
…
973730
1030
29880
9200
…
995760
1090
31280
4840
…
84590
…
655470
…
34140
10650
91930
…
722370
…
36070
10200
92530
…
712330
…
36040
10280
2010
12800
214710
…
24360
49640
44490
1120
73090
59130
2070
13350
223140
…
25320
59270
44630
1260
77070
71560
2060
14890
224330
…
25510
60840
44860
1260
78840
75080
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
101470
60650
26260
116030
59490
26710
116840
53480
27490
continued
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Environment
254
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Environment
Table 6.5 Deforestation and pollution (continued)
Consumption of Ozone-Depleting CFCs
(ODP metric tons)
1990
2000
2008
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
380
–
457
53
1214
118
751
91
141
585
(1995)
(1991)
(1996)
(1994)
(1991)
(1991)
(1993)
380 (1997)
25
88
22
524
54
1945
28
21
42
40
14
–
–
–
5
167
–
1
–
Organic Water Pollutant (BOD) Emissions
(kilograms per day per worker)
1990
2000
Latest year
…
…
0.153 (1995)
…
0.398 (1998)
0.136 (1992)
…
0.167
…
…
0.178 (2001)
…
0.153
…
0.420
0.189
…
0.223
…
…
0.206
…
0.182
…
0.414
0.202
…
0.227
…
…
(2002)
…
…
0.124
…
…
…
…
0.120
…
…
…
…
0.114 (2006)
…
…
(2006)
(2003)
(2006)
(2003)
41829
…
19605 (1992)
7 (1995)
…
39124
…
7395
11
…
263
…
1115
0
…
195
– (1991)
–
4
20 (1991)
210
805
–
5614
5
94
220
158
–
217
–
–
–
0.146 (1995)
…
…
…
…
…
0.144 (1998)
…
…
…
0.142 (1996)
…
…
…
…
…
0.157 (2002)
0.195 (2006)
47
94
5411
45
1980
26
2905
22
3568
220
2
1
–
2
174
–
169
–
190
20
…
0.211
0.184
…
…
…
0.260
0.092
0.153
0.158
(1996)
(1998)
(1996)
(1998)
…
0.160 (1995)
0.179
0.438 (1999)
0.118
…
0.249 (2001)
0.094
0.155
0.169
…
…
0.181
…
0.126
…
0.227
0.093
…
0.147
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.131 (1991)
…
…
…
0.232 (2002)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.295
…
…
…
0.230 (2004)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.339 (2004)
…
…
…
0.141 (1994)
0.243
…
0.147
0.233
…
0.149 (2005)
0.230 (2007)
59
94
5249
4
3384
16
2981
3167
6660
303
–
38
–
1
–
1
2
28
4
2
37
2
0
–
7416
97723
558
(1992)
(1995)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1995)
(1995)
(1991)
(1991)
(1995)
(1995)
(1993)
(1995)
–
–
–
1
1
0
1
48
1
0
21
1
–
–
7
-24
-3
–
–
–
–
–
– (2007)
0
-2
–
–
2 (2007)
–
–
1
-42
-1
–
(1993)
(1998)
(2005)
(2005)
(2005)
(2006)
(2006)
BOD = biochemical oxygen demand, CFC = chlorofluorocarbons, ODP = ozone-depleting potential.
a A negative value indicates that deforestation rate is decreasing (i.e., reforestation).
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2010); United Nations Millennium Indicators Database Online (UNSD 2010); FAOSTAT Database Access website
(www.faostat.fao.org); for Taipei,China: Statistical Yearbook 2008 (Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics 2008).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
255
The global crisis has increased fiscal deficits in most economies and reduced tax revenues, but government
expenditures on education and on social security and welfare have been sustained in most cases. As a
measure of the “ease of doing business”, days taken to register a new business have been falling in most
economies but still range from 1 to 100 days. The Asia and Pacific region is perceived as having some of the
least corrupt and some of the most corrupt economies in the world; unfortunately, perceived corruption is
getting worse in most economies.
Introduction
Governments affect the daily life of people in several ways, notably through their powers to tax and spend. This theme
provides the standard indicators of the impact of government on economic and social life such as fiscal balances; tax
revenues; and government spending on health, education, and social security and welfare.
In addition, governments can promote economic
growth by creating a level playing field for business. They
can make it easier to set up a new company by simplifying
administrative procedures. They can actively fight
bribery, corruption, and other disincentives to business
investment. These aspects of governance are highlighted
in the following tables based on statistics on the costs
and time needed to set up a new business. A corruption
perceptions index is also included to present a picture of
the ranking of certain economies in terms of perceived
corruption among public officials and politicians.
Figure 7.1 Fiscal Deficits as a Percentage of GDP,
2008 and 2009
Bhutan
Tonga
Hong Kong, China
Solomon Islands
Papua New Guinea
Azerbaijan
Timor-Leste
Kyrgyz Republic
Korea, Rep. of
Key Trends
Nepal
China, People's Rep. of
Indonesia
Fiscal deficits rose in 2009 as governments fought
the global crisis. Figure 7.1 shows fiscal deficits—the
excess of current expenditures over government revenue
and current grants received. The current crisis could be
expected to increase fiscal deficits because governments
cannot easily reduce expenditures in line with their lower
receipts and because many of them deliberately allowed
deficits to rise to combat the crisis. By maintaining, or
increasing their expenditures, governments have been
compensating for the shortfall in consumer expenditure
and business investment.
The bars to the right in Figure 7.1 show fiscal
deficits in 2009 and are mostly longer than those in
2008. Most economies that had fiscal surpluses in 2008,
shown by bars on the left of the axis, have now moved
into deficit or have reduced their surplus. PRC, India,
and Indonesia all reported rising deficits, while increases
of 3 percentage points or more were recorded by several
economies including Australia, Georgia, Thailand, and
Viet Nam. However, 10 economies shown in Figure 7.1
either reduced their deficits or increased their surpluses.
Australia
Cook Islands
Kazakhstan
Bangladesh
Lao PDR
Philippines
Samoa
Thailand
Armenia
Pakistan
Mongolia
India
Maldives
Malaysia
Tajikistan
Georgia
Viet Nam
Sri Lanka
Palau
-4
-2
0
2
2008
4
6
8
10
12
2009
Source: Table 7.1.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Government and Governance
256
GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNANCE
These were mostly small economies but also included
Bangladesh; Hong Kong, China; and Pakistan.
Tax revenues as shares of GDP fell in 2009 as a result
of the crisis. Figure 7.2 shows government tax revenue
as a percentage of GDP. This is usually referred to as the
tax burden. Taxes include taxes on products such as valueadded tax, sales taxes, import duties, income taxes, profit
taxes, property taxes, capital gains taxes, and compulsory
social security charges.
In 2009, tax revenues were lower than in 2008 in
all but seven of the 31 economies shown in Figure 7.2,
with falls of 3 percentage points or more recorded by
Kazakhstan, Maldives, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, and
Viet Nam. The increases reported by the seven economies
were all quite small except for Nepal where revenues rose
by 1.4 percentage points.
Although tax burdens in the region have been rising
gradually for some years, the simple average of three
precrisis years—2005–2007—was just under 17%. This is
low by comparison with the developed economies of Europe
and America. The average tax burden for the Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development economies
is now over 35%, with a few countries exceeding 45%.
High tax burdens may be seen as an impediment
to economic growth as they discourage entrepreneurship
and risk taking. However, Table 7.2 shows that some
economies in the region with higher per capita income
have tax burdens that are both relatively high (Australia,
Brunei Darussalam, and New Zealand) and relatively low
(Hong Kong, China; Japan; Singapore; and Taipei,China).
Rather than looking at tax burdens in isolation it makes
more sense to consider what services governments provide
from their tax revenues and how efficiently they do it.
Government education expenditures are yet to manifest
effects of the global crisis in most economies. Figure 7.3
shows government outlays on education as percentages
of GDP for economies with available data. The data refer
to total outlays, including investment, as well as current
expenditures, and are confined to central government
except Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan.
Figure 7.2 Tax Revenue as a Percentage of GDP,
2008 and 2009
Figure 7.3 Government Expenditure on Education
as a Percentage of GDP, 2008 and 2009
Solomon Islands
Mongolia
Cook Islands
Georgia
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Australia
Viet Nam
Tonga
Armenia
Kyrgyz Republic
China, People's Rep. of
Tajikistan
Palau
Malaysia
Korea, Rep. of
Azerbaijan
Maldives
Thailand
Kazakhstan
Lao PDR
Sri Lanka
Philippines
Hong Kong, China
Nepal
Indonesia
Bhutan
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Timor-Leste
India
Maldives
Timor-Leste
Malaysia
Kyrgyz Republic
Bhutan
Samoa
Tajikistan
Cook Islands
Thailand
Korea, Rep. of
Nepal
Hong Kong, China
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Australia
0
2
4
6
2008
0
5
10
15
2008
20
25
2009
Source: Table 7.2.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
30
35
Source: Table 7.5.
8
2009
10
12
GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNANCE
Government expenditures on welfare and social security
rose in response to the economic crisis. The expenditures
shown in Figure 7.4 consist of disbursements under social
security schemes and assistance grants to persons in
need for 17 economies in the region. As unemployment
rose because of the crisis, unemployment benefits and
other payments to families in hardship increased in all
economies for which data are available. As social safety
nets are relatively underdeveloped in the Asia and Pacific
region, the increases were generally quite small except in
Armenia, Australia, and Maldives where they were just
over 1 percentage point. For comparison, the average
for 30 economies of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development is currently around 20% of
GDP, and includes high percentages such as France and
Sweden (29%) and Germany (27%).
register a new business vary enormously within the region.
In 2009, the days needed for registration ranged from 1
in New Zealand, 2 in Australia, and 3 in Georgia and
Singapore; to 83 in Timor-Leste, 85 in Cambodia, 100 in
Lao PDR, and 116 days in Brunei Darussalam. Lengthy
registration procedures are a disincentive, and also provide
opportunities for extorting bribes.
Figure 7.5 shows how the number of days needed to
register a new business has changed since 2005. In Palau
it took 4 days longer in 2009 than in 2005 but in all other
economies there have either been reductions, some quite
Figure 7.5 Number of Days Required to Register a Business,
2005 and 2009
Lao PDR
Indonesia
Azerbaijan
Timor-Leste
Cambodia
India
Tajikistan
Bhutan
Philippines
Solomon Islands
Papua New Guinea
Viet Nam
Bangladesh
Encouraging investors: a mixed record but getting
better. Table 7.8 shows that the costs and time taken to
Sri Lanka
China, People's Rep. of
Taipei,China
Figure 7.4 Government Expenditure on Social Security
Fiji Islands
and Welfare as a Percentage of GDP, 2008 and 2009
Vanuatu
Samoa
Thailand
Australia
Tonga
Nepal
Armenia
Japan
Korea, Rep. of
Malaysia
Maldives
Uzbekistan
Tajikistan
Kazakhstan
Palau
Azerbaijan
Pakistan
Kyrgyz Republic
Kiribati
Georgia
Kyrgyz Republic
Georgia
Hong Kong, China
Armenia
Sri Lanka
Marshall Islands
Thailand
Korea, Rep. of
Bhutan
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Mongolia
Cambodia
New Zealand
Nepal
Hong Kong, China
Philippines
Maldives
Malaysia
Afghanistan
Singapore
Samoa
Australia
0
2
4
2008
6
8
10
0
50
100
2005
2009
Source:
150
200
2009
Table 7.8.
Source: Table 7.7.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
In most economies shown in Figure 7.3, the bars
showing the percentage of government expenditure
on education in 2009 are longer than those in 2008,
with rises of 1 percentage point or more in Malaysia,
Maldives, Tajikistan, and Timor-Leste. Education
expenditures as a percentage of GDP fell in five economies but these were very small except in the case of
Samoa and Hong Kong, China.
257
258
GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNANCE
large, or at least no increase. The biggest reductions were
achieved by economies that had very lengthy registration
procedures in 2005, for example, India (41 days less),
Indonesia (91 days less), and Lao PDR (95 days less).
Azerbaijan achieved a particularly striking reduction—
from 113 days in 2005 to 10 in 2009.
Figure 7.6 Corruption Perceptions Index,
2005 and 2009
New Zealand
Singapore
Australia
Hong Kong, China
The Asia and Pacific region includes some very clean
and some very corrupt economies; unfortunately,
most are getting worse. Figure 7.6 shows “corruption
scores” for 32 economies that have been assigned by a
private research institute, Transparency International.
Corruption is assessed by a panel of business people
and others whom Transparency International considers
to have special knowledge of each economy. Corruption
refers basically to persons in positions of power using their
authority to extort unauthorized payments. Respondents
were asked to rate each economy on a scale of 0 (most
corrupt) to 10 (least corrupt). It is evident that there is a
strong subjective element in the assessments of perceived
corruption and small differences between economies or
over time are not significant.
Japan
Taipei,China
Korea, Rep. of
Malaysia
Georgia
China, People's Rep. of
Thailand
India
Sri Lanka
Indonesia
Viet Nam
Mongolia
Kazakhstan
Armenia
Philippines
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Eleven economies improved their scores between
2005 and 2009 while 21 had lower marks (more corrupt).
The improving economies included the five most populous
ones. Bangladesh made the most progress with an increase
of 0.7 point, followed by Indonesia (0.6), India (0.5),
PRC (0.4), and Pakistan (0.3). Among economies with
worsening scores, Lao PDR fell by 1.3 points, Afghanistan
by 1.2, Malaysia by 0.6, and Uzbekistan by 0.5.
Nepal
Azerbaijan
Papua New Guinea
Tajikistan
Lao PDR
Cambodia
Kyrgyz Republic
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Myanmar
The rankings for 2009 in Table 7.9 place New
Zealand first out of 180 economies; Singapore, third; and
Australia, eighth. At the other end of the scale Afghanistan
was ranked 179th; Myanmar, 178th; Uzbekistan, 174th;
and Turkmenistan, 168th.
Afghanistan
0
2
4
2005
6
8
2009
Source: Table 7.9.
Data Issues and Comparability
Data on government expenditures and revenue are mostly taken from country sources. The coverage of the budget data is not standard
throughout the region. Data provided by many economies refer only to the central government, but cover provincial and local governments
in other economies. Most economies try to follow the International Monetary Fund’s Government Finance Statistics guidelines; some
economies are still using the 1986 version; others have switched to the 2001 Government Finance Statistics guidelines.
The statistics on the time and cost for registering new businesses and on perceived corruption are all taken from nonofficial sources.
Common procedures are used in all economies and the researchers producing these data have refined their procedures over several
successive surveys. However, because of the subjective nature of many of these data, they can only be used to give a broad idea of
trends, levels, and rankings.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
10
GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNANCE
259
Table 7.1 Fiscal balance a
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
...
...
...
...
-8.1
-6.5
...
…
…
…
-6.0
-5.2
...
-4.0
-11.5
-5.6
-7.4
0.4
-2.9
…
-4.9
-1.0
-3.6
-0.1
-2.2
-5.4
-0.6
-0.3
-1.0
…
-4.3
-0.4
-2.2
-0.4
0.4
-4.3
0.1
0.6
0.2
-1.3
-2.6
-0.4
-1.6
-0.3
-1.0
-4.3
0.7
0.2
-0.9
-4.7
-1.3
-0.2
-2.0
-0.9
-0.8
-3.7
1.1
-1.4
-1.3
-5.2
-1.7
0.3
4.1
-0.3
-0.5
-2.3
0.2
0.5
0.0
-4.3
-1.9
-0.7
-0.3
0.6
0.2
-3.3
0.2
0.8
-1.0
-7.1
-1.5
0.4
-0.3
0.8
-0.2
-4.3
0.5
5.2
-1.3
-8.3
-1.5
-0.3
-1.3
-1.7
0.1
-4.4
-8.1
3.9
…
-4.0
-0.7
-0.0
-2.6
-2.1
0.8
-7.3
-7.6
18.7
…
…
-4.7
-0.7
-7.2
-3.1
-1.5
-5.1
-7.1
…
…
-2.8
0.7
-0.6
-11.0
1.8
…
-0.3
0.3
-1.5
-1.0
-2.8
-0.6
1.1
-7.7
-4.5
-2.5
-4.9
1.1
-4.5
-6.3
-2.6
-4.8
3.1
-5.8
-2.8
-2.2
-3.2
1.0
-3.7
-2.3
-1.3
1.7
0.6
-1.8
-2.5
-1.2
1.0
0.4
2.6
-0.3
-0.8
4.1
0.4
3.3
-0.2
0.6
7.7
3.5
2.9
-0.2
-0.4
0.2
1.2
-4.9
-0.8
-2.2
1.1
-1.7
-5.4
...
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
-5.7
-7.4
-6.6
…
-7.6
-7.9
-2.2
0.1
-4.2
-6.4
-4.5
-8.8
-4.5
-3.9
-5.7
-4.4
-4.3
-9.3
-4.1
-10.6
-6.2
-4.7
-5.5
-10.2
-3.7
-4.6
-5.9
-4.9
-5.0
-8.2
-3.4
-9.8
-4.5
-3.4
-1.4
-7.3
-3.4
1.9
-3.9
-1.6
-0.9
-7.5
-3.7
-6.7
-4.0
-10.9
-0.8
-7.0
-3.3
-0.8
-3.3
-6.9
-1.6
-7.0
-3.2
0.6
-2.6
-5.3
-1.8
-6.9
-5.3
0.7
-5.9
-12.6
-2.1
-7.0
-3.3
1.8
-6.6
-6.7
-1.9
-9.8
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
-0.3
-4.5
-0.8
-9.7
-2.9
-2.8
-3.5
10.2
4.7
-7.2
15.1
-7.2
3.0
-12.9
0.8
-3.2
0.6
14.0
2.6
-1.3
10.9
-2.1
-1.1
-4.6
-5.5
0.7
-4.0
9.9
-2.8
-4.3
0.4
-3.1
-2.5
-4.5
-5.2
…
-4.0
5.0
-2.7
-3.5
-9.9
-3.2
-1.5
-3.4
-5.3
…
-5.3
4.7
-8.1
-2.3
-1.5
-3.4
-1.7
-5.7
-5.0
…
-4.6
3.0
0.1
-2.2
11.3
-1.6
-1.0
-2.6
-4.1
…
-3.8
3.9
-0.4
0.2
21.1
-0.7
-0.5
-4.5
-3.6
…
-2.7
6.5
0.1
-1.1
21.5
-0.2
-0.9
-3.1
-3.3
…
-1.1
6.3
-0.3
1.3
21.9
-0.5
-1.3
-2.6
-3.2
…
-0.2
11.4
-1.3
-1.0
27.9
-0.1
-0.1
-2.2
-4.8
…
-0.9
7.6
-0.6
-1.9
…
…
-2.3
-3.3
-7.0
…
-3.9
…
-4.1
-7.7
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste c
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
-1.8
30.9
1.9
11.1
…
…
-3.3
-3.7
-5.3
…
0.7
...
-8.2
-2.8
-0.3
15.9
-27.2
-0.5
…
…
-0.5
-7.0
-4.6
…
1.0
...
-2.7
-1.8
-3.1
41.8
8.1
-3.6
…
-15.1
-2.0
-0.7
-0.6
…
-0.3
-1.9
-6.1
1.3
-7.7
9.8
8.4
-5.8
…
-20.1
-3.4
-2.2
-7.4
…
-0.1
-43.0
-3.5
-4.2
-5.6
3.7
5.5
7.5
…
-29.2
-3.8
-2.0
-20.2
…
2.6
33.0
-3.5
-0.8
-5.9
9.6
10.9
2.7
…
-1.4
-0.9
-0.6
-5.8
…
1.3
-32.8
-1.4
-1.0
-3.1
11.9
-1.3
-15.6
…
-9.5
1.7
-0.8
4.9
39.1
4.6
-14.3
0.9
2.1
-3.3
7.5
-3.4
-5.1
…
0.5
0.1
0.3
-0.9
21.7
3.1
-7.6
2.8
2.1
-3.4
11.7
1.3
-5.4
…
-10.6
3.2
-0.5
-3.9
-1.4
-0.7
18.6
0.9
3.8
-2.1
37.8
0.2
-2.6
…
-2.5
2.6
0.6
-0.7
-4.9
3.8
-13.5
-0.3
3.8
0.5
…
3.8
-1.7
…
-6.4
-2.2
-1.9
-3.7
-5.3
3.6
6.9
2.1
-2.5
…
…
…
…
…
-11.9
-0.1
-4.1
0.1
-0.9
1.3
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
1.7
-0.5
-4.4
-2.9
-4.4
3.1
1.8
-6.4
2.1
0.9
-5.9
1.9
-0.4
-6.7
3.7
0.8
-6.7
4.0
0.8
-5.2
4.2
1.3
-6.2
5.0
1.7
-1.0
5.7
1.6
-2.6
4.9
1.8
-2.6
1.3
-2.3
…
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
a Data refer to central government, except for Bangladesh, People’s Republic of China, Georgia, Kiribati, Kyrgyz Republic, Federated States of Micronesia, Pakistan, and
Tajikistan, where data refer to consolidated government or general government.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
c GDP estimates beginning 2002 exclude value added of activities of the United Nations.
Source: Country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Government Finance
260
GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNANCE
Government Finance
Table 7.2
Tax revenue a
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
...
...
...
...
25.7
14.0
...
…
…
…
10.6
10.8
...
15.8
15.1
13.8
8.4
…
27.8
…
14.8
12.2
14.1
20.2
11.7
10.6
13.1
23.0
…
…
14.4
13.4
14.5
19.6
12.4
10.5
13.7
22.2
23.4
...
14.6
13.8
14.4
19.9
13.9
10.7
14.7
17.4
22.9
...
14.0
14.1
12.0
20.5
14.2
11.4
15.0
18.3
22.4
...
14.0
14.4
15.6
20.2
14.8
10.8
15.1
20.9
22.7
3.7
14.3
14.0
17.1
26.3
16.2
10.1
16.5
…
20.9
3.0
14.5
16.3
19.2
21.6
17.6
10.5
16.8
…
18.6
2.4
16.1
18.4
21.6
18.3
18.7
10.3
17.9
…
…
3.0
20.3
16.8
24.9
17.6
19.4
10.3
18.6
…
…
…
19.8
14.8
24.5
13.8
18.4
9.5
17.7
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
15.1
10.2
14.8
44.6
12.7
9.9
10.7
15.2
19.2
10.3
12.7
9.5
17.9
25.6
13.3
14.0
9.5
17.4
29.4
9.0
14.7
9.1
17.2
29.0
7.9
14.7
10.6
14.9
25.4
7.7
15.1
12.0
14.2
27.1
8.0
15.6
12.6
14.7
24.9
9.1
16.1
12.7
15.2
30.4
8.9
17.2
14.2
19.6
32.7
9.3
17.3
13.0
16.3
31.4
9.8
17.7
12.3
15.5
26.7
...
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
5.8
4.4
7.5
…
6.6
19.3
7.9
6.6
6.9
13.6
8.4
17.9
6.8
10.0
6.5
13.8
8.1
14.2
7.8
8.4
5.9
13.7
8.8
14.4
7.8
10.1
6.5
13.3
8.6
13.6
8.3
10.0
6.8
14.3
8.7
12.7
8.5
8.6
6.9
16.6
9.0
13.5
8.6
9.5
7.3
18.0
9.2
13.7
8.7
10.4
8.2
20.2
8.8
14.6
8.3
8.6
8.9
21.5
9.8
14.2
8.8
9.7
8.4
21.0
10.4
13.3
9.0
10.5
7.4
14.7
11.8
12.8
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
25.2
2.2
17.8
6.1
17.8
6.2
14.1
14.6
16.6
11.5
18.4
5.3
16.0
9.4
18.7
3.7
16.3
15.9
16.5
19.1
23.4
7.3
8.3
10.6
13.2
2.0
13.7
15.1
13.2
18.0
23.0
7.0
11.3
11.0
17.4
…
13.6
14.9
13.4
19.1
22.3
7.6
11.6
10.6
17.4
…
12.8
13.0
14.0
19.8
30.0
6.8
12.0
9.1
15.5
…
12.8
12.7
15.2
20.9
27.7
7.7
12.2
9.3
15.2
…
12.4
11.8
15.8
21.7
33.1
7.7
12.5
9.7
15.4
…
13.0
11.8
16.4
22.8
30.3
8.0
12.3
9.9
15.1
…
14.3
12.1
16.2
24.3
34.4
10.2
12.4
11.7
14.8
…
14.0
13.1
15.5
23.5
36.4
10.5
13.3
12.2
15.2
…
14.1
13.8
16.1
24.2
…
…
11.6
13.1
15.7
…
12.8
…
14.6
20.3
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
22.3
30.4
17.9
8.8
…
…
19.5
35.4
22.9
…
18.3
...
22.6
37.5
21.9
21.7
16.5
9.6
…
…
19.5
22.0
21.4
…
13.7
18.7
19.6
25.3
20.0
21.3
15.2
12.4
…
19.1
23.8
20.6
19.1
…
15.9
21.3
15.3
26.9
19.7
21.1
16.0
11.7
…
19.3
22.1
21.0
14.4
…
16.6
23.1
14.9
27.3
19.7
20.3
16.3
11.4
…
18.5
20.0
20.5
15.9
…
18.6
21.9
15.0
24.7
21.3
20.7
18.2
10.2
…
18.5
20.2
21.6
19.0
…
18.6
19.5
15.2
23.2
22.0
22.8
16.9
11.9
…
19.6
23.9
20.5
22.8
15.0
18.3
19.3
15.7
25.1
21.0
21.4
17.5
12.2
…
20.7
24.8
20.5
24.3
8.2
19.6
21.0
16.0
24.4
22.8
20.8
17.4
12.2
…
18.8
29.3
21.7
25.2
8.5
20.6
18.3
16.3
25.4
22.4
21.7
17.9
11.2
…
18.1
31.1
23.1
28.6
6.7
20.7
18.8
17.6
26.7
21.8
…
17.2
11.6
…
17.4
26.6
22.9
29.7
7.6
21.2
19.2
18.2
26.2
…
…
…
…
…
16.5
22.8
22.7
28.7
7.9
19.9
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
22.3
13.9
34.7
21.0
10.8
33.5
23.1
10.5
30.5
24.8
10.1
29.6
23.4
9.2
30.9
24.2
9.1
30.8
24.2
9.5
30.8
24.7
10.3
32.2
24.5
10.6
32.8
24.0
10.1
32.5
24.2
8.9
31.5
22.2
…
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Data refer to central government, except for Bangladesh, People’s Republic of China, Georgia, Kiribati, Kyrgyz Republic, Federated States of Micronesia, Pakistan, and
Tajikistan, where data refer to consolidated government or general government.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: Country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNANCE
261
Table 7.3 Total government revenue a
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
...
34.1
...
...
26.8
19.3
...
…
…
…
14.4
11.8
...
19.6
16.7
17.3
10.0
20.5
29.7
…
15.9
14.7
15.2
22.9
14.2
13.4
14.1
23.5
28.0
…
15.7
14.7
15.6
23.0
16.1
12.2
14.9
22.3
25.7
3.0
15.5
14.8
15.4
21.7
18.0
12.1
16.5
18.2
25.0
4.4
14.9
17.0
15.8
22.2
18.8
12.3
17.0
19.2
23.5
4.7
15.1
17.7
22.5
21.9
18.7
13.5
17.2
22.2
23.5
6.7
16.2
16.3
27.1
27.6
19.8
13.5
19.2
…
21.8
7.6
16.0
20.6
30.6
22.9
21.8
13.5
19.3
…
19.5
6.7
17.9
21.2
33.9
20.5
24.1
14.6
18.9
…
…
7.6
21.6
26.8
31.1
18.5
24.4
14.6
19.5
…
…
…
21.1
29.9
29.2
14.9
23.1
14.5
18.7
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
15.7
14.9
16.8
50.9
16.3
10.3
16.1
17.8
24.7
13.3
13.5
17.1
22.5
34.0
18.0
14.9
13.5
22.1
38.6
12.7
15.7
13.9
22.0
38.0
13.1
16.0
16.8
22.4
32.8
12.9
16.5
20.4
21.6
32.9
12.1
17.1
17.9
22.1
30.0
14.8
17.9
19.5
23.1
36.5
12.9
19.3
22.2
25.0
40.4
12.7
19.5
18.9
24.4
35.8
13.0
20.1
18.9
24.0
32.5
...
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
6.8
18.8
10.7
…
8.4
21.4
9.8
19.1
9.9
25.8
10.4
20.6
8.5
23.2
9.8
30.0
10.5
16.4
9.6
21.7
9.7
30.2
11.1
16.3
10.2
19.3
10.9
31.5
11.0
16.0
10.4
16.3
12.6
33.4
11.4
15.2
10.6
16.2
11.5
33.7
11.3
14.9
10.6
17.3
9.7
39.5
11.7
15.5
10.8
17.8
10.3
45.1
10.8
16.3
10.5
20.4
11.8
48.4
11.9
15.8
11.1
22.9
10.3
44.6
12.9
14.9
11.3
22.7
9.7
50.6
14.0
14.6
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
42.4
3.9
18.8
9.9
24.8
9.6
16.6
30.7
18.1
14.7
36.5
7.6
17.7
11.1
22.9
6.5
18.9
34.8
18.2
21.9
49.1
10.0
14.7
13.1
17.4
4.2
15.3
29.8
15.1
20.1
42.2
9.8
18.3
13.5
22.6
…
15.6
27.1
16.2
21.2
40.8
10.6
16.5
13.2
21.8
…
14.6
23.0
15.9
22.3
55.8
9.8
16.9
11.0
22.1
…
14.8
20.9
17.6
25.3
48.1
10.4
17.6
11.2
21.0
…
14.5
20.3
18.0
27.4
53.2
10.6
17.8
11.7
20.3
…
15.0
21.2
18.6
28.0
50.4
11.4
19.1
11.6
21.5
…
16.2
21.1
18.2
28.9
52.3
12.1
17.9
13.2
21.8
…
17.1
25.2
17.4
28.9
55.7
12.5
19.8
13.9
21.6
…
16.2
24.0
18.2
27.6
…
…
15.5
14.8
23.3
…
14.6
…
16.6
23.2
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
28.1
112.0
31.3
27.3
…
…
24.9
48.5
26.6
…
34.1
...
27.8
39.8
25.5
79.5
29.6
26.8
…
…
24.0
29.3
27.7
…
26.1
...
24.2
30.6
25.5
93.4
21.8
23.6
…
24.3
25.7
25.6
21.6
…
21.2
214.0
18.2
32.2
23.9
87.3
20.6
20.0
…
25.5
23.7
23.7
15.3
…
23.2
116.3
17.3
30.4
25.9
78.7
22.3
20.4
…
24.1
21.4
22.3
16.8
…
22.0
148.6
16.8
28.1
24.4
70.9
22.6
20.6
…
25.8
22.3
24.0
20.9
…
21.3
52.5
16.8
27.6
25.0
86.5
25.1
26.0
…
26.0
26.0
23.0
24.7
64.0
22.3
51.6
17.6
29.1
23.9
67.0
25.6
21.7
…
27.3
26.8
24.0
26.7
53.0
23.3
54.4
18.0
28.5
26.0
72.7
25.1
22.6
…
24.4
31.9
25.2
30.9
58.5
24.5
47.1
18.4
29.9
25.3
90.3
25.5
21.2
…
23.3
33.6
26.9
33.3
54.5
24.3
46.1
19.8
31.0
25.3
…
25.7
21.9
…
21.9
28.1
26.2
33.3
91.7
24.8
47.5
20.2
30.9
…
…
…
…
…
21.1
26.5
26.7
32.7
101.4
23.8
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
23.5
15.3
40.9
22.0
12.2
38.3
25.2
12.0
34.7
26.2
11.6
33.9
25.1
10.6
35.1
25.7
10.3
35.1
25.7
10.8
35.2
26.1
11.8
36.7
26.1
14.6
38.4
25.5
12.2
37.5
25.7
13.0
36.5
23.8
…
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Data refer to central government, except for Bangladesh, People’s Republic of China, Georgia, Kiribati, Kyrgyz Republic, Federated States of Micronesia, Pakistan, and
Tajikistan, where data refer to consolidated government or general government.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: Country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Government Finance
262
GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNANCE
Government Finance
Table 7.4 Total government expenditure a
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
...
...
...
...
37.1
25.9
...
…
…
…
24.0
20.1
...
25.7
27.8
23.0
17.4
20.1
32.6
…
20.1
16.2
18.6
22.2
18.0
18.9
14.7
23.9
28.9
…
19.4
15.2
17.9
22.3
17.7
17.5
14.8
21.7
25.5
7.9
18.6
15.3
17.3
21.2
20.7
18.6
16.1
18.1
25.9
13.4
18.8
17.1
17.8
22.2
20.6
18.9
16.2
20.6
24.8
16.0
17.0
17.4
19.1
21.9
20.4
16.6
17.6
21.7
23.5
16.0
18.0
16.8
26.6
25.6
20.4
16.8
19.4
…
22.8
19.5
17.4
19.8
29.4
21.1
22.4
18.4
19.0
…
20.8
19.5
19.4
21.3
34.2
20.8
25.3
20.9
27.2
…
…
21.1
22.7
26.4
36.4
21.1
24.3
22.5
26.7
…
…
…
26.1
30.4
38.2
23.3
29.8
19.8
26.6
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
18.5
14.3
15.2
61.9
14.5
…
16.4
15.3
23.3
14.3
16.3
17.7
18.1
36.0
22.6
17.5
18.4
19.4
38.2
19.0
18.3
18.7
18.8
38.9
15.9
18.1
20.0
21.7
31.6
15.1
17.8
18.7
20.8
29.9
14.5
18.3
16.9
21.4
24.8
15.1
18.7
15.4
22.0
31.2
13.1
18.7
14.5
20.8
36.2
13.0
19.9
18.6
22.7
39.6
13.8
22.3
17.8
24.0
37.2
...
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
12.4
33.9
17.3
…
17.7
28.7
14.4
37.2
14.1
36.6
16.6
29.6
14.5
42.2
15.5
37.3
16.3
25.0
14.8
46.6
15.9
38.1
18.1
25.9
14.9
37.0
16.8
38.2
17.4
23.8
14.5
33.7
17.1
40.1
15.1
22.5
14.8
31.3
15.4
38.0
14.7
22.6
15.0
36.0
13.6
60.2
15.1
23.8
14.7
33.8
13.6
60.3
14.5
24.2
14.1
30.7
14.4
61.7
16.0
23.2
17.1
36.4
16.2
61.8
17.2
22.1
15.3
33.7
16.3
60.3
19.6
24.0
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam b
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
43.7
8.4
19.6
23.4
27.7
12.4
20.4
20.2
13.6
21.9
66.0
14.8
14.7
26.7
22.1
9.8
18.2
15.6
15.4
23.8
40.6
14.8
15.8
20.8
22.9
3.5
19.3
18.5
17.3
22.6
38.4
16.2
20.7
22.2
27.8
…
19.7
21.5
17.9
24.4
45.3
17.7
18.0
18.7
27.1
…
19.8
18.3
24.1
24.2
50.1
15.9
18.7
19.6
27.1
…
19.3
17.9
17.6
26.4
36.8
13.9
18.6
15.4
25.1
…
18.2
16.3
18.4
26.2
32.1
13.2
18.4
18.4
23.9
…
17.7
14.7
18.5
27.3
28.9
14.1
20.0
17.2
24.8
…
17.3
14.8
18.5
27.5
30.3
14.7
19.2
18.5
25.0
…
17.1
13.9
18.8
29.4
27.8
15.0
19.9
18.8
26.4
…
17.0
16.4
18.8
29.2
…
…
17.8
20.8
30.3
…
18.4
…
20.7
29.7
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste c
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
29.8
165.0
92.2
92.9
…
…
34.2
70.0
35.3
…
37.1
...
37.6
48.3
26.0
86.7
93.1
78.3
…
68.5
28.3
39.6
32.3
…
26.9
53.2
29.3
35.2
28.6
86.5
58.1
70.4
…
70.6
32.9
31.2
31.6
…
22.3
184.9
25.3
36.7
31.3
116.8
62.9
68.0
…
64.1
34.1
32.1
26.4
…
22.1
133.5
22.5
37.9
31.2
145.0
59.1
62.1
…
67.0
31.0
32.3
44.1
…
22.8
95.2
22.2
33.0
30.3
154.5
54.7
69.6
…
68.3
28.6
30.2
38.1
…
21.3
99.9
19.2
32.5
28.2
178.1
58.4
73.8
…
67.9
30.7
29.0
29.4
24.9
21.5
70.6
18.3
33.1
27.3
120.3
65.1
61.7
…
52.6
35.2
32.6
34.6
31.3
21.6
76.8
17.9
34.2
29.5
118.0
64.2
62.9
…
58.4
34.2
30.3
38.4
59.9
27.7
73.2
19.2
33.8
27.4
118.2
71.4
60.8
…
59.4
34.8
31.7
37.6
59.3
24.3
70.4
21.4
33.1
25.1
…
66.7
60.8
…
51.1
34.9
32.8
42.0
97.0
22.6
121.6
24.4
40.2
…
…
…
…
…
52.9
30.7
37.7
37.4
102.4
28.6
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
21.8
15.7
45.8
24.8
16.6
35.7
23.4
18.4
32.9
25.3
17.5
32.3
25.5
17.3
31.7
24.9
17.0
31.1
24.9
16.0
31.0
24.9
18.0
31.7
24.4
15.7
32.7
23.9
14.8
32.6
23.9
15.5
35.2
26.1
…
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Data refer to central government, except for Bangladesh, People’s Republic of China, Georgia, Kiribati, Kyrgyz Republic, Federated States of Micronesia, Pakistan, and
Tajikistan, where data refer to consolidated government or general government.
b Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
c GDP estimates beginning 2002 exclude value added of activities of the United Nations.
Source: Country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNANCE
263
Table 7.5 Government expenditure on education a
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
7.7
…
…
7.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
3.5
…
…
6.6
…
2.2
…
…
…
2.8
3.9
…
…
3.5
…
2.3
…
…
…
2.5
3.5
…
…
3.9
…
2.4
…
…
…
2.1
3.2
…
…
4.4
…
2.6
…
…
…
2.1
3.3
…
…
4.5
…
2.4
…
…
…
2.5
3.4
…
…
4.6
…
2.7
…
…
…
2.7
3.0
…
…
4.9
…
3.5
…
…
…
2.7
2.6
3.0
…
5.5
…
3.4
…
…
…
3.0
2.5
2.7
…
6.5
…
3.4
…
…
…
2.9
2.4
2.9
…
6.0
…
3.5
…
…
…
3.3
3.3
3.2
…
6.4
…
4.9
…
…
4.0
2.8
2.9
11.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
2.4
4.3
1.4
…
4.0
3.2
8.1
2.3
…
4.1
3.5
8.8
1.8
3.3
4.4
3.0
8.4
1.8
3.3
4.6
3.1
6.9
1.8
3.2
4.2
2.8
6.6
1.7
3.3
3.9
3.2
5.3
1.6
3.4
3.5
3.1
5.2
1.7
3.4
3.3
3.1
5.5
1.6
3.5
4.5
3.7
…
1.7
…
3.6
3.7
…
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
1.4
…
…
…
1.6
3.0
2.2
…
…
4.8
2.2
2.9
2.0
…
3.7
7.4
2.3
2.4
2.3
…
3.9
6.7
2.5
2.0
2.1
5.4
3.6
7.8
2.8
2.3
2.1
5.0
3.3
8.2
2.7
2.1
2.0
4.2
2.8
7.6
2.7
2.0
1.9
5.2
2.7
8.9
2.9
2.6
2.0
5.3
2.9
9.0
3.0
2.7
2.1
6.0
2.9
9.7
3.0
2.6
1.9
5.7
3.0
9.5
3.3
2.3
…
5.8
…
11.5
3.6
2.1
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam c
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
4.0
0.8
1.7
…
5.5
…
3.1
4.0
2.8
…
4.6
0.9
1.3
…
4.8
…
3.2
2.9
3.5
…
4.2
1.3
…
…
5.6
…
3.5
3.9
4.0
…
4.0
1.3
0.8
…
7.0
…
3.2
4.2
3.9
…
4.7
1.7
0.7
…
7.7
…
3.2
4.3
4.2
…
6.0
1.6
1.0
…
7.0
…
3.0
3.9
4.0
…
3.0
1.5
0.8
…
5.4
…
2.6
3.5
4.1
…
3.7
1.4
…
…
5.1
…
2.4
3.2
3.7
…
3.3
1.5
…
…
5.4
…
2.4
2.9
3.5
…
3.0
1.4
…
…
5.7
…
2.5
2.9
3.9
…
…
1.4
…
…
6.0
…
2.5
3.1
4.0
…
…
…
…
…
7.3
…
2.9
…
4.4
…
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
4.0
12.3
…
…
…
…
7.3
…
…
…
3.9
…
5.0
5.8
4.7
11.7
…
…
…
…
4.7
4.4
…
…
3.8
…
5.2
3.7
4.9
10.9
…
…
…
…
5.1
4.9
…
…
4.4
…
4.8
4.5
5.0
13.1
…
…
…
…
3.4
4.5
…
…
…
…
5.0
3.7
5.2
12.9
…
…
…
…
2.6
4.7
…
…
…
…
5.5
4.7
5.2
13.8
…
…
…
…
…
4.7
…
…
3.7
…
5.2
4.7
4.9
14.6
…
…
…
…
…
4.8
…
4.7
3.8
…
4.7
5.2
4.4
13.9
…
…
…
…
…
4.4
…
5.0
3.8
…
4.4
5.3
4.7
15.0
…
…
…
…
…
4.4
…
7.5
…
…
4.5
5.4
4.7
13.8
…
…
…
…
…
7.1
…
5.2
…
…
4.6
5.1
4.5
13.0
…
…
…
…
…
7.3
…
9.2
…
…
…
4.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
4.9
…
10.5
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
3.5
…
…
3.7
4.7
1.6
3.9
5.1
1.6
4.0
5.0
1.6
4.0
5.0
1.6
4.0
5.0
1.6
3.8
5.1
1.5
3.8
…
1.6
3.8
…
1.5
3.8
…
1.6
3.8
…
1.7
…
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of b
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
a Data refer to central government, except for People’s Republic of China, Georgia, Japan, Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan, where data refer to consolidated government or
general government.
b Includes health.
c Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: Country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Government Finance
264
GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNANCE
Government Finance
Table 7.6 Government expenditure on health a
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
2.9
…
…
3.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.4
…
…
3.9
…
1.4
…
…
…
1.0
0.9
0.3
…
2.0
…
0.9
…
…
…
1.3
0.8
0.5
…
1.9
…
0.9
…
…
…
1.2
0.7
0.5
…
2.0
…
0.9
…
…
…
1.2
0.8
0.1
…
1.9
…
0.9
…
…
…
1.3
0.9
0.6
…
2.0
…
0.9
…
…
…
1.4
0.9
1.2
…
2.3
…
1.1
…
…
…
1.5
0.9
1.6
…
2.7
…
1.1
…
…
…
1.5
0.9
1.5
…
2.8
…
1.1
…
…
…
1.4
0.9
1.6
…
2.5
…
1.2
…
…
…
1.7
1.2
2.0
…
3.2
…
1.6
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of b
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
…
1.5
…
5.5
0.1
…
2.2
…
2.9
0.1
…
2.5
0.1
4.5
0.2
…
2.6
0.1
4.8
0.2
…
2.6
0.1
4.7
0.2
…
2.8
0.1
3.5
0.2
…
2.5
0.1
3.4
0.3
…
2.3
0.2
2.9
0.1
…
2.2
0.2
2.7
0.2
…
2.1
0.2
3.0
0.2
…
2.2
0.2
…
0.2
…
2.4
0.3
…
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
0.6
…
…
…
0.6
1.6
1.0
…
…
3.3
0.6
1.7
1.0
…
0.8
4.1
0.8
1.6
0.9
…
0.8
3.9
0.8
1.3
0.9
4.3
0.8
3.9
0.9
1.5
0.8
2.9
0.7
4.1
0.7
1.5
0.9
2.7
0.6
4.3
0.7
1.6
0.8
2.7
0.7
5.5
0.8
1.8
0.8
2.6
0.7
5.9
0.9
2.0
0.8
3.4
0.7
5.8
1.0
1.9
0.8
3.3
0.7
7.8
1.2
1.7
…
3.1
…
4.7
1.4
1.5
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam c
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
1.6
1.5
0.4
…
1.5
…
0.7
0.9
0.9
…
2.3
0.3
0.4
…
1.2
…
0.4
1.2
1.2
…
2.1
0.9
…
…
1.5
…
0.4
0.9
1.3
…
2.0
0.8
0.3
…
1.8
…
0.4
1.2
1.3
…
2.0
1.0
0.2
…
1.7
…
0.4
1.0
1.6
…
2.5
0.9
0.4
…
2.1
…
0.3
1.4
1.6
…
1.3
0.9
0.3
…
2.0
…
0.3
0.9
1.6
…
1.7
0.9
…
…
1.7
…
0.3
0.9
1.4
…
1.5
0.9
…
…
1.7
…
0.3
0.8
1.4
…
1.4
1.0
…
…
1.8
…
0.3
0.8
1.6
…
…
1.0
…
…
1.8
…
0.3
1.0
1.9
…
…
…
…
…
2.1
…
0.5
…
2.0
…
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
1.8
9.4
…
…
…
…
2.9
…
…
…
2.8
…
2.6
4.8
2.4
9.0
…
…
…
…
2.0
3.0
…
…
2.6
…
2.3
3.5
2.6
7.5
…
…
…
…
1.6
4.0
…
…
4.8
…
2.3
4.8
2.7
8.4
…
…
…
…
1.7
3.5
…
…
…
…
2.3
3.7
2.9
8.3
…
…
…
…
1.5
3.9
…
…
…
…
2.4
3.9
2.9
9.1
…
…
…
…
…
3.8
…
…
2.3
…
2.3
3.6
2.8
9.9
…
…
…
…
…
3.5
…
2.8
2.8
…
1.9
4.4
2.6
9.2
…
…
…
…
…
3.3
…
3.7
7.2
…
1.8
3.9
2.5
8.9
…
…
…
…
…
3.8
…
6.1
…
…
1.8
4.2
2.6
9.5
…
…
…
…
…
3.5
…
3.0
…
…
1.9
4.1
2.3
8.3
…
…
…
…
…
4.0
…
5.5
…
…
…
4.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
5.0
…
4.9
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
4.5
…
…
5.3
4.8
3.8
6.3
5.4
3.6
6.6
5.4
3.6
6.7
5.4
3.6
6.9
5.3
3.7
7.0
5.4
3.8
7.1
…
3.7
7.1
…
3.6
7.2
…
3.7
7.4
…
3.9
…
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Data refer to central government, except for People’s Republic of China, Georgia, Japan, Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan, where data refer to consolidated government or
general government.
b Included in education expenditure category.
c Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: Country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNANCE
265
Table 7.7
Government expenditure on social security and welfare a
(percent of GDP)
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
…
…
3.9
…
…
4.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.7
…
…
5.7
…
0.1
…
…
…
2.1
3.0
4.0
…
1.7
…
1.8
…
…
…
2.2
2.7
3.5
…
1.9
…
1.9
…
…
…
1.7
3.1
3.6
…
3.1
…
2.1
…
…
…
1.8
3.0
3.4
…
3.1
…
2.3
…
…
…
1.8
2.8
4.6
…
2.8
…
2.6
…
…
…
2.0
2.4
4.1
…
2.8
…
3.2
…
…
…
2.0
1.8
5.0
…
3.2
…
3.4
…
…
…
2.0
2.1
3.8
…
2.7
…
2.8
…
…
…
7.7
2.1
1.7
…
2.5
…
2.9
…
…
…
9.8
3.0
2.6
…
2.9
…
3.5
…
…
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
0.3
0.9
1.3
7.7
2.8
0.2
1.2
1.0
4.2
3.4
0.7
2.1
3.2
7.5
5.7
1.2
2.3
2.8
7.6
4.1
1.5
2.5
2.9
7.8
3.6
1.3
2.7
2.8
7.1
3.7
1.3
2.6
3.8
7.0
3.4
1.4
2.4
3.8
6.7
3.4
1.4
2.3
4.1
6.9
3.4
2.0
2.2
4.3
8.3
3.2
2.2
2.3
4.6
…
3.2
…
2.5
5.1
…
…
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
0.1
…
…
…
1.1
3.8
0.1
…
…
1.1
0.5
5.1
0.1
…
0.9
1.0
0.8
2.8
0.2
…
1.0
1.3
0.8
3.1
0.2
1.8
1.0
1.2
1.1
2.9
0.2
1.8
0.8
1.6
1.0
2.6
0.2
1.8
0.8
1.8
0.8
3.5
0.3
2.2
0.8
5.2
0.7
3.8
0.3
1.6
1.1
2.6
0.7
3.0
0.3
1.8
1.0
1.7
0.6
2.6
0.3
1.4
1.0
2.1
1.2
2.1
…
1.8
…
3.7
1.3
2.2
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam c
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
1.1
…
…
…
1.2
…
0.2
0.4
0.5
…
1.3
0.3
0.9
…
0.8
…
0.4
0.8
0.5
…
1.2
0.2
…
…
0.9
…
0.8
0.7
1.0
…
1.0
0.2
1.9
…
1.3
…
1.0
2.7
2.2
…
1.0
0.2
1.2
…
1.3
…
0.9
0.8
1.5
…
1.2
0.2
1.1
…
1.5
…
0.9
0.4
1.8
…
0.8
0.2
1.1
…
1.0
…
0.9
0.5
2.0
…
…
0.7
…
…
0.9
…
0.8
0.3
1.4
…
…
0.8
…
…
1.0
…
0.8
1.2
1.4
…
…
0.9
…
…
1.1
…
0.8
0.6
1.5
…
…
1.1
…
…
1.1
…
0.9
2.0
1.4
…
…
1.4
…
…
1.2
…
1.2
…
1.8
…
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
0.0
…
…
…
…
…
0.3
…
…
…
0.4
…
…
…
0.0
…
…
…
…
…
0.2
0.9
…
…
0.5
…
…
…
0.1
0.9
…
…
…
…
0.5
1.1
…
…
1.6
…
0.0
…
0.1
1.1
…
…
…
…
0.4
1.1
…
…
…
…
0.0
…
0.1
1.3
…
…
…
…
0.4
1.2
…
…
…
…
0.0
…
0.1
1.7
…
…
…
…
…
1.2
…
…
1.5
…
0.0
…
0.1
1.8
…
…
…
…
…
1.1
…
0.0
1.8
…
0.0
…
0.1
1.7
…
…
…
…
…
1.0
…
0.0
1.5
…
…
…
0.1
1.8
…
…
…
…
…
1.1
…
0.0
…
…
…
…
0.1
1.6
…
…
…
…
…
1.0
…
5.0
…
…
…
…
0.1
1.7
…
…
…
…
…
1.1
…
6.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.1
…
18.9
…
…
…
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
…
7.4
…
…
9.2
11.9
8.6
10.7
12.0
9.4
11.2
11.5
9.1
11.7
11.0
8.9
11.8
10.6
9.3
11.8
10.1
9.0
12.0
…
8.6
12.1
…
8.4
12.2
…
8.3
12.8
…
10.0
…
…
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan b
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Data refer to central government, except for People’s Republic of China, Georgia, Japan, Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan, where data refer to consolidated government or
general government.
b From 2000 onward, includes defense.
c Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: Country sources.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Government Finance
266
GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNANCE
Governance
Table 7.8
Doing business start-up indicators
2003
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Cost of Business Start-Up Procedure
(percent of GNI per capita)
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2003
Time Required to Start Up Business
(days)
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
...
8.4
16.8
22.9
11.1
12.5
40.0
...
...
17.2
52.8
7.0
14.4
13.7
10.5
11.5
29.3
...
...
15.4
75.2
6.1
12.3
13.7
8.6
10.4
23.9
85.1
...
14.1
67.4
5.1
9.3
10.9
7.0
10.7
21.3
75.1
...
14.1
84.6
4.8
6.9
9.5
7.6
8.8
14.0
39.6
...
14.2
59.5
3.6
3.2
4.0
5.2
7.4
12.6
27.6
...
10.3
30.2
2.6
2.9
3.7
4.8
5.2
5.8
24.3
...
11.2
...
19
105
25
26
21
24
...
...
29
90
19
121
25
26
21
24
...
...
29
9
19
113
21
25
21
24
67
...
29
9
18
51
16
21
21
24
67
...
29
9
18
36
11
21
21
24
49
...
15
9
18
10
3
21
15
24
49
...
15
7
15
10
3
20
11
20
25
...
15
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
17.8
2.4
18.4
16.1
6.3
15.9
3.4
15.7
12.5
6.3
13.6
3.4
15.7
9.6
5.0
9.3
3.3
18.2
7.9
4.6
8.4
3.1
17.1
6.6
4.1
8.4
2.0
16.9
4.0
4.1
4.9
1.8
14.7
3.0
3.9
48
11
17
20
48
48
11
17
13
48
48
11
17
13
48
35
11
17
13
48
35
11
17
13
48
40
11
17
13
42
37
6
14
13
23
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
63.9
11.9
53.4
20.4
78.0
12.3
62.9
20.7
49.5
12.3
74.1
10.7
56.1
19.9
62.0
11.5
69.9
10.4
52.1
16.6
78.4
14.0
78.5
9.2
46.2
10.4
74.6
13.4
73.9
8.5
25.7
8.5
70.1
11.5
60.2
7.1
36.2
8.0
66.1
10.0
53.6
5.9
50
62
89
13
31
58
50
62
89
9
31
50
50
62
71
9
31
50
50
62
35
9
31
50
74
48
33
9
31
39
73
46
30
9
31
38
44
46
30
9
31
38
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam a
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
...
534.8
136.7
20.6
25.9
...
29.9
1.0
6.6
31.9
...
480.1
130.7
18.3
25.1
...
25.4
1.0
6.7
30.6
...
276.1
101.7
15.0
20.9
...
26.1
0.9
6.1
27.6
8.8
236.4
86.7
17.1
19.7
...
24.4
0.8
5.8
24.3
9.0
190.3
80.0
16.3
18.1
...
31.8
0.8
5.6
20.0
9.2
151.7
77.9
14.0
14.7
...
29.8
0.7
4.9
16.8
9.8
138.4
26.0
12.3
11.9
...
28.2
0.7
6.3
13.3
...
94
168
195
30
...
60
8
33
63
...
94
151
195
30
...
60
8
33
56
...
86
151
195
30
...
58
6
33
50
116
86
97
91
30
...
58
6
33
50
116
86
105
100
24
...
58
5
33
50
116
85
76
100
13
...
52
4
33
50
116
85
60
100
11
...
52
3
32
50
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
...
30.2
51.6
20.9
138.5
...
5.0
31.4
52.3
86.5
...
16.1
...
66.9
...
28.9
64.1
21.3
134.1
...
4.9
30.7
48.7
89.8
154.8
13.6
...
64.3
...
28.4
71.0
22.4
133.6
...
4.7
30.2
46.4
90.6
125.4
11.7
...
65.6
...
25.8
50.0
18.1
135.9
...
4.9
28.2
45.5
78.9
83.3
10.3
...
61.3
...
25.3
56.6
17.7
137.0
...
4.7
26.4
41.3
68.9
11.9
10.8
...
54.9
...
25.2
64.6
17.3
137.5
...
4.6
23.6
39.8
63.6
6.6
9.6
...
54.8
...
25.3
38.0
16.2
136.9
...
4.3
20.5
9.9
52.7
4.1
8.2
...
42.0
...
45
21
17
16
...
24
56
42
57
...
32
...
39
...
45
21
17
16
...
24
56
42
57
92
32
...
39
...
46
21
17
16
...
24
56
35
57
92
32
...
39
...
46
21
17
16
...
28
56
35
57
92
32
...
39
...
46
21
17
16
...
28
56
35
57
82
32
...
39
...
46
21
17
16
...
28
56
35
57
83
25
...
39
...
46
21
17
16
...
28
56
9
57
83
25
...
39
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
2.0
10.7
0.2
2.1
10.6
0.2
1.9
10.7
0.2
1.8
7.5
0.2
0.8
7.5
0.1
0.8
7.5
0.4
0.8
7.5
0.4
2
31
12
2
31
12
2
31
12
2
23
12
2
23
12
2
23
1
2
23
1
a Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: Doing Business Online (World Bank 2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNANCE
267
Table 7.9
Corruption perceptions index a
2009 Rank in 2008 b Rank in 2009 b
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
…
2.5
1.5
…
3.0
…
…
…
…
2.4
…
…
2.0
…
2.7
…
2.3
…
…
2.7
…
…
2.0
2.4
2.3
…
2.6
…
…
2.9
…
3.0
1.8
1.8
2.4
2.1
2.5
1.8
…
2.4
…
3.1
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.3
2.5
2.9
2.2
2.3
2.6
2.3
2.1
2.1
1.8
2.2
…
2.9
2.4
2.8
2.6
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
1.8
3.0
2.1
3.4
2.1
2.1
2.4
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.5
2.9
1.9
3.9
2.2
1.8
2.5
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.3
2.7
2.3
4.1
2.7
1.9
2.4
2.0
1.8
1.7
176
109
158
67
145
166
134
151
166
166
179
120
143
66
120
162
139
158
168
174
East Asia
China, People's Rep. of
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
3.1
7.7
4.0
…
5.5
3.5
7.9
4.2
…
5.9
3.5
8.2
4.5
…
5.6
3.4
8.0
4.3
…
5.7
3.4
8.0
4.5
3.0
5.6
3.2
8.3
5.0
3.0
5.9
3.3
8.3
5.1
2.8
5.9
3.5
8.3
5.1
3.0
5.7
3.6
8.1
5.6
3.0
5.7
3.6
8.2
5.5
2.7
5.6
72
12
40
102
39
79
12
39
120
37
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
…
…
2.8
…
…
…
0.4
…
2.7
…
…
…
1.2
…
2.7
…
…
3.7
1.3
…
2.8
…
…
3.4
1.5
…
2.8
…
2.8
3.5
1.7
…
2.9
…
2.5
3.2
2.0
6.0
3.3
…
2.5
3.1
2.0
5.0
3.5
3.3
2.5
3.2
2.1
5.2
3.4
2.8
2.7
3.2
2.4
5.0
3.4
2.5
2.3
3.1
147
45
85
115
121
92
139
49
84
130
143
97
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam c
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
…
…
1.7
…
4.8
…
2.8
9.1
3.2
2.5
…
…
1.9
…
5.0
…
2.9
9.2
3.2
2.6
…
…
1.9
…
4.9
…
2.6
9.3
3.2
2.4
…
…
1.9
…
5.2
1.6
2.5
9.4
3.3
2.4
…
…
2.0
…
5.0
1.7
2.6
9.3
3.6
2.6
…
2.3
2.2
3.3
5.1
1.8
2.5
9.4
3.8
2.6
…
2.1
2.4
2.6
5.0
1.9
2.5
9.4
3.6
2.6
…
2.0
2.3
1.9
5.1
1.4
2.5
9.3
3.3
2.6
…
1.8
2.6
2.0
5.1
1.3
2.3
9.2
3.5
2.7
5.5
2.0
2.8
2.0
4.5
1.4
2.4
9.2
3.4
2.7
…
166
126
151
47
178
141
4
80
121
39
158
111
158
56
178
139
3
84
120
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
4.0
…
…
…
…
…
2.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.4
…
…
2.6
…
…
…
…
…
3.3
…
…
…
…
2.0
4.5
2.8
2.6
1.7
…
3.1
…
…
3.1
…
…
…
…
2.0
4.4
2.9
2.2
2.4
…
2.9
…
…
2.8
…
…
…
…
2.1
4.5
2.8
2.2
3.0
…
3.2
…
…
96
…
…
…
…
151
62
109
145
138
…
109
…
…
111
…
…
…
…
154
56
111
146
99
…
95
Developed Member Countries
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
8.3
6.4
9.4
8.5
7.1
9.4
8.6
7.1
9.5
8.8
7.0
9.5
8.8
6.9
9.6
8.8
7.3
9.6
8.7
7.6
9.6
8.6
7.5
9.4
8.7
8.0
9.3
8.7
7.7
9.4
9
18
1
8
17
1
Developing Member Countries
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
a Score relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business people and country analysts, and ranges from 10 (highly clean) to 0 (highly corrupt).
b Based on 180 countries.
c Brunei Darussalam is a regional member of ADB, but it is not classified as a developing member country.
Source: Transparency International (2010).
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
REGIONAL TABLES
Governance
PART IV
Definitions
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
271
Millennium Development Goals
Goals and Targets
(from the Millennium Declaration)
Indicators for Monitoring Progress
Definition
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Target 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015,
the proportion of people whose income is
less than one dollar a day
Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive
employment and decent work for all,
including women and young people
1.1
Proportion of population below $1 (PPP)
per day
Proportion of the population living on less than $1.25 a day at 2005
international prices.
1.2
Poverty gap ratio
Mean shortfall from the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as having zero
shortfall), expressed as a percentage of the poverty line. This measure
reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidence.
1.3
Share of poorest quintile in national
consumption
Consumption or income that accrues to the poorest fifth (quintile) of
the population.
1.4
Growth rate of GDP per person employed
Growth rate of output per unit of labor input.
1.5
Employment-to-population ratio
Proportion of a country’s working-age population that is employed.
1.6
Proportion of employed people living below
$1 (PPP) per day
Share of individuals who are employed, but nonetheless live in a household
whose members are estimated to be living below $1.25 a day at 2005
international prices.
1.7
Proportion of own-account and contributing
family workers in total employment
Own-account workers are those workers who, working on their own
account or with one or more partners, hold the type of jobs defined as
self-employment jobs (i.e., remuneration is directly dependent upon the
profits derived from the goods and services produced), and have not
engaged on a continuous basis any employees to work for them during
the reference period.
Contributing family workers, also known as unpaid family workers, are
those workers who are self-employed, as own-account workers in a
market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in
the same household.
Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and
2015, the proportion of people who suffer
from hunger
1.8
Prevalence of underweight children underfive years of age
Percentage of children aged 0–59 months whose weight for age are
less than 2 standard deviations below the median weight for age of the
international reference population.
1.9
Proportion of population below minimum
level of dietary energy consumption
Percentage of the population that is undernourished or food-deprived,
whose food intake falls below the minimum level of dietary energy
requirements (food insecurity line).
continued.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
DEFINITIONS
This part contains the definitions of the indicators for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and regional tables.
The definitions are taken mostly from the Asian Development Bank’s Development Indicators Reference Manual
and websites and publications of international and private organizations such as Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO); International Labour Organization (ILO); International Monetary Fund (IMF); International Road Federation
(IRF); International Telecommunication Union (ITU); The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
(UNAIDS); Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Transparency International; United
Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO);
United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD); World Bank; World Health Organization (WHO); and World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO). The indicators for the MDGs are arranged according to their respective goals and targets
before they are defined, while the indicators for the regional tables are grouped according to their themes and subtopics
before they are defined. In many instances, the indicators themselves, rather than their growth rates or ratios to another
indicator, are defined.
272
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goals and Targets
(from the Millennium Declaration)
Indicators for Monitoring Progress
Definition
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Target 2.A: Ensure that, by 2015, children
everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be
able to complete a full course of primary
schooling
2.1
Net enrollment ratio in primary education
Number of children of official primary school age (according to ISCED97)
who are enrolled in primary education as a percentage of the total
children of the official primary school age population. Total net primary
enrollment rate also includes children of primary school age enrolled in
secondary education.
2.2
Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who
reach last grade of primary
Percentage of a cohort of pupils enrolled in grade 1 of the primary level
of education in a given school year who are expected to reach the last
grade of primary school, regardless of repetition.
2.3
Literacy rate of 15–24-year-olds,
women and men
Percentage of the population aged 15–24 years who can both read and
write with understanding a short, simple statement on everyday life.
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Target 3.A: Eliminate gender disparity in
primary and secondary education, preferably
by 2005, and in all levels of education no
later than 2015
3.1
Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary,
and tertiary education
Ratio of girls to boys (gender parity index) in primary, secondary, and
tertiary education is the ratio of the number of female students enrolled
at primary, secondary and tertiary levels of education to the number of
male students in each level. To standardize the effects of the population
structure of the appropriate age groups, the gender parity index (GPI) of
the gross enrollment ratio (GER) for each level of education is used.
3.2
Share of women in wage employment in the
non-agricultural sector
Number of women in non-agricultural paid employment divided by the
total number of persons in paid employment in the non-agricultural
sector. It is expressed as a percentage of total wage employment in
that same sector.
3.3
Proportion of seats held by women in
national parliament
Number of seats held by women members in single or lower chambers
of national parliaments, expressed as a percentage of all occupied
seats.
4.1
Under-five mortality rate
Probability (expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births) of a child born in a
specified year dying before reaching the age of five if subject to current
age-specific mortality rates.
4.2
Infant mortality rate
Probability (expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births) of a child born in
a specified year dying before reaching the age of one year if subject to
current age-specific mortality rates.
4.3
Proportion of 1-year-old children immunized
against measles
Percentage of children under one year of age who have received at least
one dose of a measles vaccine.
5.1
Maternal mortality ratio
Annual number of female deaths from any cause related to or aggravated
by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental
causes) during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of termination
of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, for
a specified year (expressed per 100,000 live births).
5.2
Proportion of births attended by skilled
health personnel
Percentage of deliveries attended by personnel trained in providing life
saving obstetric care, including giving the necessary supervision, care
and advice to women during pregnancy, labour and the postpartum
period; to conduct deliveries on their own; and to care for newborns.
Traditional birth attendants, even if they receive a short training course,
are not included.
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Target 4.A: Reduce by two-thirds, between
1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality
rate
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Target 5.A: Reduce by three–quarters,
between 1990 and 2015, the maternal
mortality ratio
continued.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Target 5.B: Achieve, by 2015, universal
access to reproductive health
Indicators for Monitoring Progress
Definition
5.3
Contraceptive prevalence rate
Percentage of women married or in union aged 15–49 years who are
currently using, or whose sexual partner is using, at least one method of
contraception regardless of the method used.
5.4
Adolescent birth rate
Annual number of births to women 15–19 years of age per 1,000 women
in that age group. It represents the risk of childbearing among adolescent
women 15–19 years of age. Also referred to as the age-specific fertility
rate for women aged 15–19 years.
5.5
Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit
and at least four visits)
For at least one visit, refers to the percentage of women aged 15–49
years with a live birth in a given time period that received antenatal care
provided by skilled health personnel (doctors, nurses, or midwives) at
least once during pregnancy, as a percentage of women aged 15–49
years with a live birth in a given time period.
For at least four visits, refers to the percentage of women aged 15–49
years with a live birth in a given time period that received antenatal
care four or more times with any provider (whether skilled or unskilled),
as a percentage of women age 15–49 years with a live birth in a given
time period.
5.6
Unmet need for family planning
Women with unmet need are those who are fecund and sexually active
women but are not using any method of contraception, and report
not wanting any more children or wanting to delay the next child. It is
expressed as a percentage based on women aged 15–49 years who
are married or in a consensual union.
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Target 6.A: Have halted by 2015 and begun
to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
6.1
HIV prevalence among population aged
15–24 years
Estimated number of persons aged 15–24 years living with HIV divided
by the population aged 15–24 years. HIV prevalence among population
aged 15–49 years is the percentage of individuals aged 15–49 years
living with HIV.
6.2
Condom use at last high-risk sex
Percentage of young men and women aged 15–24 reporting the use
of a condom during sexual intercourse with a non-cohabiting, nonmarital sexual partner in the last 12 months. The denominator is the
number of respondents aged 15–24 reporting having had sex with a
non-cohabitating, non-marital sexual partner in the last 12 months.
6.3
Proportion of population aged 15–24 years
with comprehensive correct knowledge of
HIV/AIDS
Percentage of young persons aged 15–24 years who correctly identify
the two major ways of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV (using
condoms and limiting sex to one faithful, uninfected partner), who reject
the two most common local misconceptions about HIV transmission and
who know that a healthy-looking person can transmit HIV.
6.4
Ratio of school attendance of orphans to
school attendance of nonorphans aged
10–14 years
Ratio of the current school attendance rate of children aged 10–14 whose
biological parents have died to the current school attendance rate of
children aged 10–14 whose parents are still alive and who currently live
with at least one biological parent.
continued.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
DEFINITIONS
Goals and Targets
(from the Millennium Declaration)
273
274
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goals and Targets
(from the Millennium Declaration)
Indicators for Monitoring Progress
Definition
Target 6.B: Achieve, by 2010, universal
access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all
those who need it
6.5
Proportion of population with advanced HIV
infection with access to antiretroviral drugs
Percentage of adults and children with advanced HIV infection currently
receiving antiretroviral therapy according to nationally approved treatment
protocols among the estimated number of people with advanced HIV
infection.
Target 6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun
to reverse the incidence of malaria and
other major diseases
6.6
Incidence and death rates associated with
malaria
Incidence refers to the number of reported new cases of malaria in a
given time period, expressed per 100,000 people; death rate refers to
the number of deaths caused by malaria per 100,000 people.
6.7
Proportion of children under 5 sleeping
under insecticide-treated bednets
Percentage of children aged 0–59 months who slept under an insecticide
treated mosquito net the night prior to the survey.
6.8
Proportion of children under 5 with fever
who are treated with appropriate antimalarial drugs
Percentage of children aged 0–59 months with fever in the 2 weeks prior
to the survey who received any anti-malarial medicine.
6.9
Incidence, prevalence, and death rates
associated with tuberculosis (TB)
Incidence is the estimated number of new tuberculosis (TB) cases arising
in 1 year per 100,000 population. All forms of TB are included, as are
cases in people with HIV. Prevalence rate is the number of cases of TB
(all forms) in a population at a given point in time (sometimes referred
to as “point prevalence”). It reflects the number of cases per 100,000
population. Estimates include cases of TB in people with HIV. Death rate
is the estimated number of deaths due to TB in a given time period. It
is expressed as the number of deaths per 100,000 population per year.
Deaths from all forms of TB are included. Deaths from TB in people with
HIV are included.
6.10 Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected
and cured under directly observed treatment
short course (DOTS)
“Case detection”, as used here, means that TB is diagnosed in a
patient and is reported within the national surveillance system, and
then to WHO. The case detection rate is the percentage of estimated
new infectious tuberculosis cases detected under the internationally
recommended tuberculosis control strategy DOTS. Success rate is
the proportion of new smear-positive TB cases registered under DOTS
in a given year that successfully completed treatment, whether with
bacteriologic evidence of success (“cured”) or without (“treatment
completed”). At the end of treatment, each patient is assigned one
of the following six mutually exclusive treatment outcomes: cured;
completed; died; failed; defaulted; and transferred out with outcome
unknown. The proportions of cases assigned to these outcomes, plus
any additional cases registered for treatment but not assigned to an
outcome, add up to 100% of cases registered.
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of
sustainable development into country
policies and programmes and reverse the
loss of environmental resources
7.1
Proportion of land area covered by forest
Area of forest as a share of total land area, where land area is the total
country area excluding the area of inland water bodies (major rivers, lakes
and water reservoirs). Forest is land spanning more than 0.5 hectares
with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10%;
or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ and does not include land
that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use.
7.2
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, total, per
capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)
Carbon dioxide emissions are emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and
the manufacture of cement and include CO2 produced during consumption
of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
Carbon emissions per capita are measured as the total amount of CO2
emitted by the country divided by the population of the country.
CO2 emissions per $1 GDP (PPP) are total CO2 emissions divided by the
total value of GDP expressed in PPP.
7.3
Consumption of ozone-depleting substances
Sum of the national annual consumption in weighted tons of the individual
substances in the group of ozone-depleting substances multiplied by their
ozone-depleting potential. Ozone-depleting substance is any substance
containing chlorine or bromine, which destroys the stratospheric layer that
absorbs most of the biologically damaging ultraviolet radiation.
7.4
Proportion of fish stocks within safe
biological limits
Percentage of fish stocks exploited within their level of maximum biological
productivity.
7.5
Proportion of total water resources used
Proportion of total renewable water resources withdrawn is the total
volume of groundwater and surface water withdrawn from their sources
for human use (in the agricultural, domestic and industrial sectors),
expressed as a percentage of the total volume of water available annually
through the hydrological cycle (total actual renewable water resources).
Water resources and water withdrawal are terms understood as freshwater
resources and freshwater withdrawal.
continued.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Target 7.B: Reduce biodiversity loss,
achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction
in the rate of loss
Target 7.C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion
of people without sustainable access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation
Target 7.D: By 2020, to have achieved a
significant improvement in the lives of at
least 100 million slum dwellers
Indicators for Monitoring Progress
Definition
7.6
Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas
protected
Protected area is an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to
the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural
and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other
effective means.
7.7
Proportion of species threatened with
extinction
Total number of threatened mammal (excluding whales and porpoises),
bird and higher native, vascular plant species as a percentage of the total
number of known species of the same categories.
7.8
Proportion of population using an improved
drinking water source
Percentage of the population using improved drinking water sources
(including household water connection, public standpipe, borehole,
protected dug well, protected spring, rainwater collection, and bottled).
7.9
Proportion of population using an improved
sanitation facility
Percentage of the population with access to facilities that hygienically
separate human excreta from human contact. Improved facilities include
flush/pour flush toilets or latrines connected to a sewer, -septic tank, or
-pit, ventilated improved pit latrines, pit latrines with a slab or platform
of any material which covers the pit entirely, except for the drop hole and
composting toilets/latrines.
7.10 Proportion of urban population living in
slums
Proportion of urban population living in slum households which is
defined as a group of individuals living under the same roof lacking
one or more of the conditions below:
• Access to improved water
• Access to improved sanitation
• Sufficient-living area
• Durability of housing
• Security of tenure
However, since information on secure tenure is not available for most
of the countries, only the first four indicators are used to define slum
households, and then to estimate the proportion of urban population
living in slums.
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
Target 8.A: Develop further an open,
rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory
trading and financial system
Includes a commitment to good governance,
development and poverty reduction—both
nationally and internationally
Some of the indicators listed below are monitored
separately for the least developed countries,
Africa, landlocked developing countries and
small island developing states.
Official Development Assistance (ODA)
8.1
Net ODA, total and to the least developed
countries, as percentage of OECD/
Development Assistance Committee (OECD/
DAC) donors’ gross national income
Net ODA comprises grants or loans to developing countries and territories
on the OECD/DAC list of aid recipients that are undertaken by the official
sector with promotion of economic development and welfare as the main
objective and at concessional financial terms.
Donors’ gross national income (GNI) at market prices is the sum of gross
primary incomes receivable by resident institutional units and sectors. GNI
at market prices was called gross national product (GNP) in the 1953
System of National Accounts (SNA). In contrast to GDP, GNI is a concept
of income (primary income) rather than value added.
Target 8.B: Address the special needs of
the least developed countries
8.2
Includes: tariff and quota free access for
the least developed countries’ exports;
enhanced programme of debt relief for
heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and
cancellation of official bilateral debt; and
more generous ODA for countries committed
to poverty reduction
Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable
ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social
services (basic education, primary health
care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation)
ODA comprises grants or loans to developing countries and territories
on the OECD/DAC list of aid recipients that are undertaken by the official
sector with promotion of economic development and welfare as the main
objective and at concessional financial terms.
Basic education comprises primary education, basic life skills for youth and
adults and early childhood education. Primary health care includes basic
health care, basic health infrastructure, basic nutrition, infectious disease
control, health education, and health personnel development.
8.3
Proportion of bilateral official development
assistance of OECD/DAC donors that is
untied
ODA comprises grants or loans to developing countries and territories
on the OECD/DAC list of aid recipients that are undertaken by the official
sector with promotion of economic development and welfare as the main
objective and at concessional financial terms.
Untied bilateral ODA is assistance from country to country for which
the associated goods and services may be fully and freely procured in
substantially all countries.
continued.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010
DEFINITIONS
Goals and Targets
(from the Millennium Declaration)
275
276
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goals and Targets
(from the Millennium Declaration)
8.4
Indicators for Monitoring Progress
Definition
ODA received in landlocked developing
countries as a proportion of their gross
national incomes
ODA comprises grants or loans to developing countries and territories
on the OECD/DAC list of aid recipients that are undertaken by the official
sector with promotion of economic development and welfare as the main
objective and at concessional financial terms.
Recipient countries’ GNI at market prices is the sum of gross primary
incomes receivable by resident institutional units and sectors. GNI at
market prices was called GNP in the 1953 SNA. In contrast to GDP, GNI
is a concept of income (primary income) rather than value added.
8.5
Target 8.C: Address the special needs of
landlocked developing countries and small
island developing States (through the
Programme of Action for the Sustainable
Development of Small Island Developing
States and the outcome of the twentysecond special session of the General
Assembly)
ODA received in small island developing
States as a proportion of their gross national
incomes
ODA comprises grants or loans to developing countries and territories
on the OECD/DAC list of aid recipients that are undertaken by the official
sector with promotion of economic development and welfare as the main
objective and at concessional financial terms.
Recipient countries’ GNI at market prices is the sum of gross primary
incomes receivable by resident institutional units and sectors. GNI at
market prices was called GNP in the 1953 SNA. In contrast to GDP, GNI
is a concept of income (primary income) rather than value added.
Market Access
Target 8.D: Deal comprehensively with
the debt problems of developing countries
through national and international measures
in order to make debt sustainable in the
long term
8.6
Proportion of total developed country
imports (by value and excluding arms) from
developing countries and from the least
developed countries, admitted free of duty
Proportion of duty free imports (excluding arms) into developed countries
from developing and least developed countries.
8.7
Average tariffs imposed by developed
countries on agricultural products and
textiles and clothing from developing
countries
Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on subsets of selected
items (agricultural products, textile and clothing exports) that are deemed
to be of interest to developing countries.
8.8
Agricultural support estimate for OECD
countries as a percentage of their gross
domestic product
Agriculture support is the annual monetary value of all gross transfers
from taxpayers and consumers, both domestic and foreign (in the form of
subsidies arising from policy measures that support agriculture), net of the
associated budgetary receipts, regardless of their objectives and impacts
on farm production and income, or consumption of farm products.
Total support estimate for agricultural products represents the overall
taxpayer and consumer costs of agricultural policies. When expressed
as a percentage of GDP, the total support estimate is an indicator of the
cost to the economy as a whole.
8.9
Proportion of ODA provided to help build
trade capacity
ODA comprises grants or loans to developing countries and territories
on the OECD/DAC list of aid recipients that are undertaken by the official
sector with promotion of economic development and welfare as the main
objective and at concessional financial terms (if a loan, a grant element of
at least 25%). Technical cooperation is included. Grants, loans and credits
for military purposes are excluded. Also excluded is aid to more advanced
developing and transition countries as determined by DAC.
Debt Sustainability
8.10 Total number of countries that have reached
their HIPC decision points and number that
have reached their HIPC completion points
(cumulative)
Countries reach HIPC decision point if they have a track record of
macroeconomic stability, prepared an Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy
through a participatory process, and have cleared or reached a