Directions: Look carefully at the maps, charts, pictures, and graphs in this chapter, and
then answer the questions below in complete sentences.
Chapter 12: The Reformation
“Timeline” (pg. 325)
1. Who did Martin Luther criticize in 1517?
Martin Luther criticized in 1517 the Catholic Church.
“German Woodcuts” (pg. 329)
2. Who is the main character in each of the two woodcuts?
The two main characters in each of the two woodcuts were Jesus and the pope.
3. What does the artist seem to think about the pope?
Artists seem to think that the pope is bringing money into the church.
“Martin Luther’s Message” (pg. 330)
4. What did Luther want to do with the Catholic Church?
Luther wanted to correct the churches wrong teachings.
5. What did the Catholic Church do to him?
The Catholic church called a hiring and while other nobles supported him it
wasn’t enough. He was outlawed and ordered to leave the empire.
“Primary Source: Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses” (pg. 331)
6. Who did Martin Luther believe could grant forgiveness?
Martin Luther believed that Protestants could grant forgiveness.
7. Complete and write down this sentence found in the text: “It is a vain and false thing
to hope to be saved through the commissary...”
8. According to your last answer, what did people hope indulgences would do?
People hoped that indulgences would right the wrongs.
“The Surrender of Granada” (pg. 335)
9. Why do you think Spain’s Catholic leaders wanted to attack Granada?
Spain’s Catholic leaders wanted to attack Granada because it was last Muslim
stronghold in Spain.
“The Catholic Church Reforms” (pg. 336-337)
10. Why were the Jesuits (Society of Jesus) founded in 1534?
The Jesuits were founded in 1534 because they wanted to win back the support
of the people who turned their back on the Catholic Church.
11. What happened with indulgences at the Council of Trent?
In Council of Trent, indulgences were banned.
12. What did the Council decide about Luther and Calvin?
The council decided that Luther and Calvin ideas were bad so they rejected them.
“Spread of Catholicism, 1400s-1700s” (pg. 339)
13. Where did Catholic missionaries from Spain go and spread Christianity?
Catholic missionaries from Spain went and spread Christianity because they
wanted to teach people around the world and hoped to win back Protestants.
“Religions in Europe, 1600” (pg. 341)
14. Which religion was England?
England’s religion was Protestant.
15. Which religion were the Papal States? (HINT: The Pope lived in the Papal States)
The Papal States were Catholic.
Chapter 13: Scientific Revolution:
“Timeline”(pg. 351)
1.How many years after Copernicus published his theory did
Galileo study the planets with his telescope?
It was 63 years before Copernicus published his theory after Copernicus.
2.What are some of the world events that were happening at
The same time as the events of the Scientific Revolution?
An event that happened the same time as the Scientific Revolution was that the Taj Mahal
began to build.
“Venn diagram: Science”(pg. 352)
3.What was science based on before the Scientific
Revolution?
Before the Scientific Revolution, science was based on church teachings, no organized
method of research, and it wasn’t widely spread.
4. What was used for research after the Scientific Revolution?
Careful observation was used, scientific research was for research, and it was widely
spread after the Scientific Revolution.
“Roots of the Scientific Revolution”(pg. 356-357)
5.How did Muslims impact the Scientific Revolution?
Muslims impacted the Scientific Revolution because the Scientific Revolution was the birth
of modern science, and the Muslims contributed to it.
6.What are two ways Renaissance Humanism affected the Scientific Revolution?
Two ways Renaissance Humanism affected the Scientific Revolution was that humanist
artist and writers spent much time studying the natural world, and the interest of it just
carried on into science. And also another way Renaissance Humanism affected the
Scientific Revolution was the study of the scholar’s ancient Greek writings.
“Biography: Nicolaus Copernicus”(pg. 358-359)
7.What did Copernicus believe was the center of the Solar System?
Copernicus believed that the earth was in the center of the universe and that the sun and
other plants orbited it.
8.Even though Copernicus’ ideas were later published, what are two reasons he was afraid
to publish them?
Copernicus feared persecution and death.
“Kepler’s Discoveries”(pg. 360)
9.What did Johannes Kepler discover about the shape of the planets’ orbits?
Johannes Kepler discovered that the plant’s shapes weren’t circular they were in a shape of
a oval.
10.What happens to planets when they are closer to the sun?
Plants moved faster when they are closer to the sun.
“Primary Source: Galileo Defends His Work”(pg. 361)
11.What is one reason Galileo thought people were unhappy with his discoveries?
People were unhappy with his discoveries because they are simply new.
“Biography: Sir Isaac Newton”(pg. 362)
12.What did Newton prove about the color of light?
Newton proved that the color of light was actually made up of the colors of the rainbow.
13. If the moon is moving forward, what force keeps it in orbit around the earth?
The force of gravity pulls the moon toward Earth, keeping it in orbit around our planet.
“The Scientific Method”(pg. 365)
14. What are two ways Francis Bacon gathered data?
Francis Bacon gathered data by doing experiments and by looking at observations.
15. How does the natural world operate according to Descartes?
According to Descartes, the natural world operates like a machine and follows basic
physical laws.
When you’re done
Based on everything you have looked at on these pages, what are three topics you are
interested to know more about?
After everything I’m mostly interested in Science, astronomy, and calculus. I also
want to know and learn more about these subjects.